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Background
One of the most challenging problems now facing the model organism databases is the formal description of phenotypic data. While some databases, for example those for mouse (Mus musculus) [1], corn (Zea mays) [2] and fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) [3], include a rich heritage of data describing the phen... | 15693950 | PMC551541 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:37 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Jan 14; 6(2):R21 |
Introduction
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram negative bacteria producing a wide array of virulence factors frequently responsible for chronic airway infections in cystic fibrosis (CF) or chronic obstructive pneumonia disease (COPD) patients, as well as acute nosocomial airway infections in intensive care units [1-3].
... | 15707485 | PMC551591 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:27 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Feb 11; 6(1):17 |
Role of complement system in the development of asthma
Asthma, a complex airway inflammatory disease, is characterized by bronchoconstriction, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and remodeling. Current consensus suggests that TH2 cytokine producing T cells, mast cells and ASM cells play central roles in the pathogenesis ... | 15723703 | PMC551592 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:27 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Feb 21; 6(1):19 |
Introduction
Vaccine immunotherapy as an approach to cancer treatment has evolved over the last 10 years as the basic biology of the immune response has been elucidated. Tumor-associated antigens that are capable of eliciting cytotoxic T cell responses have been identified. Among the most frequently expressed across ma... | 15723705 | PMC551593 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:28 | no | J Transl Med. 2005 Feb 21; 3:9 |
The vomeronasal system (VNS) is a nasal chemosensory system usually considered primarily a pheromone-detecting system [[1-4] for recent reviews]. The system, present in most terrestrial vertebrates, is comprised of the peripherally situated vomeronasal organ (VNO), whose sensory neurons project their axons to the acces... | 15725360 | PMC551594 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:46 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005 Feb 22; 2:6 |
Background
Despite improvements in diagnosis and treatment, pancreatic cancer remains one of the most common causes of cancer-related deaths in the world [1]. One of the reasons for the dismal prognosis is the propensity of pancreatic cancer cells to invade surrounding tissues and to metastasize. Melanoma inhibitory ac... | 15710044 | PMC551595 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:10 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2005 Feb 14; 5:3 |
Background
The human T cell leukemia/lymphotropic virus type 1 is the etiologic agent of adult T cell leukemia (ATL), an aggressive and fatal leukemia of CD4+ T lymphocytes [1,2] and is also associated with a neurological demyelinating disease, tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP) or HTLV-I associated myelopathy (HAM)[3]... | 15703079 | PMC551596 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:39 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Feb 9; 2:8 |
Note
For corresponding Editorial, please see Leiman, 2005 [25]
Background
The incidence of anal squamous carcinoma and its precursor lesions has increased in recent years particularly among men having sex with men (MSM) [1]. Prior to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic the incidence of anal cancer in this ... | 15715910 | PMC551597 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:23 | no | Cytojournal. 2005 Feb 16; 2:4 |
Background
One of the greatest advantages of publishing the design of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) before results are available is the accessibility to criticism of the methodological quality irrespective of the results. Firstly the scientific reader must be enabled to search for epidemiological shortcomings whe... | 15707491 | PMC551598 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:05 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Feb 11; 6:8 |
Background
Water-soluble quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase (PQQGDH-B) from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus has great potential for application as a constituent of an electron mediator-type glucose sensor. The conventionally utilized enzyme for glucose measurement, glucose oxidase (GOD), inherently utilizes oxygen as its e... | 15715904 | PMC551599 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:49 | no | BMC Biochem. 2005 Feb 16; 6:1 |
Background
Wise, Lanchbury and Lewis [1] introduced a rank-based statistical technique for meta-analysis of genome scans, the Genome Scan Meta-Analysis (GSMA) method, and derived its exact null distribution using a clever inclusion/exclusion argument. Koziol and Feng [2] provided an alternative derivation of the null d... | 15717930 | PMC551600 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:52 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Feb 17; 6:32 |
Background
The addition of a methyl group at the carbon-5 position of cytosine is a modification of DNA called DNA methylation. In mammalian cells, DNA methylation is essential for proper development [1]. The methylation patterns of tumor cells are altered compared to those of normal cells, moreover, there are also dif... | 15725357 | PMC551601 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:52 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Feb 22; 6:35 |
Background
The relaxin-like peptide family includes: relaxin-1, relaxin-2, relaxin-3, and the insulin-like (INSL) peptides, INSL3, INSL4, INSL5 and INSL6. All share high structural similarity with insulin due to the presence of six cysteine residues, which confer two inter-chain and one intra-chain disulfide bonds. Thu... | 15707501 | PMC551602 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Feb 12; 5:14 |
Background
The oligonucleotide Mapping 10 K arrays [1] have been used for linkage analysis [2-4] and their advantages in genome coverage and information content compared to microsatellite-based assays has been demonstrated. The array contains 11,550 SNPs with an average heterozygosity rate of 0.32 and an average marker... | 15713228 | PMC551603 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:18 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Feb 15; 6:7 |
Background
The PD-(D/E)XK domain is ubiquitously found in enzymes involved in metabolism of nucleic acids, mostly in nucleases with diverse biological functions. The first structurally characterized members of the PD-(D/E)XK superfamily were restriction enzymes (REases) (reviews: [1,2]). Crystallographic studies reveal... | 15720711 | PMC551604 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:32 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Feb 18; 6:21 |
Background
Neutrophils are the most numerous granulocytes in blood and are responsible for the first line of host defence. However, neutrophils have frequently been implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases because they can produce various cytokines, chemokines and other proinflammatory mediators [1,2]. Numerous ... | 15720708 | PMC551605 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:25 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2005 Feb 18; 6:4 |
Background
Shoulder complaints
Shoulder complaints (SC) have been defined by Sobel & Winters [1] as pain localised in the region of the deltoid muscle, the acromioclavicular joint, the superior part of the trapezoid muscle and the scapula. Radiation of the pain to the arm as well as limitation of the motion of the uppe... | 15715914 | PMC551606 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:12 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Feb 16; 6:7 |
Background
Members of the genus Shigella, namely S. flexneri, S. dysenteriae, S. sonnei and S. boydii have caused and continue to be responsible for mortality and/or morbidity in high risk populations such as children under five years of age, senior citizens, toddlers in day-care centres, patients in custodial institut... | 15707504 | PMC551607 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:14 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Feb 14; 5:8 |
Background
Mutations in the parkin gene are a common cause of parkinsonism. parkin was originally discovered as the cause of autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism [1]. However, recent reports suggest that not all parkin mutations are recessive [2-5], nor is age at onset always early [6-9]. Several studies have foun... | 15725358 | PMC551608 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:53 | no | BMC Neurol. 2005 Feb 22; 5:4 |
Background
Birth weight-specific perinatal mortality curves among male and female births intersect to produce a paradox: overall perinatal mortality rates and perinatal mortality rates at lower birth weights are relatively higher among male births, while at higher birth weights perinatal mortality rates are relatively ... | 15720720 | PMC551609 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:05 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2005 Feb 20; 5:3 |
Background
The effectiveness [1,2] and efficiency [3] of antihypertensives may be questioned, as adherence with antihypertensives may be as low as 50% [1,4]. The efficacy of antihypertensives has been evaluated in randomised clinical trials (RCTs). The RCTs are often of short duration, the study population is usually c... | 15720716 | PMC551610 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 22:25:48 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Feb 18; 5:17 |
Background
The Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence is one of the most easily recognised motifs in molecular biology [1]. Discovered in fibronectin in 1984 [2], this tripeptide appears to be conserved in the cell attachment sites of many proteins from the extracellular matrix (ECM). The later discovery that RGD is recognised by ... | 15710040 | PMC551611 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:53 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2005 Feb 14; 5:4 |
Background
In recent years, outcome prediction studies have become the avante garde in many areas of health care research, especially in critical care and trauma. However acceptable models for outcome prediction have been difficult to develop [1]. According to Wyatt and Altman, to be useful, a predictive model must be ... | 15713231 | PMC551612 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:52:12 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2005 Feb 15; 5:3 |
Background
The specificity, diversity, and physiological importance of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) have made these receptors excellent drug targets. It is becoming clear that the regulation of the GPCR itself – its location, stability, and signal duration – is a key component of the signaling process [1,2] The l... | 15707483 | PMC551613 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:56 | no | BMC Biol. 2005 Feb 11; 3:3 |
Background
Patients undergoing massive hemorrhage experience dilutional coagulopathy with crystalloid and/or colloid resuscitation. If hemorrhage progresses, packed red cells (RBC) are transfused together with crystalloids and/or colloids. Regarding the coagulation this is not optimal, and the patients often develop a ... | 15713229 | PMC551614 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:42 | no | BMC Blood Disord. 2005 Feb 15; 5:3 |
Background
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) (OMIM #143890) is one of the most common monogenic human diseases. It is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with the prevalence of the heterozygous form conventionally considered to be about 1 of 500 in most populations [1]. Elevated blood serum cholesterol is due to ... | 15701167 | PMC551615 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2005 Feb 8; 6:6 |
Background
Type 1 diabetes is a common, multifactorial disease believed to be caused in a proportion of cases by an autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells by an inflammatory infiltrate comprising T lymphocytes, dendritic cells and macrophages. This process results from a complex interaction between genetic and en... | 15720714 | PMC551616 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:18 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Feb 18; 6:9 |
Introduction
Wearable health monitoring systems integrated into a telemedicine system are novel information technology that will be able to support early detection of abnormal conditions and prevention of its serious consequences [1,2]. Many patients can benefit from continuous monitoring as a part of a diagnostic proc... | 15740621 | PMC552302 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:40 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2005 Mar 1; 2:6 |
Background
In 1966, Szybalski first discovered that the mRNA synonymous strand of DNA contained a predominance of purine-rich clusters [1]; by convention, the top strand of a linear dsDNA molecule is viewed 5'→3', therefore when transcription of a gene is to the right, the top strand is considered the mRNA synonymous s... | 15720717 | PMC552303 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:52 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Feb 18; 6:22 |
Background
There is general agreement that in cats and monkeys (and presumably in humans) the spike discharge activity a mechanical stimulus sets up in rapidly adapting (RA), slowly adapting (SA), and Pacinian (PC) skin mechanoreceptors is projected centrally, at short latency and with relatively minor transformation, ... | 15710047 | PMC552304 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:47 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Feb 14; 6:11 |
Background
Non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. is a substantive cause of human gastroenteritis in many parts of the world [1]. In Germany, non-typhoidal salmonellosis remains the most frequently reported infectious disease. For example, in 2001, the 77,185 Salmonella reports (incidence:94/100,000) received at the federal lev... | 15691371 | PMC552305 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:14 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Feb 3; 5:7 |
Background
Vestibulopathy decreases whole body dynamic postural control and causes functional limitations [1-4]. Limitations in ambulation, dynamic balance and trunk control, for example, can lead to disability and contribute to decreased quality of life [5]. Vestibular rehabilitation (VR) is a well-accepted exercise p... | 15717934 | PMC552306 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:53 | no | BMC Neurol. 2005 Feb 18; 5:3 |
Background
The prevalence of myopia is currently receiving worldwide attention as many recent studies report dramatic increases over the last 20 years [1,2]. Myopia and its aetiology is an interesting example of the intertwining of 'nature and nurture' with both genetics and life-style environment as important issues [... | 15705207 | PMC552307 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:49 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2005 Feb 11; 5:1 |
Background
According to the DSM-IV [1] personality disorders (PDs) are characterized by enduringly deviating patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself that are exhibited in a wide range of social and personal contexts. Such patterns lead to "clinically significant distress or i... | 15720726 | PMC552308 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:03 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 Feb 20; 5:10 |
Background
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by prominent airway inflammation [1,2]. The intensity of the inflammation strongly correlates with disease severity [3,4] and increases even further during exacerbations [5]. Moreover, increased expression of inflammatory markers in the sputum is ... | 15707484 | PMC552309 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:12 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2005 Feb 11; 5:3 |
Background
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis and a leading cause of musculoskeletal disability in most developed countries [1]. The knee is one of the most frequently affected joints with a prevalence of 30% in people older than 65 years [2] and high resultant disability [3]. Defects in cartilage... | 15720725 | PMC552310 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:04 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Feb 20; 6:10 |
Background
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture belongs to the most common musculoskeletal injuries in the western world. In the United States, 100,000 new cases occur each year, with 10% of all injuries leading to occupational disability [1]. In Germany, the prevalence of torn ACL among subjects between 20 and 35 ... | 15723704 | PMC552311 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:03 | no | BMC Surg. 2005 Feb 21; 5:1 |
Background
In June 1991, a series of civil wars began as the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia dissolved violently into the four independent republics of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and the semi-autonomous nations of Serbia and Montenegro. Kosovo remains a pr... | 15715917 | PMC552312 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:52 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Feb 17; 5:14 |
Background
Overly rigid sequential patterns of movement and thought characterize several human brain disorders involving dysfunction in basal ganglia systems (i.e. dopamine nigrostriatal projections to the neostriatum and related brain structures). For example, pathological repetitions of spoken words in Tourette's syn... | 15710042 | PMC552313 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:16 | no | BMC Biol. 2005 Feb 14; 3:4 |
Background
To achieve high quality of annotation, curators are using direct evidence from additional experiments or infer functional roles by sequence similarity to experimentally characterized genes or proteins. However, erroneous annotations generated at early stages may propagate to new homologous sequences, ultimat... | 15703069 | PMC552314 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:51 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Feb 9; 6:24 |
Background
Microarray technology provides simultaneous measurements of expression levels for thousands of genes. Each step from sample preparation to data analysis, however, contains potential sources of bias and variability. Proper normalization adjusts for differences which interfere with the comparison of intensitie... | 15707486 | PMC552315 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:49 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Feb 11; 6:28 |
Background
Despite the fact that we all die, the philosophy and practice of palliative and end of life care is relatively new [1]. Certainly, in the broader context of the Canadian health care system, and within most western cultures, palliative and end of life care has played a secondary role due in part to the domina... | 15717923 | PMC552316 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:52 | no | BMC Palliat Care. 2005 Feb 17; 4:2 |
Background
Generalized Hidden Markov Models have seen wide use in recent years in the field of computational gene prediction. A number of ab initio gene-finding programs are now available which utilize this mathematical framework internally for the modeling and evaluation of gene structure [1-6], and newer systems are ... | 15667658 | PMC552317 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:49 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jan 24; 6:16 |
Background
The Drosophila abdominal larval PNS is composed of a constant number of neurons and associated cells, whose characteristics and positions are reproducible between individuals [1-5]. Its stereotyped pattern has made it an ideal system to study many aspects of developmental biology such as cell determination, ... | 15717925 | PMC552318 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:17 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2005 Feb 17; 5:4 |
Background
Production of recombinant proteins as inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli can induce several stress responses [1-3] and may interfere with primary metabolism and cellular protein synthesis [4-6]. The metabolic burden of the synthesis of recombinant and stress proteins [7,8] may result in stop of the synthes... | 15707488 | PMC552319 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:47 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2005 Feb 11; 4:6 |
Introduction
Cancer/Testis (CT) antigens are a group of tumour antigens with gene expression restricted to male germ cells in the testis and to various malignancies. Their function in tumours is enigmatic and a common between testis genes (gametogenesis) and cancer remains elusive. When the causal link is not evident, ... | 15715909 | PMC552320 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:09 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2005 Feb 16; 5:4 |
Introduction
Africa's population will almost triple by the year 2050. This expansion will occur primarily in urban areas and by 2025, 800 million people will live in urban communities. Especially affected will be West Africa, where the urban population annual growth rate of 6.3% is more than twice the rate of the total... | 15720713 | PMC552321 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:30 | no | Malar J. 2005 Feb 18; 4:12 |
The book "Understanding the Human Machine, A Primer for Bioengineering" embraces various aspects of biomedical engineering as an essential resource book for physical scientists, engineers and biomedical students. The book interfaces physiologic systems with engineering principles to capture the important concepts from ... | 0 | PMC552322 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:34 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Feb 10; 4:8 |
Background
There has been a rapid growth in the number of applications that are based upon DNA self-assembly, ranging from DNA microarrays (e.g. Affymetrix [1]) in the life sciences, through conformation-based mutation detection methods [2,3], to the ongoing development of DNA scaffolding methods of nanoassembly [4]. T... | 15717935 | PMC552323 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:05 | no | J Nanobiotechnology. 2005 Feb 18; 3:2 |
Background
Paraganglioma arising from the carotid body are relatively rare tumors but constitute majority of head and neck paragangliomas (60–70%) [1-6]. The term paraganglia was first used by Kohn in the early twentieth century and is the most appropriate nomenclature from an embryologic standpoint [3-5]. Other terms ... | 15707500 | PMC552324 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:05 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Feb 12; 3:10 |
Background
Cutaneous metastases localised to the umbilicus are named "Sister Mary Joseph's nodules". In 1949 Sir Hamilton Bailey initially used this eponym in his book "Physical Signs in Clinical Surgery" to describe umbilical metastases, in honour of Sister Mary Joseph, the superintendent nurse and surgical assistant ... | 15723695 | PMC552325 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:05 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Feb 21; 3:13 |
Background
Subcutaneous leiomyosarcoma arises from smooth muscle in the walls of arterioles and veins. It is a rare tumor accounting for 1% to 2% of all superficial soft tissue malignancies [1-4]. It usually occurs in patients between 50 and 70 years of age [1,2,5], with a male predominance ranging from 2:1 to 3:1 [2,4... | 15730563 | PMC552326 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:05 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Feb 24; 3:14 |
Background
1. Disease burden
Hepatitis C (HCV), HBV and HIV are major causes of premature death and morbidity globally. These infections are frequently life-long; Hepatitis viruses may result in progressive injury to the liver and cirrhosis, and death from liver failure, or hepatocellular carcinoma, while HIV causes pr... | 15707489 | PMC552327 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:59 | no | Virol J. 2005 Feb 11; 2:10 |
Background
The continued need for breast-feeding in developing countries due to nutritional or socio-economic reasons poses a considerable risk for postnatal mother-to-child transmission of HIV, and breastfeeding is estimated to account for 33–50% of infant HIV infections worldwide [1-5]. This dilemma underscores the n... | 15710048 | PMC552328 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:59 | no | Virol J. 2005 Feb 14; 2:11 |
Background
Recombination in RNA viruses serves two main purposes: (i) it generates and spreads advantageous genetic combinations; and (ii) it counters the deleterious effect of mutations that, due to the low fidelity of viral RNA polymerases and lack of proofreading, occur with high frequency [1]. The purging function ... | 15725355 | PMC552329 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:59 | no | Virol J. 2005 Feb 22; 2:12 |
Background
The human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein is composed of two subunits: a surface glycoprotein (gp120) and a trans-membrane glycoprotein (gp41). These two subunits interact with each other in a non covalent manner. Gp120 is critical for attachment to host cell CD4 receptors, wherea... | 15707492 | PMC552330 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:59 | no | Virol J. 2005 Feb 11; 2:9 |
Australia's health relations with other nations in the field of health constitute an important sub-set of health policy not only because of the intrinsic significance of bi-lateral and multilateral linkages, but also because of their ramifications for health policy at the domestic level.
In broad terms, these health r... | 15720728 | PMC552331 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:28 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2005 Feb 21; 2:3 |
Background
Angioplasty is a procedure designed to treat vascular stenosis, blockage(s), or atherosclerotic lesions, but it may also, simultaneously, cause damage to the integrity of the blood vessel wall. Restenosis is the subsequent narrowing and occlusion of the blood vessel in response to the injury or damage sustai... | 15683539 | PMC552332 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:15 | no | Cell Commun Signal. 2005 Jan 31; 3:2 |
Background
Haematuria is a commonly encountered symptom. It often represents the presence of serious disease such as a malignancy within the bladder. The majority of bladder tumours tend to be primary, and histologically these are usually transitional cell carcinomas. We present a case of haematuria which occurred due ... | 15720721 | PMC552333 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:37 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2005 Feb 20; 2:4 |
Note
For corresponding research article please see Arian et al, 2005 [15]
The subject of anal screening cytology has entered the epidemiologic and cytopathologic literature as a topic of interest over the last decade, and is highlighted in this issue of CytoJournal in an article by Arain and colleagues. Until recentl... | 15715911 | PMC552334 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:23 | no | Cytojournal. 2005 Feb 16; 2:5 |
The potential impact of wearable technology on physical medicine and rehabilitation
Understanding the impact of clinical interventions on the real life of individuals is an essential component of physical medicine and rehabilitation. While assessments performed in the clinical setting have value, it is difficult to per... | 15733322 | PMC552335 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:40 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2005 Feb 25; 2:2 |
Emerging epidemic of the Metabolic Syndrome
The new millennium has witnessed the emergence of a modern epidemic, the metabolic syndrome, with frightful consequences to the health of humans worldwide. The metabolic syndrome, also referred to as "Diabesity" [1] describes the increasing incidence of diabetes in combinatio... | 15723702 | PMC552336 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:46 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005 Feb 21; 2:5 |
Background
Glioblastoma, the most aggressive primary brain tumor, is invariably associated with profuse and long-distance invasion of the brain parenchyma. Accordingly, this tumor has been defined as "intraparenchymally metastatic" [1]. Intra-parenchymal dissemination is largely responsible for systematic recurrence de... | 15715906 | PMC553963 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:11 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 Feb 16; 6:7 |
Background
The minimal requirement for transcriptional activation is recruitment of an RNA polymerase complex to a promoter sequence of DNA upstream of an open reading frame (ORF). Most genes are also potentially under the control of DNA-binding regulatory proteins or transcription factors that can activate or silence ... | 15725347 | PMC553964 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:51 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Feb 22; 6:36 |
Background
Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors (GEFs) are obligatory components of signaling cascades regulated by small GTP-binding proteins (called small G proteins hereafter). Their biochemical activity is to stimulate the dissociation of the tightly bound GDP nucleotide from the small G protein in response to cellu... | 15717927 | PMC553965 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:33 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Feb 17; 6:20 |
Background
Human S100A7 or psoriasin was first identified as an over-expressed secreted protein in psoriatic skin[1]. More recently its expression in both pre-invasive (ductal carcinoma in situ, DCIS) and invasive human breast cancer was demonstrated [2]. Although highly expressed in DCIS and generally down-regulated i... | 15717926 | PMC553966 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:07 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Feb 17; 5:17 |
Background
Waterpipe, is a generic name for tobacco use methods that share a common feature; passage of smoke through the water before inhalation. It is known under different names and shapes in different cultures and countries (e.g. shisha, narghile, hookah, hubble bubble) [1]. Although waterpipe smoking is centuries ... | 15733316 | PMC553967 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:55 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Feb 25; 5:19 |
Background
The undergraduate curriculum at our medical school was redesigned in 1998/99 to bring it in line with recommendations suggested by the General Medical Council (GMC) in Tomorrow's Doctors [1]. Obstetrics and Gynaecology is taught as a final year module. Around 20–30 students, of a total year group of around 2... | 15723699 | PMC553968 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:55 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2005 Feb 21; 5:8 |
Background
George Box [1] once remarked that,
"All models are wrong, but some are useful."
This statement bears much relevance to biological sequence alignment, where there is no guarantee that the alignment model will accurately represent the evolutionary (or other) processes which separated the two sequences. All t... | 15713233 | PMC553969 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:49 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Feb 15; 6:31 |
Background
Acute myocardial infarction (MI) complicating anaphylaxis induced by drugs or other chemicals is uncommon and only sporadic cases have been reported [1-9]. The underlying pathogenetic mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. The case of a 32-year-old man with normal coronary arteries, who developed acute M... | 15733315 | PMC553970 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:06 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2005 Feb 25; 5:6 |
Background
Pheochromocytoma is a rare tumor of the adrenal medulla or sympathetic ganglia, which can secrete excessive catecholamines [1]. Signs and symptoms of pheochromocytoma may include hypertension, pain (including headache, flank pain, abdominal pain, or chest pain), hyperhidrosis, anxiety or panic attacks, cardi... | 15737232 | PMC553971 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:55 | no | BMC Endocr Disord. 2005 Feb 28; 5:1 |
Background
Cervical cerclage is a surgical procedure carried out during pregnancy. The operation involves suturing the neck of the womb (cervix) with a purse type stitch to keep the cervix closed. This surgical procedure has been used widely in the management of pregnancies considered to be at high risk of preterm deli... | 15727683 | PMC553972 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:05 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2005 Feb 23; 5:5 |
Background
The generation and repair of blood vessels in adult life requires the regulation of endothelial cell survival, migration, proliferation and their differentiation from lineage-committed progenitors by the coordinated action of several classes of vaso-active agents including growth factors, cytokines, and the ... | 15717924 | PMC553973 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:11 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 Feb 17; 6:8 |
Background
Microarray experiments are routinely conducted to assess associations of experimental factors (or disease outcomes) with gene expression profiles. The Affymetrix GeneChip® gene expression analysis array, one of most commonly used microarray technologies, uses multiple oligonuleotides (25-mers) to measure exp... | 15710039 | PMC553974 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:52 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Feb 14; 6:16 |
Background
For individuals facing death, and for those close to them, transitions in the location of care and in who provides care can be extremely stressful.[1] Such transitions include moving from home to hospital or to long-term care facilities, from ward to ward within hospitals, or in and out of care directed by p... | 15725350 | PMC553975 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:52 | no | BMC Palliat Care. 2005 Feb 22; 4:3 |
Background
The effort to produce an index of all human proteins (the human protein index, or HPI) began over twenty years ago. This project pre-dates the human genome project by more than a decade. However, the complexity of the task of creating this index was underestimated and the relative simplicity of the human gen... | 15707480 | PMC553976 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:58 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2005 Feb 11; 5:7 |
Background
Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth. According to The World Cancer Report, cancer rates could further increase by 50% to 15 million new cases in the year 2020 [1]. The chances of surviving the onset of some common cancers depend largely on how early they are detected in ad... | 15713227 | PMC553977 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:58 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2005 Feb 15; 5:8 |
Background
Most flowering plants that are predominantly self-pollinating have an annual life history [1-3]. Interpretations of this association usually involve one of two main hypotheses. (i) Compared with perennials, annuals may generally accrue greater fitness benefits from selfing through 'reproductive assurance', i... | 15707481 | PMC553978 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:15 | no | BMC Ecol. 2005 Feb 11; 5:2 |
Background
Recent reports from the Caribbean suggest that the incidence of asthma is following the global trend of increasing prevalence. In Jamaica, a prevalence of 20.8% for exercise-induced asthma was estimated in a cross-sectional study in schoolchildren [1]. About one in ten patients attending an Accident and Emer... | 15713232 | PMC553979 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:46 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2005 Feb 15; 5:3 |
Background
TOR, the target of the antibiotic rapamycin in both yeast and mammalian cells, is a major regulator of cell growth and translation [1]. TOR is a large (over 2,400 residues) protein kinase [2] present in all eukaryotes analyzed. It is thought to act in a nutrient-sensitive complex TORC1 with Raptor (regulator... | 15720729 | PMC553980 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:52 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2005 Feb 21; 5:2 |
Background
Quality assessment of trials included in systematic reviews of evidence is a resource intensive and scientifically controversial endeavour. On the one hand, the routine use of quality assessment in the development of systematic reviews is encouraged by the Evidence-based Practice Center Program of the Agency... | 15715916 | PMC553981 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:51 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005 Feb 16; 5:8 |
Background
In the management of breast cancer, anthracycline-based chemotherapy regimens remain standard adjuvant or first-line palliative treatment. Furthermore, some patients cannot be treated with anthracyclines due to impaired cardiac function. It is thus important to identify active, well-tolerated, not anthracycl... | 15723709 | PMC553982 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:07 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Feb 22; 5:21 |
Background
It is important for surgeons to be and to act in a right and good way towards patients, relatives, and colleagues. Studies have shown, however, that physicians often are in doubt about the best and correct actions to take for the patients in specific situations [1-3]. This question is not only a medical one,... | 15737235 | PMC553983 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:58 | no | BMC Med Ethics. 2005 Feb 28; 6:2 |
Background
A number of models approach the computational modelling of primary visual cortex by using two processing stages. First, there is a linear filtering with filters that are bandpass, oriented, and spatially localized. In some models, the outputs of the linear filters are half-wave rectified, but this difference... | 15715907 | PMC553984 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:48 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Feb 16; 6:12 |
Background
A health system in any country performs instrumental functions of stewardship (oversight), creation of resources (investment and training), delivering services (provision), and financing (collecting, pooling and purchasing) [1]. Ultimately, the effectiveness and efficiency with which these functions are exec... | 15733326 | PMC553985 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:51 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Feb 28; 5:17 |
Background
The increasing problem of obesity has been observed in many lower-income countries during the last decades. China has adopted an open-market policy and experienced explosive economic growth, which has led to less food scarcity at the national level and to a remarkable transition in the structure of the diet ... | 15703071 | PMC553986 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:47 | no | Nutr J. 2005 Feb 9; 4:4 |
Introduction
HIV-1 is a lentivirus belonging to the retrovirus family. The virus is diploid and contains two plus-stranded RNA copies of its genome. The approximately 9 kb RNA genome encodes at least 9 proteins, Gag, Pol, Env, Tat, Rev, Nef, Vif, Vpu and Vpr of which only the former five are essential for viral replica... | 15715913 | PMC553987 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:40 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Feb 16; 2:10 |
Introduction
Systemic thromboembolism represents a major complication in patients with mitral stenosis (MS), especially in those who have atrial fibrillation [1,2]. A hypercoagulable state has been reported in patients with MS and sinus rhythm [3,4]. The association between MS and higher levels of coagulation is well-k... | 15733325 | PMC553988 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:32 | no | Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med. 2005 Feb 27; 6(1):2 |
Background
Hypertension is among the most common chronic conditions in middle-aged and older adults. Approximately 50 million Americans are currently diagnosed with this condition, and more than $18.7 billion is spent on hypertension management, including $3.8 billion for medications[1].
Treatment of hypertension can ... | 15670330 | PMC553989 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:14 | no | Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2005 Jan 25; 3:2 |
Background
Of the patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) undergoing surgery for resectable disease, 30–50% will subsequently develop metastases [1]. Dissemination of tumour cells is therefore thought to occur early on in the disease process. The principle of early lymphovascular ligation before manipulation of the tumou... | 15730559 | PMC553990 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:37 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2005 Feb 24; 2:5 |
Background
Much research effort has been devoted to understanding the functional adaptation of bone under physiological loading ever since the idea of bone functional adaptation was proposed by Wolff more than one hundred years ago [1-14]. Various computational models have been put forward in the past decades and the m... | 15733328 | PMC553991 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:26 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Feb 28; 2:6 |
Background
Curcumin (1,7-Bis 94-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6 heptadiene-3, 5-di-one) is a spice principle in and constitutes approximately 4% of turmeric and is responsible for curry's characteristic yellow color. As is true of other naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds, such as caffeic acid phenyl ester, rosmari... | 15733321 | PMC553992 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:21 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2005 Feb 25; 2:8 |
Asthma is an inflammatory disease of the airways. Vasodilatation is a critical feature of inflammation, and angiogenesis and vascular remodelling are features of chronic inflammatory diseases, such as asthma [1]. The increased vascularity of the airways in asthma [2] is partly due to the elevated number of vessels asso... | 15705206 | PMC553993 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Feb 10; 6(1):15 |
Introduction
The family Caliciviridae is made up of four genera, Sapovirus, Norovirus, Lagovirus, and Vesivirus, which contain sapovirus (SaV), norovirus (NoV), rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus, and feline calicivirus strains, respectively. Human SaV and NoV strains are agents of gastroenteritis. The prototype strain o... | 15727685 | PMC553994 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:00 | no | Virol J. 2005 Feb 23; 2:13 |
Background
Delight over recent survival gains for the very premature infant has been tempered by the frequent presence of cerebral injury and developmental impairment. One quarter of those born before 26 weeks postmenstrual age (at least 11 weeks premature) show evidence of severe cerebral injury including cognitive dy... | 15725359 | PMC553995 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:21 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2005 Feb 22; 2:6 |
Background
Malaria is a major cause of death among children in many parts of the world, despite the availability of simple and effective treatments [1] and is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in Nigeria [2,3]. Although, treatment often begins early and at home, a mother's inability to correctly recogni... | 15723706 | PMC553996 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:31 | no | Malar J. 2005 Feb 21; 4:13 |
Background
Since the advent of ICE in the electrophysiology practice it proved its value in guiding transseptal procedures with providing an extra safety margin for the patients. The possibility to visualize the oval fossa, the LA free wall and the aortic root helps in preventing mechanical complications. ICE can visua... | 15737242 | PMC553997 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:31 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2005 Mar 1; 3:5 |
Introduction
Down's Syndrome (DS) is the most common chromosomal abnormality in humans, that occurs in 1 out of every 800–1,000 births. It is an autosomal disorder resulting by triplication of chromosome 21. Many characteristics are commonly seen in DS, including some degree of intellectual impairment, that varies wide... | 15715912 | PMC553998 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:31 | no | Immun Ageing. 2005 Feb 16; 2:4 |
Introduction
Wearable medical devices are capable of continuously monitoring an individual's vital signs in real time. These devices are particularly important to the world's increasingly aging population, whose health conditions have to be assessed regularly or monitored continuously. The devices can warn individuals ... | 15737241 | PMC553999 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:40 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2005 Mar 1; 2:3 |
Background
We live in a world of information, and emerging technologies compel us to look for new ways to collect, process, and distribute information. Today we are faced with a significant information overload problem as users struggle to locate the right information in the right way at the right time. In response, a ... | 15740623 | PMC554000 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:40 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2005 Mar 1; 2:4 |
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