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Background
Approximately one to three per 1000 children are born with at least moderate, bilateral hearing disorders [1-4]. Children with congenital hearing impairment benefit from early detection and treatment of their hearing loss [5]. The neurological development of hearing abilities requires acoustic stimulation in... | 15679901 | PMC549034 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:55 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Jan 31; 5:12 |
Background
The inference of phylogenies from molecular sequence data, like most other quantitative problems in science, is most powerful within a model-based statistical framework. Sophisticated models are available to describe how sequences change along branches of a tree, and how the rate of sequence change varies am... | 15676079 | PMC549035 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Jan 28; 5:8 |
Background
The American Thoracic Society (ATS) and European Respiratory Society (ERS) have jointly proposed standards [1] for the diagnosis, treatment and spirometric classification of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). According to the GOLD (Global Obstructive Lung Disease) guideline [2], the ... | 15698477 | PMC549036 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:14 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Feb 7; 3:9 |
Background
ADAMTS (A Disintegrin-like and Metalloprotease with Thrombospondin motifs) proteins have homology with the metalloprotease region of the ADAM proteases, but also have at least one of the Thrombospondin type 1 Sequence Repeat (TSR) motifs that are common in extracellular matrix proteins. Since the discovery o... | 15693998 | PMC549037 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Feb 4; 5:11 |
Background
The proliferation of astrocytes is stimulated by polypeptide growth factors such as PDGF, EGF, bFGF and IGF-1 acting on cellular signaling pathways which involve tyrosine kinases, protein kinase C, and the Ras-Raf-MAP kinase pathway [1,2]. Astroglial proliferation is also stimulated by neurotransmitters such... | 15694004 | PMC549038 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:59 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2005 Feb 4; 5:3 |
Background
Maternal morbidity refers to complications that have arisen during the pregnancy, delivery or postpartum period. Every year an estimated 50 million women are affected by maternal morbidity. Defining, interpreting and measuring maternal morbidity, however, is recognised to be difficult and the prevalence of s... | 15686592 | PMC549039 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:06 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2005 Feb 1; 5:1 |
Background
Endemic HIV infection, in sub-Saharan Africa, where in many countries more than 20% of pregnant women are HIV seropositive leads to a diagnostic problem in the evaluation of their infants. Without intervention, more than 25% of infants born to seropositive women will acquire HIV infection in the first year o... | 15683549 | PMC549040 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:28 | no | J Transl Med. 2005 Feb 1; 3:6 |
Background
Humans are routinely exposed to mutagenic and carcinogenic aromatic amines via smoking, well-cooked food and other sources [1]. These chemicals can form DNA adducts in vivo and thus lead to DNA damage [2]. The integrity of most of the so-damaged DNAs is typically restored as a consequence of the action of ce... | 15679883 | PMC549041 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:04 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jan 28; 5:12 |
Although more than 20 years have passed since the identification of HIV as the cause of AIDS, several essential questions about its pathogenicity remain as yet unanswered. In particular, a central, still unresolved issue is the mechanism underlying the progressive development of immunodeficiency. It is now well establi... | 15698476 | PMC549042 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:39 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Feb 7; 2:7 |
Background
Surveys in many countries have found that mental disorders have a high prevalence and are a major cause of disability in the population [1-3]. For example, the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing found that close to one in five adults met the criteria for a mental disorder at some time ... | 15694008 | PMC549043 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:03 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 Feb 6; 5:9 |
Introduction
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important respiratory pathogen that produces an annual worldwide epidemic of respiratory illness primarily in children, but also in the elderly [1,2]. In the USA alone, RSV infection of children causes about 100,000 hospitalizations and 4,500 deaths annually (MMWR, 1... | 15701174 | PMC549044 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:00 | no | Virol J. 2005 Feb 8; 2:3 |
Background
Maintenance of blood brain barrier (BBB) integrity is critical to prevent the passage of potentially harmful factors, such as pathogens or toxins into the brain. During the progression of central nervous system (CNS) infectious disease, pathogens might gain access to the brain by compromising the integrity o... | 15689238 | PMC549045 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:48 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Feb 2; 6:8 |
Background
A great challenge in pharmacology and toxicology is to understand the molecular mechanisms behind how mixtures of compounds affect living organisms. This study focuses on two classes of substances, imidazoles and xenoestrogens, and how these chemicals alone and in combination affect hepatic drug-metabolizing... | 15701172 | PMC549046 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:24 | no | Comp Hepatol. 2005 Feb 8; 4:2 |
Background
Agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (AMM), polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET) and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) are characterized as myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs) arising due to exponential amplification of a haematopoietic stem cell. A typical feature of these disorders is the presen... | 15691382 | PMC549047 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:15 | no | Cell Commun Signal. 2005 Feb 3; 3:4 |
Background
There is broad agreement between existing guidelines for asthma [1-4] regarding diagnostic procedures, patient education and medical treatment [5]. The statements for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [6-8] are also consistent, despite the lack of evidence for some recommendations [9]. However, it... | 15683548 | PMC549048 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:51 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Feb 1; 5:11 |
If only it were all so simple. If only there were evil people somewhere insidiously committing evil deeds, and it were necessary only to separate them from the rest of us and destroy them. But the line dividing good and evil cuts through the heart of every human being, and who is willing to destroy his own heart? Alexa... | 15698481 | PMC549049 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:28 | no | J Transl Med. 2005 Feb 8; 3:8 |
Background
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is endemic in southern Japan, intertropical Africa, Melanesia, Latin America, and the Caribbean basin [1]. HTLV-1 is the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia [2] and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), an inflammatory disease o... | 15686595 | PMC549050 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:40 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Feb 1; 2:4 |
Background
Early in 1970s, the concept of suppressor T cells was developed and it was envisioned that this subset of lymphocytes was responsible for the active control, and ultimately the termination, of immune responses [1]. But the characters of this subset had not been well studied mainly because its distinct phenot... | 15679891 | PMC549051 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:28 | no | J Transl Med. 2005 Jan 28; 3:5 |
Background
Telomeres are the nucleoprotein ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes. In most organisms, telomeric DNA consists of a simple, repeated sequence with a G-rich strand running 5' to 3' towards the chromosome end, and terminates with a short, single-stranded 3' overhang (reviewed in [1,2]). The length of the dup... | 15642092 | PMC549061 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:34 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Dec 15; 6(1):R1 |
Background
Population genomics, the study of genome-wide patterns of genetic variation in a large number of organisms, is emerging as a vigorous new field of study [1-3]. Rapid, accurate and inexpensive resequencing could enable a variety of potential applications and studies. For the biowarfare (BW) pathogen, Bacillus... | 15642093 | PMC549062 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:33 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Dec 17; 6(1):R10 |
Background
The human genome is a blueprint, but for what machinery? One approach to understanding the complex processes encoded by the human genome is to assign its enzyme products to biochemical pathways that define regulated sequences of biochemical transformations. Pathway and interaction assignments place genes in ... | 15642094 | PMC549063 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:34 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Dec 22; 6(1):R2 |
Background
The unfolded protein response (UPR) regulates the protein-folding and secretory capacity of eukaryotic cells by monitoring conditions within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and regulating a downstream gene-expression program (reviewed in [1-3]). In yeast, about 5% of the genome is under the transcriptional co... | 15642095 | PMC549064 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:34 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Dec 22; 6(1):R3 |
Background
The flux of ions across excitable cellular membranes is a signaling mechanism that is extensively utilized by organisms from all the three major superkingdoms of life. This directional flow of ions across cellular membranes is mediated by a wide range of ion channels that may be gated by a variety of signals... | 15642096 | PMC549065 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:33 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Dec 20; 6(1):R4 |
Background
Much is known about the sequence of cell and tissue behavior that leads to repair of a mammalian skin wound [1,2] but we still have a rather incomplete knowledge of the portfolio of genes that drives these events. From late fetal stages onwards, tissue repair is always accompanied by a robust inflammatory re... | 15642097 | PMC549066 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:34 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Dec 23; 6(1):R5 |
Background
Large-scale genomic and cDNA sequencing projects have revealed thousands of new genes whose open reading frames (ORFs) are highly conserved during vertebrate evolution, but whose precise cellular functions remain unclear. Although functional analysis by gene disruption is possible after transfection of murin... | 15642098 | PMC549067 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:33 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Dec 23; 6(1):R6 |
Background
Mammalian phenotypes are complex and the term itself is imprecise. Generally, we use the word phenotype in referring to the appearance or manifestation of a set of traits in an individual that result from the combined action and interaction of genotype and environment.
Because mouse is the premier model org... | 15642099 | PMC549068 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:34 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Dec 15; 6(1):R7 |
Background
Mutant mice are the premier genetic models for human diseases. An increasing number of laboratories and companies worldwide are now carrying out detailed analyses of mouse phenotypes that have been generated from large-scale mutagenesis of the mouse genome. Description of mouse phenotypes has not traditional... | 15642100 | PMC549069 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:34 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Dec 20; 6(1):R8 |
Background
The recent definition of the complete nucleotide sequence of the human genome [1,2] has motivated the full annotation of the sequence. The true promise of the human genome project, to become the foundation for medical and biological research benefiting human health and quality of life [3], can only be realiz... | 15642101 | PMC549070 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:34 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Dec 10; 6(1):R9 |
Tribute
I arrived in Chicago last November for the ASC meeting, and reflexively reached for the phone to let Dr. Wied know that I had arrived, just as I had for each of countless trips to Chicago over the past 25 years. Then I remembered that he was no longer here, having passed away in Salzburg, Austria, on July 25th.... | 15701173 | PMC549072 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:23 | no | Cytojournal. 2005 Feb 8; 2:2 |
Introduction
The deleterious effects of exposure to ETS on the respiratory system of adults and children is well documented [1-4]. Exposure to ETS not only influences respiratory health among those affected but also leads to increased health care utilization and costs because of respiratory problems [5,6]. For example,... | 15701169 | PMC549073 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:27 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Feb 8; 6(1):13 |
Background
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy. Indeed, epithelial ovarian cancer is detected at a late clinical stage in as much as 75% of patients, in whom the overall survival rate is a dismal 14–30% [1]. Hindering the development of effective treatments for the cancer is the fact that the mol... | 15686601 | PMC549074 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:36 | no | Mol Cancer. 2005 Feb 2; 4:7 |
Introduction
AIDS is due to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection of CD4 T cells and is characterized by the cell death of HIV-infected lymphocytes and uninfected bystander cells [1-4]. Recent discoveries have shown that this could be related to the extra-cellular effects of Tat, which is a toxic protein secre... | 15691386 | PMC549075 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:40 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Feb 3; 2:5 |
Introduction
According to the United States National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Bipolar Disorder (BPD), also known as manic-depressive illness, is a serious medical illness that causes shifts in a person's mood, energy, and ability to function. Different from the normal ups and downs that everyone goes through,... | 15703073 | PMC549076 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:47 | no | Nutr J. 2005 Feb 9; 4:6 |
Background
Wegener granulomatosis (WG) is a systemic inflammatory disease of unknown aetiology characterized by granulomata of the respiratory tract and systemic necrotizing vasculitis [1]. There is a strong and specific association with presence of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmatic antibodies to a defined target antigen, ... | 15703080 | PMC549077 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:37 | no | J Negat Results Biomed. 2005 Feb 9; 4:1 |
Introduction
CytoJournal is published by BioMed Central, an independent publisher committed to ensuring peer-reviewed biomedical research is Open Access – it is universally and freely available online to everyone, its authors retain copyright, and it is archived in at least one internationally recognised free repositor... | 15705199 | PMC549078 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:23 | no | Cytojournal. 2005 Feb 10; 2:3 |
Background
Quantitative real-time PCR (QPCR) has become the favoured tool in mRNA expression analysis and also in virus diagnostics [1]. Real-time PCR has outperformed classical and semi-quantitative PCR methods in terms of accuracy, reproducibility, safety and convenience for the precise monitoring of viral load in cl... | 15705200 | PMC549079 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:00 | no | Virol J. 2005 Feb 10; 2:7 |
Background
Mimivirus is the largest known virus, both in particle size (>0.4 μm in diameter) and genome length, recently discovered in amoeba, following the inspection of a hospital cooling tower prompted by a pneumonia outbreak [1]. Recently, its entire 1.2-Mbp genome sequence was determined [2]. Extensive phylogeneti... | 15707490 | PMC549080 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:59 | no | Virol J. 2005 Feb 11; 2:8 |
Background
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic, relapsing mucosal disorder that extends in continuous fashion proximally from the rectum and is limited to the colon. The aetiology of UC includes a genetic component possibly involving an abnormal cell-mediated immune response to commensal enteric bacteria in the large ... | 15705205 | PMC549081 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:47 | no | Nutr J. 2005 Feb 10; 4:7 |
Innumerable animal species produce noises of different kind and many of them sound musical to us – human beings – eliciting a variety of emotional feelings, as the frogs' chants in a rainy night, or the wild birds' songs in a sunny morning perhaps mixed with our finch's joyful trills from its small cage, or the deep th... | 15705201 | PMC549082 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:34 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Feb 10; 4:9 |
Background
Plexiform neurofibromas (PNF) are benign tumors originating from nerve sheath cells, subcutaneous, or visceral peripheral nerves and can involve multiple fascicles [1]. PNF occur almost exclusively in patients with NF1, an autosomal dominant disorder caused by defect of one allele of the tumor suppressor gen... | 15683544 | PMC549083 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:05 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Jan 31; 3:6 |
Background
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 1 (MEN1, OMIM 131100) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by endocrine tumors of parathyroid, pancreatic islets and pituitary [1]. The prevalence of MEN1 is estimated to be 2–10 per 100,000 [2]. Based on loss of heterozygosity in tumors and Knudson's "two-hit" hy... | 15691381 | PMC549185 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:36 | no | Mol Cancer. 2005 Feb 3; 4:9 |
Background
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the primary cause of mortality in developed countries and generates a major burden of morbidity throughout life [1,2]. Additionally, CVD emergencies have become the leading cause of death in developing countries as well [3,4]. Prospective and retrospective studies have shown t... | 15693995 | PMC549186 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:55 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Feb 4; 5:13 |
Background
The HER-2/neu oncogene, also known as c-erb-B2, c-neu or ERBB2, is located in chromosome 17q11.2-12, encoding an EGFR-family like glycoprotein [1]. Its amplification, which is strongly correlated with protein overexpression, occurs in about 15–43% of breast tumours [1-10].
The observation that morphological... | 15694000 | PMC549187 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:35 | no | BMC Womens Health. 2005 Feb 4; 5:1 |
Background
Pharmaceutical company representatives (PCRs) influence the prescribing habits and professional behavior of physicians [1]. Despite the availability of guidelines regarding appropriate interactions with PCRs for practicing physicians [2-4], the skills for interacting with PCRs have not been included as part ... | 15698480 | PMC549188 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:55 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2005 Feb 8; 5:5 |
Background
Human society in a geographic area develops when colonizing populations bring along with them different languages, cultures and technological advancements over a period of time. As more populations migrate to settle in the same area, they are either eliminated, subjugated or absorbed [1]. In India, majority ... | 15694006 | PMC549189 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:19 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Feb 5; 6:4 |
Background
Coronaviruses are large, enveloped, positive stranded RNA-viruses [1]. The viral RNA genome is 27–32 kb in size, capped, polyadenylated and encapsidated in a helical nucleocapsid. The envelope is studded with long, petal-shaped spikes, giving the virus particle a characteristic crown-like appearance. Three d... | 15686594 | PMC549190 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:14 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Feb 1; 5:6 |
Background
The dopamine transporter (DAT) mediates uptake of dopamine into presynaptic neurons, and is a major target for various pharmacologically active stimulants such as cocaine. Genetic association studies provide considerable evidence that a variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism in the 3'-untranslated... | 15683546 | PMC549191 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:18 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Jan 31; 6:3 |
Background
Osteoporosis and its ultimate consequence of low traumatic fracture pose a major public health problem, because it incurs significant costs and increased risk of mortality [1-3]. Osteoporosis is sometimes considered a "consequence" of modernization, because the incidence of fractures in urban regions is ofte... | 15693996 | PMC549192 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:05 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Feb 4; 6:5 |
Background
Wallerian degeneration, the characteristic degeneration sequence of nerve fibres separated from their cell bodies, was described by Waller in 1850 [1,2]. Following various forms of axon injury this rapid degeneration process begins with degradation of axoplasm and axolemma accompanied by development of axona... | 15686598 | PMC549193 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:09 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Feb 1; 6:6 |
Background
In the wars and armed conflicts of the past decades, children have been among the survivors who have been exposed to war or conflict-related violence. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) recently stated that 43% of its population of concern are children under the age of 18 [1]. Mental h... | 15691374 | PMC549194 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:03 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 Feb 3; 5:7 |
Background
Home injuries are frequent and result in greater mortality and morbidity than road traffic injuries[1]. It is evident that the risks of some types of injuries, such as falls or injuries resulting from fire, could well be related to the built form of the home. Nevertheless the availability of robust evidence ... | 15686599 | PMC549195 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:52 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Feb 2; 5:12 |
Background
The Raf proteins (A-Raf, B-Raf, C-Raf) are located upstream of MEK and downstream of Ras and represent an essential part of the mitogenic cascade [1-3]. Interestingly, Raf kinases are not only central players in cellular signal transduction, but are often causally involved in the development of cancer. Recen... | 15703070 | PMC549196 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:07 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Feb 9; 5:15 |
Background
Leishmania are the etiological agents of a variety of disease manifestations, collectively termed as leishmaniasis. Visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (L.) donovani and Leishmania (L.) chagasi is a serious health problem in many tropical and subtropical countries [1-3]. During the digenetic life cyc... | 15691375 | PMC549197 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:25 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2005 Feb 3; 6:3 |
Background
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has several well-characterized post-mortem pathological markers that include both gliosis and dystrophic neurites surrounding extracellular amyloid plaques. In addition, intracellular tangles of hyper-phosphorylated tau and massive neurodegeneration are seen later in the disease proc... | 15689237 | PMC549198 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:47 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Feb 2; 6:7 |
Background
Among ubiquitin-related proteins, containing at least one domain with a ubiquitin-like fold, one can distinguish ubiquitin-like modifiers (UBLs) and ubiquitin domain proteins (UDPs) [1].
UBLs can be covalently attached to target proteins analogously to ubiquitin. Unlike ubiquitin, UBLs mostly do not directl... | 15698469 | PMC549199 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:52 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Feb 7; 6:22 |
Background
Microarray technology has become a useful tool for quantitatively monitoring gene expression patterns and has been widely used in functional genomics [1,2]. In a cDNA microarray experiment, cDNA segments representing a collection of transcripts and Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) are amplified by PCR and spot... | 15663789 | PMC549200 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:49 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jan 21; 6:14 |
Background
In a genome-wide profiling project, researchers usually select many sets of genes (or ESTs) for further investigation based on the computational analyses of the experimental data. For example, a set of genes is selected because they are clustered together based on their mRNA levels. To generate or support bi... | 15686593 | PMC549201 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:51 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Feb 1; 6:20 |
Background
The process of protein folding whereby a linear polypeptide chain reaches its native structure has been one of the most intensely studied biomolecular problems over the past 50 years (for current reviews see [1-3]). Folding of a protein is usually pictured as a search for the native conformation within the c... | 15676070 | PMC549202 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:51 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jan 27; 6:19 |
Background
Proteomic approaches are resulting in the identification of large numbers of proteins that can potentially be used as disease markers or drug targets. Unfortunately, proteomic approaches currently lack the throughput or quality metrics necessary to evaluate hundreds or thousands of samples that may be requir... | 15673468 | PMC549203 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:51 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jan 26; 6:17 |
Background
Classification of biological organisms is of fundamental importance to evolutionary studies. It is commonly believed that there are three domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryote. Currently, the most popular classification method is the so called "molecular approach", in which polymorphism informatio... | 15649332 | PMC549204 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:35:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jan 14; 6:8 |
Background
The term "angiogenesis" defines the fundamental process of the development and growth of new blood vessels from the pre-existing vasculature, and is essential for reproduction, development and wound repair [1]. Under these conditions, it is highly regulated: i.e. "turned on" for brief periods of time (days) ... | 15701176 | PMC549205 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:07 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Feb 8; 5:14 |
Background
Large scale sequencing projects of many different species allow us to investigate phylogenetic issues in much more detail and to identify whether certain genes have had an extraordinary evolution in one or more species and thus gain insight into the actions of natural selection. Despite the sequencing of an ... | 15679890 | PMC549206 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:56 | no | BMC Biol. 2005 Jan 28; 3:2 |
Background
Osteoarthritis, the most common reason for total hip (THA) and knee arthroplasty (TKA), accounts for more difficulty with climbing stairs and walking than any other disease [1,2]. Physical performance measures, therefore, play an important role in the measurement of outcome in patients undergoing total joint... | 15679884 | PMC549207 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:04 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Jan 28; 6:3 |
Background
Nowadays lasers are widely used in therapy and diagnostics. They have been adapted to many medical procedures ranging from surgery, oncology, physiotherapy, dentistry, dermatology and biostimulation. The non-invasive nature of laser biostimulation have made lasers an attractive alternative in Medical Acupunc... | 15649327 | PMC549208 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:33 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Jan 13; 4:5 |
Introduction
Assessment of the QT interval started to receive increased regulatory attention in the late 1980s.
The heightened safety concern was precipitated by repeated reports on torsade de pointes (TdP) and other arrhythmias occurring in patients treated with an antihistamine drug (terfenadine) [1]. ECG measuremen... | 15691384 | PMC549209 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:32 | no | Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med. 2005 Feb 3; 6(1):1 |
Background
Metabolic and physiologic disorders for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), including abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension often cluster. This cluster is frequently identified as the "metabolic syndrome" (MetS). Reaven [1] related MetS to th... | 15656912 | PMC549210 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:46 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005 Jan 18; 2:2 |
Introduction
If a life-threatening ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) is detected promptly, a high energy electrical shock can be delivered to the heart, in an attempt to return the heart to a normal sinus rhythm (NSR). If a normal sinus rhythm is misinterpreted as VT or VF, leading to delive... | 15667654 | PMC549211 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:34 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Jan 24; 4:6 |
Background
In vitro bioassay is very useful in biomedical experiments. It has the potential to yield very important data about molecular mechanism of action of any biologically active compounds. However, the major challenge for such experiments is extrapolation to in vivo responses. Unfortunately, there is a substantia... | 15698478 | PMC549212 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:26 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Feb 7; 2:3 |
Background
Helicobacter pylori is a bacterial pathogen associated with gastritis, peptic ulcers, gastric adenocarcinoma, and rare lymphomas [1]. It has a highly panmictic population structure in which homologous recombination makes the predominant contribution to sequence differences within a highly diverse population ... | 15676066 | PMC549213 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:32 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Jan 27; 6:9 |
Background
Animals learn to control their environment through instrumental (operant) conditioning. When an animal acts to obtain reward or reinforcement, there is often a delay between its action and the outcome; thus, animals must learn instrumental action-outcome contingencies using delayed reinforcement. Although su... | 15691387 | PMC549214 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:09 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Feb 3; 6:9 |
Background
The in utero gene transfer technology devised in this laboratory [1] was originally developed to circumvent the inflammatory response seen after birth with adenoviral-mediated gene transfer. During the course of these experiments it was discovered that the in utero transfer of the gene for cystic fibrosis tr... | 15694001 | PMC549215 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:17 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2005 Feb 4; 5:2 |
Background
Health care is a complex human endeavor constituted by the interaction of multiple professions, organizations, industries, technologies and the public. Health itself is also a complex concept, with multiple determinants including genetic, socio-cultural, economic and environmental influences [1]. At the cent... | 15693997 | PMC549216 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:52 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Feb 4; 5:13 |
Background
HIV-1 Tat protein is the viral transactivator encoded in the HIV-1 genome of infected cells [1-3]. Tat stimulates formation of full-length transcripts from the HIV-1 promoter by promoting efficient transcript elongation (reviewed in [4]). Tat interacts with the bulge of transactivation response (TAR) RNA, a ... | 15698475 | PMC549217 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:40 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Feb 7; 2:6 |
Sweet and taste modifying proteins
The prevalence of obesity and diabetes has increased dramatically in recent years in the United States, with similar patterns seen in several other countries including India [1] as well. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease caused by inherited or acquired deficiency in production of... | 15703077 | PMC549512 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:47 | no | Nutr J. 2005 Feb 9; 4:5 |
Introduction
The flexible bronchoscope has been used in pediatrics for more than 20 years [1] yet there are only a limited number of publications on the systematic examination of the physical properties of magnification and distortion found in endoscopes of any size, let alone bronchoscopes specific for the pediatric s... | 15705204 | PMC549513 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Feb 10; 6(1):16 |
Background
The city of Medellin is located in the north-western region of Colombia and, although malaria is endemic in the country, absence of anophelines within the city makes vector transmission of the infection impossible. However, this city, located within the Andes Mountains (6°13'N, 75°36'W) at 1,588 m above sea ... | 15703072 | PMC549514 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:31 | no | Malar J. 2005 Feb 9; 4:9 |
Background
Young people are at increased risk for alcohol- and gambling-related problems compared to their older counterparts [1-3]. College and university students are at special risk because going to college often represents the first move away from their family and, as a result, fewer restrictions on their activitie... | 15703082 | PMC549515 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:50 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2005 Feb 9; 2:1 |
I. Introduction
Peritoneal carcinomatosis has always been regarded as a terminal condition. It is present in 10 to 30% of patients with gastrointestinal cancer at the time of their initial surgery and is a frequent finding in patients who develop recurrent cancer. Important natural history studies establish a 6-month m... | 15701175 | PMC549516 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:37 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2005 Feb 8; 2:3 |
Introduction
Several studies have discussed the psychological and intellectual problems, immunological deficiencies, and early aging of Down syndrome (DS) patients. Several metabolic abnormalities have been reported, some involving the lipid metabolism [1]. Apart from some contradictory studies in the past, there are o... | 15705198 | PMC549517 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:31 | no | Immun Ageing. 2005 Feb 10; 2:3 |
Background
Vogelstein et al. [1] have reported the involvement of multistage genetic abnormalities in the development of colorectal cancers, and pointed out that K-ras mutation is the initial genetic abnormality in the adenoma-carcinoma sequence [2] of the development of the colorectal cancer. Recently, some reports ha... | 15707498 | PMC549518 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:20 | no | J Carcinog. 2005 Feb 12; 4:5 |
Background
Endometrial polyps (EMPs) are generally considered benign proliferative lesions and are commonly encountered in routine surgical pathology practice. The usual histological pattern of endometrial polyps is characterized by irregular proliferative glands, with a fibrotic stroma containing thick-walled blood ve... | 15703068 | PMC549519 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:05 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Feb 9; 3:8 |
Background
The recent severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic, which affected over 30 countries, resulted in more than 8000 cases of infection and more than 800 fatalities (World Health Organization, ). A novel coronavirus was identified as the aetiological agent of SARS [1]. Analysis of the nucleotide sequen... | 15703085 | PMC549520 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:01 | no | Virol J. 2005 Feb 10; 2:5 |
Background
Pulmonary emphysema, a significant global health problem, is a pathological condition characterized by enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchiole, destruction of the alveolar walls, without and/or with mild fibrosis [1]. To date the pathogenesis remains enigmatic. The most prevailing hypo... | 15705190 | PMC549521 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:27 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Feb 10; 6(1):14 |
Background
The heart may be conceived as a pump that receives blood from a low-pressure system and raises it to a high-pressure system. Although the mechanism responsible for generation of wall stress (and hence left ventricular (LV) pressure) is contraction of the myocardial fibers, an analytical formulation linking t... | 15707494 | PMC549522 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:34 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Feb 11; 4:10 |
Background
Enteric adenoviruses (EAds) are considered to be the second most important causative agent of acute infantile gastroenteritis after rotaviruses. The fastidious subgroup F adenoviruses type 40 (Ad40) and 41 (Ad41) account for the majority of cases of severe acute diarrhea in children less than 2 years of age ... | 15705203 | PMC549523 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:59 | no | Virol J. 2005 Feb 10; 2:6 |
Ancel Keys, who died in November, 2004, was an excellent testimonial to the health-promoting effects of his beloved Mediterranean diet. He lived to be 100 and, as the New York Times obituary put it, "remained intellectually active through his 97th year." His latter years were spent mostly at his home in Naples, ItaIy. ... | 15710049 | PMC549524 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:46 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005 Feb 14; 2:4 |
Background
One of the most important approaches for reducing cancer incidence is chemoprevention. This is especially relevant for colon cancer, which represents the third leading cause of cancer mortality in developing countries and for which diagnostic tests and clinical treatments are not satisfactory [1].
Recently ... | 15691389 | PMC549525 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:28 | no | J Transl Med. 2005 Feb 3; 3:7 |
Background
Malaria accounts for 1 in 5 of all children deaths in Africa. Late presentation, misdiagnosis, inadequate management, unavailability or stock-outs of effective drugs are factors that influence high case-fatality rates even among hospital in-patients [1]. One of the targets of the Roll Back Malaria (RBM) init... | 15703076 | PMC549526 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:30 | no | Malar J. 2005 Feb 9; 4:10 |
Findings
The sperm penetration assay (SPA) is used to evaluate the fertilizing capacity of human spermatozoa [1]. Some in-vitro fertilization (IVF) programs rely on the SPA to formulate their insemination plans in conjunction with IVF cycles [1,2]. Couples with normal SPA scores normally undergo conventional IVF insemi... | 15703074 | PMC549527 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:17 | no | J Exp Clin Assist Reprod. 2005 Feb 9; 2:3 |
Background
Shoulder pain is a common clinical problem in the ambulatory setting. The one year prevalence of shoulder pain is as high as 50% in the general population, and 50% of those afflicted consult a physician [1,2]. As many patients with shoulder pain miss work because of the condition, it should be no surprise th... | 15691370 | PMC549528 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:05 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Feb 3; 6:4 |
Introduction
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) created the Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP) to regulate endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) as mandated in the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 (FQPA) and the Safe Drinking Water Amendments Act of 1996 (SDWAA). Unlike the more easily... | 15701170 | PMC549529 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:33 | no | Environ Health. 2005 Feb 8; 4:2 |
Introduction
T lymphocytes bearing the γδ T cell receptor (TCR) represent a minor population of human peripheral lymphocytes (1–10%), the majority of them expressing the CD3+CD4-CD8- phenotype [1-4]. The ability of γδ T cells to respond to nonprocessed and nonpeptidic phosphoantigens in a major histocompatibility compl... | 15686597 | PMC549530 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:32 | no | Immun Ageing. 2005 Feb 1; 2:2 |
Background
Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are highly conserved proteins inducible in response to a wide variety of stresses (such as exposure to heat) and pathological (viral, bacterial or parasitic infections, and inflammation) or physiological (growth factors, cell differentiation, and hormonal stimulation) stimuli [1,2]... | 15710045 | PMC549531 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:27 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Feb 14; 6(1):18 |
Background
Drug exposure, ionizing radiations and environmental pro-oxidant pollutants induce free radical formation. Lipid peroxidation initiated by free radicals is considered to be deleterious for cell membranes and has been implicated in a number of pathological situations. Carbontetrachloride (CCl4), an industrial... | 15683547 | PMC549532 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:59 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2005 Jan 31; 5:2 |
Background
Economy, income and poverty do affect and are affected by population's health in many ways.
At broad scale, the macro relationship between life expectancy and the gross national product (GNP) is well known and has been presented in different publications [1].
At a smaller scale a very robust relationship e... | 15705196 | PMC549533 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:06 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2005 Feb 10; 4:5 |
Background
Plasminogen activators (PAs) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been implicated in mammalian gametogenesis [1], ovulation [2,3], fertilization [4,5], early stages of development and embryo implantation [6,7]. The PAs are serine proteases, which convert the inactive plasminogen to the potent protease p... | 15703084 | PMC549534 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:11 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Feb 10; 3:7 |
Background
The chicken is an important experimental model for evolutionary and developmental biologists, immunologists, cell biologists, geneticists, as well as being an important agricultural commodity. The recent release of a draft of the chicken genome sequence, as well as the development of a large (531,351) collec... | 15694003 | PMC549535 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:33 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Feb 4; 6:13 |
Background
When studied by NMR proton spectroscopy, most cancer cells are characterized by increased narrow signals at 0.9 and 1.3 ppm corresponding, respectively, to methyl and methylene resonances that belong to lipid acyl chains moving isotropically. This so-called "mobile lipid signal" (or ML signal) has been studi... | 15703065 | PMC549536 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:10 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2005 Feb 9; 5:2 |
Background
The catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine) are a group of biogenic amines possessing a substituted 3, 4-dihydroxy phenyl ring that are widespread in the animal kingdom; but they have also been detected in plants [1,2]. The role of catecholamines in plants is poorly documented, but it is cl... | 15701180 | PMC549537 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:52 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2005 Feb 9; 5:1 |
Introduction
Abnormalities in the lipid metabolism of persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), potentially induced by the disease itself and the medications used for treatment, were first reported in the early 1990s[1]. Reductions in high- (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were observ... | 15705191 | PMC549538 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:19 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2005 Feb 10; 4:4 |
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