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Introduction
Data on efficacy or effectiveness are often among the cornerstones of the calculations of Cost-Effectiveness Ratios (CERs) and information on such effect variables is crucial for the decision-making process [1,2].
As an example, this article considers the lack of information regarding the effectiveness of... | 15788090 | PMC1079908 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:14 | no | Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2005 Mar 23; 3:3 |
Background
Skeletal muscle respiratory control is a cardinal issue in the field of muscle energetics. Early work on isolated mitochondria identified ADP as an important stimulator of mitochondrial respiration [1]. Thereafter, it has been verified that ADP is a control signal of muscle oxidative phosphorylation in many ... | 15720727 | PMC1079909 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:29 | no | Dyn Med. 2005 Feb 20; 4:2 |
Background
Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a non-invasive optical technique that is based on the differential absorption properties of hemoglobin (Hb) and myoglobin (Mb) in the near infrared (700–1000 nm) range. During the last decade, NIRS has been used extensively to measure muscle oxygenation both qualitatively... | 15790400 | PMC1079910 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:29 | no | Dyn Med. 2005 Mar 24; 4:4 |
Introduction
It is well known that the incidence odds ratio approximates the risk ratio when the disease of interest is rare, but increasingly overestimates the risk ratio as the disease becomes more common. Therefore, it may not be surprising that odds ratios can give the impression of effect modification when none ex... | 15745447 | PMC1079911 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:38 | no | Epidemiol Perspect Innov. 2005 Mar 3; 2:1 |
Introduction
An estimated 210,000 people are living with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) in Australia [1]. HCV is transmitted mainly through the shared use of injecting equipment by injecting drug users (IDUs) [2,3]. HCV is the most prevalent blood-borne virus infection among Australian IDUs, varying from almost 90% to jus... | 15788093 | PMC1079912 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:31 | no | Int J Equity Health. 2005 Mar 23; 4:5 |
Background
Onchocerciasis is endemic in 37 countries and about 18 million people are infected in Africa and Latin America. Health organisations are aiming to eliminate onchocerciasis as a major public health problem. The Onchocerciasis Control Programme (OCP) has successfully targeted transmission by control of the vec... | 15788103 | PMC1079913 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:25 | no | Filaria J. 2005 Mar 23; 4:1 |
Introduction
Recent research on cocaine abuse and its treatment are consistent in the estimates of the social, physical, emotional and financial costs attributed to this addiction [1-5]. Currently, there is no specific pharmacologic, behavioral, or psychosocial therapy that has consistently demonstrated treatment benef... | 15771785 | PMC1079914 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:50 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2005 Mar 17; 2:4 |
Review
Cystic fibrosis and its management
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a life threatening, recessively inherited disease caused by defects in a single gene on chromosome 7 [1,2]. The faulty gene causes an increased production of thickened secretions in most organs of the body. In the respiratory tract this impairs the clear... | 15790407 | PMC1079915 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:14 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Mar 24; 3:19 |
Background
The Aging Males' Symptoms (AMS) scale was originally developed as symptoms profile scale in Germany to evaluate health-related quality of life (HRQoL) [1]. It is a self-administered scale to assess symptoms of aging, to compare the severity of complaints, and to measure therapeutic interventions [1-3].
The ... | 15790411 | PMC1079916 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:14 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Mar 24; 3:20 |
Background
Quality of life (QoL) assessment is increasingly used as a major outcome parameter in health care, both for clinical decisions and policy making. It is vital therefore, that the measurement of QoL accurately reflects differences between patient groups, and changes in QoL over time. A defining characteristic ... | 15799784 | PMC1079917 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:14 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Mar 30; 3:21 |
Background
Advances in medical research have changed the emphasis in healthcare from diagnosis and management of infectious disease to prevention and control of chronic conditions. While there have been major advances in treatment of previously life threatening conditions (e.g. cancer, cystic fibrosis), treatments can ... | 15804349 | PMC1079918 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:14 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Apr 1; 3:22 |
Introduction
On an international basis, the development of health care policy is increasingly being influenced by cost considerations. Advances in health science and the delivery of care continue to expand the capabilities of treatments. The ability of nations and communities to pay for this care from available resourc... | 15774017 | PMC1079919 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:16 | no | Health Res Policy Syst. 2005 Mar 17; 3:4 |
Introduction
Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Western societies has increased rapidly [1]. This is a threat for public health by its link to chronic illness and disabilities and impaired quality of life [2-4]. Overweight is a result of a long-term positive imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure p... | 15771774 | PMC1079920 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:04 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2005 Mar 16; 2:1 |
Background
The geographic study of cancer patterns can be an important tool in disease control and prevention [1], as well as a resource for generating hypotheses about pathogenesis [2]. Unfortunately, there is little practical guidance available as to whether or how to select an 'ideal' level of geography for surveill... | 15788100 | PMC1079921 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:06 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2005 Mar 23; 4:6 |
Background
The study of the geographical distribution of journal publications as an indicator of the research output of individual countries has become a field of interest [1,2]. Studying the contribution of individual countries to leading journals in a given discipline can highlight which countries have the most impac... | 15788097 | PMC1079922 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:06 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2005 Mar 23; 4:7 |
Background
Over the past several years, there has been an increased interest in the detection of focused clusters of disease, or disease clusters associated with a known pollution source [1]. Along with this interest, the development and use of various cluster detection methods have grown. Wartenberg and Greenberg [2] ... | 15801981 | PMC1079923 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:06 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2005 Mar 31; 4:8 |
Background
Carcinoma of the gallbladder is a rare malignancy accounting for approximately 7,100 new cases and 3,500 deaths per annum in the US. It is the most common biliary tract malignancy and the fifth most frequent gastrointestinal malignancy [1]. Its clinical presentation is non-specific and the majority of patien... | 15774016 | PMC1079924 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:36 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2005 Mar 17; 2:6 |
Introduction
Primary neuroendocrine tumors of the thymus, previously known as thymic carcinoids, are unusual tumors that account for less than 5% of all anterior mediastinal neoplasms. They affect patients over a wide age range, with the median age being 43 years. Men are more frequently affected than women, with a mal... | 15788105 | PMC1079925 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:36 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2005 Mar 23; 2:7 |
Background
Practically all physiological parameters in the animal and human body exhibit nycthemeral (daily) or circadian oscillation [1,2]. Epidemiological studies have documented nycthemeral oscillation in a variety of aggregate variables, such as heart attacks [3-5], births [6-8], and suicides [9-11]. One study cond... | 15790406 | PMC1079926 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:13 | no | J Circadian Rhythms. 2005 Mar 24; 3:4 |
Background
Animal homeostasis is based on rhythmic activity of the physiological systems of an organism, whereas these rhythmic processes bring the physiological functions into line with environmental rhythmicity. Studies that highlight the regulating role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the course of circadian rhyth... | 15801976 | PMC1079927 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:14 | no | J Circadian Rhythms. 2005 Mar 31; 3:5 |
Background
Human embryo implantation is a complex sequence of events which starts with adhesion of the blastocyst to the endometrial lining of the receptive uterus. In order to permit adhesion, uterine epithelial cells develop competence to bind trophoblast to their apical (free) poles [reviewed by [1-4]]. This recepti... | 15757515 | PMC1079928 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:17 | no | J Exp Clin Assist Reprod. 2005 Mar 9; 2:4 |
Background
Obesity is a very common chronic disease that poses significant health risks such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and hypertension. This pathological condition is characterized by complex neuroendocrine changes in the brain as well as in the periphery, involving mediators such as neuropeptide Y (NPY) an... | 15813957 | PMC1079929 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:23 | no | J Inflamm (Lond). 2005 Mar 21; 2:2 |
Background
This work deals with the development of an innovative measuring system devoted to the analysis of the human movement. Our main aim is to provide a valid alternative comfortable instrumentation useful in several rehabilitation areas. In particular we focused our attention on the remote treatment of post-strok... | 15743530 | PMC1079930 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:40 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2005 Mar 2; 2:8 |
Recently while browsing through the internet, we came across a webpage [1] that reads as follows: "Statin drugs should probably be in the water, like fluoride. These cholesterol fighting wonders have been proven to prevent heart attacks..... with only rare side effects............... The hitch is that statins cost more... | 15788096 | PMC1079931 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:37 | no | J Negat Results Biomed. 2005 Mar 23; 4:3 |
Editorial
With this editorial, Medical Immunology embarks on a new endeavor. One of the advantages of the electronic/digital age is that so much of the scientific literature is now available to everyone, not only to those with access to the specialized scientific or medical libraries. However, unless one knows which au... | 15760473 | PMC1079932 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:09 | no | Med Immunol. 2005 Mar 10; 4:3 |
Anthrax as a biological weapon
Bacillus anthracis, the etiologic agent of anthrax, is an appealing biological weapon due to its high lethality and the ease of production and dissemination [1,2]. B. anthracis is a Gram-positive, aerobic, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium 1–1.5 μm wide and 3–10 μm long. An im... | 15790405 | PMC1079933 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:09 | no | Med Immunol. 2005 Mar 24; 4:4 |
Review
As a result of the sequencing of entire genomes of more than 100 organisms, the number of open reading frames with unknown functions has increased. To characterize such proteins biochemically and structurally, it is important to obtain substantial amounts of recombinant proteins. Escherichia coli, a Gram-negativ... | 15788099 | PMC1079934 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:47 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2005 Mar 23; 4:7 |
Review
More than 99% of bacteria in the environment cannot be cultured using conventional methods [1,2]. To study and use the genomes of such uncultured microbes, metagenomics has been in the spotlight since the 1990s [3]. Many studies have constructed metagenomic libraries to search for novel biocatalysts or molecules... | 15790425 | PMC1079935 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:47 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2005 Mar 25; 4:8 |
Introduction
The transcription factor CREB (cAMP response-element binding protein) has been implicated in several aspects of higher brain function, such as spatial memory, fear conditioning, conditioned taste aversion and social transmission of food preference [1-7]. Recently, Barrot et al. (2002) reported that changes... | 15813959 | PMC1079936 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:07 | no | Mol Pain. 2005 Mar 22; 1:10 |
Cold sensation is an important physiological protective function. The sensation of feeling cold is conducted by cold-sensitive ion channels that are expressed in primary sensory fibers [1,2]. Nerve growth factor (NGF) is required for the differentiation and survival of primary sensory fibers [3]. Nerve growth factor-in... | 15813958 | PMC1079937 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:08 | no | Mol Pain. 2005 Mar 22; 1:11 |
In the brain, excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission is mainly mediated by two neurotransmitters: glutamate which is released at excitatory glutamatergic synaptic contacts, and γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) which is released at inhibitory GABAergic synapses. Neural information processing is believed to be mediat... | 15813960 | PMC1079938 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:07 | no | Mol Pain. 2005 Mar 23; 1:12 |
Because survival may depend upon it, we learn about painful stimuli quickly and efficiently through a process known as Pavolvian fear conditioning [1]. Viewed in this framework, stimuli present in the environment at the time of injury (or conditioned stimuli; CSs) are likely to become associated with the painful stimul... | 15813964 | PMC1079939 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:07 | no | Mol Pain. 2005 Mar 31; 1:14 |
Background
Neuropathic pain is an especially difficult chronic pain syndrome to treat. No compounds are yet available that successfully resolve such pain [1-3]. To date, drug therapies developed for human neuropathic pain have targeted neurons. However, evidence has recently accumulated that pathological pain, includin... | 15813997 | PMC1079940 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:07 | no | Mol Pain. 2005 Feb 25; 1:9 |
Introduction
The World Food Programme (WFP) has just launched a 328 million euro appeal to support 1.5 million people a month in five southern African countries including Malawi ravaged by the "triple threat" of food shortages, high HIV/AIDS rates and weakened capacity for governance [1]. A WFP document stresses the im... | 15777483 | PMC1079941 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:31 | no | Nutr J. 2005 Mar 21; 4:12 |
1. Background
PM of urban areas is a complex mixture of organic and inorganic components [1].
Both fine (<2.5 μm) and ultrafine (<100 nm) particles and transition metal components are recognized to be responsible in determining toxicity and potential health effects [2,3]. The respiratory tract is the major site of exp... | 15813962 | PMC1079942 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:30 | no | Part Fibre Toxicol. 2005 Mar 24; 2:1 |
Background
The effects of particulate matter (PM) on human health are a major concern since current epidemiology data show health effects at PM concentrations below common ambient air quality standards or health-based guidelines [1]. Furthermore, a clear association has been demonstrated between increased airborne PM c... | 15813961 | PMC1079943 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:30 | no | Part Fibre Toxicol. 2005 Mar 24; 2:2 |
Background
Mammalian testicular spermatozoa are incapable of fertilizing ova. The metamorphosis of immature spermatozoa into mature, functional units capable of progressive motility and fertility, is thought to be the result of a highly regulated and complex series of events that occurs during their transit through the... | 15743524 | PMC1079944 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:13 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Mar 2; 3:10 |
Background
The International Retrovirology Association: Shared Vision and Common Goals
Albert Einstein once said, "The problems that exist in the world today cannot be solved by the level of thinking that created them". This belief was part of the foundation of The International Retrovirology Association when it was es... | 15796774 | PMC1079945 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:40 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Mar 29; 2:22 |
1. Introduction
Human pulmonary epithelial cell is one of major sources of productive inflammatory biomediators, such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), in respiratory inflammatory diseases [1]. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an inducible enzyme that is expressed in response to inflammatory cytokines, and i... | 15804367 | PMC1079946 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Apr 3; 6(1):27 |
Background
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), consisting of variable degrees of pulmonary emphysema and chronic obstructive bronchitis, has a male predominance. However, the prevalence of COPD is steadily increasing among women [1] as a consequence of increased rates of cigarette smoking. Women may be more s... | 15807890 | PMC1079947 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Apr 4; 6(1):28 |
Background
We and others have shown that one of the mechanisms of growth regulation of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines and cultured pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNEC) is by the binding of agonists to a cell surface receptor of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor family comprised of homomeric α7 su... | 15807899 | PMC1079948 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Apr 4; 6(1):29 |
Background
There are currently two models for prostate cancer(PCa) which are diametrically opposed to each other. One model[1] proposes that high levels of androgens are responsible for PCa. This model is unable to explain the fact that androgen levels drop with age while the incidence of PCa increases. The other model... | 15777479 | PMC1079949 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:25 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Mar 18; 2:10 |
Background
The paper describes a comprehensive model of a biofeedback system; it adopts a new approach to modeling. Using artificial neural networks (ANN) it is not easy to obtain a dynamic response that reflects dependence on hormone production. Therefore, the authors have endeavoured to design an approach that focuse... | 15780132 | PMC1079950 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:25 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Mar 21; 2:11 |
Introduction
Myosins, actin-based motor proteins, are expressed as multiple isoforms in all eukaryotic cells. They are oligomers consisting of one or two heavy chains to which one or more light chains are non-covalently attached. Myosins have been classified into 18 families based on the amino acid sequence differences... | 15790426 | PMC1079951 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:25 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Mar 25; 2:12 |
Introduction
Blood is a liquid-liquid suspension because erythrocytes exhibit fluid-like behavior under certain shear conditions [1]. The dependence of viscosity on shear rate is one of the most widely used rheological measurements [2]. Normal blood also thins when it is sheared, therefore its apparent viscosity is hig... | 15799779 | PMC1079952 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:26 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Mar 30; 2:13 |
Background
Buffering: a paradigm with growing pains
Buffering is among the most important mechanisms that help to maintain homeostasis of various physiological parameters in living organisms. This article is concerned with the definition of an appropriate scientific unit, or scale, for the quantitation of buffering act... | 15769288 | PMC1079953 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:26 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Mar 15; 2:8 |
Introduction
In the preceding article (Buffering I 14), we presented a formal and general framework for the quantitation of buffering action. The purpose of the present article is to apply that mathematical tool to the analysis of some scientifically important buffering phenomena.
Recall that we formulated buffering p... | 15771784 | PMC1079954 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:26 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Mar 16; 2:9 |
Diabetes mellitus is a hypercoagulable state [1]. It has been demonstrated that patients with diabetes have abnormally elevated markers of coagulation activation [2-12], as well as increased risk of mortality from thrombosis [13]. Indeed, virtually all Type II diabetics will die a thrombotic death, whether its origin b... | 15796773 | PMC1079955 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:24 | no | Thromb J. 2005 Mar 29; 3:3 |
Introduction
In order to improve the unsatisfying results of current standard approaches to breast cancer treatment, therapeutic strategies tailored to individual patients' tumor phenotype based on better understanding of breast cancer biology should be considered. For instance, the human epidermal growth factor recept... | 15784149 | PMC1079956 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:28 | no | J Transl Med. 2005 Mar 22; 3:13 |
The launching of Virology Journal comes at a time of resurgence of interest in the basic biology of the bacteriophages and the impact that these viruses have on earth's ecology, evolution of microbial diversity and the control of infectious disease. Since playing an important part in the birth of Molecular Biology more... | 15769295 | PMC1079957 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:58 | no | Virol J. 2005 Mar 15; 2:19 |
Introduction
Only a very small fraction of the vast number of viral species belonging to the different virus families have been identified and characterized to date. The majority of these uncharacterized viral species are found in host organisms which have not been targeted in biomedical, plant or animal research. Howe... | 15769292 | PMC1079958 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:58 | no | Virol J. 2005 Mar 15; 2:20 |
Background
Geminiviruses are a large family of plant viruses with circular, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genomes packaged within geminate particles. The family Geminiviridae is divided into four genera (Mastrevirus, Curtovirus, Topocuvirus, and Begomovirus) according to their genome organizations and biological properti... | 15784145 | PMC1079959 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:58 | no | Virol J. 2005 Mar 22; 2:21 |
Background
Sheeppox virus, an epitheliotropic DNA virus, is classified as a member of Capripox virus genus that represent one of eight genera within the chordopox virus subfamily of the Poxviridae. Genus Capripoxvirus is comprised of sheeppox virus, goatpox virus, and lumpy skin disease virus that cause disease in shee... | 15784144 | PMC1079960 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:59 | no | Virol J. 2005 Mar 22; 2:22 |
Background
Vaccinia virus (VAC), the prototype for the family Poxviridae, is a large double-stranded DNA virus that encodes numerous enzymes and factors needed for RNA and DNA synthesis, enabling it to replicate in the cytoplasm of infected cells [1]. More than 20 viral proteins including a multi-subunit RNA polymerase... | 15784143 | PMC1079961 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:59 | no | Virol J. 2005 Mar 22; 2:23 |
Background
Rotaviruses remain the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide and cause an estimated 600,000 deaths in children less than 5 years of age [20]. The high disease burden motivated major efforts to develop a suitable rotavirus vaccine. However, the vaccine efficacy is being challenged by the extens... | 15790408 | PMC1079962 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:59 | no | Virol J. 2005 Mar 24; 2:24 |
Background
The dengue viruses have become recognized as important global pathogens causing dengue haemorrhagic fever not only in Southeast Asia but also in South and Central America and in the Caribbean.[1,2]. There are 4 closely related dengue viruses referred to as DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4[3]. They are mosqu... | 15790424 | PMC1079963 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:59 | no | Virol J. 2005 Mar 25; 2:25 |
Background
The geriatric population is expanding, and hence the clinical decision making are often confused by effects of ageing. Age should not be the only parameter considered when addressing a medical problem [1]. There is much evidence that the booming elderly population with cancer does not receive potentially cur... | 15788092 | PMC1079964 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:03 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Mar 23; 3:17 |
Nanotechnology can be harnessed to address some of the world's most critical development problems. However, to our knowledge, there has been no systematic prioritization of applications of nanotechnology targeted toward these challenges faced by the 5 billion people living in the developing world.
In this article, we ... | 15807631 | PMC1079975 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:46 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 May 12; 2(5):e97 |
Background
Herpes Simplex virus thymidine kinase gene (HSV-tk) suicide gene therapy has lately been used in a variety of cancer models to sensitize replicating cells to the antiviral drug ganciclovir (GCV) [1-3]. In this paradigm, tumor cells transfected with the HSV-tk gene become able to mono-phosphorylate ganciclovi... | 15804364 | PMC1080125 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:04 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Apr 2; 5:32 |
Background
Evolutionary conflicts of interest between the sexes have been convincingly demonstrated in species with separate sexes [1]. These sexual conflicts often give rise to traits that are advantageous for one sex but harmful to the other. If these detrimental effects are counteracted, a co-evolutionary arms race ... | 15799778 | PMC1080126 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Mar 30; 5:25 |
Background
CCR3, the eotaxin receptor, is the major chemokine receptor expressed on eosinophils, basophils and a subpopulation of Th2 lymphocytes [1-10]. Recently, CCR3 has been shown to be upregulated on neutrophils and monocytoid U937 cells by interferons in vitro and to be expressed by endothelial cells, epithelial ... | 15807893 | PMC1080127 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:31 | no | BMC Immunol. 2005 Apr 4; 6:7 |
Background
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) enters target cells by forming a ternary complex between the viral envelope protein gp120 and two cellular receptor proteins: CD4 and a chemokine receptor [[1-6], reviewed in [7]]. HIV viral strains have been described which use a wide range of different chemokine receptors... | 15807900 | PMC1082716 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:40 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Apr 4; 2:23 |
Background
The water column in a stratified lake provides vertical gradients of habitat qualities for zooplankton. Surface layers (epilimnion) and deep layers (hypolimnion) separated by a strong temperature gradient (thermocline) differ very much with respect to temperature, light, food availability and predation risk.... | 15813974 | PMC1082883 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:56 | no | BMC Biol. 2005 Apr 6; 3:10 |
Background
Arabidopsis thaliana has long been considered the foremost model organism in plant biology. It is favored for its short generation time, plentiful seeds, conveniently small stature, and ease of genetic transformation using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Its comparatively small genome size, estimated at 140 milli... | 15784138 | PMC1082884 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:56 | no | BMC Biol. 2005 Mar 22; 3:7 |
Background
Multidecadal fluctuations, or biological regime shifts, have basin-wide effects on sea surface temperature (SST) and upwelling that are associated with large-scale changes in biological productivity [1,2]. They are similar to the 3–4 year cycles of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) but on longer time s... | 15794819 | PMC1082885 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:56 | no | BMC Biol. 2005 Mar 28; 3:9 |
Background
Chickens are known to produce several different proteins which bind biotin in a non-covalent fashion. One of them is avidin, which is expressed by oviduct cells upon progesterone induction and is then transferred to the egg-white where it constitutes a minor fraction of the total protein content of the egg-w... | 15777476 | PMC1082904 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:53 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Mar 18; 6:41 |
Background
Chemokines are a family of small chemoattrative peptides that were originally recognized to be involved in host defense as regulators of leukocyte trafficking, but more recently have also been shown to have roles in organogenesis, hematopoiesis, and neuronal communication [1]. Their cognate receptors belong ... | 15790398 | PMC1082905 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:53 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Mar 24; 6:45 |
Background
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is a fish native to the basin of the North Atlantic Ocean. As farming of Atlantic salmon is growing as an agricultural enterprise, identification of genetic regions and genes responsible for economically important traits might be of importance for future agriculture of salmon.
... | 15807896 | PMC1082906 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:52 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Apr 4; 6:50 |
Background
Studies have shown that young people with first episode psychosis (FEP) experience lengthy delays between the onset of psychotic symptoms and receipt of treatment [1,2]. The average period from first onset of psychosis to initiation of adequate treatment (duration of untreated psychosis, or DUP) is one to tw... | 15755321 | PMC1082907 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:50 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Mar 8; 5:19 |
Background
The clinical importance of yeast infections has increased during the last decades, not only because the number of yeast infections has increased, but also because yeast infections have become a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients [1]. Besides the higher frequency there is ... | 15774019 | PMC1082908 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:39 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Mar 18; 5:14 |
Introduction
Young people are at the forefront of the HIV/AIDS epidemic as it continues to spread worldwide. An estimated 12 million people aged between 15 and 24 years are living with HIV or AIDS around the world. Of the five million new HIV infections in 2001, over half were among youth aged 15–24 [1]. Six thousand y... | 15774000 | PMC1082909 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:50 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2005 Mar 17; 2:5 |
Introduction
It has become clear that the interaction between the oocyte and granulosa cells is required for the growth of the oocyte. Granulosa cells are influenced by gonadotropin in the blood and are engaged in hormone regulation in the ovary. As follicles grow and an antrum is formed, granulosa cells separate into ... | 15823201 | PMC1082910 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:17 | no | J Exp Clin Assist Reprod. 2005 Apr 11; 2:6 |
Editorial
The spontaneous diversification of science is notably increasing the number of niches in which scientists specialize. Therefore, despite the multidisciplinary profile of current scientific approaches, the speedy enrichment of defined conceptual areas generates multiple "hot spots" with a particular interest. ... | 15813966 | PMC1082911 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:47 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2005 Apr 6; 4:10 |
Background
The prevalence of spontaneous triplet pregnancy is about 1 in 7000 deliveries, but with the increasing availability of assisted reproductive technologies, the rate of high-order multiple pregnancies has risen dramatically over the last 20 years [1,2]. Although multiple births have increased and most of the r... | 15819977 | PMC1082912 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:16 | no | Reprod Health. 2005 Apr 8; 2:2 |
Background
Monocyte/macrophages are one of the major target of dengue virus and responsible for virus dissemination after its initial entry via the mosquito vector [1-3]. A detailed study of this early virus-monocyte interaction by electron microscopy has not been performed. Since ultrastructural study is one of the im... | 15801983 | PMC1082913 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:58 | no | Virol J. 2005 Mar 31; 2:26 |
Background
Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is defined as a clinical condition without clinical or radiological signs of active disease, and it is manifested only by a positive tuberculin skin test [1]. Approximately two billion people, or one-third of the world's population, have LTBI, and approximately 10% of the... | 15804353 | PMC1083412 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:21 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2005 Apr 1; 4:6 |
Background
The use of microarray technologies to monitor gene expression in model organisms, cell lines and tissues has become an important part of biological research over the last several years. Even though a number of papers have been published on the analysis of microarray data, particularly on normalization, class... | 15773999 | PMC1083413 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Mar 17; 6:59 |
Background
The retina is a well-defined portion of the Central Nervous System (CNS) that has long been used as a model for CNS development and function [1-4]. It is susceptible to a variety of diseases that can lead to vision loss or complete blindness. Most of the unique functions of the retina depend upon its tissue-... | 15777472 | PMC1083414 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:52 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Mar 18; 6:40 |
Background
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a poly-microbial syndrome characterised by a shift in vaginal flora from a predominant population of lactobacilli to their gradual or total replacement with anaerobes such as Gardnerella vaginalis, Prevotella, Bacteroides and Mobiluncus species (spp), and with other bacteria inclu... | 15757510 | PMC1083415 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:14 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Mar 9; 5:12 |
Background
The genome sequences of Arabidopsis [1] and rice [2,3] have stimulated great advances throughout the plant sciences. Comparisons of these eudicot and monocot genomes have provided many insights into the genome characteristics and evolutionary histories of both lineages [e.g. [4-6]], and comparisons involving... | 15799777 | PMC1083416 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:52 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2005 Mar 30; 5:5 |
Background
Ever since the birth of echocardiography, 50 years ago, this non-invasive diagnostic tool became a milestone in the clinical evaluation of cardiovascular patients, due to its diagnostic accuracy. Owing to advances in technology, the ultrasonic industry has recently produced hand-held devices (HHD) that are m... | 15790409 | PMC1083417 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:31 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2005 Mar 24; 3:7 |
Background
U.S. population-based surveys estimate that adults spend 87% of their day indoors, 69% in their place of residence, and 6% in a vehicle [1-3]. To date, most published disease cluster investigations use static geographies in which individuals are assumed to be sessile. Examples include the use of geocoded pla... | 15784151 | PMC1083418 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:33 | no | Environ Health. 2005 Mar 22; 4:4 |
Background
Compared to older children, children under 2 years are at increased risk of influenza-related hospitalization [1-4]. In the United States, it is now recommended that children 6–23 months and household contacts of all children under 2 be vaccinated annually against influenza [5]. Older children without high r... | 15780143 | PMC1083419 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:13 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Mar 21; 3:18 |
Background
The c-Myc oncogene is one of the most frequently dysregulated genes in human tumours. Myc was originally identified as the cellular homolog of the transforming part of the viral isolate MC29 [1]. The c-Myc oncogene is a member of the basic-helix-loop-helix-leucine-zipper transcription (bHLH-ZIP) factors, whi... | 15811177 | PMC1083420 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:35 | yes | Mol Cancer. 2005 Apr 5; 4:13 |
Background
Psychophysical procedures such as the visual analogue scale are commonly used to assess human pain magnitude. However, any of those assessments seem not to be suitable for evaluation of a change in thresholds of each class of afferent fibers, despite of the fact that quantitative analysis of each afferent cl... | 15813963 | PMC1083421 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:08 | no | Mol Pain. 2005 Mar 25; 1:13 |
Background
Melanomas are a heterogeneous group of tumors that arise in the skin, eye, meninges and other parts of the body. While early stages of cutaneous melanomas are recognized by changes in the size, shape or color of black nevi, most cancer cells grow downward from the skin and invade neighboring tissues before t... | 15784142 | PMC1083422 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:27 | no | J Transl Med. 2005 Mar 22; 3:14 |
Background
It has been well documented that immune functions declines with aging in both humans and experimental rodents. Especially the T cell dependent functions are compromised [1-3]. The immune functions are known to play an important role in host defense mechanisms [4]. Hence, it can be considered that enhancement... | 15790423 | PMC1084244 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:46 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2005 Mar 25; 5:8 |
Background
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS; MIM 175200) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder typified by hamartomatous polyposis of the gastrointestinal tract and melanin pigmentation of the oro-facial region [1]. Although germline mutations in the coding sequence of the serine-threonine kinase gene STK11/LKB1 have been f... | 15774015 | PMC1084245 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:53 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Mar 17; 6:38 |
Background
Reviewers and users of reviews draw conclusions about the overall quality of the evidence that is reviewed. Similarly, people making recommendations and users of those recommendations draw conclusions about the strength of the recommendations that are made. Systematic approaches to doing this can help protec... | 15788089 | PMC1084246 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:50 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Mar 23; 5:25 |
Background
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of viral bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and children under two years of age. Premature infants, children with chronic lung diseases (e.g. bronchopulmonary dysplasia), children with congenital heart disease and immunodeficiency patients have h... | 15801975 | PMC1084247 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:15 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Mar 31; 5:20 |
Background
A growing number of health care report cards are now available, and they are increasingly being used to increase the profiles of high performing hospitals amongst consumers [1-3]. However, the recent proliferation of health care report cards has occurred in the absence of an ethical framework to guide their ... | 15794818 | PMC1084248 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:58 | no | BMC Med Ethics. 2005 Mar 28; 6:3 |
Background
Fear of falling and associated activity restriction are common in elderly persons, both in those older persons who have experienced a fall and those who have not [1,2]. Studies in older people living in the community showed that about 20 to 60 percent of these persons experience at least some fear of falling... | 15780139 | PMC1084249 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:56 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Mar 21; 5:26 |
Background and clinical perspectives
Normally coronary blood flow can increase approximately four-to-six fold to meet increasing myocardial oxygen demands. This effect is mediated by vasodilation at the arteriolar bed, which reduces vascular resistance, thereby augmenting flow. The coronary reserve (CFR) represents the... | 15792499 | PMC1084250 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:32 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2005 Mar 25; 3:8 |
Introduction
Upon infection by poliovirus and many other positive-strand RNA viruses, dramatic changes are rapidly induced in the cellular environment. Poliovirus infection causes the massive rearrangement of intracellular membranes, with double-membraned vesicles 200–400 nm in diameter accumulating in the cytoplasm [1... | 15884975 | PMC1084330 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:22 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 May 26; 3(5):e156 |
Introduction
Neuronal differentiation is a protracted process during which newly generated neurons express distinct cellular and molecular programs at precise times during their maturation: long-distance axon outgrowth, subsequent terminal branching, and finally synaptogenesis. Many important aspects of neuronal charac... | 15836427 | PMC1084331 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:22 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 May 26; 3(5):e159 |
Building an embryo is like building a house: everything has to be done at the right time and the right place if the plans are to be translated faithfully. On the building site, if the roofer comes along before the bricklayer has finished, the result may be a bungalow instead of a two-story residence. In the embryo, if ... | 0 | PMC1084332 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:22 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 May 26; 3(5):e180 |
Against the constant threat of infection by bacteria or viruses, one line of defense for the eukaryotic cell is the autophagosome. This double-membrane structure, which buds off from the endoplasmic reticulum, traps cytoplasmic intruders and, upon maturation, merges with a lysosome to destroy them. In this issue, howev... | 0 | PMC1084333 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:14 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 May 26; 3(5):e195 |
Introduction
Organelle function is controlled primarily by the regulation of nuclear gene expression in response to developmental and environmental cues. In turn, organelles signal to the nucleus, in a process termed retrograde signaling, to coordinate the biological activities of the two subcellular compartments. For ... | 15884974 | PMC1084334 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:26 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 May 26; 3(5):e151 |
Introduction
Somatic cells within an organism possess genomes that are, with only a few minor exceptions, identical. However, various cell types may possess different epigenomes including the variation of DNA methylation and histone modification patterns. Epigenome variability accounts for cell-type-specific gene expre... | 15839726 | PMC1084335 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:22 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 May 26; 3(5):e157 |
Eukaryotic cells have an organizational problem. The specialized proteins found in cellular organelles (structures with specific functions such as energy production) are mostly encoded within the nucleus. To build and maintain a cell that works efficiently under all conditions, each type of organelle needs to be able t... | 0 | PMC1084336 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:22 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 May 26; 3(5):e167 |
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