text string | pmid string | accession_id string | license string | last_updated string | retracted string | citation string |
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Background
The protein constituents (proteome) of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are altered in disease states such as meningitis, but may also be more subtly altered in many other neural conditions. CSF has been difficult to investigate because of the need for invasive lumbar punctures and the small volumes of CSF availabl... | 15730566 | PMC554085 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:15 | no | Proteome Sci. 2005 Feb 25; 3:2 |
Background
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) establishes latent infection following integration into the host genome [1]. The expression of integrated HIV-1 provirus in cells latently infected with this virus is controlled at the level of transcription by an interplay between distinct cellular and viral t... | 15713234 | PMC554086 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:48 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Feb 15; 2:9 |
Background
Coevolution is the result of reciprocal selective pressures exerted by interacting species. Many studies have been devoted to the hypothesis of an endless "arms race" between antagonistic species, in which each species develops escalating attack and defense traits to counteract the adaptive responses of the ... | 15740618 | PMC554087 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:34 | no | Front Zool. 2005 Mar 1; 2:4 |
Background
It is estimated by the year 2010, 35 million women in the United States either will have osteoporosis or be at risk of developing the disease if appropriate preventive measures are not taken [1]. Aside from existing drug therapies, certain lifestyle and nutritional factors are known to reduce the risk of ost... | 15727682 | PMC554088 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:47 | no | Nutr J. 2005 Feb 23; 4:8 |
Background
Gangliocytic paragangliomas are unusual neoplasms that may be identified anywhere within the gastrointestinal tract, but predominate in the periampullary region. This entity was first discussed by Dahl et al in 1957, and subsequently reported by Taylor and Helwig in 1962 [1,2]. Kepes and Zacharias named the ... | 15740625 | PMC554089 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:05 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Mar 1; 3:15 |
Background
L-canavanine is a common non-protein amino acid found naturally in alfalfa sprouts, broad beans, jack beans, and a number of other legume foods and animal feed ingredients [1] at up to 2.4% of food dry matter. This analog of arginine (Figure 1.) can also block NO synthesis [2-5], interfere with normal ammoni... | 15733319 | PMC554090 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:46 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005 Feb 25; 2:7 |
Wegeners's granulomatosis, errlichiosis, and tetrology of Fallot are examples of some of the rare diseases that I have learned to identify and look for in patients for over seven years as a medical student and resident in Internal Medicine. As a physician in training, I was frequently challenged to consider broad diffe... | 15745449 | PMC554091 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:30 | no | Nutr J. 2005 Mar 3; 4:10 |
Background
Very often, non-shelled gastropods are considered to be slimy and non-attractive. This connotation usually refers to terrestrial species of the Stylommatophora belonging to the well-known Limacidae or Arionidae and in particular to garden snails, which do have negative effects on our horticulture. However, t... | 15715915 | PMC554092 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:34 | no | Front Zool. 2005 Feb 16; 2:3 |
Background
Lysophosphosphatidic acid (LPA) is both an intracellular and an extracellular signaling molecule that affects biological processes such as cell proliferation, rescue from apoptosis, cell migration, neurite retraction, wound healing, platelet aggregation and vascular remodeling [1]. As a cytokine affecting su... | 15737239 | PMC554093 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:18 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2005 Feb 28; 4:5 |
In the past 25 years, the concept of a compensatory function of the coronary collaterals (or anastomoses) – i.e. vessels that join different coronary arteries or branches – has been practically cancelled from the mind of cardiologists since cineangiography shows that the onset of coronary heart disease (CHD) occurs ind... | 15740620 | PMC554094 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:31 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2005 Mar 1; 3:6 |
"Each country needs to be able to generate knowledge relevant to its own situation, to allow it to determine its particular health problems, appraise the measures available for dealing with them, and choose the actions likely to produce the greatest improvement in health. This should not be seen as the exclusive preser... | 15723694 | PMC554095 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:16 | no | Health Res Policy Syst. 2005 Feb 21; 3:3 |
Background
When the solution to a clinical or scientific puzzle eludes us for more than a century, as with schizophrenia (formerly dementia praecox), we need new ways of thinking about the problem [1,2]. Efforts to understand schizophrenia have focused on neurons and, especially, the role of presumed excess dopamine ne... | 15707482 | PMC554096 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2005 Feb 11; 6:7 |
Background
Cell cycle checkpoints preserve genome integrity by monitoring the fidelity of DNA replication and segregation. In mammalian somatic cells, the best-characterized checkpoints are the DNA damage/replication checkpoints and the mitotic spindle checkpoint. The DNA damage/replication checkpoints result in cell c... | 15713235 | PMC554097 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:11 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 Feb 15; 6:6 |
Background
Replication of the eukaryotic chromosomes requires the synthesis of histones to package the newly replicated DNA into chromatin. Control of the level of histone mRNA accounts for much of the control of histone protein synthesis [1]. Mouse has 18 replication-dependent histone H2a genes [2]. Among these 18 gen... | 15720718 | PMC554098 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:18 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Feb 19; 6:10 |
Background
In vegetatively growing cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, chitin, a linear polymer of β-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residues, is selectively concentrated at the bud neck and is also found as a minor component of the mature lateral cell wall. Chitin is also the main constituent of the primary sep... | 15715908 | PMC554099 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:18 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Feb 16; 6:8 |
Background
Cortactin (also designated EMS1 , CTTN, cttn, Amplaxin, see Genecard [1]) was initially identified as one of the most prominent tyrosine phosphorylated proteins in v-Src infected chicken embryo fibroblasts [2]. Cortactin was independently isolated from mouse NIH3T3 cells [3] and human tumor cell lines [4]. H... | 15710041 | PMC554100 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:33 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Feb 14; 6:15 |
Background
The presence or absence of food in the gut stimulates the release of several regulatory peptides. These orexigenic (NPY, AGRP, ghrelin, MCH, Orexin-A, ...) and anorexigenic (CRF, CCK, CART, GLP-1, leptin, insulin, ...) peptides participating in the hypothalamic control of feeding behavior and satiety have be... | 15720710 | PMC554101 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:27 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2005 Feb 18; 5:5 |
Background
In recent years awareness of the symptom burden experienced by many cancer patients has grown [1,2]. At some time in their illness, symptoms such as fatigue, pain, nausea, depression, and hopelessness are very likely to occur. These symptoms can be disabling and they can even limit treatment. There is a grow... | 15717933 | PMC554102 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:07 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Feb 17; 5:18 |
Background
Species that are locally abundant tend to be more widespread than species that are locally rare [1,2]. This positive relationship between density and distribution of species has been observed in a variety of species assemblages over a spectrum of spatial scales, and it has been suggested that it may be almos... | 15737240 | PMC554103 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:56 | no | BMC Biol. 2005 Mar 1; 3:5 |
Background
The present study investigated the relationship between psychotic symptoms and the abuse of khat in the Horn of Africa. The leaves of the khat shrub (catha edulis) are traditionally chewed in Arab countries, the Horn of Africa and East Africa [1] and recently this habit has spread to Western countries includ... | 15707502 | PMC554104 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:56 | no | BMC Med. 2005 Feb 12; 3:5 |
Background
The broad-spectrum anti-viral agent PAP (Pokeweed antiviral protein) [1] is a well-characterized 29-kDa plant-derived ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) isolated from Phytolacca americana [2]. The anti-viral activity of PAP has been described against a wide range of viruses, including HIV-1, herpes simplex ... | 15725345 | PMC554105 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:14 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Feb 22; 5:9 |
Background
Large differences between countries exist in the use, costs, quality, and accessibility of health services [1]. Also large differences exist between countries in health care performance and in people's evaluations of their health care system [2-7]. But do these differences also exist in what people from diff... | 15723701 | PMC554106 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:52 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Feb 21; 5:16 |
Background
Circadian (Latin: circa = about, dies = day) clocks regulate a number of physiological and metabolic processes in organisms as diverse as unicellular bacteria, fungi, fruit flies and humans [1,2]. The core molecular mechanisms underlying these rhythms are conserved across a range of taxa, and involve the exp... | 15725348 | PMC554107 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:17 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2005 Feb 22; 5:5 |
Background
Leukemia represents the most common form of cancer in children. There are two main types of childhood leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The success rate in treatment of childhood leukemia has improved continuously over the past decades [1], and today disease-free ... | 15720715 | PMC554108 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:07 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Feb 18; 5:20 |
Background
India is the second most populous nation in the world and has changing sociopolitical and demographic characteristics as well as varied morbidity and mortality patterns [1]. These changes, in conjunction with the country's high population growth rate, have exacerbated the prevailing and emerging public healt... | 15723696 | PMC554109 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:56 | no | BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2005 Feb 21; 5:1 |
Background
Fever, an elevation in body temperature, is thought to play an adaptive role in the immune system's ability to fight infection [1]. A suggested mechanism for its production and maintenance is a shifting of the thermostatic set-point into the hyperthermic range [1,2]. Through the integration of both central a... | 15733324 | PMC554110 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:48 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Feb 27; 6:14 |
Background
Hip fracture is a public health concern, because it is associated with increased mortality, morbidity, reduced quality of life, and incurs significant economic and social costs [1]. Bone mineral density (BMD), a measure of bone strength, is a strong predictor of hip fracture risk [2], and is used as a surrog... | 15727686 | PMC554111 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:04 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Feb 23; 6:11 |
Background
The proliferation of Alu elements has had a significant impact on the architecture of primate genomes [1]. They comprise over 10% of the human genome by mass and are the most abundant short interspersed element (SINE) in primate genomes [2]. Alu elements have achieved this copy number by duplicating via an R... | 15725352 | PMC554112 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Feb 22; 5:18 |
Background
The Proteobacteria comprise a phylum of Gram-negative bacteria that includes an extraordinary diversity of lifestyles, ecology and metabolism. At one end of a spectrum are free-living organisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which has a relatively large genome that encodes enormous regulatory and metabolic ... | 15715905 | PMC554113 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:32 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Feb 16; 6:17 |
Background
To obtain a diagnosis of PTSD and an estimation of PTSD severity a wide range of measures either relying on interviews or self-report exist in many languages. However, most of the relevant validation studies for these instruments were carried out for English-language versions [1]. For many languages, validat... | 15725361 | PMC554114 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:03 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 Feb 23; 5:11 |
Background
Intramuscular injections of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) have been the mainstay of B12 deficiency treatment for decades. However, because approximately 1% of orally ingested B12 is absorbed via simple diffusion throughout the gastrointestinal tract (i.e., independently of intrinsic factor)[1,2], oral replacement ... | 15723708 | PMC554115 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:12 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Feb 21; 6:8 |
Background
Theory of Mind and schizophrenia
Theory of Mind (ToM) describes the ability to recognise that other people have minds containing beliefs and intentions and to be able to interpret these correctly. The term, first coined by Premack and Woodruff [1], is also referred to as mind-reading [2] or 'mentalising', wh... | 15730565 | PMC554116 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:03 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 Feb 24; 5:12 |
Introduction
Smallpox (Variola major) is a virus that no longer exists in the wild, but during its reign it caused 20–30% mortality in previously unvaccinated individuals and often left survivors with deeply pitted scars for life [1]. The last case of smallpox in the U.S. occurred in 1949 and the last case of naturally... | 15740619 | PMC554756 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:09 | no | Med Immunol. 2005 Mar 1; 4:2 |
The two phenomena of rapid disease progression and multi-drug resistance, which are combined in the aggressive HIV-1 strain, are not unique. HIV-1 causes a persistent infection and this virus is generally not a fast killer. Within the Amsterdam Cohort Studies on HIV-AIDS, it takes on average 8.3 years from the time a p... | 15737238 | PMC554757 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:40 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Feb 28; 2:13 |
Background
Traditionally, analyses of viral promoter structure-function relationship have involved directed deletion or disruption of promoter structure, followed by determination of resulting changes in transcription, if any, resulting from the alterations [1]. A relatively small subset of the promoter elements identi... | 15730562 | PMC554758 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:00 | no | Virol J. 2005 Feb 24; 2:16 |
Introduction
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disabling disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with features of autoimmunity and neurodegeneration. Although the identity of primary antigenic determinant(s) is uncertain, an interaction between β-chemokine ligands and their receptors plays a central role in the recruitm... | 15730561 | PMC554759 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:22 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2005 Feb 24; 2:7 |
On February 11, 2005, New York City (NYC) health officials announced the discovery of a "rare strain of multi-drug resistant HIV that rapidly progresses to AIDS." According to the NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, a man in his mid-40s was diagnosed with HIV infection in December 2004. Shortly after his diagn... | 15743534 | PMC554760 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:40 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Mar 2; 2:14 |
Background
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality world-wide, and its prevalence is still rising [1]. In order to develop strategies for its prevention and treatment, it is important to understand the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms of this disease. S... | 15740629 | PMC554761 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Mar 1; 6(1):22 |
Background
Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common paediatric solid tumour, responsible for 15% of cancer deaths of childhood. It is a tumour of the postganglionic sympathetic nervous system that develops from immature or dedifferentiated neural crest-derived cells [1]. The distal part of chromosome 1p shows loss of hete... | 15740626 | PMC554762 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:36 | no | Mol Cancer. 2005 Mar 1; 4:10 |
Background
The yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, has a global distribution in tropical and sub-tropical oceans. Annual catches of yellowfin tuna have averaged 1.2 million metric tons since 1998 with sizes ranging from 5 to 20 kg [1]. If the average size of a harvested fish is 10 kg, then the harvest of 1.3 million met... | 15725349 | PMC554763 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Feb 22; 5:19 |
Introduction
The health situation in Sudan continues to be affected by long-lasting conflict and related humanitarian emergencies such as food crises and epidemics. Malaria is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality. In Sudan, an estimated 7.5 million patients suffer from malaria each year and 35,000 die fro... | 15730557 | PMC554764 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:31 | no | Malar J. 2005 Feb 24; 4:14 |
Background
Immunization protocols rely on the capacity of the vaccine design to elicit long term protective, peptide specific, MHC restricted-CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in cancer patients. In preclinical studies, few vaccination strategies were shown to counteract tumor induced-tolerance and to promote immunity to ... | 15740633 | PMC554765 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:28 | no | J Transl Med. 2005 Mar 2; 3:10 |
Background
In 1988, an unusually high incidence of cancer in the Cape Cod region of Massachusetts prompted a series of epidemiological studies to investigate possible environmental risk factors associated with the region, including tetrachloroethylene-contaminated drinking water [1-7]. Tetrachloroethylene (or perchloro... | 15733317 | PMC554766 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:32 | no | Environ Health. 2005 Feb 25; 4:3 |
Background
The contribution of surveillance systems in providing valuable information for injury prevention and control is widely recognized; for example, surveillance data can be used to highlight the burden of injury, set priorities for prevention, and evaluate preventive strategies [1,2]. Estimates of the population... | 15720709 | PMC554767 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:52 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Feb 18; 5:15 |
Background
The current World Health Organization classification for tumors of the nervous system includes medulloblastoma, medulloepithelioma, ependymoblastoma, supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumor (sPNET) and atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (ATRT) in the category of embryonal brain neoplasms [1]. These tumo... | 15717928 | PMC554768 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:07 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Feb 17; 5:19 |
Background
The increased use of microarray expression profiling to study both the molecular biology of cancer and the cellular physiology of difficult-to-isolate cell types has led to a growing need for methods that allow the use of limiting quantities of RNA. Small surgical biopsies, fine needle aspirates, cyto-lavage... | 15740627 | PMC554769 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:32 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Mar 1; 6:27 |
Background
Although genetic variation for protein content has been found in forage plants, this variability is narrower than that observed for other traits such as digestibility [1]. Since the major protein components in monocot forage and silage crops are involved in metabolic activity, and hence are not "true" storag... | 15743517 | PMC554770 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:52 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2005 Mar 2; 5:3 |
Background
Acute infection of the amniotic fluid and chorioamnion is a common cause of preterm delivery before 34 weeks gestation. Consistent with previous reports [1], an Australian study found that 31% of preterm births (PTB) before 34 weeks had histologic chorioamnionitis [2]. An inverse relationship between deliver... | 15723707 | PMC554771 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:06 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2005 Feb 21; 5:4 |
Background
The definition of bacterial species, and a concept of species applicable to all bacteria, are problems that have long exercised systematists and microbiologists [1-4]. While species names have been assigned to groups of organisms sharing many common phenotypic traits, and a certain minimum level of genomic s... | 15752428 | PMC554772 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:56 | no | BMC Biol. 2005 Mar 7; 3:6 |
Background
In eukaryotes, many cellular processes are regulated at the level of transcription. Initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II requires the assembly of the basal transcription apparatus at the core promoter, a region of about 70 bp flanking the transcription start site (TSS) [1]. Interactions mediated ... | 15733318 | PMC554773 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:33 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Feb 25; 6:25 |
Background
The randomised controlled trial (RCT) has a number of important features that make it the 'gold-standard' evaluation method. One of the most important aspects of random allocation is that it eliminates selection bias. Randomisation ensures that the two or more groups formed are similar, except for chance dif... | 15743523 | PMC554774 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:52 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005 Mar 2; 5:10 |
Background
Immunocytochemistry (ICH) is an important method for identification of proteins in cells and in tissues. Since the biological activity of many proteins is dependent on their phosphorylation status, a challenge for immunocytochemistry is to characterize the protein form and not just the total amount [1]. p27K... | 15725363 | PMC554775 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:55 | no | BMC Clin Pathol. 2005 Feb 23; 5:3 |
Background
Rates of DNA sequence evolution vary among taxa and among genes, and the causes of this variation are many. In some cases, generation time has been shown to be correlated with rates in plants. For example, annual plants can sometimes have higher rates of DNA evolution than perennials [1]. In one study, it wa... | 15713237 | PMC554776 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Feb 15; 5:16 |
Background
"At some stage in the past the waterways of Africa were, from the fishes' point of view, accessibly interconnected." P. H. Greenwood (1983)
With estimated numbers of about 1,000 and 500 species respectively the assemblages of cichlid fishes of East African lakes Malawi (LM) and Victoria (LV) are, by far, th... | 15723698 | PMC554777 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Feb 21; 5:17 |
Background
Schistosoma mansoni, the African blood fluke and etiological agent of intestinal schistosomiasis, is endemic in numerous countries in Africa, the Middle East, the Caribbean and northeastern South America. The life cycle of S. mansoni involves parasitism of both humans and aquatic snails of the genus Biomphal... | 15725362 | PMC554778 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Feb 23; 5:20 |
Background
There is wide variation in the quality of care provided by primary care practices to individuals with chronic illnesses [1]. Individual doctor attitudes and interest have been demonstrated to influence patient outcomes in some instances [2,3] and it has been argued that specific attitudes are more predictive... | 15740630 | PMC554779 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:12 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Mar 1; 6:9 |
Background
Many persons with schizophrenia report chronically disturbed sleep [1,2]. Independent of the phase of illness, sleep disturbance documented by polysomnography include: difficulties falling asleep, awakening too early and being unable to go back to sleep, a preference for being awake during the evening, reduc... | 15743538 | PMC554780 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:02 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 Mar 3; 5:13 |
Background
Protein-protein interactions are fundamental to biological processes and their analysis is essential for the understanding of cellular pathways. Given the complexity and the dynamic range of the proteome, estimated at 107 proteins, the elucidation of protein interactions requires the development of comprehen... | 15740616 | PMC554781 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:49 | no | BMC Biochem. 2005 Mar 1; 6:2 |
Background
One important goal in bioinformatics is to integrate data from disparate sources of heterogeneous biological information. Data integration allows us to assemble targeted data reagents for bioinformatics analyses, and to discover scientific relationships between data. Most public repositories of biological da... | 15723693 | PMC554782 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:49 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Feb 21; 6:34 |
Background
Epidemiological studies report that alcoholism as defined by the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) affects almost 10–15% of the general population in the USA and 1–5% in Europe [1]. Drinking behaviour is clearly partly determined by cultural and psychological factors, but genetic factors also play an import... | 15740611 | PMC554783 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:18 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Mar 1; 6:11 |
Background
Current statistics indicate that approximately 64.5% of US adults can be considered overweight while 30.5% can be classified as obese [1]. Obesity is also linked to a variety of chronic diseases, and is associated with approximately 300,000 deaths each year and annual economic costs of over $117 billion [2].... | 15727681 | PMC554784 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:52 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005 Feb 23; 5:9 |
Background
Cigarette smoking is a source of worldwide misery [1,2] and revenue for corporations and governments. Landmark tobacco regulatory efforts in the United States include the 1992 Synar Amendment, requiring States to establish and enforce prohibitions on the sale and distribution of tobacco products to persons u... | 15730554 | PMC554785 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:55 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Feb 24; 5:18 |
Background
Felsenstein [1] was the first to introduce an evolutionary model for DNA sequences, which allows for unequal nucleotide frequencies (see also [2]). His F81 model allows for substitutions at a rate proportional to the frequencies of the ending nucleotides. It is considered the simplest rate matrix for accommo... | 15743518 | PMC554786 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Mar 2; 5:21 |
Background
It is estimated that 31–55% of caregivers of chronically ill elderly relatives experience depression [1], and depression is likely to be one of the first [2] and most enduring psychological outcomes for caregivers [3,4]. Caregivers' depression scores have been found to be substantially higher than those of t... | 15725346 | PMC554787 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:31 | no | BMC Nurs. 2005 Feb 22; 4:3 |
Background
The WHO target of eliminating indigenous measles in Europe by 2007 represents a challenge for public health systems. The requirements for success in this battle are summarised by Gay [1]. Italy, compared with other European countries, is still quite far from meeting these requirements. Here, in contrast with... | 15717921 | PMC554971 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:42 | no | Popul Health Metr. 2005 Feb 17; 3:1 |
Background
Ribosomes are vital organelles, which catalyze protein synthesis in all living organisms. Eukaryotic ribosomes consist of four RNA molecules (rRNAs) and 79 different proteins. The mammalian genes encoding the rRNAs are multicopy and clustered at a few loci, whereas those encoding the ribosomal proteins (rp g... | 15707503 | PMC554972 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Feb 13; 5:15 |
Background
Favorable dietary habits promote health, whereas unfavorable habits are linked to development of various chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, type-2 diabetes and dental caries. An excess intake of energy, excess refined sugars and saturated fatty acids, and too little fibers and antioxidants ca... | 15737236 | PMC554973 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:47 | no | Nutr J. 2005 Feb 28; 4:9 |
Background
On average, the worldwide incidence of low birthweight (LBW) is 17% per year, making LBW an important infant health problem in many populations [1]. The incidence of LBW varies among countries, ranging from 4% to 6% in Western countries like Sweden, France, United States and Canada (UNICEF 2003) and much hig... | 15745443 | PMC554974 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:54 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Mar 3; 5:20 |
Introduction
The viral protein R (Vpr) of HIV-1 is a small basic protein (14 kDa) of 96 amino acids, and is well conserved in HIV-1, HIV-2 and SIV [1]. The role of Vpr in the pathogenesis of AIDS is undeniable, but its real functions during the natural course of infection are still subject to debate. The Vpr role in th... | 15725353 | PMC554975 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:40 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Feb 22; 2:11 |
Introduction
Clinicians, healthcare administrators, researchers, regulators and policymakers are concerned with optimizing mortality ascertainment using administrative data. In addition to its clinical importance, mortality informs program planning, quality assessment and improvement, and public reporting [1-8]. Vetera... | 15730553 | PMC554976 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:42 | no | Popul Health Metr. 2005 Feb 24; 3:2 |
Background
Median laparotomy is the most common technique of abdominal incisions because it is simple, provides adequate exposure to all four quadrants, is rapid to open and usually bloodsparing [1]. A major problem after median laparotomy remains the adequate technique of abdominal fascia closure. In prospective studi... | 15755324 | PMC554977 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:04 | no | BMC Surg. 2005 Mar 8; 5:3 |
Background
In disorders resulting in poor fetal growth, and in pre-eclampsia, thrombotic lesions are frequently observed in the maternal and fetal vascular components of the placenta, [1-3] and hence have been implicated in the pathophysiology of these conditions. In addition, it has been reported that in vivo generati... | 15730558 | PMC554978 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:11 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Feb 24; 3:8 |
Background
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is an interstitial lung disease (ILD) caused by the inhalation of and sensitization to a variety of environmental organic antigens. The immune mediated nature of the disorder is testified to by the characteristic sequel of events taking place in the lung after antigenic inha... | 15725351 | PMC554979 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:27 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Feb 22; 6(1):20 |
Background
The performance of health care systems is closely related to the numbers, distribution, knowledge, skills and motivation of its workforce, particularly of those individuals delivering the services [1]. Improvements in global health are greatly dependent on how well health systems can meet the demands placed ... | 15730555 | PMC554980 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:43 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2005 Feb 24; 3:2 |
Background
Alternative splicing is estimated to occur in 40–60% of all human genes, accounting for some of the discrepancies between the large number of known proteins and the three-fold lower number of human genes in the genome. Alternative splicing generates a multitude of isoforms that have overlapping but distinct ... | 15743529 | PMC554981 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:35 | no | Mol Cancer. 2005 Mar 2; 4:11 |
Background
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous beta-herpesvirus that affects 60–80% of the human population [1]. The lytic replication cycle of HCMV is a temporally regulated cascade of events that is initiated when the virus binds to host cell receptors. Upon entry into the cell, the viral DNA translocates to... | 15727684 | PMC554982 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:59 | no | Virol J. 2005 Feb 23; 2:14 |
"Dynamics of the Vascular System" is a new book by one of the world's greatest experts on bioengineering aspects of hemodynamics. It provides an excellent elementary introduction to this topic.
Following an illustrative historical introduction, the author briefly reviews vascular physiology. This is followed by the ba... | 0 | PMC554983 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:35 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Feb 28; 4:13 |
From an early age our immune system is introduced to a variety of infectious agents through contact with infected individuals. We also deliberately present our immune responses either to attenuated organisms or to components of infectious pathogens in order to provoke a response. A successful response to these organism... | 15725356 | PMC554984 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:31 | no | Immun Ageing. 2005 Feb 22; 2:5 |
Background
Pediatric cataract surgery has always been a challenge for the anterior segment surgeons and short term and long term complications have been reported in the literature [1]. Automated lens aspiration is the preferred technique employed these days for pediatric cataracts and central continuous curvilinear cap... | 15752433 | PMC554985 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:50 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2005 Mar 8; 5:3 |
Background
Pain is a noxious stimulus which can be interpreted in many ways by different individuals but as yet the mechanisms by which the body manages it are not completely understood. Pain has been defined by the International Association for the Study of Pain as 'an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience assoc... | 15745448 | PMC554986 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:05 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 Mar 3; 5:1 |
Background
Gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) is the passage of gastric contents into the oesophagus. Once past the upper oesophageal sphincter, the gastric juice may pass into the oral cavity. The continual exposure of the teeth and other oral structures to gastric refluxate may result in dental erosion and other soft ti... | 15740613 | PMC554987 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:57 | no | BMC Oral Health. 2005 Mar 1; 5:1 |
Background
It has been estimated that 6.6% of those attending A&E in any given year have a head injury [1] and over 100,000 people are admitted as a consequence [2]. This incidence of admission to hospital following a head injury is known to vary considerably from locality to locality [3]. Although some technical issue... | 15748288 | PMC554988 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:54 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Mar 4; 5:21 |
Background
The images we deal with are images of endothelial cells. Endothelial cells migrate to sites of injury in the body. They are involved in forming new blood vessels to help repair damaged areas [1,2].
In particular, we are interested in the effects of SHS on endothelial migration. By comparing automated migrat... | 15743539 | PMC554989 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:11 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 Mar 3; 6:9 |
Background
Preferential killing of sick and disabled prey individuals by the predator has been the focus of many ecologists working with different predator – prey systems. In a variety of prey predator systems, diseased or weaker animals are shown to be consumed in greater proportion by predators [1-5]. Increased susce... | 15723710 | PMC554990 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:15 | no | BMC Ecol. 2005 Feb 22; 5:3 |
Background
Butein (3,4,2',4'-tetrahydroxychalone-Figure 1), a plant polyphenol, is one of the major biologically active components of the bark and stems of Rhus verniciflua Stokes. In Far Eastern countries such as Korea, Japan, and China, the compound has been traditionally used for treatment of pain, thrombotic diseas... | 15757513 | PMC554991 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:46 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2005 Mar 9; 5:5 |
Background
Although pain is the presenting symptom of most patients with chronic pancreatitis, its neurobiological basis remains poorly understood [1]. In the past, investigators have focused on the role of anatomical abnormalities such as a strictured pancreatic duct or narrowed intraparenchymal ducts. However, mechan... | 15745445 | PMC554992 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:27 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2005 Mar 3; 5:8 |
Background
The postmenopausal loss of bone mass and subsequent increased risk of low-energy (fragility) fractures is an important public health problem, especially in countries with a high proportion of elderly individuals. More than 1 million fragility fractures, primarily in postmenopausal women, occur each year in t... | 15752431 | PMC554993 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:32 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2005 Mar 7; 6:9 |
Background
Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) is a DNA fingerprinting technique using electropherograms [1]. AFLP analysis belongs to the category of selective restriction fragment amplification techniques, which are based on the ligation of adapters to genomic restriction fragments followed by PCR-based amp... | 15748295 | PMC554994 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:51 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Mar 6; 6:43 |
Background
Child labour covers all economic activities carried out by children regardless of their occupational status [1]. It has probably being in existence almost as long as the history of mankind. Economic activity is a broad concept that encompasses most productive activities of children. It includes both work tha... | 15743516 | PMC554995 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:56 | no | BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2005 Mar 2; 5:2 |
After the publication of this work [1] it was brought to our attention that the concentrations of the reagents listed for the cell lysis buffer are those of the original stock solutions and not the required final concentrations. The correct final concentrations for this buffer are as follows:
HEPES 50 mM
NaCl 100 mM
... | 0 | PMC554996 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:49 | no | BMC Biochem. 2005 Mar 3; 6:3 |
Background
Breast pain is a common problem, which can affect up to 70% of women [1]. Breast pain or mastalgia can be cyclical or non-cyclical. The cyclical type of breast pain has been attributed to sex hormonal changes through the menstrual cycle that may increase the size of the breast tissue, which stretches the int... | 15755319 | PMC554997 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:35 | no | BMC Womens Health. 2005 Mar 8; 5:2 |
Background
Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a common systemic autoimmune disease that mainly affects middle-aged women. The exact aetiology remains elusive, and appears multifactorial. The disease is characterised by a chronic periductal lymphocytic infiltration of the exocrine glands, predominantly of the lacrimal ... | 15740617 | PMC554998 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:55 | no | BMC Clin Pathol. 2005 Mar 1; 5:4 |
Background
Osteoporosis is defined as ' . . .a skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength predisposing a person to an increased risk of fracture. Bone strength reflects the integration of two main features; bone density and bone quality' [1]. The presence of a vertebral or other fragility fracture is ... | 15707496 | PMC555463 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:05 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Feb 11; 6:7 |
Background
Ant Colony Optimisation (ACO) is a population-based stochastic search method for solving a wide range of combinatorial optimisation problems. ACO is based on the concept of stigmergy – indirect communication between members of a population through interaction with the environment. An example of stigmergy is ... | 15710037 | PMC555464 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:50 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Feb 14; 6:30 |
Background
Aggregation of Dictyostelium discoideum proceeds by an oriented migration of the amoebae towards a source of the attractant cAMP which is synthesized and released periodically by cells in the center of the aggregate. Stimulation with cAMP activates liberation of stored Ca2+ and extracellular Ca2+-entry [1] l... | 15760480 | PMC555532 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:11 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 Mar 11; 6:13 |
Background
Notch (N) and Delta (Dl) are cell surface proteins that are required for differentiation of almost all tissues in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. They are evolutionarily conserved, functioning similarly in animals from worms to humans [1,2]. The best-known instance of their function is the process of ... | 15760463 | PMC555533 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:17 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2005 Mar 10; 5:6 |
Background
Upper urothelial carcinomas (UUC) represent about 5% of the urinary tract tumors, with transitional cell carcinomas of the renal pelvis and the ureter being the most common [1]. Exogenous agents such as smoking and occupational exposures to e.g. acrylamines constitute risk factors that are estimated to cause... | 15740628 | PMC555534 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:04 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Mar 1; 5:23 |
Background
Viruses survive in their hosts either by evading or countering host defenses. Viral evasion is a passive mechanism by which viruses overwhelm host defenses, or invade organs or cells where the host defenses cannot reach them. The ability of a virus to counter host defenses requires an active mechanism to eit... | 15740624 | PMC555535 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:59 | no | Virol J. 2005 Mar 1; 2:18 |
Background
DNA microarrays have become a widely used biotechnology for assessing expression levels of tens of thousands of genes simultaneously in a single experiment [1,2]. Whether microarrays are being used for global tissue profiling or for differential expression studies, data normalization is an essential prelimin... | 15727680 | PMC555536 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:35:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Feb 23; 6:37 |
Background
The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), defined by the United States National Center for CAM as a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not presently considered to be a part of conventional medicine, has grown tremendously in the United States [1-... | 15745441 | PMC555537 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:46 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2005 Mar 3; 5:4 |
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