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Introduction
Average earth temperatures have increased by 0.6 °C over the last 100 years [1] and are predicted to increase by 1.4–5.8 °C over the next century [2]. Commensurate with rising global temperatures are regional changes in weather patterns affecting the quantity and timing of precipitation and moisture levels... | 15757363 | PMC1064850 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:13 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Apr 15; 3(4):e92 |
Introduction
The annotation of genes from comparative sequence data rests on a fundamental evolutionary dictum, first elaborated by M. Kimura, that the rate of molecular evolution will be inversely related to the level of functional constraint. But the application of this principle would not be interpretable without a ... | 15757364 | PMC1064851 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:21 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Apr 15; 3(4):e93 |
Introduction
Light is the fundamental energy source for life on earth and as such is a major environmental signal for organisms from all kingdoms of life. In the fungal kingdom, light can regulate growth, the direction of growth, asexual and sexual reproduction, and pigment formation, all of which are important aspects... | 15760278 | PMC1064852 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:21 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Apr 15; 3(4):e95 |
Introduction
Cell-to-cell signaling mediated by receptors of the Notch (N) family has been implicated in various developmental decisions in organisms ranging from nematodes to mammals [1]. N is well-known for its role in lateral inhibition, a key patterning process that organizes the regular spacing of distinct cell ty... | 15760269 | PMC1064853 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:13 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Apr 15; 3(4):e96 |
Introduction
Mitochondrial functional capacity is dynamically regulated to meet the diverse energy demands imposed on the mammalian organism following birth. Postnatal mitochondrial biogenesis involves multiple signaling and transcriptional regulatory pathways that control the coordinate expression of nuclear and mitoc... | 15760270 | PMC1064854 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:21 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Apr 15; 3(4):e101 |
When you think of the cell as the fundamental unit of life, it's not surprising that some organs deal with injury better than others. A flesh wound or muscle tear might hurt, but, assuming you are otherwise healthy, both will heal. The prognosis for a heart attack, on the other hand, is not so clear-cut. What accounts ... | 0 | PMC1064855 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:21 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Apr 15; 3(4):e125 |
Average earth temperatures rose 0.6 °C over the last century, according to the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. But that increase pales in comparison to the 1.4–5.8 °C expected increase over this century. As temperatures climb, climate models predict that high-latitude, high-altitude regions like Yello... | 0 | PMC1064856 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:21 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Apr 15; 3(4):e132 |
Adjusting to life after birth takes a lot of energy. One way cells meet increased demand is by ramping up synthesis of mitochondria, the cells' power generators This ability to increase mitochondria becomes limited in a variety of diseases including diabetes and heart failure. Therefore, it is important to identify the... | 0 | PMC1064857 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:20 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Apr 15; 3(4):e133 |
A standard evolutionary assumption is that the DNA of closely related species should be more similar in both structure and function than that of more distantly related ones. This parsimonious rule of thumb holds true across wide expanses of time and among widely divergent species, but it has exceptions. In this issue, ... | 0 | PMC1064858 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Apr 15; 3(4):e138 |
In the intricate dance of animal development, several critical steps are choreographed by the Notch receptor and its ligands, including Delta (Dl) and Serrate (Ser). When these ligands bind, an intracellular segment of the receptor is cleaved off and becomes a transcriptional regulator within the nucleus. While Dl and ... | 0 | PMC1064859 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:21 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Apr 15; 3(4):e139 |
Fungi live mainly in the dark, and they like it that way—out of the sunlight, they can avoid desiccation and damage from ultraviolet rays. The ability to sense light, therefore, is adaptive for fungi of all kinds. A pair of light-sensing proteins had been identified in the model fungus Neurospora crassa, an ascomycete ... | 0 | PMC1064860 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:21 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Apr 15; 3(4):e142 |
Introduction
Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) is a widely used animal model for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Immunization with native collagen type II (CII) in adjuvant induces autoimmune polyarthritis in susceptible rodents and primates [1]. The separate roles of T cells and B cells in both the initial and the progressi... | 15535832 | PMC1064861 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:33 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2004 Sep 23; 6(6):R544-R550 |
Introduction
Chlamydia-triggered reactive arthritis (Ct-ReA) is strongly associated with HLA-B27 like other spondylarthropathies, and especially ankylosing spondylitis [1,2]. ReA occurs 1 to 4 weeks after urogenital infection with Chlamydia trachomatis or gastroenteral infection with enterobacteria such as Yersinia ent... | 15535830 | PMC1064864 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:33 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2004 Sep 23; 6(6):R521-R534 |
Introduction
High-molecular-weight (HMW) hyaluronan (average molecular weight 6–7 × 106 Da) is a major component of synovial joint fluids [1-5]. It physically acts as a viscous lubricant for slow joint movements, such as walking, and as an elastic shock absorber during rapid movements, such as running [6]. HMW hyaluron... | 15535829 | PMC1064865 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:33 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2004 Sep 22; 6(6):R514-R520 |
Introduction
The genetic contribution to the aetiology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is high, as is indicated by familial aggregation and a higher concordance rate in monozygotic than dizygotic twins [1]. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotype HLA DR3-DQ2-C4AQ0 is strongly associated with SLE in C... | 15535834 | PMC1064866 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:33 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2004 Sep 23; 6(6):R557-R562 |
Introduction
Central nervous system (CNS) involvement has been reported to occur in 14–75% of all systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients [1-3]. However, frequency rates vary considerably, depending on the diagnostic criteria applied. CNS lupus can occur at any time during the course of SLE, and its symptoms are di... | 15535833 | PMC1064867 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:33 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2004 Sep 23; 6(6):R551-R556 |
Introduction
Clinical trials in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have demonstrated that antibodies directed against tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α) (adalimumab, infliximab [Remicade®]) are highly beneficial for most patients who are refractory to classic treatment with disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, methotrexate or st... | 15535831 | PMC1064868 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:33 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2004 Sep 23; 6(6):R535-R543 |
Introduction
Inflammation is a critical host-defense mechanism. One of its functions is to direct plasma factors and immunoinflammatory cells to lesions in order to eradicate infection and facilitate tissue repair. In many chronic inflammatory diseases, infiltration of the target tissue by blood-derived cells precedes ... | 15540281 | PMC1064871 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 02:11:20 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2004 Oct 6; 6(6):R563-R566 |
Introduction
IL-10 is a key cytokine in regulating inflammatory responses, mainly by inhibiting the production and function of proinflammatory cytokines. IL-10 binds to the IL-10 receptor (IL-10R) complex that is composed of two subunits, the primary ligand-binding component type 1 IL-10R (IL-10R1) and the accessory co... | 15535835 | PMC1064873 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:33 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2004 Oct 13; 6(6):R567-R577 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by synovial tissue proliferation with progressive joint destruction. The etiology of RA remains unknown, but many factors, including autoimmunity, cytokines and genetic factors, participate in its pathogenesis [1,2]. Although inflamm... | 15642132 | PMC1064878 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:34 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Oct 29; 7(1):R12-R18 |
Introduction
The identification of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) is a key laboratory feature in the diagnosis of patients with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS). The cardinal manifestations of this syndrome are vascular thrombosis, recurrent pregnancy loss, livedo reticularis and thrombocytopenia [1,2]. APS ... | 15642142 | PMC1064879 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:34 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Nov 16; 7(1):R47-R56 |
Introduction
In certain sites in and around joints, ligaments and tendons subjected to complex tensile and compressive loading specialize into fibrocartilaginous tissues [1-3] containing types I and II collagens and cartilage-specific proteoglycans. These tissues include specific regions of the metacarpophalangeal liga... | 15642129 | PMC1064880 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:34 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Oct 29; 7(1):R1-R11 |
Introduction
Peripheral blood T-cell lymphopenia is long-lasting in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) receiving lymphodepleting therapies, such as monoclonal antibodies [1-3] or high-dose cyclophosphamide with autologous stem cell rescue (autologous stem cell transplantation) [4,5]. It has now been extensively do... | 15642146 | PMC1064881 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:34 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Nov 16; 7(1):R80-R92 |
Introduction
The term 'macrophage activation syndrome' (MAS) in pediatric rheumatology refers to a set of symptoms caused by the excessive activation and proliferation of T cells and well-differentiated macrophages [1-4]. This activation leads to an overwhelming inflammatory reaction that can be fatal. The pathognomoni... | 15642140 | PMC1064882 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:33 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Nov 10; 7(1):R30-R37 |
Introduction
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a generalized disorder of connective tissue characterized by microvacular damage and excessive fibrosis in the skin and internal organs, including the heart, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. One of the major hallmarks of the disease is an increased amount of collagen deposits ... | 15642145 | PMC1064883 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:34 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Nov 10; 7(1):R71-R79 |
Introduction
Systemic rheumatic diseases are characterized by circulating autoantibodies to defined intracellular targets (for review [1]). Historically, among the earliest of these autoantibodies to be identified was anti-Sm, which was subsequently considered a serological hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE... | 15642139 | PMC1064884 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:34 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Nov 10; 7(1):R19-R29 |
Introduction
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disease, characterised by vascular involvement with generalised microangiopathy culminating in systemic fibrosis. Several lines of evidence suggest that the generation of oxygen free radicals is of major importance in the pathogenesis of SSc [1]. Frequent epi... | 15642147 | PMC1064885 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:34 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Nov 16; 7(1):R93-R100 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune chronic inflammatory disease of unknown aetiology that is characterized by infiltration of monocytes, T cells and polymorphonuclear cells into the synovial joints. The pathogenesis of this disease is still poorly understood, and fundamental questions regarding the... | 15642130 | PMC1064886 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:34 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Nov 19; 7(1):R101-R117 |
Introduction
Bone is an important skeletal extracellular matrix, and bone erosions are a major characteristic in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The cytokines IL-1 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) alpha play key roles in promoting joint inflammation, synovitis and cartilage/bone resorption [1,2]. These cytokines are overexp... | 15642143 | PMC1064887 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:34 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Nov 10; 7(1):R57-R64 |
Introduction
Progressive bone and cartilage destruction in arthritic joints leads to irreversible joint destruction, and subsequently to functional declines and work disability [1,2]. New biomarkers such as cartilage oligomeric matrix protein [3,4], osteoprotegerin [5-7] or receptor activator of NF-κB ligand [8-10] hav... | 15642144 | PMC1064888 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:34 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Nov 10; 7(1):R65-R70 |
Introduction
Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) appear to play a major role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). These cells are characterized by pannus formation, cartilage invasion, and secretion of effector molecules, including cytokines and chemokines, that act on various cells to promote inflammation... | 15642131 | PMC1064889 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:34 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Nov 24; 7(1):R118-R126 |
Introduction
Osteoarthritis (OA), also referred to as degenerative joint disease, is one of the most prevalent chronic conditions. It consists of a general progressive loss of articular cartilage, remodeling and sclerosis of the subchondral bone, and the formation of subchondral bone cysts and marginal osteophytes. In ... | 15642141 | PMC1064890 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:33 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Nov 16; 7(1):R38-R46 |
Introduction
The role of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in the development of articular cartilage and the pathogenesis of arthritis is poorly understood. During development, EGF produced by the apical ectodermal ridge promotes the outgrowth of the limb bud mesoderm; however, migration away from the apical ectodermal rid... | 15642133 | PMC1064891 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:33 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Nov 29; 7(1):R127-R138 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic disease characterized by synovial inflammation that leads to progressive joint damage. Knowledge concerning the role played by cytokines in mediating cell–cell interactions in rheumatoid synovium has led to the rational development of treatment with anticytokine agent... | 15642135 | PMC1064892 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:33 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Dec 1; 7(1):R149-R155 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic destructive autoimmune disease characterized by the inflammation and progressive destruction of distal joints. The initial histological features of RA are characterized by synovial lining hyperplasia, excessive angiogenesis and the accumulation of polymorphonuclear an... | 15642138 | PMC1064893 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:33 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Dec 10; 7(1):R174-R188 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by infiltrations of macrophages and T cells into the joint, and synovial hyperplasia. Proinflammatory cytokines released from these cells are known to be important in the destruction of joints in RA [1]. The favorable clinical benefits obtained with inhibitors of ... | 15642134 | PMC1064895 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:34 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Nov 29; 7(1):R139-R148 |
Introduction
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disease with a high prevalence, and it occupies a very important place in orthopedic surgery. It is characterized by progressive degeneration of articular cartilage and damage to subchondral bone. While macroscopic, histological and biochemical features of OA have been extensively ... | 15642136 | PMC1064896 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:34 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Dec 7; 7(1):R156-R165 |
Introduction
Proinflammatory cytokines bind to their receptors on the plasma membrane and transmit the stimulatory effects to the nucleus via intracellular signalling molecules. Therefore, these cytokines are considered as promising therapeutic targets. Drugs specifically inhibiting such proteins are usually small mole... | 15642137 | PMC1064897 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:33 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Dec 7; 7(1):R166-R173 |
Introduction
Recent studies have shown that lung protective strategies using low tidal volumes and high levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) reduce mortality and are becoming standard practice in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [1,2].
Although PEEP improves arterial oxygenation, ... | 15469573 | PMC1065018 | CC BY | 2021-04-27 23:14:50 | no | Crit Care. 2004 Jul 15; 8(5):R306-R311 |
Introduction
Tracheostomy is usually performed in patients who need prolonged mechanical ventilation, frequent suctioning of bronchopulmonary toilet or have obstruction of the upper airway. The percutaneous tracheostomy is a minimally invasive, effective and reliable procedure and has become the alternative to surgica... | 15469572 | PMC1065019 | CC BY | 2021-04-27 23:14:50 | no | Crit Care. 2004 Jul 5; 8(5):R299-R305 |
Introduction
Patients with multiple trauma often require mechanical ventilation for prolonged periods because of their inability to protect their airways, persistence of excessive secretions, and inadequacy of spontaneous ventilation [1]. Tracheostomy plays an integral role in the airway management of such patients, b... | 15469579 | PMC1065024 | CC BY | 2021-04-27 23:14:50 | no | Crit Care. 2004 Aug 23; 8(5):R347-R352 |
Introduction
Of drowning and near drowning victims who are younger than 20 years, 63–68% are 0–5 years old [1,2]. Of submersion events in the age group 1–4 years, 56% occurred in artificial pools [3]. Death from drowning is the second leading cause of accidental death in children [4], and one-third of all survivors hav... | 15469580 | PMC1065025 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:47 | no | Crit Care. 2004 Sep 2; 8(5):R353-R357 |
Introduction
Critical illness polyneuropathy (CIP) and myopathy are neuromuscular disorders that occur in critically ill patients [1,2]. Clinical features often consist of difficulty in weaning from mechanical ventilation, tetraparesis and muscle wasting of the limbs, with tendon reflexes absent or markedly decreased. ... | 15566579 | PMC1065049 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:48 | no | Crit Care. 2004 Sep 10; 8(6):R358-R366 |
Introduction
Knowledge of the occurrence of and determinants of critical illness is important for establishing its burden and the risk factors for acquisition to guide wise allocation of limited healthcare and research resources. Population-based cohort studies that strictly include all episodes of disease occurring in... | 15566588 | PMC1065052 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:48 | no | Crit Care. 2004 Oct 15; 8(6):R431-R436 |
Introduction
Biological systems are complex systems; specifically, they are systems that are spatially and temporally complex, built from a dynamic web of interconnected feedback loops marked by interdependence, pleiotropy and redundancy. Complex systems have properties that cannot wholly be understood by understandin... | 15566580 | PMC1065053 | CC BY | 2021-04-27 23:14:20 | no | Crit Care. 2004 Sep 22; 8(6):R367-R384 |
Introduction
Pesticide self-poisoning is a major clinical problem in many parts of the world [1,2], probably killing about 300,000 people every year [3,4]. Although most deaths occur in rural areas of the developing world [2], pesticide poisoning is also a problem in industrialized countries, where it may account for a... | 15566582 | PMC1065055 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:49 | no | Crit Care. 2004 Sep 22; 8(6):R391-R397 |
Introduction
Three investigators have reported that tidal volume (VT) in children is inaccurate when measured at the ventilator, even when effective VT is used [1-3]. Cannon and colleagues [1] studied 98 infants and children and found a significant discrepancy between expiratory VT measured at the ventilator and that m... | 15566583 | PMC1065056 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:48 | no | Crit Care. 2004 Oct 6; 8(6):R398-R402 |
Introduction
Maxillofacial and major neck surgery has a considerable risk for postoperative laryngo-pharyngeal oedema and airway obstruction due to surgical manipulation or haematoma [1]. When patients undergoing these operations develop laryngeal oedema or airway obstruction and require reintubation after they have be... | 15566581 | PMC1065057 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:48 | no | Crit Care. 2004 Sep 22; 8(6):R385-R390 |
Introduction
Interprofessional tensions can threaten the delivery of quality health care in a hospital setting. Such tensions have been documented in several clinical domains including internal medicine [1-3], pediatric wards [4,5], the operating room [6-8] and the intensive care unit (ICU) [9]. The ICU in particular i... | 15566584 | PMC1065058 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:48 | no | Crit Care. 2004 Oct 8; 8(6):R403-R408 |
Introduction
Sepsis is a major cause of death worldwide, with a large impact on mortality in the intensive care unit (ICU). It has been estimated that every day about 1400 patients die in ICUs as a result of sepsis [1].
Recent progress in sepsis research has been able to improve the knowledge about the basic pathophys... | 15566585 | PMC1065059 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:49 | no | Crit Care. 2004 Oct 14; 8(6):R409-R413 |
Introduction
The incidence of nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients ranges from 9% to 68%, and mortality rates range from 33% to 71% [1,2]. In the EPIC (European Prevalence of Infection in the Intensive Care) study [3], ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) was the most frequent infection acquired in... | 15566587 | PMC1065063 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:48 | no | Crit Care. 2004 Oct 14; 8(6):R422-R430 |
Introduction
The rate of expansion of medical knowledge is increasing rapidly, and it is frequently difficult for clinicians to keep abreast of important new literature. For example, several recently published randomized controlled trials in critical care have demonstrated mortality benefits [1-5], but uptake of new kn... | 15566586 | PMC1065064 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:49 | no | Crit Care. 2004 Oct 14; 8(6):R414-R421 |
Introduction
Sepsis is defined as the systemic response to infection [1,2]. The deleterious effects of bacterial invasion of body tissues results from the combined actions of enzymes and toxins produced by the micro-organisms themselves, and the actions of endogenous cells in response to the infectious process. Despite... | 15566594 | PMC1065065 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:48 | no | Crit Care. 2004 Oct 27; 8(6):R474-R482 |
Introduction
Until recently hyperglycaemia after surgery was considered to be a benign phenomenon. However, in a landmark study, van den Berghe and coworkers [1] showed that treating transient postoperative hyperglycaemia with intensive insulin therapy in a surgical intensive care unit (ICU) dramatically reduces mortal... | 15566589 | PMC1065066 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:48 | no | Crit Care. 2004 Oct 18; 8(6):R437-R442 |
Introduction
Bacterial infection is an important cause of mortality and morbidity in newborns and critically ill paediatric patients [1,2]. The high risks associated with untreated infection and the lack of accurate clinical or laboratory prediction methods result in a low threshold for initiating empirical antibiotic ... | 15566590 | PMC1065067 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:48 | no | Crit Care. 2004 Oct 19; 8(6):R443-R450 |
Introduction
Bacterial meningitis and ventriculitis remain the most frequent complication in neurosurgery. Diagnosis is based almost exclusively on biochemical and bacteriological analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) withdrawn either by puncture in the lumbar space or through an external drain located either in the lu... | 15566596 | PMC1065068 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:48 | no | Crit Care. 2004 Oct 27; 8(6):R491-R494 |
Introduction
Acute lung injury (ALI) of septic and non-septic origin is a frequent cause of mortality in critically ill patients. During ALI, the inflammatory process in the lungs may increase the microvascular pressure and permeability, resulting in an accumulation of extravascular lung water (EVLW) and development of... | 15566591 | PMC1065070 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:48 | no | Crit Care. 2004 Oct 19; 8(6):R451-R458 |
Introduction
Being admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) can be considered a stressful life event, the reason for admission being a critical or even life-threatening condition. The ICU stay itself may also be stressful. Some patients report vivid recollections [1-3] whereas others have a poor or even no recollection... | 15566593 | PMC1065072 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:48 | no | Crit Care. 2004 Oct 28; 8(6):R467-R473 |
Introduction
Neonatal, pediatric, and adult extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), using venoarterial or venovenous modes, have been practised for over 3 decades [1-5]. These modes of ECMO are known to activate the inflammatory cascade [6,7], but the long-term cardiopulmonary outcome (10–15 years follow-up period)... | 15566597 | PMC1065073 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:49 | no | Crit Care. 2004 Oct 28; 8(6):R495-R503 |
Introduction
The majority of mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) require sedation to reduce their anxiety and to increase their tolerance of the tracheal tube and mechanical ventilation. The choice of sedative drugs and the way in which they are administered may have an important impact on... | 15566595 | PMC1065074 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:49 | no | Crit Care. 2004 Oct 22; 8(6):R483-R490 |
Introduction
Morbidity and mortality after surgery for severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) remain considerable, despite the introduction of new strategies to reduce infectious complications [1,2], such as antibiotic prophylaxis, early enteral nutrition [3], and the recognition of complications such as abdominal compartment... | 15566598 | PMC1065077 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:48 | no | Crit Care. 2004 Nov 2; 8(6):R504-R511 |
Introduction
Most paediatric intensive care unit (ICU) patients need sedative and analgesic drugs during mechanical ventilation [1]. Sedatives and analgesics are given to improve comfort, to reduce pain, to facilitate aggressive ICU therapy (i.e. mechanical ventilation or insertion of intravascular lines) and to avoid ... | 15693968 | PMC1065097 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:50 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Nov 10; 9(1):R9-R17 |
Introduction
Ischemia–reperfusion injury in lung tissue is a common problem in medical practice, with sometimes severe consequences such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and a high mortality rate for the patient. Some causes of warm ischemia–reperfusion injury are cardiopulmonary bypass during cardiac surg... | 15693961 | PMC1065100 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:49 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Nov 10; 9(1):R1-R8 |
Introduction
Patients with severe sepsis often manifest symptoms of encephalopathy. Acute alterations in mental status, which occur fairly frequently in septic patients, have been shown to be associated with poor prognosis [1]. However, not much is known about the exact mechanism of brain injury in sepsis. Studies have... | 15693962 | PMC1065104 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:50 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Nov 23; 9(1):R18-R23 |
Introduction
Midazolam is an intravenous sedative that is commonly used during ventilation in critical illness. It is often regarded as the sedative of choice in the intensive care unit (ICU). According to the findings of our recent electronic survey (93% respondents) [1], midazolam is still routinely used in the UK as... | 15693964 | PMC1065106 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:50 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Dec 14; 9(1):R32-R36 |
Introduction
In mechanically ventilated patients the frequency of post-extubation stridor is estimated to range between 4% and 22% [1-3]. Post-extubation stridor is usually due to laryngeal edema or decreased cross-sectional area of trachea, although vocal-cord dysfunction and overdose of sedative drugs may be also the... | 15693963 | PMC1065107 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:50 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Nov 29; 9(1):R24-R31 |
Introduction
Affecting about 700,000 people annually, sepsis accounts for 210,000 deaths each year in the USA, and both of these figures are likely to increase [1,2]. Sepsis is not an homogenous disease; rather, it is a complex clinical syndrome with distinct immunological features [3,4]. The ambiguity of clinical find... | 15693965 | PMC1065109 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:50 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Dec 17; 9(1):R37-R45 |
Introduction
Tracheostomy is among the most frequently performed procedures in critically ill patients, being done in about 24% of patients in medical intensive care units (ICUs) [1]. The most common indication for tracheostomy in the ICU is need for prolonged mechanical ventilation [2,3]. Tracheostomy has several adva... | 15693966 | PMC1065112 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:50 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Dec 23; 9(1):R46-R52 |
Introduction
Nosocomial pneumonia due to multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, such as certain Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii strains, is among the most serious complications that occur in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting. Mortality, morbidity and health care costs are substantially incre... | 15693967 | PMC1065114 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:50 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Jan 6; 9(1):R53-R59 |
Introduction
Many pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria produce type IV pili (Tfp), among them, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Legionella pneumophila, enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, and Vibrio cholerae [1]. Tfp are fimbriate organelles that play a crucial role ... | 15769184 | PMC1065265 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:14 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Apr 22; 3(4):e100 |
Introduction
Latent herpesviruses can persist as episomes in quiescent cells without viral protein expression. However, the gamma-herpesviruses are characteristically latent in memory lymphocytes, which intermittently divide. Viral genomes must therefore be replicated and segregated between daughter cells in step with ... | 15769185 | PMC1065266 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:13 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Apr 22; 3(4):e120 |
Introduction
The identification of tumor-specific molecular markers is a powerful tool in cancer diagnostics, and the targeting of tumor-specific pathways is the best hope for developing nontoxic and efficient anticancer therapies. Targeting of cancer cells relies on the development of molecular beacons, suited for in ... | 15769183 | PMC1065267 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:22 | yes | PLoS Biol. 2005 Apr 22; 3(4):e123 |
From The Worst Case Scenario Survival Handbook—with handy entries like “How to escape from killer bees” and “How to escape from quicksand”—to The Zombie Survival Guide: Complete Protection from the Living Dead, survival guides are one of the latest publishing fads.
If there was a market for it, a survival guide for ba... | 0 | PMC1065268 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:21 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Apr 22; 3(4):e140 |
For most of human history, cancer has been incurable. But with the invention of anesthesia in the mid-19th century, surgeons were able to remove some forms of cancer surgically. Radiotherapy arrived next, soon after the discovery of X rays in 1896. Chemotherapy, now a mainstay of cancer treatment, did not arrive until ... | 0 | PMC1065269 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:13 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Apr 22; 3(4):e147 |
For a virus to survive, it must elude the ever vigilant immune sentinels of its host. A latent virus can escape immune detection if it resides in nondividing cells and doesn't produce any proteins. No viral proteins means no red flags for immune cells. If the virus targets one of the many cell types that rarely divide,... | 0 | PMC1065270 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:21 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Apr 22; 3(4):e149 |
Introduction
Vasospastic symptoms occur in about 30% of patients with primary fibromyalgia (FM) [1]. These patients present with Raynaud's phenomenon and intolerance to cold [2]. Frodin and colleagues, using nailfold capillaroscopy in FM patients, found slight morphological changes, such as moderate enlargement of capi... | 15743467 | PMC1065312 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:35 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Dec 10; 7(2):R209-R216 |
Introduction
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are a distinct population of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) with the capacity for potent antigen-presenting function and production of large amounts of cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IFN-α. Human pDCs can be identified by cell-surface expression ... | 15743469 | PMC1065313 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:34 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Jan 11; 7(2):R230-R240 |
Introduction
Systemic sclerosis (SSc), also known as scleroderma, is a connective tissue disease of unknown aetiology. Possibly an autoimmune disorder, it is accompanied in the vast majority of cases by the presence of antinuclear antibodies [1]. SSc may affect virtually any organ of the body, including skin, gastroint... | 15743465 | PMC1065314 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:35 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Dec 10; 7(2):R189-R195 |
Introduction
The completion of the human and mouse genome sequencing programs and the subsequent annotation of previously unidentified genes have opened a new epoch in biology and biomedical sciences. The genetic information greatly facilitated the discovery of novel disease-related genes and the mapping of signature g... | 15743466 | PMC1065315 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:34 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Dec 14; 7(2):R196-R207 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects multiple joints, and it results in the accumulation of leukocytes within the synovial tissue (ST) and synovial fluid (SF). The inflammatory infiltrate consists predominantly of B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and macrophages in the ST,... | 15743468 | PMC1065316 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:35 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Dec 16; 7(2):R217-R229 |
Introduction
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α has been found to play a central role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which has led to the rational development of novel drug therapies that neutralize the deleterious effects of this cytokine [1,2]. Several studies have shown dramatic therapeutic effects of... | 15743471 | PMC1065317 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:35 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Jan 10; 7(2):R250-R255 |
Introduction
Osteoarthritis is the most common disabling condition of humans in the western world. Although osteoarthritis is mainly a disease and functional loss of the articular cartilage covering the joint surfaces, it is clearly the cells that are the active players during the disease process [1]. Whatever pleomorp... | 15743474 | PMC1065318 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:35 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Jan 11; 7(2):R274-R284 |
Introduction
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) is the most common chronic arthritic condition of childhood, encompassing pauciarticular, polyarticular, and systemic-onset disease subtypes. JRA is typically considered autoimmune in etiology, with characteristic T-cell abnormalities and chronic synovitis. The extent of... | 15743475 | PMC1065319 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:35 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Jan 11; 7(2):R285-R290 |
Introduction
The trafficking and accumulation of immunocompetent cells are essential components in the pathophysiology of the inflammatory processes. A number of recent data suggest that most of these events are regulated by chemokines, a superfamily of 8–10 kDa molecules that has been divided into four branches (C, CC... | 15743470 | PMC1065320 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:35 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Jan 7; 7(2):R241-R249 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common chronic inflammatory and destructive arthropathy that consumes substantial personal, social, and economic costs. The synovial membrane in patients with RA is characterized by hyperplasia, by increased vascularity, and by an infiltration of inflammatory cells, including... | 15743478 | PMC1065321 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:35 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Jan 14; 7(2):R310-R317 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common autoimmune disease in humans, affecting 1% of the population in western countries. Histologically, RA is characterized by hyperplasia and infiltration of the synovial membrane with mononuclear cells, development of an aggressive tissue called pannus and secretio... | 15743476 | PMC1065322 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:34 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Jan 11; 7(2):R291-R301 |
Introduction
Migration and accumulation of memory T cells in the synovium is a critical step in the pathogenesis of chronic arthritides [1-3]. Chemokines are a large family of small secreted proteins (8–15 kDa) that control lymphocyte trafficking in physiological and pathological processes. The evaluation of type and d... | 15743472 | PMC1065323 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:35 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Jan 12; 7(2):R256-R267 |
Introduction
Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is characterized by diffuse chronic inflammation of exocrine glands, which leads to symptoms and complaints referred to as 'sicca syndrome' [1]. No single instrumental or laboratory parameter is available for the diagnosis of SS, which relies instead on the evaluation of multiple cl... | 15743482 | PMC1065324 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:35 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Jan 17; 7(2):R343-R348 |
Introduction
Thrombin is a multifunctional protease that can activate hemostasis and coagulation through the cleavage of fibrinogen to form fibrin clots. Increasing fibrin deposition is a predominant feature of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in synovial tissue, which contributes to chronic inflammation and progressive tissu... | 15743473 | PMC1065325 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:35 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Jan 11; 7(2):R268-R273 |
Introduction
Although randomized clinical trials have confirmed the advantage of cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors over traditional nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with respect to gastrotoxicity [1-8], a large number of spontaneous reports have incriminated COX-2 inhibitors [9]. Numerous edi... | 15743481 | PMC1065326 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:35 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Jan 17; 7(2):R333-R342 |
Introduction
Cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis constitutes a major structural change in the joint, which may severely impair its function and cause pain and disability. This degradation is accompanied by the release in the synovial fluid of degraded matrix constituents that primarily... | 15743480 | PMC1065327 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:35 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Jan 17; 7(2):R324-R332 |
Introduction
Patients suffering from autoimmune diseases are characterized by the presence of autoantibodies directed to a wide range of autoantigens. Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) is a relatively rare systemic autoimmune disease and includes a group of patients with overlapping clinical symptoms of systemic l... | 15743477 | PMC1065328 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:35 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Jan 11; 7(2):R302-R309 |
Introduction
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the leading cause of chronic disability in developed countries, symptomatically affecting about 14% of the adult population in the United States alone. Among the signs of early OA are collagen disorganization, an increase in water content, a decrease in superficial proteoglycan, and ... | 15743479 | PMC1065329 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:35 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Jan 17; 7(2):R318-R323 |
Introduction
Zymosan, a polysaccharide from the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is composed primarily of glucan and mannan residues [1]. In vitro, it has served as a model for the study of innate immune responses, because it is capable of stimulating inflammatory cytokine production [2] and can activate compleme... | 15743485 | PMC1065330 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:35 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Jan 21; 7(2):R370-R379 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory joint disease characterized by hyperplasia of synovial tissue and pannus formation growing invasively into the cartilage, followed by cartilage and bone destruction. Analyses of hyperplastic synovial tissues of patients with RA reveal features of transformed lon... | 15743483 | PMC1065333 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:34 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Jan 21; 7(2):R349-R358 |
Introduction
Articular cartilage matrix undergoes substantial structural, molecular, and mechanical changes with ageing, including surface fibrillation, alteration in proteoglycan structure and composition, increased collagen cross-linking, and decreased tensile strength and stiffness [1,2]. Deterioration in chondrocyt... | 15743486 | PMC1065334 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:35 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Jan 26; 7(2):R380-R391 |
Introduction
The adaptive immune system uses various potent effector mechanisms for the elimination of foreign pathogens. Because these mechanisms are potentially damaging to the host, an essential feature of the immune system is its ability to distinguish self from non-self antigens and to develop tolerance to the for... | 15743488 | PMC1065335 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:35 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Jan 28; 7(2):R402-R415 |
Introduction
Whereas classical analysis of synovial tissue in chronic inflammatory arthritis suggested that synovitis is a nonspecific phenomenon, a number of studies using new molecular tools and synovial biopsies obtained during active disease indicated clear histopathological differences between spondyloarthropathy ... | 15743484 | PMC1065336 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:35 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Jan 21; 7(2):R359-R369 |
Introduction
One of the main pathological features of rheumatoid arthritis is marked destruction of cartilage [1]. This destruction starts with reversible proteoglycan depletion, which is followed by irreversible cartilage degradation defined as chondrocyte death and breakdown of collagen type II, eventually leading to... | 15743487 | PMC1065337 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:35 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Jan 26; 7(2):R392-R401 |
As a species, we pride ourselves on the uniqueness of our brain. Relative to our body size, the human brain is bigger than that of any other animal. It may also contain unique structures and patterns of organisation that presumably underlie our intelligence and ability to manipulate our environment. But how did our uni... | 15760271 | PMC1065704 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:21 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Mar 15; 3(3):e50 |
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