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Background
Desmoid tumours, which are frequently observed in Gardner's syndrome, are rare, slow-growing, histologically benign tumours caused by autosomal dominant gene mutation [1,2]. They are, however, locally aggressive, compress surrounding structures and show frequent recurrences after surgical removal. Desmoid ce... | 15740610 | PMC555538 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:07 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Mar 1; 5:22 |
Background
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer diagnosed both in men and in women in the United States [1]. The American Cancer Society estimates that 104,950 new cases of colon cancer (48,290 men and 56,660 women) and 40,340 new cases of rectal cancer (23,530 men and 16,810 women) will be diagnosed in 20... | 15748282 | PMC555539 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:31 | no | Nutr J. 2005 Mar 4; 4:11 |
Background
Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) is the treatment of choice for patients with chronic stenosis and obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct. External dacryocystorhinostomy (EXT-DCR) was first described by Toti [1,2] in 1904. The endonasal approach was first introduced in 1893 by Caldwell [3,4], but it was inherently ... | 15745446 | PMC555540 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:50 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2005 Mar 3; 5:2 |
Following publication of this work [1], the authors became aware that Local FDR has been originally defined by Efron & al. (2001) in a mixture model framework [2]. | 0 | PMC555541 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:49 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Mar 3; 6:42 |
Background
Invasive ductal carcinoma of the male breast comprises approximately 1% of all breast cancers. Invasive ductal carcinoma of the male breast is distinct from invasive ductal carcinoma of the female breast in both presentation and immunophenotype. Male breast cancer generally presents in older patients and at ... | 15743520 | PMC555542 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:05 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Mar 2; 3:16 |
Background
Japanese quail is both a model animal in biology and a bird used for meat and egg production under a large variety of settings [1]. In the recent past, a special attention was given to the study of its plumage, and several major genes have been described [2]. Since the last compilation of plumage mutations o... | 15760477 | PMC555543 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:18 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Mar 11; 6:14 |
Background
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare inherited disorder of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase complex of phagocytic cells resulting in failure to generate reactive oxidants and the absence of a respiratory burst [1]. The disease is characterized by recurrent or persistent in... | 15745454 | PMC555544 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:21 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2005 Mar 3; 4:4 |
Introduction
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide. In the year 2000, it was estimated that 2.74 million people died from COPD worldwide [1]. COPD is defined by the presence of irreversible or partially irreversible... | 15755326 | PMC555545 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:21 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2005 Mar 8; 4:5 |
Atherosclerosis is a generalized disease that causes lesions in large- and medium-sized elastic and muscular arteries. As lesions progress, arterial walls are remodeled, a process through which the size of the arterial lumen is preserved. Because of this, the disease is clinically asymptomatic during its earlier stages... | 15760471 | PMC555546 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:32 | no | Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med. 2005 Mar 10; 6(1):3 |
Background
We are now witnessing a post-genomic era of cancer research. Thousands of papers are devoted to discovering molecular mechanisms of this extremely complicated program, the latter term being understood as a prescribed sequence of events with an inevitable result. In almost all studies cancer is considered as ... | 15743536 | PMC555547 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:09 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2005 Mar 2; 5:5 |
Background
The successful trials of pyrethroid insecticide-treated nets for malaria control in various endemic settings has led to the Roll Back Malaria initiative adopting the approach as one of the cornerstones of its malaria control programmes [1-3]. However, the increasing prevalence of insecticide resistance in An... | 15766386 | PMC555548 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:31 | no | Malar J. 2005 Mar 14; 4:16 |
Background
Sequence-specific hybridization of a long single-stranded labeled DNA or RNA target molecule to shorter oligonucleotide probes is the basis of the gene expression microarray experiment. In this type of microarray experiment, gene specific probe molecules are either synthesized in situ or are printed to the m... | 15755320 | PMC555549 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:32 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Mar 8; 6:31 |
Background
Chronic ethanol exposure has been shown to cause damage to the adult and developing nervous system [1,2]. For example, in vivo chronic ethanol has been shown to cause aberrant sprouting of hippocampal neurites in developing rats [3], increase the length of dendrites in cerebellar Purkinje neurons [4], the si... | 15762984 | PMC555550 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:47 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Mar 11; 6:16 |
Introduction
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is characterized by persistent debilitating fatigue often accompanied by a complex of other symptoms (e.g., impaired memory, sore throat, post-exertional fatigue, aching and stiffness in muscles) lasting at least six months that is unresolved with rest or medication [1,2]. A ... | 15745455 | PMC555551 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:29 | no | Dyn Med. 2005 Mar 3; 4:3 |
Background
Creatine kinase (CK) isoenzymes catalyse the reversible transfer of the phosphate group of phosphocreatine (PCr) to ADP, to yield ATP and creatine (Cr). The CK/PCr/Cr system is present primarily in tissues with high and fluctuating energy demands such as brain, heart and skeletal muscle, and serves as a temp... | 15748292 | PMC555552 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:27 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2005 Mar 5; 5:9 |
Background
Colorectal cancer is a widespread fatal malignancy in the West [1] and its incidence in Japan is increasing [2]. Epidemiological studies have shown that regular doses of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are associated with lower rates of colorectal polyps, colorectal cancer, and colorectal cance... | 15743541 | PMC555553 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:07 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Mar 3; 5:26 |
Background
SSIs are among the most common hospital acquired infections comprising 14–16 percent of inpatient infections[1]. SSI is a dangerous condition, a heavy burden on the patient and social health system[2]. Such infections lengthens bed stay for an average of seven days. Potential sources of infection are the pat... | 15733323 | PMC555554 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:04 | no | BMC Surg. 2005 Feb 27; 5:2 |
Background
Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of virus particles like SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) and HSV (Herpes Simplex Virus) using electron microscopy yields crucial information for understanding the assembly and infectivity mechanism. The structural determination begins with acquisition of projecti... | 15743519 | PMC555555 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:53 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2005 Mar 2; 5:5 |
Background
Osteoporosis is defined as a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture [1,2]. This definition indicates that measurement of bone mineral density (BMD) is a central ... | 15762986 | PMC555556 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:54 | no | BMC Endocr Disord. 2005 Mar 11; 5:3 |
Background
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by intra-cellular abnormally phosphorylated tau protein and extra-cellular beta amyloid plaques. It has been suggested that inflammation may be a key player in the pathophysiology of AD as evidenced by epidemiological studies which... | 15762998 | PMC555557 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:21 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2005 Mar 11; 2:9 |
Background
Computational protein annotation is a major goal of bioinformatics and annotation methods are widely used. A wide variety of annotation methods exist, many of which rely on some kind of scoring. Typically, when testing whether a protein should be given a certain annotation, a score threshold is set, and prot... | 15755318 | PMC555558 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:51 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Mar 8; 6:46 |
Background
It is well documented that women who experience a full-term pregnancy early in their lives have a significantly reduced risk for developing breast cancer [1,2]. The mechanisms by which pregnancy affects maternal breast cancer incidences are not fully understood. Previous studies suggest that the protective e... | 15755327 | PMC555559 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:10 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2005 Mar 8; 5:6 |
Background
The incidence of intrapartum asphyxia was recently determined to be 2.5% in a large population of singleton pregnancies [1]. Even so, the occurrence of adverse neurological outcome following delivery is actually much lower. There are undoubtedly a number of reasons why greater numbers of infants do not suffe... | 15743533 | PMC555560 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:47 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Mar 2; 6:15 |
Background
Long-term measurement of human movement in the field is an important need today [1]. For many types of rehabilitation treatment, it is desirable to monitor a patient's activities of daily life continuously in the home environment, outside the artificial environment of a laboratory or doctor's office [2]. Thi... | 15740632 | PMC555561 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:40 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2005 Mar 2; 2:7 |
Background
The immobilization of biomolecules onto insoluble supports is an important tool for the fabrication of a diverse range of functional materials or devices [1]. Enzyme immobilization for example, is a desired biological procedure because of the possible application of immobilized enzymes in continuous operatio... | 15762994 | PMC555562 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:41 | no | Biomagn Res Technol. 2005 Mar 11; 3:1 |
Introduction
Dengue is the most important arthropod-borne viral disease of public health significance. Compared to nine reporting countries in the 1950s, today the geographic distribution includes more than 100 countries worldwide. Many of these had not reported dengue for 20 or more years and several have no known his... | 15743532 | PMC555563 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:27 | no | Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2005 Mar 2; 2:1 |
Background
Light is the principal zeitgeber that entrains circadian rhythms of physiology and behaviour [1,2]. The major light input pathway to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the retinohypothalamic tract [3], which arises from a population of retinal ganglion cells [4]. Recent studies have demonstrated that melan... | 15762991 | PMC555564 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:47 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Mar 11; 6:17 |
Background
Worldwide, over one million people die of lung cancer each year [1]. In the US, lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer deaths in both sexes [2], and mortality rates in women have risen 500% since 1950 [3]. In the European Union countries, although age-standardized mortality rates have decreased for m... | 15748289 | PMC555565 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:54 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Mar 5; 5:22 |
Background
Fish oil, rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), is considered beneficial in lowering the risk of coronary heart disease [1,2]. The beneficial effects of n-3 PUFA are mainly due to reduction in plasma triacylglycerol and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels [3,4]. However, the effect of fish o... | 15762995 | PMC555566 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:46 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005 Mar 11; 2:8 |
Background
Osteoid osteoma is a rare benign osteoblastic lesion usually involving the long bones of the lower limbs. Cranial involvement has been mainly localised to the skull vault. Osteoid osteoma of the skull base is a rare entity [1]. Surgical management of skull base osteoid osteoma may be challenging due to its p... | 15760476 | PMC555567 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:26 | no | BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord. 2005 Mar 11; 5:2 |
Background
A diaphragmatic hernia is defined as a defect in part of the diaphragm through which abdominal contents can protrude into the thorax. It may be congenital or acquired, usually through trauma [1].
Congenital diaphragmatic hernias usually occur in the posterolateral portion of the diaphragm (Bochdalek's herni... | 15762981 | PMC555568 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:03 | no | BMC Surg. 2005 Mar 11; 5:4 |
Background
Rearrangements of the cortical actin cytoskeleton are essential for numerous cell processes such as cell migration, phagocytosis [1,2], and adhesion [3], in which formation of dendritic networks of polymerised actin plays a key part. The Arp2/3 complex is required in the formation of dendritic networks to pr... | 15752430 | PMC555569 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:11 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 Mar 7; 6:11 |
Background
Understanding how patients would like to be notified of laboratory test results is important for improving provider-patient communication, patient satisfaction, and patient safety. Data from Applied Strategies for Improving Patient Safety (ASIPS), a primary care practice-based study of medical errors, indica... | 15755328 | PMC555570 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:12 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Mar 8; 6:11 |
Background
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycaemia. It requires life long treatment with drugs coupled with diet control and exercise. It may be due to decrease in the synthesis of insulin (Type-I diabetes) or due to decrease in the secretion of insulin from β-cells of islets o... | 15745442 | PMC555571 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:55 | no | BMC Endocr Disord. 2005 Mar 3; 5:2 |
Background
Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) are one option for promotion of quality in health services [1-6] Many countries are faced with common challenges in delivering high-quality health care with available resources and have pursued the development of CPGs as a means to optimize effective and efficient care. As... | 15743522 | PMC555572 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:51 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Mar 2; 5:18 |
Introduction
Allergic diseases are characterized by elevated serum IgE, an inflammatory reaction with increased number of eosinophils, mast cells and an adaptative immune responses orchestrated by Th2-like CD4+ memory T cells secreting an array of cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13. Thus, there are major efforts fo... | 15748290 | PMC555575 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:27 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Mar 5; 6(1):25 |
Introduction
Diabetes is a complex and multifarious group of disorders characterized by hyperglycemia that has reached epidemic proportions in the present century. Infection is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among the diabetic population [1]. Diabetes is associated with vascular and renal dysfunction charac... | 15748291 | PMC555576 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:34 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2005 Mar 5; 4:3 |
Background
The complex anatomy of coronary vessels has made the investigation of coronary flow and hemodynamics one of the most difficult and challenging studies until today. Leonardo Da Vinci (generally called as "man ahead of time"), developed insightful sketches (some 550 years ago) of the anatomy of the heart and i... | 15745458 | PMC555577 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:34 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Mar 4; 4:14 |
Background
The mechanical properties of canine trabecular bone in the femoral head are important for a better understanding of normal biomechanics of the bone and are needed for assessing changes occurring under pathological conditions like osteoarthritis of the hip, osteonecrosis or Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease of the f... | 15774014 | PMC555578 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:34 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Mar 17; 4:17 |
"This is a sharp time, now, a precise time - we live no longer in the dusky afternoon when evil mixed itself with good and befuddled the world. Now, by God's grace, the shining sun is up, and them that fear not light will surely praise it."
Arthur Miller, The Crucible, Act III
"I do not believe that the meaning of ou... | 15748283 | PMC555579 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:50 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2005 Mar 4; 2:3 |
Background
It has been well documented that cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) is lower in sleep [1-7] and in the morning shortly after awakening [8-10] than in the afternoon or evening. Generally accepted theories about the time of day changes in CBFV attribute the fall in CBFV to the physiological processes of the s... | 15760472 | PMC555580 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:13 | no | J Circadian Rhythms. 2005 Mar 10; 3:3 |
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) was described as a distinct clinical entity in 1977 in Kyoto, Japan [1,2]. The illness is manifested by presentation in adult life: frequent skin lesions, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and elevated white blood cell count with abnormal lymphoid cells. The abnormal ATL cells are of matu... | 15743528 | PMC555581 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:40 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Mar 2; 2:16 |
I was terribly shocked to hear of the tragic and sudden passing of Yukio Mano on November 7, 2004, at the age of 61. He had not been well this past year but had been working continuously until just ten days before his death.
Yukio Mano (Figure 1) was born on August 26, 1943 in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. He studied medic... | 15730560 | PMC555582 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:40 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2005 Feb 24; 2:1 |
Background
Rehabilitation research has recently begun to emphasize the use of objective outcome measures to assess the efficacy of rehabilitation treatment or intervention [1]. These goals could be greatly furthered through the development of wearable measurement systems that provide an opportunity to evaluate how the ... | 15740622 | PMC555583 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:39 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2005 Mar 1; 2:5 |
Background
The rate of HIV-1 infection has been increasing rapidly among women of childbearing age. At the end of 2003 women accounted for 50% of adults living with HIV/AIDS worldwide [1]. Consequently, the number of pediatric AIDS cases due primarily to perinatal (peripartum or intrapartum) transmission is rapidly inc... | 15730556 | PMC555584 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:00 | no | Virol J. 2005 Feb 24; 2:15 |
Background
The inhibitory nonadrenergic noncholinergic (iNANC) nervous system is the most effective bronchodilating neural pathway of the airways. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) markedly reduces the iNANC relaxation of both guinea pigs [1-3] and human airways [4,5], indicating that nitric oxide (NO) is a maj... | 15748286 | PMC555585 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:27 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Mar 4; 6(1):23 |
Retrovirology as a medical study first emerged in the early 1900s. In 1908, Ellermann and Bang reported on the transmissibility of avian leucosis by cell-free filtrates, suggesting the involvement of a virus [1]. Shortly afterward, in 1910, Rous demonstrated that chicken sarcomas were infectious and when inoculated int... | 15743525 | PMC555586 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:40 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Mar 2; 2:15 |
Background
After arriving at NIH in 1965 I spent my first year as a young physician caring and treating (mostly unsuccessfully) acute leukemias in children: a vivid experience and one which made me absolute in a decision to be fully involved in laboratory research and not return to clinical medicine. My research intere... | 15743526 | PMC555587 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:40 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Mar 2; 2:17 |
Nature created and optimized proteins for specific tasks which makes them often interesting in material science. For example, membrane transporters could control the permeability of artificial nanometer sized container. A typical application could be to control the enzymatic activity in a liposome [1]. Another possible... | 15743521 | PMC555588 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:05 | no | J Nanobiotechnology. 2005 Mar 2; 3:3 |
Background
Aging slows reflexes and increases the time to react to a number of external stimuli of different modalities [1-4]. What has escaped extensive examination has been the effect of Type II diabetes on these same reaction times and the comparison of modalities across the various sensory inputs. Only two studies ... | 15723700 | PMC555589 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:33 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Feb 21; 4:12 |
Background
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) have a central role in most biological processes, and identifying these interactions is an important goal of biological research. PPIs are the subject of extensive experimental studies, but the majority of them remain unknown. In the last few years, high-throughput techniq... | 15740634 | PMC555590 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:52 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Mar 2; 6:40 |
Background
Experimental and computational results estimate that 5–10% of the human genome has recently duplicated [1-4]. These estimates represent the total proportion of low-copy repeats (LCRs), which are defined as homologous blocks of sequence from two distinct genomic locations (non-allelic) >1000 base pairs in len... | 15752422 | PMC555591 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:17 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Mar 7; 5:22 |
Background
In 1989, after regaining its independence, Lithuania inherited an extremely centralised health care system that mainly conditioned ineffective health care management and resource usage. The above situation was an outcome of the former Soviet health care policy, as it did not encourage people or the state to ... | 15748299 | PMC555592 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:12 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Mar 7; 6:10 |
Background
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses a number of disorders that are characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The three specific forms of the disease known as Crohn disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), or the less well-characterized indeterminate colitis (IC), are diagnos... | 15757519 | PMC555593 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2005 Mar 9; 6:10 |
Background
During the past decades epidemiological investigations have provided a portrait of the potential candidate for acute coronary syndromes, in the US, as well as in many other parts of the world, especially in European countries [1-9]. However, many investigators claimed for differences in the profile, i.e. soc... | 15771779 | PMC555594 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:54 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Mar 16; 5:23 |
Background
Achilles tendinopathy is a common overuse injury, especially among athletes involved in activities that include running and jumping [1-4]. Several studies report the incidence of Achilles tendon disorders in runners to be 6–18% of all injuries [3,5,6]. Most commonly afflicted are middle-aged men, but Achille... | 15748297 | PMC555595 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:04 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Mar 6; 6:12 |
Background
Physical disability is an important outcome of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [1,2]. The American College of Rheumatology preliminary definition of improvement in RA, used primarily to assess the short term response to medical interventions, includes disability as one of its seven key outcomes [3]. An understandi... | 15769287 | PMC555596 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:05 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Mar 15; 6:16 |
Background
Traditional public health surveillance for specific conditions is unlikely to quickly identify a disease outbreak. Emergency department (ED) data appears to have the potential for more timely disease surveillance [1-6]. In non-traditional surveillance, signs of an outbreak might include an increase in ED vis... | 15743535 | PMC555597 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:52:12 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2005 Mar 2; 5:4 |
Background
It is acknowledged from medical student learning behaviour that assessment often drives learning [1]. Therefore, if students are learning what is being assessed then it is vital that the content of the assessment reflects the learning objectives. This process, known as blueprinting, maps the content of asses... | 15752421 | PMC555598 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:56 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2005 Mar 7; 5:9 |
Background
The micro-crustacean Daphnia is a ubiquitous resident of inland waters within all continents of the globe and is the subject of study for numerous biological disciplines including limnology, ecology, physiology, toxicology, population genetics and evolution. Many attributes make this organism an ideal model ... | 15752432 | PMC555599 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:52 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Mar 7; 6:45 |
Background
Cancer of unknown primary (CUP) is a unique clinical entity that accounts for an approximately 3% of human cancers[1]. Patients with CUP present with metastases for which the site of origin cannot be identified at initial workup. Early dissemination, unpredictability of metastatic pattern and aggressiveness ... | 15743540 | PMC555600 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:04 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Mar 3; 5:25 |
Background
Past events that gave birth to biological entities can be tentatively reconstructed based on collections of descriptors traced in ancient or present-day creatures. Using genomic sequences, an estimate of the relative time separating branching events, previously supported by geological records, could be forma... | 15757521 | PMC555736 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:51 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Mar 10; 6:49 |
Background
Cytokines are a family of low-molecular weight proteins secreted by various cell types, with pleiotropic functions and constitute a tightly regulated network that plays a central role in the immune system. Cytokines, classified into different groups such as interleukins (IL), interferons (IFN), colony-stimul... | 15748278 | PMC555737 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:32 | no | BMC Immunol. 2005 Mar 4; 6:5 |
Background
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is defined as the proliferation of malignant epithelial cells in the mammary ductal system, with no evidence of invasion of the basement membrane. By definition, the disease is localized to the breast, with no spread to regional nodes or distant sites.
In the pre-mammography ... | 15762990 | PMC555738 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:07 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Mar 11; 5:28 |
Introduction
Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is a rare and highly aggressive neoplasm described as a distinct clinicopathologic entity in 1989 by Gerald and Rosai [1]. Usually affecting young males and presenting as an abdominal mass, the tumor grows along serosal membranes with multiple nodules attached to... | 15777480 | PMC555739 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:23 | no | Cytojournal. 2005 Mar 18; 2:6 |
Background
Understanding the mechanisms behind protein folding, which is one of the most fundamental biochemical processes, is proving to be a challenging task for biochemists and biophysicists. Recent developments in instrumentation and methodology have enabled us to take major steps forward in comprehending the dynam... | 15760474 | PMC555740 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:26 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Mar 11; 2:7 |
Background
Menopause is associated with estrogen deficiency and its accompanying symptoms such as accelerated bone loss and atherosclerosis. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has traditionally been used for treatment of menopausal disorders. Estrogen helps to maintain bone density, relieve menopausal symptoms, as well ... | 15743537 | PMC555741 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:54 | no | BMC Clin Pharmacol. 2005 Mar 3; 5:2 |
Background
A panel of sixty cancer cell lines of diverse lineage (lung, renal, colorectal, ovarian, breast, prostate, central nervous system, melanoma and hematological malignancies) was developed, characterized and extensively used by the National Cancer Institute's Developmental Therapeutics Program (NCI-60) since th... | 15748285 | PMC555742 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:28 | no | J Transl Med. 2005 Mar 4; 3:11 |
Background
Current computational methods for prediction of protein function rely to a large extent on predictions based on the amino acid sequence similarity with proteins having known functions. The accuracy of such predictions depends on how much information about function is embedded in the sequence similarity and o... | 15760465 | PMC555743 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:49 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Mar 10; 6:50 |
Background
Screening for colorectal cancer is now recommended by several organizations [1-5], and insurance coverage of screening tests is becoming more widespread. For example, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services began reimbursement for the commonly used screening tests in 1998, covering 100% of charges for... | 15755323 | PMC555744 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:27 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2005 Mar 8; 5:10 |
Background
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a disease characterized by inflammation and ulcers in the mucosa of the large intestine with unknown etiology. The inflammation usually occurs in the rectum and lower part of the colon, but it may affect the entire colon. The inflammation speeds up colonic motility and causes diarr... | 15745456 | PMC555745 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:37 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2005 Mar 3; 5:6 |
Findings
Endogenous retroviral sequences represent approximately 8% of the human genome. These sequences (called HERVs for Human Endogenous Retroviruses) share strong similarities with present-day retroviruses, and are the proviral remnants of ancestral germ-line infections by active retroviruses, which have thereafter... | 15766379 | PMC555746 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:40 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Mar 14; 2:19 |
Background
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing was introduced in the United States of America (USA) in the late 1980s with Federal Drug Administration (FDA) approval for prostate cancer surveillance [1]. However, the test indications were soon expanded to include prostate cancer screening. By the early 1990s, the A... | 15755329 | PMC555747 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:07 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Mar 8; 5:27 |
Background
Health-related quality of life (HRQL) measures have many applications, including the measurement of population health status and outcomes of medical interventions that subsequently can be applied to economic evaluations of health care interventions. One such method of economic evaluation, cost utility analys... | 15748287 | PMC555748 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:15 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Mar 4; 3:11 |
Review
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system of unknown etiology and poorly understood pathogenesis. There is a north-south gradient of MS prevalence in the northern hemisphere, with highest levels (over 100 per 100,000) in northern regions [1,2]. It is a chronic disease with ... | 15777478 | PMC555749 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:13 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Mar 18; 3:16 |
Background
Despite the impressive strides that have been made by behavioral scientists in developing culturally sensitive HIV intervention programs for minority populations in the United States, HIV infection continues to be a major public health problem and is increasingly affecting minority populations, persons infec... | 15774003 | PMC555750 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:32 | no | Int J Equity Health. 2005 Mar 17; 4:4 |
Background
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is an anabolic hormone produced in different tissues in response to growth hormone (GH) stimulation [1]. Liver synthesis of IGF-I accounts for 90% of the circulating peptide. In cirrhosis the reduction of receptors for GH in hepatocytes and the diminished synthesis abilit... | 15745444 | PMC555751 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:27 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2005 Mar 3; 5:7 |
Background
The increasing demand for economic evaluation of health care interventions has lead to a corresponding rise in the derived demand for evidence on the key parameter inputs into cost effectiveness models. One of those inputs is the health state utility value used to estimate the quality adjusted life years (QA... | 15769294 | PMC555752 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:15 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Mar 15; 3:13 |
Background
Estrogen plays essential roles in the development, growth control and differentiation of the normal mammary gland. However, it is well documented that endogenous estrogens are powerful mitogens critical for the initiation and progression of human breast and gynecological cancers [1]. This cell proliferation ... | 15762987 | PMC555753 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:32 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Mar 11; 6:37 |
Background
The impact of osteoarthritis (OA) on patient's functional levels is well known [1-3]. Pain and physical limitations constitute difficulties patients have to deal with [4,5] and require long term pharmacological treatment and physical therapies.
Usually OA affects elderly people, and is one of the main cause... | 15771777 | PMC555754 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:15 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Mar 16; 3:14 |
Background
Several different DNA repair systems have evolved within all living cells to correct mispaired or damaged nucleotide residues generated either by endogenous events or by exposure to exogenous mutagenic agents [1,2]. The frequency of mutational events varies widely within the genome, and specific sites harbor... | 15766387 | PMC555755 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:25 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2005 Mar 14; 6:6 |
Background
Coeliac disease is an under-diagnosed autoimmune type of gastrointestinal disorder resulting from gluten ingestion in genetically susceptible individuals. Non-specific symptoms such as fatigue and dyspepsia are common, but the disease may also be clinically silent. Diagnosis is based on small-bowel biopsy, a... | 15774013 | PMC555756 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:03 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 Mar 17; 5:14 |
Background
In 1600 the first known case of situs inversus in humans was reported by Fabricius [1]. The incidence is thought to be in the region of 1:5000 to 1:20000 [2]. The condition may affect the thoracic organs, abdominal organs or both. It is associated with a number of other conditions such as Kartagener's (bronc... | 15774004 | PMC555757 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:04 | no | BMC Surg. 2005 Mar 17; 5:5 |
Background
Three-dimensional (3D) images are now commonplace in biomedical research. Techniques for direct capture of 3D data are widespread and new techniques are becoming available, [1,2] to complement existing sectioning methods [3], confocal and micro-CT/MRI [4]. In addition such data is being stored in databases t... | 15757508 | PMC555758 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:52 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Mar 9; 6:47 |
Background
High-throughput single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping assays generate large amounts of data, which usually is presented as scatter plots of signals corresponding to the two SNP alleles. A robust SNP genotyping assay is characterized by large distances between the three clusters that define the geno... | 15760469 | PMC555759 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:32 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Mar 10; 6:35 |
Background
Patients exhibiting gait deviations caused by orthopedic impairments are often referred to a physical therapist for treatment. In order to determine treatment goals or to evaluate the effect of a therapeutic intervention, physical therapists visually observe the patient's gait [1-3]. This type of gait assess... | 15774012 | PMC555760 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:05 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Mar 17; 6:17 |
Background
Reported prevalences for neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism (NIP) in schizophrenia patients are usually in the range 19% to 36% [1-5]. As NIP can severely impair activities of daily life, and it can be treated or at least alleviated, its diagnosis and assessment are an important focus in clinical practice. A r... | 15774006 | PMC555761 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:53 | no | BMC Neurol. 2005 Mar 17; 5:5 |
Background
P25 and P28 are related major ookinete surface proteins under consideration as candidates for inclusion in transmission-blocking vaccines [1-4]. Consequently, the expression [5-18], localisation [8,12,17-24] and function [21,25-29] of these molecules, together with the effect on parasite development of speci... | 15733320 | PMC555762 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:30 | no | Malar J. 2005 Feb 25; 4:15 |
Background
Partial liquid ventilation (PLV) combines liquid ventilation and gas ventilation (GV). Perfluorocarbon is administered to the trachea in a volume equivalent to the pulmonary functional residual capacity, and ventilation is maintained with conventional gas ventilation of the liquid-filled lung [1]. The improv... | 15748281 | PMC555763 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Mar 4; 6(1):24 |
Introduction
Neutrophils represent the first line of defence against aggressions [1]. They are the first cells to arrive at the site of the aggression. Neutrophils can directly eliminate the invading organisms, but most of the time they set the stage, with other cells of the innate immune system including macrophages a... | 15743527 | PMC555764 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:32 | no | Immun Ageing. 2005 Mar 2; 2:6 |
Background
Comparative sequence analysis has been a powerful tool in bioinformatics for addressing a variety of issues. Applications range from grouping of sequences (e.g. protein sequences into families) to de novo pattern discovery of functional signatures.
Speaking of gene regulation, it has been known for a long t... | 15723697 | PMC555765 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:32 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Feb 21; 6:24 |
Background
A prominent GC-compositional strand bias or GC-skew (=(C-G)/(C+G)), where C and G denote the numbers of cytosine and guanine residues, was reported recently around the transcription start sites (TSS) of Arabidopsis genes [1]. It is well known that GC-skews occur bi-directionally in circular bacterial genomes... | 15733327 | PMC555766 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:33 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Feb 28; 6:26 |
Background
The effective use of some drugs can be limited by their adverse effects on the cardiovascular system, particularly when they are used intravenously in relatively high doses. There have been many studies documenting the cardio-vascular effects of drugs. Similarly, many mathematical models of the cardiovascula... | 15760466 | PMC555767 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:00 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2005 Mar 10; 5:5 |
Introduction
Current asthma management guidelines recommend inhaled glucocorticoids as preferred therapy for control of mild persistent, moderate and severe asthma [1,2]. Glucocorticoids are the most effective anti-inflammatory agents and inhalation is an efficient way to deposit the compound in the therapeutic target ... | 15727687 | PMC555845 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Feb 24; 6(1):21 |
Background
Adenovirus vectors are commonly utilized in cancer gene therapy experiments. They readily infect numerous tumor cell types and are easily manipulated allowing for transgene expression[1]. In an effort to improve selectivity of these vectors for malignant cells, replication selective or conditionally replicat... | 15762988 | PMC555846 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:35 | no | Mol Cancer. 2005 Mar 11; 4:12 |
Background
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is of profound interest to health and clinical psychology due to the high levels of anxiety and depression observed in patients following the occurrence of a coronary event [1-5]. CHD was the most leading diagnosis for treatment in hospitals in Germany for men (320,000 patients p... | 15771778 | PMC555847 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:14 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Mar 16; 3:15 |
Background
The incidence of reported pertussis continues to rise in the United States despite high levels of childhood vaccination [1,2]. Waning immunity is thought to contribute to the particularly steep rise seen among adolescents and adults over the past two decades [3,4]. Acellular pertussis booster vaccines have b... | 15780145 | PMC555848 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:14 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Mar 21; 3:17 |
Introduction
Atrial fibrillation is the most common sustained arrhythmia in clinical practice. It is associated with an increased risk of thrombus formation, resulting in substantial morbidity, with the augmented risk of stroke being the most serious. This could be explained by haemostasis conditions favouring thrombos... | 15748296 | PMC555849 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:24 | no | Thromb J. 2005 Mar 6; 3:2 |
Introduction
Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is one of the most common human autoimmune diseases responsible for considerable morbidity in women [1]. It is an organ-specific T-cell mediated disease that affects the thyroid, and genetics play a contributory role in its complexity. To date, significant progress has been mad... | 15762980 | PMC555850 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:03 | no | J Autoimmune Dis. 2005 Mar 11; 2:1 |
Laudatio
The discovery in biology of far-transyears, 15–20 months in length [1-3], is in keeping with oscillations of the same longer-than calendar-yearly period in the speed and proton density of the solar wind [4,5]. Hence, this wish for healthy, lucky and blessed transyears rather than years. Let us speculate that w... | 15748294 | PMC555851 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:13 | no | J Circadian Rhythms. 2005 Mar 5; 3:2 |
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