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Background
In the Netherlands, little information is available about prevalence, incidence, etiology and prognosis of pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain (PPGP). It is hypothesized that during pregnancy many women (about 80%) experience some degree of pain in the pelvic region and/or the low back and that in some of t... | 15627405 | PMC548283 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:55 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Jan 3; 5:1 |
Introduction
Fetal development and morphogenesis of various tissues and organs such as hair follicles, teeth, salivary glands, mammary glands, kidneys, liver, pancreas, and lungs depend on epithelium-mesenchyme interactions [1,2]. Such interactions are believed to be important for the tissue regeneration necessary for ... | 15651999 | PMC548284 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:27 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jan 16; 6(1):6 |
Background
The current generation of adolescents – over one billion – is the largest in history [1] and, far from representing a picture of health [2], many will suffer untimely disease and death. HIV and malaria are responsible for much of the disease burden affecting female adolescents, who suffer disproportionately ... | 15642118 | PMC548285 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:30 | no | Malar J. 2005 Jan 10; 4:2 |
Background
Leishmania is an intracellular pathogen that causes Leishmaniasis, which remain an important medical problem in several countries. Protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania result in a spectrum of human disease that range from self-healing cutaneous ulcers to potentially fatal visceral infection, depending... | 15667659 | PMC548286 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:32 | no | Kinetoplastid Biol Dis. 2005 Jan 24; 4:1 |
Review
Assessments of patient-focused health status and health-related quality of life (HRQL) are being recognized increasingly by clinicians, patient advocates, regulatory authorities, administrators and policy makers as primary measures of the need, efficacy, effectiveness and efficiency associated with health care s... | 15647118 | PMC548287 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:15 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Jan 12; 3:3 |
Because bone marrow and adipocytes are derived from the same stem cells, it is not surprising to find so many inflammatory peptides expressed in fat tissue. Many of these are classical inflammatory peptides derived from components of the adipose tissue and all are known also as fat derived peptides (FDP). With aging, t... | 15679897 | PMC548288 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:31 | no | Immun Ageing. 2005 Jan 21; 2:1 |
Introduction
Celso-Ramon Garcia (Figure 1), who departed this world in 2004 at the age of 82, was a remarkable human being who did much to shape the specialty of reproductive medicine as it is known today. His research yielded important discoveries that continue to influence the daily lives of millions of women and men... | 15673473 | PMC548289 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:17 | no | J Exp Clin Assist Reprod. 2005 Jan 26; 2:2 |
Introduction
It is estimated that more than 110 million Africans live in areas prone to epidemics of malaria. Populations in these areas are infrequently challenged by malaria and, therefore, do not fully develop acquired immunity. As a result, the disease remains life threatening to all age groups. The impact of malar... | 15663795 | PMC548290 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:30 | no | Malar J. 2005 Jan 21; 4:6 |
Background
HCMV is a member of the betaherpesvirus family [42,48]. Other members of this family include human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), and human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7), and all are widely distributed in human populations. During productive replication, the 230 kilobase pair (kbp) viral genome replicates by a rolling circl... | 15673469 | PMC548291 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:08 | no | Genet Vaccines Ther. 2005 Jan 26; 3:1 |
Background
As health care professionals begin to understand the importance of quality of life (QL) and emotional and social well-being in the treatment and progression of cancer, it has become standard practice, and in fact has been described as a bioethical imperative, to include QL assessment in all oncology clinical... | 15676074 | PMC548292 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:15 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Jan 27; 3:7 |
Background
In a recent study, University of Toronto researchers identified the "Top 10 Biotechnologies to Improve Health in Developing Countries" [1]. The study underscores the importance of harnessing new technologies to improve global health and development, a belief that is gaining widespread acceptance. For instanc... | 15663786 | PMC548293 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:15 | no | Health Res Policy Syst. 2005 Jan 21; 3:1 |
Background
Medawar et al. [1] showed almost half a century ago that rodents injected at birth with splenocytes from genetically different donors could accept transplants from that donor as an adult. These milestone experiments guided the notion that the introduction of antigens during neonatal life leads to tolerance a... | 15670331 | PMC548294 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:32 | no | Kinetoplastid Biol Dis. 2005 Jan 25; 4:2 |
Background
Peritoneal adhesions resulting from surgical injury are often associated with pelvic pain, bowel obstruction and infertility [1]. Epidemiological studies conclude that 30 to 35% of all hospital readmissions are associated with adhesion associated complications, of which 4.5 to 5.1% are directly related to ad... | 15642115 | PMC548295 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:11 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Jan 10; 3:1 |
Review
This paper reviews the growth of the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) during 2002–03; concerns about the sustainability of the Scheme, the government's response, a potential new threat that emerged and issues that remain to be tackled.
The growth and sustainability of the PBS
From March 2003 to March 2004, ... | 15679896 | PMC548296 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:28 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2005 Jan 12; 2:2 |
Background
Ovaries are the primary source of estrogen. In ovariectomized rats, the production of estrogen is shifted from ovary to a number of extragonadal sites [1,2]. Simpson developed the intriguing concept of extragonadal aromatization, i.e. androgens, particularly androstenedione produced primarily in the adrenal ... | 15661083 | PMC548297 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:11 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Jan 21; 3:6 |
Background
World Health Organization published the Global Tuberculosis Control Report (2003) on 'World Tuberculosis Day' where India is ranked number one in the world for high incidence of smear positive cases of pulmonary (about 0.9 million) and extrapulmonary TB (about 0.2 million) every year [1]. Undoubtedly, TB its... | 15617569 | PMC548298 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:31 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Dec 23; 4:63 |
Background
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) hydrolyzes triglycerides in very low-density lipoproteins and chylomicrons [1]. Tissue-specific regulation of LPL activity is a major mechanism to distribute lipids among tissues according to the physiological needs [2]. Current information indicates that in adipose tissue, the regul... | 15670333 | PMC548299 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:11 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 Jan 25; 6:4 |
Background
The coalescent is a very versatile stochastic model of the genetic variation in a set of sequences sampled from a population. It allows to accommodate a wide range of assumptions about rates and modes of evolution, and of population history [1-5].
As the observed sequence data are positively correlated due ... | 15663782 | PMC548300 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Jan 21; 5:6 |
Background
The mammalian myocardium contains several cell types, of which the cardiac myocytes (CM) make up most of the heart's mass. Although a small proportion of CM in the adult myocardium remains mitotic, most CM lose the capacity to undergo cell division shortly after birth [1]. In the adult heart, approximately 7... | 15656902 | PMC548301 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:33 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Jan 18; 6:6 |
Background
Bacterial strains belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae species Escherichia coli are common as commensals in the intestinal flora of humans and warm-blooded animals [1]. Typing systems for identification of related E. coli strains were developed in the early 1940ies when it became evident that certain E. coli ... | 15663798 | PMC548302 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:40 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Jan 24; 5:4 |
Background
Persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) is difficult to treat. In the absence of class I or III antiarrhythmic drugs sinus rhythm is maintained in only 30–50% of patients during the first year after Direct Current electrical cardioversion (ECV)[1,2]. Furthermore, even following an aggressive approach with repeat... | 15667649 | PMC548303 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:06 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2005 Jan 24; 5:3 |
Background
Clostridium difficile infection may be a compounding factor in ulcerative colitis (UC) with data suggestive of a role in disease exacerbation or initiation by the organism in a subset of patients [1]. Adjunctive antibiotic therapy, either broad-spectrum or gram positive-specific, has shown limited efficacy i... | 15667650 | PMC548304 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:27 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2005 Jan 24; 5:3 |
Background
In 1943 Kanner coined "infantile autism" (autism derived from Greek autos, or self) after observing 11 children, mostly boys, on the basis of their social isolation. Autism, often referred to as autistic disorder or infantile autism, is a complex behavioral disorder, which, by definition, develops prior to a... | 15655077 | PMC548305 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2005 Jan 18; 6:3 |
Background
In the past ten years there has been a growing interest in engineering Gram-positive bacteria for biotechnological applications, including vaccine delivery. [1-4], and in situ production of anti-infective protectants [5] and microbicides [6]. A common approach to genetic manipulation of bacteria is based on ... | 15651989 | PMC548306 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:58 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2005 Jan 14; 5:3 |
Background
Because of its intense oxidative metabolism, the brain consumes a high fraction of total oxygen generating large amounts of reactive oxygen species [1,2]. Although brain antioxidant defenses function properly during most of human life, a number of neurodegenerative processes which involve redox-active iron a... | 15667655 | PMC548319 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:48 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Jan 24; 6:3 |
Background
A common idea in animal ecology is that adverse or stressful environmental conditions facilitate the evolution of social behaviour [1]. The formation of groups across a huge number of animal taxa is thus considered to have broad implications for the benefit of individuals, including mate finding, the efficie... | 15679898 | PMC548382 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:34 | no | Front Zool. 2005 Jan 27; 2:2 |
Background
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer related deaths in men in the United States with an estimated 230,110 new cases and 29,500 deaths in 2004 [1]. Initial treatment for prostate cancer is usually androgen-ablative therapy, radiotherapy or radical prostatectomy and ... | 15656911 | PMC548501 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:07 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jan 18; 5:7 |
Background
Many chromosomal regions have been shown to be linked or associated to asthma and asthma-associated traits in humans [1]. More recently, asthma genes have been identified on chromosomes 2 [2], 13 [3], 14 [4], and 20 [5]. The investigation of the genetic aetiology aims at the improvement of preventive strateg... | 15634351 | PMC548502 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:12 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2005 Jan 5; 5:1 |
Introduction
Health reforms that aim at increasing efficiency, quality and users' satisfaction need to take into consideration human resource issues, because the health sector is labor-intensive and the performance of health systems depends on qualified and motivated workers [1-4]. At the same time, the support of the ... | 15659241 | PMC548503 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:43 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2005 Jan 19; 3:1 |
Background
In their 1986 paper Israel, Rosenberg, and Curtin [1] gave a sort of rallying call for researchers to consider the analytical potential for multiple cause of death data collected by the United States National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). Beginning with the implementation of the Eighth revision of the... | 15655070 | PMC548504 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:51 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005 Jan 17; 5:4 |
Background
Obesity is the most common health problem in developed countries [1]. It is a chronic disease and should be treated as such. Its prevalence is increasing worldwide [2]. In the United States, it is estimated that 64% of the adult population is either overweight or obese with a body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) abo... | 15679893 | PMC548505 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:12 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Jan 29; 6:5 |
Background
Familial Juvenile Hyperuricemic Nephropathy (FJHN) (McKusick 162000) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by hyperuricemia, decreased urinary excretion of urate and the development of progressive chronic interstitial nephritis. Renal impairment usually appears between 15 and 40 years of age, leadi... | 15673476 | PMC548506 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2005 Jan 27; 6:5 |
Background
In the last few years, exciting advances in the biology and molecular genetics of the development of Plasmodium parasites in their mosquito vectors [1,2] have led to the creation of transgenic mosquitoes that are partially resistant to malaria infection [3], bringing the efforts to control malaria with the t... | 15644136 | PMC548507 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:31 | no | Malar J. 2005 Jan 11; 4:3 |
Background
This is the second presentation from a project for the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) evaluating the possible use of transgenic animal mutagenicity assays in toxicity testing and mechanistic research. Part I, preceeding this article, discussed comparison of effects of chemicals using certa... | 15676065 | PMC548508 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:20 | no | J Carcinog. 2005 Jan 27; 4:4 |
Background
Injuries have been recognised as a major public health problem in both developed and less developed countries [1]. It is generally acknowledged that this problem is growing rapidly in sub-Saharan Africa [2]. Studies in Tanzania show that injuries are an important cause of death among adults [3], and accounte... | 15679887 | PMC548509 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:55 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Jan 28; 5:11 |
Background
As a barrier and immune organ, the gastrointestinal tract, lung and skin play a key role in protecting the body from a hostile environment [1]. The low incidence of infection at normal epithelial surfaces reflects the presence of innate, broad-spectrum antimicrobial defense mechanisms [2]. Host defense pepti... | 15656908 | PMC548510 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:39 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Jan 18; 2:2 |
Introduction
Migraines and tension-type headaches impose an important burden upon society and the working public. According to the National Headache Foundation, some 45 million Americans suffer from chronic, recurring headaches and 28 million of these suffer from migraine headaches annually [1]. Furthermore, the work f... | 15673472 | PMC548511 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:31 | no | Nutr J. 2005 Jan 26; 4:3 |
Background
Recent reports using murine models of allergic asthma have shown that the Th2 type cytokine IL-13 may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of asthma, either by regulating airway inflammation, mucus hyper-secretion or airway hyper-responsiveness [1-5]. Evidence suggests that the potential role of IL-13 in... | 15661077 | PMC548512 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:27 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jan 20; 6(1):9 |
Background
Obesity is becoming increasingly common and is recognized as a major public health problem worldwide [1-3]. In the UK, the overweight and obese population increased by almost 15% between 1980 and 1992. Similar increases have been noted in many countries, including the USA [4], Sweden [5] and the Netherlands ... | 15679894 | PMC548513 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:55 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2005 Jan 29; 5:4 |
Pharmacologic stress echocardiography is an established cost-effective technique for the detection of coronary artery disease [1]. The widespread use in the clinical practice has become possible only after evidence collected through large scale multicenter studies that demonstrated its feasibility, safety, diagnostic a... | 15679889 | PMC548514 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:31 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2005 Jan 28; 3:2 |
Background
Proximity to individuals and society in order to reach out and provide optimal support is basic for patient associations for cancer patients (PACPs) [1,2]. Swedish patient associations for breast cancer patients (PABCPs) offer breast cancer patients' unlimited meetings with a breast cancer survivor, a contac... | 15670335 | PMC548515 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:51 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Jan 25; 5:9 |
Background
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), the causative organism of tuberculosis, has the distinction of repeatedly being ranked within the top five most commonly laboratory-acquired infections (LAIs) [1-3]. In 1976, Robert Pike prepared an extensive summary based on both published reports and surveys of 3921 LAIs t... | 15667662 | PMC548516 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:14 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Jan 24; 5:4 |
Background
Gastric reflux of short duration is a normal physiological event for all infants less than six to seven weeks old. When gastric reflux occurs more frequently and past the age of seven weeks, it becomes a clinically significant problem that is diagnosed as pediatric gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Sym... | 15651991 | PMC548517 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:15 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Jan 14; 3:5 |
Background
Inequities in global health continue to be among the major challenges facing the international community [1]. Despite tremendous advances in medicine, the benefits of science and technology have yet to make a major impact on the health and quality of life of majority of the world's population. Recognizing it... | 15667651 | PMC548518 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:15 | no | Health Res Policy Syst. 2005 Jan 24; 3:2 |
Background
Pulmonary fibrosis is a severe chronic disease with various causes and poor prognosis. Its main histological features include lesions of the alveolar septa, fibroblast and myofibroblast proliferation in lung parenchyma, abnormal reepithelialization, and excessive extracellular matrix macromolecule deposition... | 15663794 | PMC548519 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:27 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jan 21; 6(1):11 |
Background
Photoreceptor cells play a primary role in vision by capturing light energy and converting it into neural stimuli. These sensory neurons are a shared element in all organisms capable of sensing light. In humans, genetic diseases of the eye are common and the primary site of disease is most frequently photore... | 15676071 | PMC548520 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:09 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Jan 27; 6:5 |
Background
Dental caries is one of the most common infectious diseases of humans. The main causative agent is a group of streptococcal species collectively described as the mutans streptococci [1]. Streptococcus mutans has been identified as the major etiological agent of the disease. Unlike many other diseases, dental... | 15667665 | PMC548521 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:57 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2005 Jan 25; 5:4 |
Background
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a major risk factor for illness in the perinatal period and throughout life, with the smallest 7.5 percent of infants accounting for two-thirds of infant deaths [1]. Term, low birth weight infants are at least five times more likely to die in the first year [2,3] and are sec... | 15691369 | PMC548522 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:05 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2005 Feb 3; 5:2 |
Background
The last decade has seen increasing interest in the health and well-being of the workforce. This has been driven partly by the increasing burden of direct healthcare costs, but also from a recognition that the economy within the developed world has appreciably changed[1,2]. The relative contribution of indus... | 15679885 | PMC548523 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:32 | no | Environ Health. 2005 Jan 28; 4:1 |
Background
Protease inhibitors (PIs) used as components of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) have been well documented to reduce both the morbidity and mortality associated with HIV infection [1,2]. However, many PI-based HAART regimens incur treatment-limiting side effects, interactions with concomitant med... | 15647105 | PMC548524 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:14 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Jan 12; 5:2 |
Background
Malaria remains an important health problem in sub-Saharan Africa and in some parts of Asia and South America. Resistance to therapeutic drugs and to insecticides, as well as social and environmental changes, are important factors in this situation. Increasing importance is currently given to antibodies in p... | 15661070 | PMC548665 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:30 | no | Malar J. 2005 Jan 20; 4:5 |
Background
The P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is an ATP-dependent efflux transporter (ABCB1) encoded by the multidrug resistance gene (MDR1) which extrudes large lipophilic, positvely charged molecules from cells, among them HIV-1 protease inhibitors [1,2]. P-gp is expressed on a variety of cells including human lymphocytes, th... | 15659247 | PMC548666 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:21 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2005 Jan 20; 4:3 |
Introduction
Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia are often associated with a group of risk factors such as obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension and impaired glucose tolerance. This cluster of metabolic abnormalities, first defined as Syndrome X by Reaven in 1988 [1] and supported by additional evidence [2,3], is now... | 15689240 | PMC548667 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:46 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005 Feb 2; 2:3 |
Background
After the tsunami hit Sri Lanka on 26 December 2004, news reports and public health agencies warned against the possibilities of an increase of vector borne diseases, in particular malaria and dengue. Immediately after the disaster, an estimated 860,000 people were displaced and more than 820 emergency camps... | 15676073 | PMC548668 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:30 | no | Malar J. 2005 Jan 27; 4:8 |
Background
CLC (cardiotrophin-like cytokine) shares homology with CNTF (ciliary neurotrophic factor) and CT-1 (cardiotrophin-1) and requires co-expression with either CLF (cytokine-like factor-1) or the soluble form of the CNTFR to be secreted [1,2]. The CLC-CLF heterodimer displays activities only on cells expressing ... | 15683542 | PMC548669 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:15 | no | Cell Commun Signal. 2005 Jan 31; 3:1 |
Background
The inflammatory response is in the first instance a mechanism of self-defense, set by the innate immune system against endogenous and exogenous insults, and essential for the survival of the organism. Inflammation must be tightly regulated as deficiency as well as excess in its response will result in patho... | 15670336 | PMC548670 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:21 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2005 Jan 25; 2:4 |
Background
The protein expression of the homeobox gene NK3 transcription factor related locus 1 (NKX3.1) is highly specific for the prostate and the testis [1-3], and is frequently lost in cancers of these two tissue types [1,4,5]. NKX3.1 is located in chromosome band 8p21 [2,6,7], a region that undergoes frequent alle... | 15691383 | PMC548671 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:36 | no | Mol Cancer. 2005 Feb 3; 4:8 |
Background
Intrauterine malnutrition, as reflected by birth weight and abnormal thinness at birth, has been associated with an increased incidence of risk factors for arterial disease, i.e. hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes and to a lesser extent hyperlipidemia and body fat distribution in adulthood [1... | 15642119 | PMC548672 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:16 | no | Reprod Health. 2005 Jan 10; 2:1 |
Background
Magnetic materials have been used with grain sizes down to the nanoscale for longer than any other type of material [1]. This is attributable to a number of factors including a large surface area to volume ratio and the possibility of immobilizing a biological entity of interest [2]. In the last decade incre... | 15661076 | PMC548673 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:05 | no | J Nanobiotechnology. 2005 Jan 20; 3:1 |
Background
Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in the female population of industrialized countries. Metastasis of breast cancer cells to the skeleton occur in >70% of patients with progressive disease, resulting in debilitating symptoms such as severe bone pain, fractures, hypercalcaemia and spinal cord or nerve... | 15701164 | PMC548674 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:09 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2005 Feb 8; 5:1 |
Background
One of the potential use of sugar and sugar intermediate binding proteins and binders of intermediate sugar metabolites derived from microbes is in new and expanding area of environmental biotechnology particularly in carbon dioxide fixation bioprocess reactors [1,2]. Accelerated consumption of fossil fuels ... | 15689239 | PMC548675 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:47 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2005 Feb 2; 4:5 |
Background
Mosquito sampling is a prerequisite to most vector population studies [1]. The entomological parameter being studied and the behaviour of the mosquito species being sampled determine the choice of a sampling method [2]. However, most of the available mosquito sampling methods may not allow for such rational ... | 15667666 | PMC548676 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:31 | no | Malar J. 2005 Jan 25; 4:7 |
Background
It has become increasingly evident that the central nervous system is an immunocompetent organ [1]. Microglia are the primary immune effector cells of the brain parenchyma and functionally resemble tissue macrophages elsewhere in the body [1,2]. The brain ventricles are also under immune surveillance by intr... | 15679892 | PMC548677 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:21 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2005 Jan 28; 2:5 |
Background
During skeletal development and growth, bone formation occurs either by intramembraneous or endochondral bone formation. In endochondral bone formation, which occurs at the growth plates of long bones, cartilage is formed first, then the chondrocytes undergo a proliferative phase followed by hypertrophy, cha... | 15691373 | PMC548678 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:15 | no | Cell Commun Signal. 2005 Feb 3; 3:3 |
Background
Helicobacter pylori, occurring throughout the world and causing gastroduodenal diseases, is one of the most common chronic bacterial agents in humans [1]. Although the number of peptic ulcers unrelated to H. pylori is increasing, most ulcers are related to H. pylori infection [2,3]. For most of the patients ... | 15673470 | PMC548679 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:27 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2005 Jan 26; 5:4 |
Background
Multiple lines of evidence suggest that a dysfunction in glutamatergic neurotransmission might be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia [1-6]. The amino acid glutamate plays a central role in nitrogen metabolism and participates in multiple biochemical pathways. Released glutamate is taken up by g... | 15683541 | PMC548680 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:03 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 Jan 31; 5:6 |
Background
Citizens increasingly use email in personal communication [1]. It is not however clear to what extent physicians utilize it for patient communication. In reports from the 1990s 1–14% of doctors in the USA and Norway used email in patient work [2,3]. In recent studies up to 73% of physicians had used email fo... | 15676077 | PMC548681 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:52:12 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2005 Jan 27; 5:2 |
Background
Nosocomial infections are frequent complications of hospitalization and also an important public health problem in developing countries, as well as in developed ones. The socioeconomic impact, ie, prolongation of hospitalization, mortality, and cost of these infections adversely effects patients and nations'... | 15679899 | PMC548682 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:14 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Jan 31; 5:5 |
Background
Hematopoietic differentiation is a complex process whereby multiple functionally and morphologically distinct cell types arise from a population of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (PHSCs) [1]. The accurate and efficient regulation of hematopoietic development is controlled by a large number of regulator... | 15676076 | PMC548683 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:33 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Jan 27; 6:11 |
Background
In germinal centers (GC), B cells undergo clonal expansion, somatic hyper-mutation in the variable region of antibody genes [1-3] and class switch recombination (CSR) from IgM to IgG, IgA, and IgE [4-8], processes that are dependent on helper T cells [9-11]. Antibodies to the CD57 epitope (HNK-1) have been u... | 15694005 | PMC548684 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:32 | no | BMC Immunol. 2005 Feb 4; 6:3 |
Proteolytic cleavage of precursor proteins is an essential process in the life cycle of many viruses, including vaccinia virus (VV). The cysteine proteinase encoded by the VV I7L gene, was originally identified based on a sequence comparison with the African Swine Fever virus proteinase and an ubiquitin-like proteinase... | 15701171 | PMC548685 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:59 | no | Virol J. 2005 Feb 8; 2:4 |
Background
Teak (Tectona grandis L.) is a very valuable timber species, and is a member of the moist deciduous and dry deciduous forest types. Teak plantations are threatened by two major pests: the Teak Defoliator (Hyblaea puera Cramer) Lepidoptera: Hyblaeidae and the Teak Skeletonizer (Eutectona machaeralis (Walker) ... | 15689236 | PMC548686 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:15 | no | BMC Ecol. 2005 Feb 2; 5:1 |
Background
Apoptosis is a genetically programmed form of cell death employed to regulate cell number, spatial organisation and remove infected and damaged cell populations that may compromise the integrity of the organism [1]. Aberrant or unscheduled apoptotic responses are thought to contribute to various diseases inc... | 15691372 | PMC548687 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:40 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Feb 3; 5:6 |
Background
Antihypertensive drug therapy can reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality by 25–30% [1-3] in those with hypertension. The 2004 Canadian hypertension guidelines [4] recommend pharmacotherapy in those patients where there is proven cardiovascular benefit from randomized controlled trial evidence. However... | 15691376 | PMC548688 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:06 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2005 Feb 3; 5:4 |
Background
The adult behavioral lifestyle theory of cardiovascular disease (CVD) describes an adult's lifestyle choices and levels of physiologic risk factors as the primary predictors of CVD risk [1-3]. This approach is supported by a relatively consistent literature demonstrating an inverse, graded relationship betwe... | 15661071 | PMC548689 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:54 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Jan 20; 5:7 |
Background
Humans have two enzymes with α-galactosidase activity and an acidic pH optimum, α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (α-NAGA) (previously called α-galactosidase B) and α-galactosidase A (α-GAL). Hereditary deficiency of each of the hydrolases causes a distinct lysosomal storage disorder in humans, Schindler and Fabry... | 15676072 | PMC548690 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:11 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 Jan 27; 6:5 |
Background
Chicken is a model organism in various fields of biology, such as embryology or immunology. It is also the only bird species for which the genome has been studied in detail and a lot is expected from its use in comparative genome analyses. This will help to detect sequences conserved between species, which s... | 15693999 | PMC548691 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:32 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Feb 4; 6:12 |
Background
The importance of comprehensive search strategies to identify 'all relevant articles' when conducting systematic reviews has been long documented [1]. Comprehensive strategies include systematic searching of multiple databases as well as hand searching and contacting relevant experts. These strategies, howev... | 15679886 | PMC548692 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:52 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005 Jan 28; 5:6 |
Background
This study was undertaken in a 28 – bedded gynaecological ward catering for female patients aged 16 and above. There were 21 nurses based in this ward of whom 14 were qualified and the remaining were health care assistants, with experience ranging from 1 1/2 – 33 years. The shift handover in this ward was co... | 15676078 | PMC548693 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:31 | no | BMC Nurs. 2005 Jan 28; 4:1 |
Background
Tetanus is still a major health problem in developing world. Care of this potentially fatal, though preventable, disease has been revolutionized with advent of mechanical ventilation. However, still a significant minority, at least 10%, would die despite every effort [1]. Respiratory arrest used to be a comm... | 15679900 | PMC548694 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:53 | no | BMC Neurol. 2005 Jan 31; 5:2 |
Background
Genomes sizes (as measured by the DNA mass per diploid nucleus) are smaller on average in birds than in other tetrapod classes, and genome sizes within the class Aves show less variation than those of other tetrapod classes [1,2]. It has been proposed that reduced genome size in birds represents an adaptatio... | 15694002 | PMC548695 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Feb 4; 5:12 |
Background
Literature review [1] indicated that local control, laryngeal preservation, and survival rates of larynegeal cancer patients were similar after transoral laser resection, open partial laryngectomy, and radiotherapy. Open partial laryngectomy was reserved for patients with locally recurrent tumors. There are ... | 15683543 | PMC548696 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:04 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jan 31; 5:13 |
Background
Recent scientific and technical advances in the field of experimental biology, particularly in genomics, have produced large amounts of biological data, which has posed new conceptual challenges. The visualization and visualization-driven analysis of these experimentally derived data has become a key compone... | 15694009 | PMC548701 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:51 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Feb 6; 6:21 |
Introduction
The World Trade Center and anthrax terrorist attacks in 2001, as well as the recent West Nile virus and SARS outbreaks, have motivated many public health departments to develop early disease outbreak detection systems using non-diagnostic information, often derived from electronic data collected for other ... | 15719066 | PMC548793 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:37 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Mar 15; 2(3):e59 |
For disease outbreak detection, the public-health community has historically relied on the watchful eyes of doctors and other health-care workers, who have reported individual cases or clusters of cases of particular diseases to health-care and other authorities. The increased availability of electronic health-care dat... | 0 | PMC548794 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:39:36 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Mar 15; 2(3):e65 |
Background
The aim of this paper is to provide data on the equity of general medical practitioner (GP) prescribing rates for coronary heart disease (CHD) drugs. Since CHD represents a major cause of premature mortality in the Western world, it is vital that those populations with the highest need for CHD drugs actually... | 15701165 | PMC548940 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:32 | no | Int J Equity Health. 2005 Feb 8; 4:3 |
How do we relate human thought processes to measurable events in the brain? Mental chronometry, which has origins that date back more than a century, seeks to measure the time course of mental operations in the human nervous system [1]. From the late 1800s until 1950, the field was built almost entirely around a single... | 15719059 | PMC548951 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:20 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Feb 15; 3(2):e51 |
The study of genetic material from ancient specimens was, in its early years, dominated by a race to sequence DNA from extinct species like the dodo and the woolly mammoth. Now that the supply of these crowd-pleasing curiosities has run dry, scientists are starting to ask new questions of ancient DNA (aDNA) that are re... | 15719062 | PMC548952 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:23 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Feb 15; 3(2):e56 |
The excitement of scientific research and discovery cannot be fully conveyed by didactic lectures alone. Several recent initiatives and proposals, therefore, have supported a more participatory, discovery-based instruction for undergraduate science education [1,2]. In functional genomics, we have found an ideal platfor... | 15719063 | PMC548953 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:19 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Feb 15; 3(2):e59 |
Despite the biases that a single author inevitably brings to a subject, only one or a few closely interacting authors can bring coherence, synthesis, and vision to a broad and complex topic. A symposium volume just doesn't do the job. Few topics in biology are as simultaneously encompassing, complex, and controversial ... | 0 | PMC548954 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:19 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Feb 15; 3(2):e62 |
Biological databases offer access to formalized facts about many aspects of biology—genes and gene products, protein structure, metabolic pathways, diseases, organisms, and so on. These databases are becoming increasingly important to researchers. The information that populates databases is generated by research teams ... | 15719064 | PMC548955 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:20 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Feb 15; 3(2):e65 |
Viruses are intracellular pathogens that are subject to intense selective pressures during their ongoing battles within the host. To propagate successfully, they must exploit numerous machineries of the infected cell. Thus, studies of their replicative cycles have yielded fundamental insights into eukaryotic biology. A... | 15719065 | PMC548956 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:19 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Feb 15; 3(2):e76 |
In PLoS Biology, volume 2, issue 12.
10.1371/journal.pbio.0020380
In Materials and Methods, the sentence “The magnetic beads were added to the extract to a ratio of about 8 ×109 beads per g of cells” contains an error. The correct amount of beads is 8 × 108, i.e., ten times less.
Published February 15, 2005
Citat... | 0 | PMC548957 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:20 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Feb 15; 3(2):e80 |
Published February 15, 2005
In PLoS Biology, volume 2, issue 12.
10.1371/journal.pbio.0020449
The art credits were missing from the image accompanying this synopsis. The image caption should read as follows:
Reconstruction of Neanderthal woman
(Photo: Bacon Cph; makeup: Morton Jacobsen)
Citation: (2005) Correct... | 0 | PMC548958 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:20 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Feb 15; 3(2):e90 |
Background
α1-antitrypsin (AAT) is a glycoprotein, which is the major inhibitor of neutrophil elastase and proteinase 3 [1,2]. AAT is mainly produced in liver cells, but also in extrahepatic cells, such as monocytes, macrophages and pulmonary alveolar cells [3,4]. The average concentration of AAT in plasma in healthy i... | 15683545 | PMC549028 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:27 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jan 31; 6(1):12 |
Background
Transcription factors function uniquely at the interface of the genome and the proteome. A significant portion of transcription factors serve not only as executors of gene transcription programs, but also as biochemical sensors of extracellular stimuli. For instance, members of the nuclear receptor family ar... | 15686596 | PMC549029 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:36 | no | Mol Cancer. 2005 Feb 1; 4:6 |
Background
Allergic rhinitis is a common illness, which affects approximately 15 % of the population [1] and has a large impact on the quality of life of the patients. In some studies the symptoms of allergic rhinitis have shown a circadian rhythm with morning symptoms being most prominent in a majority of patients [1-... | 15686600 | PMC549030 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:25 | no | Clin Mol Allergy. 2005 Feb 2; 3:3 |
Background
Responsiveness, a concept introduced in the mid-eighties by bio-medical researchers, is considered to be an essential measurement property of health status questionnaires, distinct from reliability and validity [1]. However, it can be questioned whether an instrument's sensitivity to differences between heal... | 15691385 | PMC549031 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:14 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Feb 3; 3:8 |
Introduction
We have developed an electric field hypothesis for the mechanism of transmission of excitation from one cell to the next that does not require gap-junction channels [1-4]. In the electric field hypothesis, the electrical voltage that develops in the narrow junctional cleft (Vjc) when the prejunctional memb... | 15679888 | PMC549032 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:34 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Jan 28; 4:7 |
Background
Despite many attempts in the last few years to target cancer-specific antigens, a breakthrough in terms of clinical response has yet to be achieved mainly because of a scarcity of effective genuine cancer antigens, immunological evasion, or an immunosuppressive state.
Melanoma-associated antigens are catego... | 15676080 | PMC549033 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:28 | no | J Transl Med. 2005 Jan 28; 3:4 |
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