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Introduction
Recent concerns about bioterrorism and emerging diseases have led to a new focus on the development of vaccines and drugs targeting infectious pathogens. An important component of vaccine development is the characterization of immune responses (to vaccination, for example, or following infection in experim... | 15760272 | PMC1065705 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:21 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Mar 15; 3(3):e91 |
All organisms have mechanisms to ensure that dividing cells produce new cells with the proper number of chromosomes. The dividing cell closely monitors that chromosomes are copied exactly once and then distributed correctly to daughter cells. After replication, the chromosomes (now comprising two chromatids) align at t... | 15760273 | PMC1065706 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:13 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Mar 15; 3(3):e94 |
Imagine this scenario. You're the director of one of the world's largest medical research charities, and you receive notification from one of your funded investigators in Africa reporting some exciting progress toward the development of a vaccine for malaria. The work has just been published, so you log onto the Web to... | 15760274 | PMC1065707 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:21 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Mar 15; 3(3):e97 |
Since their discovery in the 1970s and 1980s, giant tubeworms at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps have fascinated biologists and laymen alike—not only for their alien morphology (Figure 1), but also for epitomizing the perfect animal–microbe symbiosis. They are among the biggest worms on this planet—some over 3 m long... | 15760275 | PMC1065708 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:13 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Mar 15; 3(3):e102 |
The Fourth International Conference on Neuroesthetics was not a large event, but it was an unusual one. Held on a single day in the basement auditorium of the Berkeley Art Museum at the University of California at Berkeley, it brought together a typically motley collection of intellectuals who would willingly give over... | 15760276 | PMC1065709 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:20 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Mar 15; 3(3):e105 |
10.1371/journal.pbio.0020356
In PLoS Biology, volume 2, issue 11.
Figure 3C should have appeared as shown below. The GFP-AD-Cterm (3x Thr) and GFP-AD-Cterm (3x Asp) constructs are slightly less soluble than their headless counterparts. This may be due to the fact that they are somewhat more prone to aggregation over... | 0 | PMC1065718 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:21 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Mar 15; 3(3):e119 |
Introduction
Molecular switches have been implicated in many types of cell-biological processes including the storage of decisions about cell fate [1], genetic control [2], and memory storage in the brain [3]. The mechanisms of such switches generally depend on some kind of autocatalytic process. If a switch is compose... | 15819604 | PMC1069645 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:14 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Apr 29; 3(4):e107 |
Introduction
Over 1 billion people in more than 90 countries are at risk from filarial nematode infections, and 150 million people are infected. The parasitic nematodes are insect-borne and are responsible for lymphatic or cutaneous filariasis, leading to medical conditions including elephantiasis or onchocerciasis (Af... | 15780005 | PMC1069646 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:14 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Apr 29; 3(4):e121 |
We all know that our memories are stored somehow in our brains. But exactly how do we remember the way to our office or what our mother looks like or the date we got married? Scientists attribute our ability to store apparently infinite numbers of memories for decades to long-lasting changes in the electrical, structur... | 0 | PMC1069647 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:22 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Apr 29; 3(4):e124 |
“Great fleas have little fleas upon their backs, to bite 'em. And little fleas have lesser fleas and so on, ad infinitum.”—Augustus DeMorgan, based on a Jonathan Swift poem
More than a billion people are at risk for infection with filarial nematodes, parasites that cause elephantiasis, African river blindness, and ot... | 0 | PMC1069648 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:21 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Apr 29; 3(4):e148 |
Introduction
The acquisition of complex motor sequences, such as swinging a golf club or playing the piano, can be thought of as reinforcement learning. This learning process requires the exploration of a range of motor actions and the concomitant evaluation of the resulting performance, reinforcing motor programs that... | 15826219 | PMC1069649 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:21 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 May 29; 3(5):e153 |
From the “ecstatic sound” of Thomas Hardy's thrush to the “full-throated ease” of Keats's nightingale, the dulcet tones of songbirds have long inspired poetic explorations of the human spirit. Scientists have more recently found inspiration in songbirds, but it is their behavior and not their song that tickles the scie... | 0 | PMC1069650 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:21 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 May 29; 3(5):e162 |
Background
It is an ongoing challenge to share health information with resource-poor communities that is locally relevant and owned by the communities themselves. Too often, new information brought to these settings is seen as coming from “outside” and therefore as having little local relevance. People may look with su... | 15783250 | PMC1069657 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:33 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Mar 29; 2(3):e46 |
Preparing for Death
How does one prepare for death? Those who have created a public persona must add to any spiritual ponderings about eternity the mundane chore of organizing their literary archives to protect any of life's secrets that seem worth the effort. That task involves choosing what diaries, letters, drafts, ... | 15783251 | PMC1069658 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Mar 29; 2(3):e60 |
Epidemics of overt toxicity following widespread environmental contamination from commercial toxins heralded the discovery of children's enhanced vulnerability to lead, methyl mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and tobacco [1,2,3,4,5] (Box 1). Over the past three decades, researchers have found that remarkably ... | 15783252 | PMC1069659 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:36 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Mar 29; 2(3):e61 |
In Stockton, California, a city of 269,000 people nestled in California's largest agricultural valley, residents are reported to speak 100 different languages. Acculturation is difficult in the best of circumstances, but what happens when those people with limited or no proficiency in English have a medical problem? Ma... | 15783253 | PMC1069660 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Mar 29; 2(3):e62 |
PRESENTATION of CASE
A 54-y-old white male presented to the hospital during the winter of 2002 with complaints of fever, shortness of breath, and left-sided pleuritic chest pain of 2 d duration. He was a nonsmoker without any significant family history of pulmonary disease. He was retired, and denied any past exposure ... | 15783254 | PMC1069661 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Mar 29; 2(3):e63 |
Introduction
This article is an invitation to doctors around the world to participate in the CRASH-2 trial (Clinical Randomisation of an Antifibrinolytic in Significant Haemorrhage), a large, multi-centre, randomised controlled trial of a simple and widely practicable treatment for traumatic hemorrhage. The rationale f... | 15783255 | PMC1069662 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Mar 29; 2(3):e64 |
Introduction
In 1962, Norman Stoll, the distinguished Rockefeller Institute scientist who helped to establish human parasitology research in North America, described the unique health impact of hookworm as follows [1]:
As it was when I first saw it, so it is now, one of the most evil of infections. Not with dramatic pa... | 15783256 | PMC1069663 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:43 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Mar 29; 2(3):e67 |
Health Benefits of Physical Activity
Regular physical activity has been recognized to confer health benefits since antiquity [1]. However, for most of humankind, voluntary discretion over whether or not to exercise is a recent phenomenon limited to advanced industrialized societies.
A large body of epidemiological lit... | 15783257 | PMC1069664 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Mar 29; 2(3):e68 |
Introduction
Cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions play essential roles in tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. Integrins are one of the main classes of receptors involved in these processes. In addition to having adhesive functions, integrins transduce messages via various signaling pathways and influence proliferation... | 15783258 | PMC1069665 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:39 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Mar 29; 2(3):e70 |
Andreas Stang, Hans-Werner Hense, and Karl-Heinz Jöckel's Viewpoint: It Is Unethical When a Beneficial Standard Treatment Exists
A better understanding of the aetiology and pathological mechanisms of diseases often results in new ideas for their treatment. It is then necessary to put these ideas to a formal empirical t... | 15783259 | PMC1069666 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Mar 29; 2(3):e72 |
Introduction
Numerous genetic and environmental factors have been associated with uric acid [1], and serum uric acid values are markedly elevated in patients with gout (Table 1). Since at least fifty years ago, modestly higher serum uric acid concentrations have been reported in patients with coronary heart disease (CH... | 15783260 | PMC1069667 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:37 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Mar 29; 2(3):e76 |
Stuge et al. report a detailed analysis of the fine specificity of CD8+ T cells against tumor-associated antigen in melanoma patients [1]. They compared peptide-vaccination-driven with naturally arising T cell responses against the HLA-A*0201 restricted melanoma peptide antigens M26 (derived from Melan-A/MART-1) and G2... | 15783261 | PMC1069668 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:39 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Mar 29; 2(3):e77 |
Introduction
The central role of T cells in the pathogenesis of allergic disease is well established [1]. Through production of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13, allergen-specific T helper (Th) 2 cells direct IgE synthesis, eosinophil growth/differentiation, and induction of airway hyperreactivity [2,3].Until recent... | 15783262 | PMC1069669 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Mar 29; 2(3):e78 |
After reading the excellent research article by Pedrini et al. [1] and the associated synopsis [2], one may conclude that the only pathway of statins' effect on Alzheimer disease (AD) is the regulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing and amyloid-ß protein (Aß) generation. The moderation is provided in the... | 15783263 | PMC1069670 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Mar 29; 2(3):e81 |
Gatz's statement, “At least half of the explanation for individual differences in susceptibility to Alzheimer disease is genetic” [1], is, in my opinion, incorrect. As the one who led the team debating Ashford and Mortimer, whose 2002 article [2] supports this statement, at the 2001 conference on Alzheimer disease (AD)... | 15783264 | PMC1069671 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Mar 29; 2(3):e82 |
Erick H. Turner [1] notes that “ClinicalTrials.gov, a registry authorized by the Food and Drug Modernization Act of 1997, appears not to be comprehensive.” While we await the creation of clinical trials registry and results databases that are truly comprehensive, innovative efforts to provide convenient access to credi... | 15783265 | PMC1069672 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Mar 29; 2(3):e83 |
In “The Commercialisation of Medical and Scientific Reporting” [1], Caulfield calls on journalists to ask researchers about the nature of their funding and the financial relationship of the researchers to the sponsor. This is just one principle addressed in a much broader “Statement of Principles” I wrote this past yea... | 15783266 | PMC1069673 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:43 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Mar 29; 2(3):e84 |
We appreciate the note from Drs. Koudinov and Berezov [1]. In our opinion, no model has yet been presented that plausibly accounts for all the data on statins, cholesterol, amyloid-ß protein (Aß), and Alzheimer disease. In our paper [2], we present evidence that the isoprenoid pathway contributes to statin-activated sh... | 0 | PMC1069674 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Mar 29; 2(3):e85 |
Grant [1] describes as incorrect the statement that at least half of the explanation for individual differences in risk for Alzheimer disease is genetic. He suggests instead that dietary and lifestyle factors explain the majority of individual susceptibility to Alzheimer disease.
The basis for asserting a 50% or great... | 0 | PMC1069675 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Mar 29; 2(3):e86 |
PLoS Medicine was launched at a time of unprecedented concern about the influence of hidden competing interests on the medical literature. As a new journal, we had the opportunity to help create “the fully transparent world that is desirable” [1]. What are we doing to promote transparency, and is our strategy going far... | 15783268 | PMC1069676 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:39:39 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Mar 29; 2(3):e88 |
What is the level of medical evidence that should be used to inform medical practice? At the bottom of the hierarchy of evidence are anecdotes, expert opinion, case reports, and case series, and at the top is the systematic review of published (and sometimes unpublished) evidence. By necessity, systematic reviews come ... | 0 | PMC1069677 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:39:42 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Mar 29; 2(3):e90 |
What holds cells together or connects them with the extracellular matrix—and what happens when these interactions break down—is one of the keys to determining how tumors metastasize. One group of compounds—integrins—are a central part of these interactions. Not only do integrins play a part in cell–cell and cell–matrix... | 0 | PMC1069678 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:39:42 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Mar 29; 2(3):e91 |
The prevalence of asthma and allergy has risen in all industrialized countries during recent decades, and there is much debate about exposure to pets in early life and later development of asthma and allergy. Some studies have suggested that keeping pets actually protects against later allergy—i.e., that early exposure... | 0 | PMC1069679 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:39:39 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Mar 29; 2(3):e94 |
Drs. Speiser, Cerottini, and Romero [1] correctly point out that CD8+ T cells from HLA-A*0201 melanoma patients and healthy donors may contain small populations (on average, 0.07% ± 0.05% in their publications [2,3]) that bind tetramers made with the heteroclitic Melan-A M26 peptide, and that such cells express a naïve... | 0 | PMC1069680 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:44 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Mar 29; 2(3):e95 |
Introduction
In both rodents and humans, the liver is the largest solid organ, and performs critical immunological and metabolic functions. The liver receives nutrient-rich blood from the gut via the portal vein and oxygenated blood from the hepatic artery. It processes blood to remove toxins, synthesizes the majority ... | 15799695 | PMC1073691 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:22 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Apr 5; 3(4):e113 |
Introduction
Many current drugs were originally discovered through observation of unexpected biological activities (e.g., penicillin, benzodiazepines, sildenafil [Viagra]). Broad screens for biological function have the advantage of identifying the best “lock” for each new “key” produced by chemical variation. In contr... | 15799708 | PMC1073692 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:21 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 May 5; 3(5):e128 |
Introduction
The complexity and coordination of cellular functions are remarkable in view of the disparate histories of the genes that make up contemporary genomes. In eukaryotes, new genes arise primarily through the duplication of existing genes [1,2,3,4], while some ancestral genes are inactivated or eliminated over... | 15799709 | PMC1073693 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:22 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 May 5; 3(5):e130 |
Introduction
The universal tree of life spans a diverse set of species with distinct phenotypic characteristics, here referred to as traits. These include specialized lifestyles (e.g., parasitism), usage of different energy sources (e.g., sunlight), and morphological properties (e.g., motility). Identification of genot... | 15799710 | PMC1073694 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:14 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 May 5; 3(5):e134 |
Introduction
Understanding the mechanisms that underlie phenotypic variation within species is crucial to addressing fundamental issues in medicine, agriculture, and evolutionary biology [1]. Identifying genes that contribute to variation in traits affected by multiple genetic and environmental factors has proven extre... | 15799711 | PMC1073695 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:14 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 May 5; 3(5):e135 |
Born on July 5, 1904, in Kempten in southern Germany, Ernst Mayr passed away peacefully at the Methuselah-like age of 100 on February 3, 2005, in Bedford near Cambridge, Massachusetts. Mayr was, by the accounts of his Harvard colleagues the late Stephen Jay Gould and Edward O. Wilson, not only the greatest evolutionary... | 0 | PMC1073696 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:21 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 May 5; 3(5):e152 |
Protecting the liver from infection presents the immune system with a tough challenge. Because it is the first stop for food absorbed from the gut, the liver is constantly bathed in a rich broth of mostly harmless foreign molecules, which need to be immunologically tolerated. On the other hand, the slow rate of blood f... | 0 | PMC1073697 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:21 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Apr 5; 3(4):e154 |
The presence of a small number of discrete forms—as you find in a classic Mendelian trait like eye color—suggests that the phenotype is controlled by a very small number of genes. In contrast, a complex trait such as body size is influenced by multiple genes as well as environmental factors, giving rise to a continuous... | 0 | PMC1073698 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:21 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 May 5; 3(5):e163 |
The birth of combinatorial chemistry in the early 1990s held out the promise that scientists would soon synthesize trillions of compounds at a time and screen up to a million a day, revolutionizing the process of drug discovery. But synthesizing a vast library of compounds is just the first step in the historically pai... | 0 | PMC1073699 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:21 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 May 5; 3(5):e165 |
With exponential advances in computing power over the past ten years, data-generating capacity has far outpaced anyone's ability to mine the rich seams of information. This is especially true in the field of genomics. So far, over 222 prokaryote (bacteria) genomes have been sequenced, 21 archaea (primitive bacteria-lik... | 0 | PMC1073700 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:22 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 May 5; 3(5):e166 |
An important source of genetic novelty is the introduction of new genes. Since most genes in an organism's genome are under selective constraint, opportunities for the evolution of new gene functions—which in turn might confer selective advantage—most often arise when new genes enter the genome. In eukaryotes—a categor... | 0 | PMC1073701 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:14 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 May 5; 3(5):e169 |
Background
HIV/AIDS continues to be a major public health problem worldwide with millions of people currently infected and new infections being on the rise. As no effective vaccines are currently available for prevention, new and innovative therapies need to be developed. Although combinatorial therapies such as HAART ... | 15813990 | PMC1074340 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:33 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2005 Jan 13; 2:1 |
" The open society, the unrestricted access to knowledge, the unplanned and uninhibited association of men for its furtherance – these are what may make a vast, complex, ever growing, ever changing, ever more specialized and expert technological world, nevertheless a world of human community."
Julius Robert Oppenheime... | 15813984 | PMC1074341 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:33 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2004 Dec 14; 1:1 |
Background
Human T lymphocytes and macrophages are the major host cells for HIV-1 replication. The initial infection is established by macrophage tropic viruses (R5) that use the chemokine receptor CCR5 and CD4 to gain entry into a susceptible host cell. During the later stages of the disease, T-cell tropic viruses (X4... | 15813986 | PMC1074342 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:33 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2004 Dec 17; 1:2 |
Introduction
Based on visual observation, the ancients characterised inflammation by five cardinal signs, namely redness (rubor), swelling (tumour), heat (calor; only applicable to the body' extremities), pain (dolor) and loss of function (functio laesa). The first four of these signs were named by Celsus in ancient Ro... | 15813979 | PMC1074343 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:19 | no | J Inflamm (Lond). 2004 Sep 27; 1:1 |
Background
Ischemia reperfusion injury is a widespread phenomenon that affects all muscle tissues [1,2]. It is a significant cause of morbidity following injury especially to limb blood vessels with resultant muscle necrosis, fibrosis and joint contracture (Volkmann's contracture). Of the muscle involved some are slow-... | 15813978 | PMC1074344 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:19 | no | J Inflamm (Lond). 2004 Sep 27; 1:2 |
Review
Tumour and Inflammation
Tumour has been linked with inflammation since 1863, when Rudolf Virchow discovered leucocytes in neoplastic tissues and made the first connection between inflammation and cancer [1]. Since then, chronic inflammation has been identified as a risk factor for cancer and even as a means to p... | 15813980 | PMC1074345 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:19 | no | J Inflamm (Lond). 2004 Sep 30; 1:3 |
Background
RNA interference (RNAi) is an evolutionary conserved sequence-specific RNA silencing mechanism found as an anti-viral response in invertebrates, plants and mammalian cells [1]. Although the mechanism of silencing is not completely understood, the basic premise of RNAi rests on the ability of double stranded ... | 15813981 | PMC1074346 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:19 | no | J Inflamm (Lond). 2004 Oct 1; 1:4 |
Background
Aromatherapy is a folk medicine using essential oils. Recently the clinical use of essential oils has expanded worldwide to include therapy against various kinds of inflammatory diseases, such as allergy, rheumatism and arthritis. These activities have mainly been recognized through clinical experience, espe... | 15813994 | PMC1074347 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:23 | no | J Inflamm (Lond). 2005 Feb 10; 2:1 |
Editorial
Particle and Fibre Toxicology is a new Open Access, peer-reviewed, online journal published by BioMed Central, which will publish articles pertaining to all aspects of the toxicological effects of particles and fibres. Particles and fibres are toxicologically important in many scenarios. There is exposure, le... | 15813982 | PMC1074348 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:26 | no | Part Fibre Toxicol. 2004 Dec 3; 1:1 |
Background
Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the ambient air increases daily deaths [1] and hospitalization for cardiovascular diseases [2] in the U.S. and throughout the world [3] with most effects within one day after exposure. It is estimated that 800,000 excess deaths worldwide each year may be attribu... | 15813985 | PMC1074349 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:26 | no | Part Fibre Toxicol. 2004 Dec 9; 1:2 |
Background
In addition to sino-nasal cancer [1], exposure to wood dust has been shown to be associated with a wide variety of acute and chronic non-malignant respiratory health effects as well as eye irritation and dermatitis [2,3]. However, the underlying mechanisms involved are not well understood and subject of cont... | 15813983 | PMC1074350 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:26 | no | Part Fibre Toxicol. 2004 Dec 13; 1:3 |
The word pain is thought to derive from the Latin word poena, meaning punishment. An emotional reaction to a punishment might have been what Aristotle experienced, as he defined pain as an emotional event. René Descartes, the seventeenth-century philosopher and scientist, pictured a pain pathway consisting of a thread ... | 15813987 | PMC1074351 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:07 | no | Mol Pain. 2005 Jan 14; 1:1 |
Background
General anesthesia consists of five distinct components: analgesia, amnesia, unconsciousness, immobility, and blunted autonomic responsiveness [1,2]. While the spinal cord is considered to be the anatomic substrate for anesthetic-induced immobility in response to noxious stimulation [3,4], the anatomic found... | 15813991 | PMC1074352 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:07 | no | Mol Pain. 2005 Jan 14; 1:2 |
Background
Tissue damage and inflammation produce an array of chemical mediators such as ATP, bradykinin, prostanoids, protons, cytokines and peptides including substance P that can excite or sensitize nociceptors to elicit pain at the site of injury. Among them prostanoids were shown to influence inflammation, and the... | 15813989 | PMC1074353 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:08 | no | Mol Pain. 2005 Jan 17; 1:3 |
Background
Spinal cord dorsal horn, the first central site for sensory processing, is divided into structurally and functionally distinct lamina regions [1]. Lamina I, or marginal zone of the spinal cord dorsal horn, is a critical region in nociceptive transmission. Different from other lamina regions, many lamina I ne... | 15813988 | PMC1074354 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:07 | no | Mol Pain. 2005 Jan 17; 1:4 |
Glutamate is the major excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter that plays an important role in many physiological functions. Maintaining a physiological range of extracellular glutamate concentration is key to preventing glutamate over-excitation and neurotoxicity that could occur under a variety of pathological conditi... | 15813992 | PMC1074355 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:08 | no | Mol Pain. 2005 Feb 9; 1:5 |
Background
Pain in humans is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage [1]. The pain experience contains at least two major components: the first is the encoding and perception of sensory noxious stimulus (e.g., pain intensity)... | 15813993 | PMC1074356 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:07 | no | Mol Pain. 2005 Feb 9; 1:6 |
Background
Opioid analgesics, such as morphine, currently are the most effective and frequently used pain reliever for moderate to severe pain. However, long-term administration of opioids can alter the central pain-related systems and results in opioid tolerance (decreased analgesic effect of opioids) and opioid depen... | 15813995 | PMC1074357 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:07 | no | Mol Pain. 2005 Feb 9; 1:7 |
Mechanosensation plays a pivotal role in many aspects of pain pathology, yet the mammalian molecular transduction apparatus responsible for this sensory modality remains unknown. In January's edition of Nature Neuroscience, O'Hagan, Chalfie and Goodman [1] have provided direct electrophysiological evidence that somatic... | 15813996 | PMC1074358 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:07 | no | Mol Pain. 2005 Feb 15; 1:8 |
Introduction
Ongoing spontaneous activity is present throughout the nervous system [1], but its function remains enigmatic. In the embryo, spontaneous movements [2] and waves of endogenous retinal activity [3,4] are thought to play an important role in the epigenesis of neural networks through selective synapse stabili... | 15819609 | PMC1074751 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:22 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 May 12; 3(5):e141 |
Have you ever walked smack into a parking meter or tripped over something on the sidewalk? Embarrassing as such incidents may be, they're the product of normal brain function. The brain is continuously bombarded with sensory information about the environment but perceives just a fraction of these inputs. The rest—perti... | 0 | PMC1074752 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:14 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 May 12; 3(5):e179 |
Harrowing tales of starvation and endurance epitomize Antarctica's “heroic age,” when men equipped with little more than fortitude struggled against a landscape seemingly designed to thwart their intentions. A menacing sea ice figures prominently in these improbable survival stories. Daunting to early-20th-century expl... | 15819605 | PMC1074811 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:21 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Apr 12; 3(4):e127 |
The launch of PLoS Biology—only 18 months ago—was just a first step for the Public Library of Science. Our initial goal was to create a flagship journal for the broader PLoS mission by providing an open-access alternative to the best subscription journals in the life sciences, and to put open access firmly on the map.
... | 15819606 | PMC1074812 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:22 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Apr 12; 3(4):e129 |
“Alchemy: a process of transforming something common into something special”—Webster's Dictionary
A growing number of studies are reporting the isolation of cardiac stem cells from a variety of tissue sources and examining their effects on promoting the repair of the injured heart. In the current issue of PLoS Bio... | 15819607 | PMC1074813 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:25 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Apr 12; 3(4):e131 |
On the basis of his retrospective at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, it is evident that Roy Lichtenstein forged a narrow trajectory through the thickets of contemporary art. Unlike some of his protean fellow artists, such as David Hockney or Frank Stella, he found his style early in his career and followed its ... | 0 | PMC1074814 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:14 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Apr 12; 3(4):e136 |
Jakob von Uexküll coined the term Umwelt to describe the subjective world of animals. The world that animals perceive is not an objective, veridical representation of the physical world, he argued, but is instead a product of the particular sense organs that each species has acquired in its evolutionary history [1]. Ma... | 15819608 | PMC1074815 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:21 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Apr 12; 3(4):e137 |
Introduction
When compared against an adult standard, infant sleep is composed of a reduced set of components. Perhaps the most notable difference between the sleep of infants and adults is the absence of clearly differentiated and sleep-related neocortical electroencephalographic (EEG) activity [1,2,3]. Nonetheless, s... | 15826218 | PMC1079781 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:21 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 May 19; 3(5):e143 |
Introduction
Prochlorococcus is the numerically dominant primary producer in the temperate and tropical surface oceans [1]. These cyanobacteria are the smallest known photosynthetic organisms (less than a micron in diameter), yet are significant contributors to global photosynthesis [2,3] because they occur in high ab... | 15828858 | PMC1079782 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:14 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 May 19; 3(5):e144 |
Introduction
Alternative pre-mRNA splicing is a major determinant of the protein functional diversity underlying human physiology, development, and behavior [1]. This process combines exonic sequences in various arrangements to generate two or more mRNA transcripts from a single gene. Splicing patterns are inherently f... | 15828859 | PMC1079783 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:22 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 May 19; 3(5):e158 |
Sleep is absolutely essential for well-being. Just ask one of the 40 million Americans with sleep disorders who suffer crippling fatigue, impaired judgment, irritability, moodiness, and myriad health problems. Still, its precise function remains unclear. An intriguing role for REM sleep—the stage most closely associate... | 0 | PMC1079784 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:26 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 May 19; 3(5):e168 |
Our cells make many more kinds of proteins than can be accounted for by the relatively modest number of genes in our genome. The key to this protein-coding bounty is alternative splicing, in which one or more transcribed exons—nucleotide sequences that code for a specific segment of the protein—are excluded from the fi... | 0 | PMC1079785 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:22 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 May 19; 3(5):e173 |
Cyanobacteria have a long and checkered past. When their ancestors first appeared some 3 billion years ago, earth's atmosphere likely contained mostly carbon dioxide, along with hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, nitrogen, and water vapor. Thought to be the first photosynthesizers, cyanobacteria forebears used water from their... | 0 | PMC1079786 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:22 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 May 19; 3(5):e184 |
Introduction
The addition of a tract of poly(A) to the 3′ ends of most eukaryotic messenger RNA precursors (pre-mRNAs) is an important step in their processing. Poly(A) tails have multiple functions: they facilitate the export of mRNAs from the nucleus, increase the efficiency of translation initiation, and stabilize t... | 15828860 | PMC1079787 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:21 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun 19; 3(6):e189 |
The path from DNA to RNA to protein sounds straightforward enough, but few processes in the life of a cell could be called simple. Gene expression is a complex, highly regulated affair that involves the activity of discrete teams of molecular manipulators at key steps in the protein production pathway. As soon as trans... | 0 | PMC1079788 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:22 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun 19; 3(6):e191 |
Background
As health care costs rise around the world, and the quest for value for money increases, the role of health services research becomes more and more crucial [1-3]. Health services research is a multidisciplinary field of scientific inquiry into questions about the appropriateness, equity, effectiveness and ef... | 15755322 | PMC1079789 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:28 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2005 Mar 8; 2:4 |
Background
The last decade has witnessed a revolution in payment arrangements for public hospitals in Australia. Victoria was the first state to introduce casemix using diagnosis related groups (DRGs) as the basis of paying for inpatient care in public hospitals in 1993. Within 3 years, all other states except New Sout... | 15801982 | PMC1079790 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:28 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2005 Mar 31; 2:6 |
Background
The National Library of Medicine (NLM) created PubMed, which is one of the largest literature databases in biomedicine. The database contains nearly 15 million references from more than 4,800 biomedical journals. In general, authors of scientific articles are addressed by their last name and forename initial... | 15784146 | PMC1079791 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:25 | no | Biomed Digit Libr. 2005 Mar 22; 2:1 |
Introduction
Within one month Google announced two projects that will have profound implications for the future of librarianship.
First up in November 2004 was Google Scholar [1]. Currently in beta, Scholar aims to provide access to scholarly materials via the crisp and familiar Google search box. The results pages di... | 15784147 | PMC1079792 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:25 | no | Biomed Digit Libr. 2005 Mar 22; 2:2 |
Background
Over the last three decades, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) had caused major problems in hospitals throughout the world[1]. The first outbreak caused by MRSA occurred in European hospitals in the early 1960's[2]. During the late 1970's, strains of S. aureus resistant to multiple antibioti... | 15762997 | PMC1079793 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:46 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2005 Mar 11; 5:6 |
After publication of this article [1], it was learned that there was an inadvertent omission of the following statement acknowledging the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine funding, which supported Eric Manheimer's work on this article:
Eric Manheimer was funded by Grant Number R24 AT001293 fro... | 0 | PMC1079794 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:46 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2005 Mar 21; 5:7 |
Background
Questions about the infection control practices of anaesthesiologists are as old as our specialty and raised as early as 1873 by Skinner [1]. To control infectious complications associated with regional anaesthesia, current recommendations are based on national organizations. Although several risk factors ha... | 15774007 | PMC1079795 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:05 | no | BMC Anesthesiol. 2005 Mar 17; 5:1 |
Background
Phosphorylation emerged as a major post-translational mechanism that is well suited for effecting a rapid change in the activity of a transcription factor in response to an extracellular signal [1,2]. During periods of physical or chemical stress, transcription of genes encoding cytoprotective heat shock or ... | 15760475 | PMC1079796 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:49 | no | BMC Biochem. 2005 Mar 11; 6:4 |
Background
Fatty acid composition of cell membrane is an important determinant of cell function [1]. Manipulation of cellular fatty acid composition has been a widely used approach to modulating the biological responsiveness of different cell types. Recently, fatty acid profile, particularly the ratio of omega-6 (n-6) ... | 15790399 | PMC1079797 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:49 | no | BMC Biochem. 2005 Mar 24; 6:5 |
Background
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an autosomal dominantly inherited disease and is caused by germline mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli gene (APC) in chromosome 5q21 [1]. Somatic mutations of the APC gene occur in about 80% of sporadic colorectal cancers. APC encodes for a multimodal protein ... | 15740631 | PMC1079798 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:04 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Mar 2; 5:24 |
Background
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT signalling pathway is involved in the regulation of diverse cellular processes, including cell growth, survival and motility. Abnormal activation of this pathway is frequently observed in various cancer types, leading to aberrant cell cycle progression, altered ad... | 15784156 | PMC1079799 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:04 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Mar 23; 5:29 |
Background
Breast cancer is a very frequent malignancy among elderly patients. Its incidence increases with age, up to 80 years of age [1]. Furthermore, there are convincing data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result (SEER) Program [2] showing that the proportion of elderly patients with breast cancer has... | 15790416 | PMC1079800 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:04 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Mar 24; 5:30 |
Background
Intraperitoneal (IP) administration of antineoplastic agents has been studied in many investigative trials and has been used in clinical practice for more than 40 years [1]. Serosal invasion occurring in spite of curative resection is an unfavourable prognostic factor in gastrointestinal malignancies [2]. IP... | 15801977 | PMC1079801 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:04 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Mar 31; 5:31 |
Background
Many developing tissues are comprised of morphologically indistinguishable cells. However, these cells are often heterogeneous with respect to gene and protein expression, as well as developmental potential. Differences that develop from initially clonal cancer cell populations underlie the emergence of cell... | 15784137 | PMC1079802 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:10 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 Mar 22; 6:14 |
Background
The rab/Ypt proteins represent a large family of small GTPases involved in several transport steps of the cellular trafficking pathway. At present 11 members have been identified in yeast and more than 60 human rab proteins are supposed [1,2]. Small GTPases are known to function as molecular switches and can... | 15796781 | PMC1079803 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:10 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 Mar 29; 6:15 |
Background
In a living eukaryotic cell, the nuclear envelope is a critical barrier between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, which prevents macromolecules from freely exchanging between the two compartments. The eukaryotic cells have developed multiple pathways designed to transport various types of macromolecules through... | 15790397 | PMC1079804 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:17 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2005 Mar 24; 5:7 |
Background
Acne vulgaris is a common, chronic inflammatory disease of pilosebaceous follicles. Several factors have been suggested to influence acne including diet, menstruation, sweating, UV radiation, stress, and occupation [1]. Although some studies have shown that cigarette smoking aggravate acne [2,3], others did ... | 15790395 | PMC1079805 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:46 | no | BMC Dermatol. 2005 Mar 24; 5:2 |
Background
There is growing evidence that long term exposure to the types of unfavorable working conditions that have been observed among some VDTs users might have serious health consequences [1].
Dermatological manifestations, especially on the face are one of these health outcomes [2].
The most common manifestatio... | 15804365 | PMC1079806 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:46 | no | BMC Dermatol. 2005 Apr 3; 5:3 |
Background
Studies of the evolutionary history of protein interaction network (PIN) data have produced an almost bewildering range of (partially) contradictory results [1-6,8-12]. While PIN data is notoriously prone to false positive and negative results [5,13], reasons for disagreements are probably more diverse than ... | 15777474 | PMC1079807 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Mar 18; 5:23 |
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