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Background
Many complex systems can best be analyzed as networks where the basic building blocks of the system are represented as nodes and their interactions as links: Recent studies of systems as disparate as the network of scientific co-authorships, sexual contacts and the World-Wide-Web have revealed unexpected sim... | 15788102 | PMC1079808 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Mar 23; 5:24 |
Background
During the last few years a surge in information on mitochondrial DNA control region sequence has been observed along with information from coding region substitutions in diverse populations of the world to understand their genetic diversity, structuring and origins [1-11]. More recently, mt DNA sequence dat... | 15804362 | PMC1079809 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Apr 2; 5:26 |
Background
Normally, aging results in the natural senescence of multiple organ systems including the kidney [1], the autonomic nervous system [2], and the heart [3]. While numerous mechanisms are involved in age related changes in the body, one important factor contributing to decreased function is a reduction in nitri... | 15790404 | PMC1079810 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:55 | no | BMC Endocr Disord. 2005 Mar 24; 5:4 |
Background
Clinically significant psychosocial and mental health problems affect up to 20% of children and youth presenting for primary care services[1] (we will refer to children and youth as 'children' for purposes of brevity). Primary care physicians, chiefly pediatricians in the United States and parts of Canada, a... | 15762982 | PMC1079811 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:13 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Mar 11; 6:12 |
Background
Type 2 diabetes is a common condition with high morbidity and mortality. Its diagnosis appears to be increasing [1-3], probably reflecting an underlying rise in prevalence. In many countries, guidelines for its management have been issued [4-6], and in the United Kingdom (UK), these are reflected in the Nati... | 15784133 | PMC1079812 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:13 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Mar 22; 6:13 |
Background
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are chronic cholestatic liver diseases characterized by a usually slowly progressive course [1,2]. Many patients remain in good clinical condition for many years but may suffer from fatigue interfering with normal activities and general... | 15790420 | PMC1079813 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:27 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2005 Mar 24; 5:11 |
Background
Pancreatic cancer carries a poor prognosis due to the advanced level of tumor invasion and metastasis often encountered at the time of diagnosis [1]. A clear understanding of the cellular processes involved in pancreatic cancer invasiveness and metastasis may be useful in the development of novel forms of th... | 15801978 | PMC1079814 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:27 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2005 Mar 31; 5:12 |
Background
The term "isolation by distance" (IBD) was first used by Sewall Wright [1,2] to describe patterns of population genetic variation that derive from spatially limited gene flow. IBD is defined as a decrease in the genetic similarity among populations as the geographic distance between them increases. Statistic... | 15760479 | PMC1079815 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:18 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Mar 11; 6:13 |
Background
Transposable elements (TEs) constitute a large fraction of plant genomes, and exert critical effects on the formation of the current genomes [1]. With the genome sequences available from a few model species, the differential amplification of TEs helps to explain the C-value paradox in cereal grass species [2... | 15766385 | PMC1079816 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:18 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Mar 14; 6:15 |
Background
Sex identification using genomic DNA extracted from meat, blood, hair or embryo biopsies is sometimes an important analytical tool in forensic science or in routine genotyping. In most mammals, the male is identified by amplifying the SRY gene (sex-determining region Y) which is a Y chromosome-specific seque... | 15771775 | PMC1079817 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:18 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Mar 16; 6:16 |
Background
From the selfish DNA perspective [1,2], gonads are fundamentally important organs of an organism. During the first meiotic division of gametogenesis, crossing-over enhances the re-assortment of information carried in parental DNA molecules and virtually immortal genetic information is then transferred to nex... | 15748293 | PMC1079818 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:52 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Mar 5; 6:29 |
Background
Plasmodium spp. are protozoan parasites (phylum Apicomplexa, class Sporozoa, order Haemosporida) with a complex life cycle, including alternating development phases in mosquito and vertebrate hosts. More than a hundred Plasmodium species have been described, of which four infect humans and cause malaria. The... | 15752424 | PMC1079819 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:53 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Mar 7; 6:30 |
Background
Large collections of ESTs enable the assembly of nucleotide sequence contigs and, if the genomic sequence is available, a means of mapping the species genome and ultimately assist in gene and pathway discovery. Multivariate statistical analysis of these collections is used for microarray design. The main fea... | 15760464 | PMC1079820 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:52 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Mar 10; 6:34 |
Background
The use of cDNA and oligonucleotide microarray technology has revolutionized the fields of molecular biology, biochemistry and genetics. The ability to simultaneously evaluate gene expression across tens of thousands of genes gives researchers opportunities not previously afforded to them.
RNA extractions h... | 15762992 | PMC1079821 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:53 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Mar 11; 6:36 |
Background
The nervous system is assembled from disparate classes of neurons that together define the overall properties of the network. The specific functions of these neurons are governed by genetic programs that control cell fate [1]. Thus, a key to understanding the molecular basis for neural function is to establi... | 15780142 | PMC1079822 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:52 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Mar 21; 6:42 |
Background
Flowering plants have developed from a common ancestor with mosses, liverworts, ferns, and gymnosperms over the last 450 million years [1]. Most recent angiosperms do not closely resemble their ancestors, as known from the fossil record. Quite a few gymnosperms (like Ginkgo or Cycas) still resemble the plant... | 15784153 | PMC1079823 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:52 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Mar 22; 6:43 |
Background
It is well known that histone acetylation and deacetylation are involved in the transcription process. First, histone modifications can change the affinity of histone proteins to DNA sequences. The disrupted higher order folding of chromatin in turn can affect the transcription process [1,2] because chromoso... | 15788094 | PMC1079824 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:52 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Mar 23; 6:44 |
Background
Sperm adhesion molecule 1 (SPAM1, also known as PH-20) is a member of a family of at least six mammalian hyaluronidases. The genes encoding these enzymes cluster in two groups of three – SPAM1, HYAL4 and HYALP1 (a pseudogene) on human chromosome 7q31, and HYAL1, HYAL2 and HYAL3 on human chromosome 3p21 [1,2]... | 15804358 | PMC1079825 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:52 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Apr 1; 6:47 |
Background
It was observed that screening of libraries derived by expression cloning for new gene products with a given catalytic activity can be limited by formation of inclusion bodies. In these cases it would be desirable to construct libraries which a higher fraction of soluble gene products. Enrichment of soluble ... | 15804363 | PMC1079826 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:53 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Apr 2; 6:49 |
Background
Transcriptome analysis is a common way of discovering differences in gene expression because regulation of gene activity occurs primarily on transcription level. Numerous low-cost, simple methods are available for gene discovery projects, providing a limited set of transcripts more or less randomly selected ... | 15807902 | PMC1079827 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:52 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Apr 5; 6:51 |
Background
The success of linkage mapping in Mendelian traits led to great optimism that the same approach could be harnessed to identify genes in disorders or traits without clear Mendelian inheritance patterns, so called complex or quantitative traits. In contrast to phenotypes that are controlled by single genes, in... | 15811185 | PMC1079828 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:53 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Apr 5; 6:52 |
Background
Delirium is a common presentation of illness in frail older adults and is associated with poor outcomes [1-7]. Risk factors for the development of delirium have been investigated [4,8], but factors that predict poor recovery from delirium remain incompletely understood [9]. A recent study of elderly patients... | 15774005 | PMC1079829 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:32 | no | BMC Geriatr. 2005 Mar 17; 5:5 |
Background
A randomized, controlled field trial of a multifaceted intervention to improve preventive care tailored to the needs of participating family practices was conducted in Southern Ontario and delivered by nurses trained in the facilitation of prevention. This report is a cost-consequences analysis of the interv... | 15755330 | PMC1079830 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:51 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Mar 9; 5:20 |
Background
In many countries there is a substantial potential for savings if less expensive drugs, particularly thiazides, are prescribed rather than the more expensive drugs for hypertension [1]. The potential savings in the UK are £132 million ($200 million) per year (£2.22 ($3.36) per inhabitant; figures from the ye... | 15762983 | PMC1079831 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:50 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Mar 11; 5:21 |
Background
Patient access to care within a certain time is an important performance indicator of health systems[1,2]. In publicly funded health care, wait lists are commonly used to manage access to elective procedures raising concerns about delaying necessary treatment[3,4]. In patients with coronary artery disease (C... | 15766381 | PMC1079832 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:50 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Mar 14; 5:22 |
Background
Medicare, the national health insurance program for the elderly in the U.S., consists of various plans or "parts [1]". Part A covers hospitalization costs and has no premium, but limits and deductibles apply. Part B covers outpatient care and requires a small monthly fee as well as a deductible. Limited pres... | 15766380 | PMC1079833 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:50 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Mar 14; 5:23 |
Background
Iran, a country of sixty eight million has a national health service which employs over 70,000 nursing personnel (including operating room technicians) who provide nursing care in general and specialty hospitals. Although the population of nurses is approximately one hundred and twenty thousand, many are une... | 15769297 | PMC1079834 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:50 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Mar 16; 5:24 |
Background
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease which at present has no cure, and, despite the variety of pharmacological and surgical treatment options [1-3], it usually results in severe disability. In Europe, age-adjusted prevalence rates of PD have been estimated at 1.6 per 100 population, with a... | 15790401 | PMC1079835 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:49 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Mar 24; 5:26 |
Background
During the last decade, out-of-hours care by general practitioners (GP) in the Netherlands has changed substantially. Formerly, GPs performed out-of-hours care in small locum groups in which they joined a rota system. In recent years, large GP cooperatives have been set up following British and Danish exampl... | 15801985 | PMC1079836 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:50 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Mar 31; 5:27 |
Background
Leprosy, or Hansen's disease (HD), is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae[1]. The disease has been known since ancient times: The origin of the word leprosy dates back to Greek and Latin[2]. Over a long time period, the disease can be disfiguring, and societies have stigmatized victim... | 15771781 | PMC1079837 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:56 | no | BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2005 Mar 16; 5:3 |
Background
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the synovial membrane that leads to the destruction of cartilage and bone tissues. The major cellular components of the inflammatory infiltrate in RA synovium are T cells, macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells (DC... | 15752429 | PMC1079838 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:31 | no | BMC Immunol. 2005 Mar 7; 6:6 |
Background
The colonization of the urogenital tract of humans by the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis is responsible for trichomonosis [1], the most prevalent, non-viral sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Despite an estimated 8 million new cases per year in the United States alone [2], this health dispar... | 15748280 | PMC1079839 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:25 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2005 Mar 4; 6:5 |
Background
The calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) belongs to a family of related peptides that includes calcitonin (CT), adrenomedullin (AM) and amylin (AMY) [1,2]. To date, CGRP is one of the most potent endogenous vasodilatory peptides discovered. CGRP mediates sensory neurotransmission and inhibits insulin actio... | 15790393 | PMC1079840 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:25 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2005 Mar 24; 6:7 |
Background
Non-syndromic hearing loss (NSHL) accounts for approximately 80% of cases of hereditary deafness and variety of genes are involved in NSHL [1]. Mutations in the GJB2 gene, encoding the connexin 26 gap-junction protein, account for a significant proportion of NSHL [2]. To date, the substantial contribution of... | 15790391 | PMC1079841 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2005 Mar 24; 6:12 |
Background
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) preceded by febrile seizures (FS) was historically considered to be an acquired disorder. However, recent studies have confirmed the existence of distinct genetic syndromes encompassing both FS and TLE [1,2]. Additionally, a positive history of FS in families with temporal lobe e... | 15799783 | PMC1079842 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2005 Mar 30; 6:13 |
Background
Bipolar affective disorder (BPD) is a chronic, severe mood disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of mania and depression. It often interferes with the patient's ability to cope with his daily routine and has a high mortality rate from suicide. BPD is estimated to have a lifetime prevalence of 0.1% to ... | 15799788 | PMC1079843 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2005 Mar 31; 6:14 |
Background
Observational studies have found blood total cholesterol concentrations below about 4.0 mmol/L (155 mg/dL) to be associated with higher rates of mortality and morbidity from certain non-vascular causes (in particular, cancer of lung, liver, pancreas and blood; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; cirrhosis... | 15771782 | PMC1079844 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:56 | no | BMC Med. 2005 Mar 16; 3:6 |
Background
Accurate diagnosis is essential for both the clinical care of patients and research about disease conditions. Clinicians increasingly use online access to evidence in the course of clinical care as well as for continuing education and research [1]. For most clinicians and researchers the current best evidenc... | 15796772 | PMC1079845 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:56 | no | BMC Med. 2005 Mar 29; 3:7 |
Background
There is increasing emphasis on multi-disciplinary teams in modern clinical care [1-3]. Medical schools have attempted to embrace this through interdisciplinary learning [1,4-6] and stressing relevant attitudinal, ethical and behavioural issues [7-9] in relation to teamwork.
Concern has been expressed about... | 15757520 | PMC1079846 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:56 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2005 Mar 9; 5:10 |
Background
Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is widely used by clinicians and researchers for evaluation of bone status and soft tissue composition. While the principles of DXA technology could be found elsewhere [1-3] and are not the focus of this report, we address them briefly for better understanding of the di... | 15748279 | PMC1079847 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:35 | no | BMC Med Imaging. 2005 Mar 4; 5:1 |
Background
The Cystoviridae are a family of bacteriophages having genomes consisting of three segments of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). The RNA is contained within a polyhedral capsid which is enveloped in a lipid-containing membrane [1]. Φ6 was the first and the most thoroughly studied member of this family. The packag... | 15762996 | PMC1079848 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:40 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Mar 11; 5:10 |
Background
Taxonomic classification of members of the order Rickettsiales was originally based on relatively few phenotypic criteria [1]. Over the past twenty years, the taxonomic classification of the Order Rickettsiales has undergone many changes. On the basis of 16S rDNA sequences, Coxiella burnetii was reclassified... | 15766388 | PMC1079849 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:40 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Mar 14; 5:11 |
Background
In Escherichia coli, the four methyl-accepting chemoreceptor proteins (MCPs) are distinguished by different external ligand-binding specificities for attractants and repellents [1]. The cytoplasmic domains are highly conserved by comparison [2] and bind to the signaling kinase, CheA, and the adaptor protein,... | 15766389 | PMC1079850 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:40 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Mar 14; 5:12 |
Background
Common carp Cyprinus carpio carpio is the most widely cultivated fish for human consumption mainly in Asian and in European countries including Israel [1]. The subspecies Cyprinus carpio koi or koi is cultivated as an expensive pet fish especially in Japan but also worldwide [2]. Since 1998, mass mortality a... | 15774009 | PMC1079851 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:40 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Mar 17; 5:13 |
Background
Probiotics are food or preparations containing live microorganisms, traditionally regarded as safe for human use. When ingested in sufficient numbers, probiotics are believed to play an important role in the control of host intestinal microbiota and maintenance of its normal state [2]. Microbes that are freq... | 15788104 | PMC1079852 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:39 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Mar 23; 5:15 |
Background
Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 (Anabaena 7120) is an obligate photoautotrophic cyanobacterium that reduces atmospheric nitrogen in terminally differentiated cells known as heterocysts [1]. Approximately every tenth cell along a filament differentiates into a heterocyst under nitrogen-fixing conditions. Three d... | 15790415 | PMC1079853 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:40 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Mar 24; 5:16 |
Background
The Deinococcaceae are a small family within the domain Bacteria that are distinguished by their ability to tolerate DNA double strand breaks [1,2]. There are eleven validly described species and seven of these tolerate what for most microorganisms is a sterilizing dose of ionizing radiation, exhibiting dete... | 15799787 | PMC1079854 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:39 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Mar 31; 5:17 |
Background
Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogenic gram-positive bacterium that causes a variety of disease conditions, some life-threatening, both in hospital settings and in the community at large. Moreover, various strains of this organism have evolved resistance to some of the most clinically useful antibiotics, incl... | 15752426 | PMC1079855 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:40 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Mar 7; 5:8 |
Background
askMEDLINE evolved from the PICO [1] (Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) search interface, a method of searching MEDLINE/PubMed that encourages the creation of a well-formulated search. [2] Starting from a clinical situation, a clinician is guided through the search process by thinking along PICO e... | 15760470 | PMC1079856 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:52:12 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2005 Mar 10; 5:5 |
Background
The rapid growth of publications available in the Medline and other sources raises the question how to search efficiently while maintaining acceptable relevancy. Without the assistance from domain experts such as medical professionals or librarians, retrieving relevant information from the Internet remains a... | 15766382 | PMC1079857 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:52:12 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2005 Mar 14; 5:6 |
Background
"'Be what you would seem to be' – or, if you'd like it put more simply – 'Never imagine yourself not to be otherwise than what it might appear to others that what you were or might have been was not otherwise than what you had been would have appeared to them to be otherwise."' (Lewis Caroll (1832 – 1898), A... | 15769291 | PMC1079858 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:52:11 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2005 Mar 15; 5:7 |
Background
As an information-intensive specialty without patient limits of age, gender, or medical presentation, family physicians require a number of different resources to cover the broad scope of practice. A critical clinical skill for family physicians is timely access to that wide variety of clinical information s... | 15784135 | PMC1079859 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:52:11 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2005 Mar 22; 5:9 |
Background
Clinical trials often plan to enroll hundreds to thousands of human subjects, and careful and regulated planning is employed to ensure that the trial's scientific objectives are fulfilled. However, the importance of the feasibility and timeliness of participant accrual is often minimized during the planning ... | 15796782 | PMC1079860 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:51 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005 Mar 30; 5:11 |
Background
Traumatic elbow dislocation is a rare injury in children constituting 3–6% of all elbow injuries [1]. It more frequently occurs with medial epicondyle fractures, although, it can infrequently be associated with lateral humeral condyle fracture [1-3]. The complex elbow anatomy with multiple growth centres app... | 15757518 | PMC1079861 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:04 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Mar 9; 6:13 |
Background
Scoliosis can be biomechanically described as a three-dimensional deformity of the spine, with deviations from the physiologic curves in the sagittal and frontal planes, usually combined with intervertebral rotation [1]. The disease often occurs during childhood or adolescence. It can be associated with cong... | 15760468 | PMC1079862 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:04 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Mar 10; 6:14 |
Background
Like many muscle diseases, Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is characterised by a gradual loss of muscle function with age. Patients are initially ambulatory and have mild muscle pathology, despite ongoing degeneration and repair. In later stages of DMD, patients experience progressively more severe muscula... | 15762989 | PMC1079863 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:04 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Mar 11; 6:15 |
Background
Nineteen percent of incident dialysis patients have peripheral vascular disease (PVD) [1]. Amputation rate among diabetic dialysis patients is ten times that of diabetic population at large [2]. Over 2-years of follow-up, 2.9% of dialysis patients underwent amputation [3] and in a surgical series, 23% of pat... | 15780133 | PMC1079864 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:43 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2005 Mar 21; 6:3 |
Background
Cluster headache (CH) is characterized by severe attacks of unilateral pain and cranial autonomic dysfunction [1]. The pain is usually felt in and around the orbita or adjacent areas of the head (Fig. 1). CH attacks last 15–180 minutes and occur, during a cluster period, from once every other day to several ... | 15784136 | PMC1079865 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:53 | no | BMC Neurol. 2005 Mar 22; 5:6 |
Background
Species differences in cortical regionalization reflect genetic and epigenetic developmental programs that are presumed adaptations to different ecological niches. For example, Krubitzer and Kahn [1] review that the mouse, ghost bat, and short-tailed opossum have approximately the same size cortical sheet, b... | 15774010 | PMC1079866 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:48 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Mar 17; 6:18 |
Background
Injury to the axon of spinal motor neurons produces major structural changes in the affected cell body. These changes include a transient enlargement of the nucleolus, nucleus and cell body, an increase in nuclear eccentricity and central chromatolysis, which is a centrifugal disappearance of polyribosome-co... | 15774011 | PMC1079867 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:48 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Mar 17; 6:19 |
Background
Within the CNS, capillary blood vessels form a network of highly interconnected tubes that direct and maintain blood flow throughout the different regions. In the adult CNS, the vascular supply is not homogenous and marked differences exist in the capillary density present within specific brain regions. Sinc... | 15790414 | PMC1079868 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:09 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Mar 24; 6:20 |
Background
Neuropeptide FF (NPFF) belongs to a family of RFamide peptides and was originally isolated from bovine brain [1-3]. It has a wide range of functions, including effects on pain mechanisms [1,4], opioid tolerance [5], cardiovascular regulation [6] and neuroendocrinological function [7].
At the physiological l... | 15804369 | PMC1079869 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:48 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Apr 4; 6:21 |
Background
Medication errors are some of the commonest types of medical errors.[1] Although the true incidence of medication errors for UK is not known, a pilot study identified errors of prescribing (rather than of dispensing) as the commonest cause of medication errors in the study hospital.[2]
The Department of Hea... | 15784154 | PMC1079870 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:50 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2005 Mar 22; 5:4 |
Background
Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG [MIM 137760]) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease, causing blindness to approximately 70 million individuals worldwide [1,2]. The aetiology of POAG is poorly understood, with both genetic and environmental factors contributing to the pathophysiology [3,4] Irrespect... | 15807891 | PMC1079871 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:50 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2005 Apr 4; 5:5 |
Background
Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness in the world [1,2]. Medical therapies are the mainstay of treatment for primary open angle glaucoma, however resistant cases may require surgical intervention [3]. Trabeculectomy has been the preferred surgical procedure for uncontrolled glaucoma since its i... | 15811180 | PMC1079872 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:50 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2005 Apr 5; 5:7 |
Background
The clinical and economic effectiveness of caries prevention cannot be correctly calculated without lengthy follow-ups. A prevention programme leading to postponement of the cavitation process can be favourable if the restorative treatment can be carried out more easily later when the children are older. Som... | 15784155 | PMC1079873 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:57 | no | BMC Oral Health. 2005 Mar 23; 5:2 |
Background
Participatory approaches to health have been advocated since the 1978 Alma Ata declaration in which the World Health Organisation emphasised the need for citizen participation in primary health care [1]. This paper details the development and implementation of a participatory project to improve perinatal car... | 15771772 | PMC1079874 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:05 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2005 Mar 16; 5:6 |
Background
UTI in children is an important clinical problem. Renal scarring, which occurs in a small proportion of children (approximately 6%[1]), is the most important outcome of infection as it is associated with significant future complications[2], and ultimately with end stage renal disease[3]. Young children are c... | 15769296 | PMC1079875 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:05 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 Mar 15; 5:2 |
Background
Cyclical Vomiting Syndrome (CVS) has been recognised for over 100 years [1]. It is probably a manifestation of migraine diathesis [2], and is characterised by recurrent episodes of intense [3,4] nausea and vomiting, with normal health between emetic crises. Attacks are self-limiting, lasting several hours to... | 15790392 | PMC1079876 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:05 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 Mar 24; 5:3 |
Background
Phenylketonuria (PKU; OMIM *261600) is an autosomal recessive disorder of phe metabolism which can cause severe damage to the patient or, in the case of maternal PKU, to the offspring. The teratogenic effects of elevated maternal phe levels was first recognised in the mid nineteen sixties, at a time when rou... | 15811181 | PMC1079877 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:05 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 Apr 5; 5:5 |
Background
In the last few decades there has been a substantial growth in strategies and measures to reduce smoking, particularly among young people. These have resulted in a decline in smoking prevalence in UK between the 1950's and the1990's [1]. Nevertheless, in the most recent survey of smoking Britain, more than a... | 15790389 | PMC1079878 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:56 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Mar 24; 5:27 |
Background
The problem of malaria infection in the under five years children has been widely described [1-5]. It is responsible for up to three million deaths annually throughout the world, with Africa having more than 90% of this burden. Almost 3% of disability-adjusted life years are due to malaria mortality globally... | 15792501 | PMC1079879 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:57 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Mar 25; 5:28 |
Background
Cladribine [Leustatin®] is a purine analogue that entered clinical testing fifteen years ago, with major activity in the treatment of B- and T-cell lymphoid malignancies. Cladribine has an outstanding therapeutic activity against hairy cell leukemia, a disease in which the drug induces long-lasting complete ... | 15757511 | PMC1079880 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:59 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2005 Mar 9; 5:4 |
Background
The hallmark of brain inflammation is the activation of glia, particularly microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain [1]. Microglia activation in brain pathologies, as caused by infectious diseases, inflammation, trauma, brain tumors, ischemia and AIDS, may result in neuronal injury and ultimately ne... | 15762999 | PMC1079881 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:59 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2005 Mar 11; 5:6 |
Background
Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of death among men and women in North America [1]. This disease may evolve from genetic alterations in protooncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. There has also been evidence indicating dietary factors, such as fat and fiber, affect several stages of colon car... | 15788091 | PMC1079882 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:59 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2005 Mar 23; 5:7 |
Background
The airways are lined by epithelium and the upper airways have mucus gland acini, all of which contribute to secretion of both water and mucus coating the surface. The epithelium forms a physical barrier to inhaled substances and, actively secretes and absorbs fluid to provide an appropriate thickness hydrat... | 15790419 | PMC1079883 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:59 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2005 Mar 24; 5:8 |
Background
Short-term castration attenuates the vagal component of baroreflex sensitivity in sexually mature male rats [1,2]. Factors influencing baroreflex sensitivity include gender, age, baseline mean arterial pressure and heart rate, anesthesia, and the method of drug administration [3-9]. However, these factors ca... | 15799780 | PMC1079884 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:59 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2005 Mar 30; 5:9 |
Background
In a state of health, physical exercise has a quantifiable effect on neuroendocrine, autonomic, and immune systems influencing metabolic and immune responses. However, in the initial phase of acute illness, there is an avoidance of physical stressors so energy can be dedicated to healing and a return to home... | 15790422 | PMC1079885 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:51 | no | BMC Physiol. 2005 Mar 24; 5:5 |
Background
Asthma is a major health problem that has reached alarming proportions in the past two decades in western societies [1]. What lies behind the recent increase in asthma in affluent societies is still an area of lively debate, but its rapid changing patterns and huge variation across populations favor environm... | 15799786 | PMC1079886 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:12 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2005 Mar 31; 5:5 |
Background
Delirium, as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, text revised (DSM-IV-TR), is a disturbance of consciousness with reduced ability to focus, sustain or shift attention, a change in cognition or the development of a perceptual disturbance that occurs over a sho... | 15792498 | PMC1079887 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:02 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 Mar 25; 5:16 |
Background
As several countries in Europe have taken policies to decrease the penalties for cannabis possession, many people especially young persons have interpreted this move as giving support to consider cannabis as a benign drug [1].
However as stated by several reports cannabis is not a harmless substance and req... | 15804348 | PMC1079888 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:02 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 Apr 1; 5:17 |
Background
We restrict the definition of "kinase" to enzymes that catalyze the transfer of the terminal phosphate group from ATP (with a few exceptions, such GTP, as discussed below) to a substrate containing an alcohol, nitrogenous, carboxyl, or phosphate group as the phosphoryl acceptor. The substrate of a kinase can... | 15771780 | PMC1079889 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:47 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2005 Mar 16; 5:6 |
Background
Comparative genomics led to the definition of 4873 clusters of orthologous groups of proteins (COGs) by comparing protein sequences encoded in (currently 66) completely sequenced genomes [1]. Aimed at finding thermophile-specific proteins among bacteria, extended phylogenetic patterns searches based on the C... | 15777481 | PMC1079890 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:53 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2005 Mar 20; 5:7 |
Background
This technique has been used successfully at King Khalid hospital, Najran, Saudi Arabia since 1995.
This prospective study was prompted by a review of earlier reports by Shakeel [1], Salem Al Zahrani [8], and Ligier and Metazieau [6].
Fracture treatment in children relies on rapid healing and spontaneous c... | 15796775 | PMC1079891 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:04 | no | BMC Surg. 2005 Mar 29; 5:6 |
Background
Uroflowmetry is the most commonly used form of urodynamic testing. Simply stated, Uroflowmetry is the measurement of the rate of urine flow over time. It is easy to perform and it is a non-invasive test. Uroflowmetry alone is rarely able to determine the cause of a voiding dysfunction; however, it is extreme... | 15771771 | PMC1079892 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:02 | no | BMC Urol. 2005 Mar 16; 5:3 |
Background
Interstitial cystitis (IC) is being re-examined within a broader context of chronic pelvic pain and pelvic floor dysfunction with the result that it is being recognized that the prevalence of IC is much higher than previously estimated [1,2]. It has long been evident that, whatever the cause, IC is a disease... | 15788101 | PMC1079893 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:02 | no | BMC Urol. 2005 Mar 23; 5:4 |
Background
Prostate cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer death in men. The progression of prostate cancer from an androgen-dependent, treatable stage to an androgen-independent, non-curable stage is still the primary cause of mortality. Despite screening for early diagnosis, it is still not possible to det... | 15790403 | PMC1079894 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:02 | no | BMC Urol. 2005 Mar 24; 5:5 |
Background
Androgen withdrawal leads to apoptosis of normal prostate cells and is the principal therapy to treat advanced prostate cancer [for a review, [1]]. Metabolic events known to be associated with androgen withdrawal are reduction in glucose uptake, downregulation of several glycolytic enzymes and of some key en... | 15790394 | PMC1079895 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:02 | no | BMC Urol. 2005 Mar 24; 5:6 |
Background
Family planning practitioners and women's health advocates have been campaigning for increased availability of emergency contraception (EC) [1-4]. Grimes and colleagues have stated that EC meets all the criteria for over-the-counter (OTC) use such as low toxicity, no potential for overdose or addiction, no t... | 15784150 | PMC1079896 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:36 | no | BMC Womens Health. 2005 Mar 22; 5:3 |
Background
More than 35 years ago external cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and defibrillation were first described as effective treatments for sudden cardiac arrest. However, survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is still poor. The American Heart Association (AHA) previously addressed this problem by emphas... | 15766390 | PMC1079897 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:36 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Mar 15; 4:16 |
Statistical analysis methods and applications have traditionally placed relatively little attention to the graphical visualisation of data and information. Such techniques are fundamental not only for summarising the outcomes originating from statistical analyses, but also for facilitating the detection and assessment ... | 0 | PMC1079898 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:36 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Mar 18; 4:18 |
Background
In a recent study the advances of 3D sonographical imaging techniques to allow a sophisticated study of anal sphincter and levator ani muscle anatomy were described [1]. Today's common US examiniation techniques using a 7.5 MHz transducer allow a spatial resolution of up to 0.3 mm in each direction [2,3], wh... | 15777475 | PMC1079899 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:36 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Mar 18; 4:19 |
IMRT is Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy: Irradiating from several directions repeatedly targets a tumor, but less its surroundings, due to differing projections; yet minimising such collateral damage may be cost-controversial. Beams are modulated by retarding compensators and perimeter-blocking collimators. Radio... | 0 | PMC1079900 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:36 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Mar 21; 4:20 |
Herman Paul Schwan, renowned scientist and engineer, loving and devoted husband and father, died quietly in his home in Radnor, Pennsylvania on March 17, 2005. Herman P. Schwan was born in Aachen, Germany in 1915. He obtained the German superior school certificate with distinction in Goettingen, 1934. He studied mathem... | 15792500 | PMC1079901 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:37 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Mar 25; 4:21 |
Background
Measurements carried out with bipolar electrodes can be modeled by a series circuit composed of two impedances, one representing the electrolytic medium (Zm) and another taking into account the interface (Zi) between the former and the metal itself. From a physical point of view, the interface region extends... | 15796776 | PMC1079902 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:36 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Mar 29; 4:22 |
Data fusion has been a trend in the field of imaging and signal/image analysis. Although multisensor data fusion is still not regarded as a formal professional discipline, tremendous progress has been made since the publication of the first edition of this book in 1992. With this second edition, the authors have been s... | 0 | PMC1079903 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:36 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Mar 29; 4:23 |
Introduction
Precise risk estimation for the development of second cancers in the Head & Neck, Lung, and Esophagus, also known as the Upper Aero-Digestive Tract (UADT), is difficult due to the multifactorial origin and gene-environment interaction [1].
The Glutathione S transferase (GST) family of enzymes coded for by... | 15790417 | PMC1079904 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:20 | no | J Carcinog. 2005 Mar 24; 4:6 |
Background
Atherosclerosis and vascular ossification – calcification (VOC) date to the time of the ancient Egyptians [1].
In the initial descriptive phase before the various hypotheses regarding the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis emerged, prominent pathologists of the time emphasized the bone like changes and used th... | 15777477 | PMC1079905 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:34 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2005 Mar 18; 4:4 |
Background
Members of the cysteine-rich61/connective tissue growth factor/nephroblastoma overexpressed (CCN 1–3) family of genes (CCN-family) function in processes such as proliferation, differentiation as well as cell adhesion, migration and survival [1-3]. Additional members of this family are Elm1/WISP1/CCN4, rCop1/... | 15773998 | PMC1079906 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:15 | no | Cell Commun Signal. 2005 Mar 17; 3:5 |
Background
Copper is an imperative molecule in life; in contradiction, however, it is highly toxic [1]. Like zinc, iron, and selenium, copper is an essential trace element in diets and is required for the activity of a number of physiologically important enzymes [2]. Cells have highly specialized and complex systems fo... | 15790412 | PMC1079907 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:24 | no | Comp Hepatol. 2005 Mar 24; 4:3 |
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