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Background
During the last 25 years, ideas concerning the aim, structure and system of medical education have been discussed. Debates generally have arisen from the perception that medical education couldn't serve the purpose of improving health standards of the communities [1].
"Health for All" was adopted in 1977 an... | 15705193 | PMC549539 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:55 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2005 Feb 10; 5:7 |
Background
The structural integrity of recombinant products generated by prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms is a major concern. Modifications such as amino acid sequence substitution/mutations of recombinant proteins may lead to pharmacological inactivation, autoimmune phenomena [1-3] and adverse effects [4,5]. Human... | 15707495 | PMC549540 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:15 | no | Proteome Sci. 2005 Feb 11; 3:1 |
Background
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most common form of mesenchymal tumors arising from the gastrointestinal (GI) wall, mesentery, omentum or retroperitoneum that express the c-kit proto-oncogene protein [1]. This expression of c-kit distinguishes GIST from true leiomyomas, leiomyosarcomas, and ot... | 15713236 | PMC549541 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:05 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Feb 15; 3:11 |
Background
In the late 1960's, the introduction of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) as an alternative nutrition provided a life saving solution to children with chronic bowel obstructions, fistulas, loss of mucosal body surfaces, short bowel syndrome, and other clinical problems that precluded enteral diet by mouth or ... | 15686591 | PMC549542 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:30 | no | BMC Nurs. 2005 Feb 1; 4:2 |
Background
Gastrocolic fistula is a rare complication of both benign and malignant diseases of the gastrointestinal tract [1-6]. In the Western World, adenocarcinoma of the transverse colon is the commonest cause of a fistulous connection between the stomach and the colon with a reported incidence of 0.3–0.4% in operat... | 15705194 | PMC549543 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:05 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Feb 10; 3:9 |
Background
Accurate assessment of suicidality is of major importance in both clinical and research settings. Adolescent suicide occurs usually in the context of an active, often treatable, but unrecognized or untreated mental illness [1-3]. The increase in the antidepressant treatment of adolescents in the USA [4] may ... | 15691388 | PMC549544 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:03 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 Feb 3; 5:8 |
Background
RNA interference (RNAi) can be triggered by introduction of long double-stranded RNA molecules (dsRNAs) in cells [1], and proceeds in a number of sequential steps, starting with the cleavage of long dsRNAs into shorter ≈ 21–23 nucleotide-long dsRNAs called short interfering RNAs (siRNAs; these were initially... | 15703078 | PMC549545 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:58 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2005 Feb 9; 5:6 |
Background
The expectations of the public have been dramatically increased and the majority of them are familiar with their rights in the health care system. As a consequence, it is a high priority that health care providers have effective communication skills. It has been well documented that the doctor-patient relati... | 15701163 | PMC549546 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:55 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2005 Feb 8; 5:6 |
Background
Advances in technology have increased the speed and reduced the cost of DNA sequencing. This has resulted in a dramatic increase in the number of sequences contributed by both large sequencing centres and individual laboratories to sequence databases. Public biological sequence databases are growing at an ev... | 15701178 | PMC549547 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:51 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Feb 8; 6:23 |
Background
Sin1 was originally described as a human protein that modulated Ras function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae [1]. Strains of yeast that expressed the constitutively activated RAS2Val 19 mutation had elevated levels of cyclic AMP, impaired growth control and were acutely sensitive to heat shock. This phenotype wa... | 15698473 | PMC549548 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Feb 7; 5:13 |
Background
Glutathione (GSH, tripeptide γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine) is the most abundant thiol antioxidant in mammalian cells. It reacts directly with reactive oxygen species (ROS), or functions as a cofactor of antioxidant enzymes such as the glutathione peroxidases (GPxs). In addition, GSH keeps sulfhydryl grou... | 15707499 | PMC549549 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:48 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Feb 12; 6:10 |
Background
Globular proteins are considered to be structurally similar if their regular secondary structure elements can be superimposed well and are connected in the same order. The loop regions connecting secondary structures demonstrate less regularity in their conformations even though short loops linking specific ... | 15691378 | PMC549550 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Feb 3; 5:10 |
Background
A major motivation for establishing C. elegans as an experimental molecular genetic system was to understand how genes control behavior, especially locomotion, since the uncoordinated (Unc) mutants were discovered early in the history of C. elegans genetics [1,2]. While studies of hundreds of genes involved ... | 15698479 | PMC549551 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:18 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Feb 7; 6:5 |
Background
Endothelial cell adhesion molecules or 'ECAMs' play essential roles in the development of chronic inflammation by recruiting leukocytes, especially lymphocytes through their ability to promote leukocyte rolling, firm adhesion and extravasation [15]. Tissue infiltration by leukocytes is a common hallmark in s... | 15694007 | PMC549552 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:51 | no | BMC Physiol. 2005 Feb 6; 5:3 |
Background
Genomic comparative studies on entirely sequenced genomes from the three domains of life, i.e. Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryota [1], evidenced that proteins involved in the organization or processing of genetic information (structures of ribosome and chromatin, translation, transcription, replication and DNA ... | 15701177 | PMC549553 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:53 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2005 Feb 8; 5:3 |
Background
Ireland has one of the highest mortality rates from cardiovascular disease in the European Union [1]. Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a major portion of cardiovascular diseases. ACS includes unstable angina and both persistent-ST-segment elevation and non-ST segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (AM... | 15707497 | PMC549554 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:06 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2005 Feb 11; 5:5 |
Background
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic disorder with an incidence of about 1 in 3000. Multiple neurofibromas are the most significant hallmark of NF1. These benign tumors of peripheral nerves mostly start developing at puberty and can increase in size and number during pregnancy [1]. Since decades, phys... | 15703081 | PMC549555 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:07 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Feb 9; 5:16 |
Background
The key elements in tuberculosis (TB) control are to detect the disease as early as possible and to ensure that those diagnosed complete their treatment and get cured. The World Health Organization (WHO) target for treatment success is 85 percent of all detected smear-positive cases [1]. Even where free medi... | 15698472 | PMC549556 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:54 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Feb 7; 5:14 |
Background
A recent national survey of medication use patterns found the highest prevalence of medication use over a one-week period was among women aged ≥ 65 years [1]. Over 80% of women in this age group had taken at least one prescription or over-the-counter medication during the week preceding the survey, and over ... | 15703066 | PMC549557 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:32 | no | BMC Geriatr. 2005 Feb 9; 5:4 |
Background
There has been a major increase in the prescription of antifungal drugs after the introduction of fluconazole into the market in the late 1980s, and again in the late 1990s. The systemic antifungal market has continued to experience growth since 1999, increasing in value from $2.1 billion to $3.3 billion in ... | 15703083 | PMC549558 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:54 | no | BMC Clin Pharmacol. 2005 Feb 10; 5:1 |
Background
Chromosomal aberrations often occur in solid tumors: tumor suppressor genes may be inactivated by physical deletion, and oncogenes activated via duplication in the genome. Gene dosage effect has become particularly important in the understanding of human solid tumor genesis and progression, and has also been... | 15705208 | PMC549559 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:49 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Feb 11; 6:27 |
Background
We are facing a deluge of genome sequences. As of January 14th, 2005, the GOLD site identified 1248 completed or ongoing genome programs , and this certainly reflects only a partial view of the existing programs. While this shows that we implicitely possess an enormous wealth of information about the functio... | 15698474 | PMC549560 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:33 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Feb 7; 6:14 |
Background
Considerable effort has been directed toward improving randomized controlled trial (RCT) design, execution, and reporting [1-6,14]. Such efforts to define standards of quality for RCTs beg the question: are RCTs improving in quality over time? Many reviews have attempted to answer this question. In general, ... | 15698470 | PMC549561 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:52 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005 Feb 7; 5:7 |
Background
Every Gram-negative bacterium in the order Chlamydiales is an obligate intracellular pathogen [1]. The organisms are dimorphic, and alternate between free-living, infectious "elementary bodies" (EBs) endocytosed by mucosal cells into vesicular inclusions, and metabolically active, intracellular "reticulate b... | 15673471 | PMC549562 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:39 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Jan 26; 5:5 |
Background
It is recognised that the average decline in pulmonary function is greater in asthmatic subjects than in the general population [1,2]. This might be due to deterioration in potentially reversible disease [3] or the development of persistent obstruction following airway remodelling [4]. The published longitud... | 15683540 | PMC549563 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:12 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2005 Jan 31; 5:2 |
Malaria kills over one million people in Africa each year and contributes 10% of the continent's burden of disease [1]. One of the factors that affects the morbidity and mortality rate is incorrect diagnosis [2]. In this article, we describe a freely available online training tool for health professionals to learn mala... | 15736990 | PMC549582 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:26 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Feb 22; 2(2):e11 |
Biomedical science and technology are developing at a more rapid pace than ever. Investments in health research and development (R&D) have never been higher—global spending on health research increased from US$30 billion in 1990 to US$105.9 billion in 2001. But despite advances in technology and unparalleled research s... | 15736991 | PMC549583 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:29 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Feb 22; 2(2):e14 |
Despite the significant progress in increasing our understanding of the immune mechanisms of multiple sclerosis (MS), in improving clinical classification and brain imaging, and in developing new treatments, the factors that determine the course of the disease are mostly unknown [1]. Currently, it is nearly impossible ... | 15736992 | PMC549584 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:34 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Feb 22; 2(2):e33 |
Over the last hundred years, there have been major triumphs in medicine related to public health, vaccination, and the introduction of new medicines. However, over the same period, several diseases have increased in prevalence and/or severity. In some cases, the causes of the increase have become obvious—the increases ... | 15736993 | PMC549585 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:37 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Feb 22; 2(2):e34 |
Introduction
The widely held belief that heterosexual transmission is the driving force behind sub-Saharan Africa's (SSA's) HIV epidemic [1] has recently been questioned [2]. According to Gisselquist and colleagues, investigators have overlooked the importance, and indeed suppressed analysis, of unsafe medical injectio... | 15736994 | PMC549586 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:29 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Feb 22; 2(2):e37 |
Introduction
While pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children, the absence of sensitive and specific tools to make an etiological diagnosis is a major limitation to our understanding of the efficacy of vaccines against pneumonia. Blood cultures lack sensitivity, and cultures from lung aspirates may be inf... | 15736995 | PMC549587 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:31 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Feb 22; 2(2):e38 |
DESCRIPTION of CASE
A 31-year-old white male with no significant past medical history is referred by his workplace to a primary care physician for an elevated blood pressure (BP). He presents to the clinic with no complaints. His mother and grandmother both have diabetes, and his father has hypertension. He has had a 1... | 15736996 | PMC549588 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:37 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Feb 22; 2(2):e40 |
Doctors and other health professionals play a key role in communicating risk information. They are advisers to patients, especially when patients have to make fateful decisions that can irrevocably change their lives. There is a developing body of literature on the ways in which risk information can be effectively comm... | 15736997 | PMC549589 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:37 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Feb 22; 2(2):e41 |
Everything that doctors and other health workers do involves communication about the benefits and harms to be expected from interventions—whether they are therapeutic, diagnostic, or prophylactic. As health-care professionals, we need to share our understanding and perceptions of benefits and harms with patients and th... | 15736998 | PMC549590 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:29 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Feb 22; 2(2):e42 |
Introduction
During infectious disease outbreaks, due to either new or established agents, extensive information gathering is required to enable identification of the source, transmission routes, and the effect of containment policies. It is becoming increasingly clear that traditional approaches based on travel and co... | 15736999 | PMC549591 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:30 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Feb 22; 2(2):e43 |
Nicholas Fisk and Irene Roberts's Viewpoint: There Are Good Reasons to Be Wary of Private Banking
No one disputes the merit of public cord blood banking, in which women altruistically donate umbilical cord blood (UCB) for haemopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation, in a way similar to bone marrow donation. Unrelated ... | 15737000 | PMC549592 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:32 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Feb 22; 2(2):e44 |
Introduction
Diabetic nephropathy (DNP) is a serious and common complication of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, leading to end-stage renal failure in up to 30% of individuals with diabetes. Early abnormalities of DNP affect glomeruli and include an increase in glomerular filtration rate, microalbuminuria, glomerul... | 15737001 | PMC549593 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:29 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Feb 22; 2(2):e45 |
In free community science, where large numbers of scientists participate as volunteers in a single project, the ideal of scientific cooperation finds a new expression. Free community science was inspired by the free software movement, which itself was inspired by the application of the ideal of scientific cooperation, ... | 15737002 | PMC549594 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:29 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Feb 22; 2(2):e47 |
Current journal requirements forcing clinical trials to be registered [1] are insufficient and are unlikely to solve the problem of negative trials never even making it to a journal. Most of the patients consenting to clinical trials do so out of altruism. It is a great betrayal of their trust to suppress clinical tria... | 15737003 | PMC549595 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:28 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Feb 22; 2(2):e48 |
I find the arguments raised by the PLoS Medicine editors very useful [1] as I had not considered that a scientific community would tolerate barring access to registers of trials. It leaves huge gaps for exploitation by privileged groups.
It is not only colleagues in research and allied professions who need access but ... | 15737004 | PMC549596 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Feb 22; 2(2):e49 |
Introduction
The HIV/AIDS epidemic is having a devastating impact in sub-Saharan Africa and other resource-constrained regions. Recently, the World Health Organization and other organizations have committed to expand access to antiretrovirals (ARVs) in the developing world, the United States government has pledged to p... | 15737005 | PMC549597 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:33 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Feb 22; 2(2):e50 |
To quickly control infectious disease outbreaks, extensive information is required to identify the source and transmission routes, and to evaluate the effect of containment policies. Traditionally, scientists have used travel- and contact-tracing methods, but the recent SARS epidemic showed that sequence-based techniqu... | 0 | PMC549598 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:33 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Feb 22; 2(2):e52 |
Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death worldwide in children. Several vaccines against pneumococcal pneumonia are at various stages of development, but the testing of their efficacy is hampered by the lack of noninvasive tests that are sensitive and specific for the disease. Diagnosis is usually based on chest ra... | 0 | PMC549599 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:36 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Feb 22; 2(2):e53 |
Of the 40 million people worldwide with HIV, 30 million live in the developing world. By far the worst hit region is sub-Saharan Africa, where nearly four million children have lost one or both parents to HIV/AIDS since 2000. Is heterosexual transmission the driving force behind the HIV epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa? ... | 0 | PMC549600 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Feb 22; 2(2):e54 |
“Publishing results in traditional paper based way in a journal hides too much information.” This is the verdict of Markus Ruschhaupt and colleagues who, in a paper in Statistical Applications in Genetics and Molecular Biology (3: article 37), discuss a paradigm for the presentation of complex data—in this case, from m... | 15737010 | PMC549601 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Feb 22; 2(2):e55 |
One of the most common and most serious complications of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes is diabetic nephropathy. It occurs in around 30% of patients with type 1 diabetes and 10% to 40% of patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of renal failure in the developed world. The main effect o... | 0 | PMC549602 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Feb 22; 2(2):e56 |
Antiretroviral drugs change the lives of patients with HIV/AIDS—if they have access to them. Most patients in resource-poor countries cannot afford the drugs. Major initiatives are under way to expand access to antiretrovirals in developing countries, but the number of individuals in need of the drugs currently vastly ... | 0 | PMC549603 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Feb 22; 2(2):e57 |
Background
Of the roughly 40 million people living with HIV [1], an estimated 6 million in developing countries urgently need life-saving antiretroviral therapy (ART) [2]. Yet when the 3 by 5 Initiative was launched by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) in De... | 15737013 | PMC549605 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:26 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Mar 22; 2(3):e69 |
Introduction
Somatic gain-of-function mutations in exons encoding the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase domain are found in about 10% of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) from the United States [1,2,3], with higher percentages observed in east Asia [2,4,5,6]. Some 90% of NSCLC-associated mutati... | 15737014 | PMC549606 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Mar 22; 2(3):e73 |
Acquired resistance to chemotherapy is a major obstacle to successful cancer treatment. Understanding the mechanisms by which tumors become resistant to a particular agent is key to identifying new drugs or combination regimens.
Kinases are signaling molecules that control many aspects of cell behavior, including cell... | 0 | PMC549607 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 11:13:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Mar 22; 2(3):e74 |
Kinase Inhibition for Treatment of Cancer
Uncontrolled proliferation of tumor cells is a hallmark of cancer. In many types of cancer, mutations in genes that activate cellular signal transduction pathways contribute to enhanced proliferation and survival of cancer cells. One well-characterized example is mutation in ty... | 15736989 | PMC549608 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:33 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Mar 22; 2(3):e75 |
Background
Bali, a province of the Republic of Indonesia, is an island just 87 km from north to south and 142 km from east to west and home to more than 2.9 million people [1]. Approximately 800,000 stray dogs (Fig. 1) also live on the island based on a survey conducted by the Bali Street Dog Foundation (personal commu... | 15701179 | PMC549630 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:18 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Feb 8; 6:6 |
Background
There are many possible explanations for the origin and consequences of acute and chronic low back pain but the transition from acute to chronic low back conditions needs to be clarified [1,2]. There is a number of recent evidences suggesting that chronic LBP patients exhibit deficits in proprioception and t... | 15703067 | PMC549631 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:05 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Feb 9; 6:6 |
Background
Programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is required for the normal development of almost all multicellular organisms and is a physiological mechanism for controlling cell number; as a result, structures that are no longer needed are deleted during development and abnormal cells are eliminated [1,2]. Most of the... | 15345036 | PMC549712 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:44 | no | J Biol. 2004 Aug 23; 3(4):15 |
Background
Centromeres are the chromosomal loci where kinetochores assemble to serve as attachment sites for the spindle microtubules that direct chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis. Despite this essential conserved function in all eukaryotes, centromere structure is highly variable, ranging from the simp... | 15345035 | PMC549713 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:44 | no | J Biol. 2004 Aug 31; 3(4):18 |
Background
Tissue-specific gene expression has traditionally been viewed as a predictor of tissue-specific function: for example, genes specifically expressed in the eye are likely to be involved in vision. But microarray analysis in model organisms such as yeast and Caenorhabditis elegans has established that coordina... | 15588312 | PMC549719 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:45 | no | J Biol. 2004 Dec 6; 3(5):21 |
Background
The error threshold is a limit on the permissible mutation rate for which "survival of the fittest" holds in Darwinian evolution [1]. The error threshold can be seen as a limit on the amount of information maintainable in evolutionary systems (information threshold) since an increase in sequence length resul... | 15691379 | PMC550645 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:17 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Feb 3; 5:9 |
Background
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most common form of genomic variations occurring on average every 1000 nucleotides. The vast majority of SNPs are neutral allelic variants, however the few that do influence a phenotype in a measurable way, are important for understanding the underlying genetics... | 15717931 | PMC550646 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:32 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Feb 17; 6:18 |
Background
As part of the complex uremic metabolic syndrome, pronounced disturbances of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism are commonly observed, as are pathologic changes of amino acid and protein turnover [1]. An increased net protein degradation in uremia was seen as early as 1949 by Persike and Addis[2], and in the ... | 15715918 | PMC550647 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:43 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2005 Feb 17; 6:2 |
Background
Physical activity has been defined by World Health Organization [1] as comprising of all movements in everyday life, including work, recreation, and sports activities and has been categorised in levels of intensity from light to moderate to vigorous. Health benefits, including decreasing risk of coronary hea... | 15713230 | PMC550648 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:55 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Feb 15; 5:16 |
Background
One of the features characterizing mammalian skeletal muscle tissue is the structural variability of muscle fibres. The inclusive properties of skeletal muscle lead to functional diversity of muscle fibres, which has been related to differences in relative proportions of membrane structures and to different ... | 15710036 | PMC550649 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:51 | no | BMC Physiol. 2005 Feb 14; 5:4 |
Background
Patients with diabetes are at increased risk of a wide range of complications and comorbidities, which adversely affect quality of life, mortality, and health care services utilization. Cardiovascular diseases are the primary causes of morbidity and mortality among patients with diabetes, yet data on cardiov... | 15701166 | PMC550650 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:55 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Feb 8; 5:15 |
Background
Over-prescribing in respiratory tract infections (RTI) has been the topic of numerous studies in general practice. Explanations for the overuse of antibiotics despite weak scientific evidence are multifaceted and vary from efforts to protect patients from "complicated" courses of disease to assumed patient e... | 15698471 | PMC550651 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:12 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Feb 7; 6:6 |
Background
Dendritic cells (DC), APC specialised for the efficient stimulation of naïve T cells, are of fundamental importance in the control of antigen-specific immune responses (reviewed in [1]). Immature DC are sparsely distributed in peripheral organs, where they act as sentinels, continuously sampling the antigeni... | 15701168 | PMC550652 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:44 | no | BMC Immunol. 2005 Feb 8; 6:4 |
Background
CHARGE Association is characterized by ocular coloboma, cranial nerve abnormalities, common outflow tract heart defects, choanal atresia, cupped-shaped pinnae, Mondini dysplasia of the inner ear [1,2] and growth delay. The embryology and mechanisms of maldevelopment in CHARGE are not well understood. CHARGE ... | 15710038 | PMC550653 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2005 Feb 14; 6:8 |
Background
Recurrent dislocation of the patella can follow a violent initial dislocation, but occur more often in knees with one or more underlying anatomic abnormalities that predispose the patella to dislocation or subluxation. In these knees, less trauma is needed for dislocation to occur. The underlying pathologic ... | 15717922 | PMC550654 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:04 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Feb 17; 6:9 |
Background
The bacterial cell wall resists intracellular pressure and gives the bacterium its particular shape. Cell wall reinforcement is brought about by a strong scaffolding structure, the peptidoglycan, which is formed by glycan strands and peptide chains held together by covalent bonds, resulting in a mono- or mul... | 15717932 | PMC550655 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:32 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Feb 17; 6:19 |
Background
Protein networks
Cellular processes require the interaction of many proteins across several cellular compartments. Interactions can range in stability from persistent, such as between members of a stable complex, to transient, such as binding while being phosphorylated. Determining the collective network of ... | 15707487 | PMC550656 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:51 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Feb 11; 6:29 |
Background
Alternative splicing (AS) is a biological process that occurs during the maturation step of a pre-mRNA, allowing the production of different mature mRNA variants from a unique transcription unit. AS is known to play a key role in the regulation of gene expression and transcriptome/proteome diversity [1]. Fir... | 15705189 | PMC550657 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:35:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Feb 10; 6:25 |
Background
The genetic maps of grass species have been constructed using a variety of marker types. Most of the older species-specific molecular maps were constructed with RFLP markers, but in recent times there has been increased utilization of PCR-based markers because of accessibility and higher throughput. Conserva... | 15720707 | PMC550658 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:33 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Feb 18; 6:23 |
Background
Affymetrix microarrays are high throughput assays for measuring the expression levels of thousands of gene transcripts simultaneously. This type of microarray measures the expression of each transcript multiple times through a set of "probe pairs". Since the advent of the Affymetrix microarray, numerous meth... | 15705192 | PMC550659 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:51 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Feb 10; 6:26 |
Background
There has been a growing interest in the prediction of DNA-binding sites in proteins which play crucial roles in gene regulation [1-4]. We have previously developed a method of predicting DNA-binding sites of proteins from the sequence information [5]. We reported development of a neural network and correspo... | 15720719 | PMC550660 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:52 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Feb 19; 6:33 |
Background
The sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus is an important model system in developmental biology and its genome is currently being sequenced by the Human Genome Sequencing Center at the Baylor College of Medicine under the auspices of the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI). Sea urchin embryos... | 15710043 | PMC550661 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:17 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2005 Feb 14; 5:3 |
Background
Pertussis toxin (PT) is a complex exotoxin and an important virulence factor produced by Bordetella pertussis, a bacterial pathogen of the human respiratory tract that causes the disease whooping cough. PT holotoxin is a multi-subunit complex with an AB5 structure [1,2]: the enzymatically active A subunit (S... | 15691377 | PMC550662 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:40 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Feb 3; 5:7 |
Background
Most asthma patients have mild symptoms which are well controlled with anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator therapy but a minority of asthma patients have severe airway inflammation and airflow obstruction requiring multiple hospital admissions. The reasons for these differences in asthma severity are comple... | 15720706 | PMC550663 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:12 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2005 Feb 18; 5:4 |
Background
Extensive transcriptional profiling of the plant model system Arabidopsis thaliana has been limited when compared to other model organisms, such as human and mouse, mainly due to the lack of high-quality cDNA microarrays offering genome-wide coverage. However, during the recent years both academic and commer... | 15689241 | PMC550664 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:58 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2005 Feb 3; 5:5 |
Background
Replacement of bone where there is none is one of the most challenging problems facing orthopedic surgeons today. In the case of tumor resection or trauma, massive bone defects must be filled with regenerate bone as quickly as possible in order to restore function. Current standards for bridging of massive b... | 15691380 | PMC550665 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:05 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Feb 3; 3:7 |
Background
Spirituality has become a subject of interest in health care, and an increasing number of studies, commentaries and reviews examine the connection between religiosity/spirituality and health, its potential to prevent, heal or cope with diseases [1-10]. Moreover, research has confirmed that spiritual well-bei... | 15705195 | PMC550666 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:15 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Feb 10; 3:10 |
Introduction
The enlargement of left atrial (LA) diameter is associated with cardiovascular disease and is a risk factor for atrial fibrillation, stroke and death. [1-6] LA function reliably predicts exercise capacity in patients with recent myocardial infarction[7] or non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy[8] and differs... | 15717936 | PMC550667 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:31 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2005 Feb 18; 3:4 |
Background
Heroin is one of the most commonly injected illicit substances worldwide [1,2]. Heroin injection is associated with a range of harms including poor health [3,4], poor psychosocial functioning [5] and increased risk of fatal and non-fatal heroin overdose [6,7]. Heroin injection is also a significant risk fact... | 15713226 | PMC550668 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:10 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2005 Feb 15; 2:2 |
Background
Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi is a malaria parasite of murine rodents. It has been widely used as a model to study various aspects of parasite biology and disease which are difficult to investigate using human malaria parasites. For instance, P. c. chabaudi is being used to study the genetic basis of drug res... | 15707493 | PMC550669 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:30 | no | Malar J. 2005 Feb 11; 4:11 |
Background
Although the incidence of lower urinary tract complications after RH has been reported with variable rates, up to one half of patients undergoing RH experience at least one lower urinary tract symptom that develops after surgery and at a variable period of time [1,2]. Several retrospective studies have exami... | 15715903 | PMC550670 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:05 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Feb 16; 3:12 |
Introduction
There are no low-resistance connections between the cells in several different cardiac muscle and smooth muscle preparations [reviewed in refs. [1] and [2]]. In a computer simulation study of propagation in cardiac muscle, it was shown that the electric field (EF) that is generated in the narrow junctional... | 15710046 | PMC550671 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:26 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Feb 14; 2:5 |
Epidemiologic data from United States indicate that idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is diagnosed in approximately 36/100.000 persons each year, and that it is responsible for more than 10.000 deaths per year [1]. Faced with the fact that the number of patients with DCM is constantly increasing [2], accurate ass... | 15705202 | PMC550672 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:31 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2005 Feb 10; 3:3 |
Introduction
What is the point of single cell studies of the cell cycle? The simple answer is that they provide extra information that is not available from studies of cell populations. Without them a cell biologist can be misled.
It is easiest for me to start with the theme of the extensive results on single cells of... | 15703075 | PMC550673 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:26 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Feb 9; 2:4 |
The FADD molecule
The FADD gene is located on chromosome 11q13.3 in humans and 7 in mice [1]. Mutations in the FADD gene containing locus are frequently observed in human malignancies [2]. For instance, the 11q13 region contains the fibroblast growth factor 3 and 4 genes which are coamplified in melanoma. It also inclu... | 15717929 | PMC550674 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:09 | no | Med Immunol. 2005 Feb 17; 4:1 |
1. Background
Cardiac disease remains an important cause of sudden death in the industrialised world, and in many cases the lethal events are the cardiac arrhythmias called ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF). Spontaneous episodes of VT and VF occur in patients where cardiac disease or congen... | 15720712 | PMC550675 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:34 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Feb 18; 4:11 |
A friend's passing elicits a set of emotions. Collecting and sharing remembrances are steps of closure in bidding farewell. Here, we honor and remember Jacov Tal (Fig. 1) who passed away on February 8th, 2005. At the time of his passing, Jacov was the Head of Virology at Ben-Gurion University Medical School, Israel. In... | 15725354 | PMC550676 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:39 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Feb 22; 2:12 |
Background
In the last ten years, more and more of those dying of cancer in Canada are doing so out of hospital[1]. In Nova Scotia, a Canadian Maritime province with a total population of approximately 950,000 people, the proportion of cancer deaths occurring out of hospital has recently grown by fifty per cent[2]. Thi... | 15676069 | PMC551519 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:52 | no | BMC Palliat Care. 2005 Jan 27; 4:1 |
Background
The specification of cell fates during embryonic development frequently depends on inductive interactions, which involve transmission of extracellular signals from the cell surface to the nucleus. In the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signal transduction pathway, Smad proteins that are initially associa... | 15720724 | PMC551520 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:45 | no | J Biol. 2005 Feb 15; 4(1):3 |
Background
The accessibility of whole-genome sequence data for several organisms, together with the development of efficient computer-based search tools, has revolutionized modern biology, allowing in-depth comparative analysis of genomes [1-4]. In many cases, comparisons among species at various levels of divergence h... | 15693940 | PMC551531 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:37 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Jan 31; 6(2):R11 |
Background
The initiation of mammalian labor is a complex physiological process that requires the expression and secretion of many factors, both maternal and fetal [1,2]. The majority of these factors exert their effect on the myometrium, the smooth muscle responsible for expelling the fetus from the uterus. While spec... | 15693941 | PMC551532 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:37 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Jan 28; 6(2):R12 |
Background
The regulation of gene expression varies extensively among tissues, individuals, strains, populations and species [1-6] and variation in gene expression has a genetic basis [7,8]. Despite such biological variance, differences in gene expression are used to describe cancers [9-12], heart failure [13,14] and m... | 15693942 | PMC551533 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:36 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Jan 26; 6(2):R13 |
Background
The size of bacterial genomes is primarily the result of two counteracting processes: the acquisition of new genes by gene duplication or by horizontal gene transfer; and the deletion of non-essential genes. Genomic flux created by these gains and losses of genetic information can substantially alter gene co... | 15693943 | PMC551534 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:36 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Jan 14; 6(2):R14 |
Background
Resident and recruited mononuclear phagocytes (MPs) display a versatile phenotype that reflects the plasticity of these cells in response to microenvironmental signals. This heterogeneity spans a continuous spectrum that can be polarized into two extremes recently described by Mantovani et al. [1]. Pathogen ... | 15693944 | PMC551535 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:36 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Jan 21; 6(2):R15 |
Background
Since their introduction in the mid 1990s [1,2], expression-profiling methods have become a widespread tool in numerous areas of biological and biomedical research. However, choosing a method for analyzing microarray data is a daunting task. Dozens of methods have been proposed for the analysis of both high-... | 15693945 | PMC551536 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:36 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Jan 28; 6(2):R16 |
Background
Recent advances in technologies for analyzing whole-genome gene-expression patterns have provided a wealth of information on the complex transcriptional regulatory networks and changes in gene-expression patterns that are related to phenotypic changes caused by environmental stimuli or genetic alterations. C... | 15693946 | PMC551537 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:36 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Jan 31; 6(2):R17 |
Background
One of the major challenges facing biology is to reconstruct the entire network of protein-DNA interactions within living cells. A large fraction of protein-DNA interactions corresponds to transcriptional regulators binding DNA in the neighborhood of protein-coding and RNA genes. By interacting with RNA poly... | 15693947 | PMC551538 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:36 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Jan 26; 6(2):R18 |
Background
For humans and model organisms, such as worms and flies, the availability of high-density sequence polymorphism maps greatly facilitates the rapid mapping and cloning of genes [1-3]. Key advantages of most molecular polymorphisms are the fact that they are codominant and in general phenotypically neutral. Th... | 15693948 | PMC551539 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:36 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Jan 17; 6(2):R19 |
Background
The widespread use of DNA microarrays to measure transcript abundance from a significant fraction of the genome has proven to be a valuable tool for identifying functional cellular pathways as well as for capturing the global state of a biological system [1-4]. These arrays have typically been constructed by... | 15693949 | PMC551540 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:36 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Feb 1; 6(2):R20 |
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