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On this, theologians, philosophers, and biologists can agree: we are more than the sum of our genes. Biological complexity arises not from gene number but from patterns of gene expression, which change under the direction of both genetic and so-called epigenetic mechanisms. Epigenetics, broadly defined, concerns herita... | 0 | PMC1084337 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:22 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 May 26; 3(5):e188 |
Introduction
Apoptosis is considered the primary means by which physiologic cell death occurs [1]. The fate of apoptotic material is rapid clearance and degradation by phagocytes. There is, however, growing evidence that apoptotic death need not be an endpoint, and that dying cells are capable of transferring antigen t... | 15839733 | PMC1084338 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:14 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun 26; 3(6):e185 |
For a cell, suicide is a perfectly acceptable response to stress. Programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is a normal part of development: it occurs 131 times over the course of worm development, for example, and throughout the life of an organism to replenish worn out cells in a variety of tissues. Disease and infection ... | 0 | PMC1084339 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:22 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun 26; 3(6):e197 |
Background
Ketamine was patented in 1966 [1], and has long been known to be associated with short-term analgesia [2]. Considerable interest was renewed in ketamine with the discovery that it could block the NMDA receptor and therefore it has a potential role in the management of windup and prevention of subsequent spin... | 15804361 | PMC1084341 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:05 | no | BMC Anesthesiol. 2005 Apr 2; 5:2 |
Background
DNA cytosine-5-methyltransferases (Dnmts) catalyze the methyl transfer from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to the cytosine in CpG dinucleotides. Four active DNA methyltransferases, Dnmt1, Dnmt2, Dnmt3a, and Dnmt3b, have been reported in mammals. These four enzymes contain highly conserved DNA methyltransferase moti... | 15799776 | PMC1084342 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:49 | no | BMC Biochem. 2005 Mar 30; 6:6 |
Background
The spread of microarray technology has made possible the routine and simultaneous measurement of expression profiles for tens of thousands of genes. In the case of photolithographically synthesized high-density oligonucleotide arrays as described in [1], the technology for hybridizing RNA on chips and quant... | 15799785 | PMC1084343 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Mar 31; 6:80 |
Background
Numerous genome-sequencing projects have caused a rapid growth of the protein databases. In contrast to the pre-genomic era, when the selection of sequences was highly biased towards known and characterized genes, the systematic exploration of genomes now allows to assign more and precise functional properti... | 15804359 | PMC1084344 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Apr 1; 6:82 |
Background
The growth and culturability of the actinobacteria is controlled by a family of secreted or membrane-associated proteins [1]. The Rpf protein of Micrococcus luteus was the founder member of this family, which now comprises more than forty representatives [2-4]. Rpf is required for the resuscitation of dorman... | 15774001 | PMC1084345 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:53 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Mar 17; 6:39 |
Background
Insulin resistance is associated with obesity especially when centrally distributed [1,2]. The connection between increased adiposity and insulin resistance is still poorly understood, although recent evidence has suggested that adipose tissue-released cytokines like adiponectin, resistin, leptin and Tumour ... | 15784141 | PMC1084346 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2005 Mar 22; 6:11 |
Background
Type-III secretion is one of five different types of protein secretion employed by Gram-negative bacteria to move proteins from the cytoplasm across two membranes to the external milieu [1-5]. Any given type-III secretion system (T3SS) consists of a multi-protein complex that spans both the inner and outer m... | 15757514 | PMC1084347 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:05 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Mar 9; 5:9 |
Background
In diseased skeletal muscle, damaged myofibers can sometimes be replaced or repaired by mononucleate muscle precursor cells that can commit to myogenesis and fuse to form multinucleate myofibers. In some muscle diseases, progressive loss of muscle function may be due at least in part to a decreasing rate of ... | 15817132 | PMC1084348 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:53 | no | BMC Neurol. 2005 Apr 7; 5:7 |
Background
Sweet and umami taste involve TAS1R receptors, which belong to the subclass 3 of the GPCR super family and are distantly related to the V2R pheromone-, metabotropic glutamate- and calcium sensing receptors [1-3]. They have a large N-terminal extracellular domain that is linked by a cysteine-rich domain to th... | 15817126 | PMC1084349 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:47 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Apr 7; 6:22 |
Background
Women and infants of a multiple pregnancy are recognised to be at increased risk of adverse outcome when compared with singletons. The greatest risk to infants of a multiple pregnancy is being born preterm, with preterm birth, defined as birth less than 37 weeks gestation, and very preterm birth less than 32... | 15804370 | PMC1084350 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:05 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2005 Apr 4; 5:8 |
Background
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common sources of infection in children under 5. In a small proportion of children UTI may lead to renal scarring [1,2]. This outcome of infection is of concern as it is associated with significant future complications and ultimately with end stage renal disea... | 15811182 | PMC1084351 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:07 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 Apr 5; 5:4 |
Background
Tuberculosis is still a great challenge for public health in Brazil and worldwide. In Recife, a large city in the Northeast Region of the country, the annual incidence of tuberculosis is high, about 100 per 100 000 inhabitants in 2003.
Early detection of infectious tuberculosis cases followed by effective t... | 15777473 | PMC1084352 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:56 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Mar 18; 5:25 |
Background
The first probable case of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Taiwan was identified on March 14, 2003 [1]. The epidemic became elevated at the end of April and reached its peak in May and June. Finally, the epidemic ended when Taiwan was officially removed from the World Health Organization (WHO) li... | 15804368 | PMC1084353 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:56 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Apr 4; 5:30 |
Background
Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) or handheld computers are now commonly used devices in clinical medicine and other professions where immediate access to information is required away from the comforts of a traditional office and desk top computer [1].
Several specialities of clinical medicine are using PD... | 15823207 | PMC1084354 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:56 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Apr 11; 5:35 |
Background
Autism (MIM 209850) is a heritable neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by delayed language acquisition, impaired socialization, and repetitive or stereotyped behaviors. Frequent associated features include sensory abnormalities and lack of motor coordination. The recurrence risk for siblings is approxi... | 15780135 | PMC1084355 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:02 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 Mar 21; 5:15 |
Introduction
Tissue Doppler echocardiography (DTI) has been introduced as a new method to quantify regional myocardial function. It provides an analysis of myocardial velocities and regional myocardial displacement, deformation and rate of deformation [1-5]. In routine practice the diagnosis of an acute coronary syndro... | 15819987 | PMC1084356 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:31 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2005 Apr 8; 3:10 |
Review
The past two decades have seen considerable interest in the development and evaluation of health status outcome measures [1-14]. Although the assessment of reliability and cross-sectional validity is straightforward, the same cannot be said about the evaluation of a measure's ability to detect change. Investigat... | 15811176 | PMC1084357 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:14 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Apr 5; 3:23 |
Introduction
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers, it is estimated that one in eight women in the USA will develop breast cancer during their lifetime [1-4]. Furthermore, 25–30% of breast cancers are found in pre-menopausal women [1]. Currently mammography is the best available approach for the early detecti... | 15819982 | PMC1084358 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:37 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2005 Apr 8; 2:8 |
1. Introduction
Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases (AITD) are one of the most frequent organ-specific autoimmune diseases affecting more than 3% of the total population worldwide. The clinical spectrum can be divided into two major subtypes, (i) glandular hyperfunction characterized by Graves' disease, and (ii) glandular hypo... | 15769293 | PMC1084359 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:04 | no | J Autoimmune Dis. 2005 Mar 15; 2:2 |
Introduction
Infertility patients are a vulnerable group that often seek a non-medical solution for their failure to conceive. The Cochrane Collaboration's definition of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) is "a broad domain of healing resources that encompasses all health systems, modalities, and practices an... | 15807886 | PMC1084360 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:17 | no | J Exp Clin Assist Reprod. 2005 Apr 4; 2:5 |
Introduction
The analysis of the transcriptome of Plasmodium falciparum has revealed that during the intraerythrocytic development of the parasite, genes coding for enzymes and proteins that are involved in complex cellular functions such as transcription, replication or energy metabolism, each involving many gene prod... | 15774020 | PMC1084361 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:31 | no | Malar J. 2005 Mar 18; 4:17 |
Background
Although the major steps in reverse transcription have been known for some time, the process by which the tRNA primer is specifically selected from the intracellular milieu by the virus is less well understood. Even though different retroviruses select different tRNA primers for reverse transcription, within... | 15790410 | PMC1084362 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:40 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Mar 24; 2:21 |
Background
Critical-care patients, such as premature newborns or adults suffering from severe respiratory illness, often need high concentrations of oxygen to maintain adequate blood oxygenation. Yet, high oxygen concentrations for extended periods of time are toxic and can lead to impaired lung function, respiratory f... | 15819984 | PMC1084363 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Apr 8; 6(1):31 |
1. Introduction
The analysis of growth is an important component of many clinical and biological studies. The evolution of such mathematical functions as Gompertz, logistic, Richards, Weibull and Von Bertalanffy to describe population growth clearly indicates how this field has developed over the years. These models ha... | 15799781 | PMC1084364 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:26 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Mar 30; 2:14 |
Mental health is perhaps the most neglected area of health policy and programming. According to the 2001 World Health Report, “some 450 million people suffer from a mental or behavioral disorder, yet only a small minority of them receive even the most basic treatment” [1]. More than 40% of countries have no mental heal... | 15839737 | PMC1087199 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:39 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Apr 26; 2(4):e71 |
Introduction
An increasing prevalence of drug-resistant parasites now threatens the efficacy of the antimalarial drugs chloroquine (CQ), sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP), and amodiaquine (AQ) in sub-Saharan Africa [1,2,3]. In response, there is currently a concerted effort to evaluate new combinations of antimalarials [... | 15839740 | PMC1087200 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Apr 26; 2(4):e92 |
One of the most fundamental human rights is the assumption that each person matters, and everyone deserves to be treated with dignity—this is the tenet from which all other human rights flow. Another is that those who are most vulnerable deserve special protection. However, in many developing countries, vast numbers of... | 15839742 | PMC1087201 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:44 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Apr 26; 2(4):e102 |
Buruli ulcer is a disease of skin and soft tissue with the potential to leave sufferers scarred and disabled. It is caused by an environmental pathogen, Mycobacterium ulcerans, that produces a destructive toxin. The exact mode of transmission is unclear. The main burden of disease falls on children living in sub-Sahara... | 15839744 | PMC1087202 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:45 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Apr 26; 2(4):e108 |
Hypertension is common in affluent societies and a major risk factor for heart disease. In Canada, hypertension is the leading primary diagnosis for patient visits to physicians' offices. Beyond recommending lifestyle changes such as losing weight, quitting smoking, and lowering salt and alcohol intake, prescription dr... | 0 | PMC1087203 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:39:43 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Apr 26; 2(4):e113 |
As the HIV-1 epidemic continues to grow, mutations in the virus that confer drug resistance are becoming increasingly important in the clinical management of patients worldwide. Of all the different virus subtypes (A, B, C, D, F, G, H, J, and K) and a rapidly increasing number of established and emerging recombinant vi... | 0 | PMC1087204 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:40:25 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Apr 26; 2(4):e117 |
The debate between a libertarian bioethicist and a communitarian bioethicist [1] illustrates why American bioethics is becoming increasingly marginalised and irrelevant to the democratic society that it intends to serve.
Both participants in the debate, Arthur Caplan and Carl Elliott, explicitly reject the notion of “... | 15839748 | PMC1087205 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Apr 26; 2(4):e121 |
DESCRIPTION of CASE
A 75-year-old right-handed woman presented with a two-day history of symptoms suggestive of a right hemispheric stroke (slurred speech and left facial and left arm weakness). She had no previous cerebrovascular symptoms, such as symptoms of a previous transient ischaemic attack or amaurosis fugax (l... | 15839738 | PMC1087206 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Apr 26; 2(4):e79 |
Michael Makover's Viewpoint: We Should Use High-Sensitivity Carotid Ultrasound to Detect Very Early Atherosclerosis and Treat Aggressively
Atherosclerotic vascular disease is the greatest cause of death and disability in developed countries. The best way to prevent these outcomes is to detect disease at the earliest po... | 15839727 | PMC1087207 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:43 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Apr 26; 2(4):e98 |
Introduction
Advances in transplant-based therapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus [1] and a dearth of cadaveric pancreatic islets of Langerhans have focused interest on developing renewable sources of transplant-ready islet-replacement tissues. Pancreatic islets derive from embryonic endoderm, but display features of neur... | 15839736 | PMC1087208 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Apr 26; 2(4):e103 |
Filariasis
The filarial nematodes Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia spp., and Onchocerca volvulus are insect-borne parasites that cause lymphatic or cutaneous filariasis. Lymphangitis, hydrocele, and elephantiasis are pathologies that result from W. bancrofti and Brugia spp. infections. O. volvulus infections can present wi... | 15839745 | PMC1087209 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:44 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Apr 26; 2(4):e110 |
There are 300 million cases of malaria each year worldwide, causing one million deaths. Around 90% of these deaths occur in Africa, mostly in young children. One of the greatest challenges facing Africa in the fight against malaria is drug resistance; resistance to chloroquine (CQ), the cheapest and most widely used an... | 0 | PMC1087210 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:39:49 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Apr 26; 2(4):e114 |
Medicine might not be the oldest profession, but the practice and the teaching of it certainly stretch far back into antiquity. In the developed world, medical schools are now thriving enterprises whose main aim remains to turn out sufficient numbers of well-trained medical practitioners. But alongside this primary pur... | 17523249 | PMC1087211 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:39:45 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Apr 26; 2(4):e118 |
Introduction
Hypertension significantly increases the risk of serious cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and is the leading primary diagnosis for patient visits to physicians' offices in Canada [1]. Pharmaceuticals used in the treatment of hypertension constitute the leading therapeutic category of prescription dru... | 15839739 | PMC1087212 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:49 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Apr 26; 2(4):e80 |
A World of Contrasts
Medical students today enter a profession defined by stark contrasts. In developed countries, public health improvements have nearly doubled life expectancy in the last century, and sophisticated technology and innovative research hold the promise of longer and higher quality life. At the same time... | 15986512 | PMC1087213 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:46 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Apr 26; 2(4):e99 |
The traditional, low-cost mainstay drugs for malaria, chloroquine (CQ) and sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP), have a very limited lifetime left in terms of their clinical usefulness. These drugs have been relatively ineffective in Asia for two decades, and rising drug resistance levels have now also rendered them ineffec... | 15839750 | PMC1087214 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:45 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Apr 26; 2(4):e105 |
“My advice is to go for the messes—that's where the action is.”—Steven Weinberg [1]
Academic medicine has tried to avoid the mess that has characterised much of clinical practice over the last quarter century. Instead its success has come from using techniques developed in biochemistry and molecular genetics, and app... | 15839728 | PMC1087215 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:46 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Apr 26; 2(4):e111 |
Before insulin was discovered and purified, doctors could only watch as their patients slowly died of type 1 diabetes mellitus. In January 1922, the prognosis was changed dramatically when a teenager with diabetes in a Toronto hospital became the first recorded recipient of an injection of insulin. Although this prepar... | 0 | PMC1087216 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:39:44 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Apr 26; 2(4):e115 |
Given the scientific hurdles encountered in HIV/AIDS vaccine development, a global effort is needed, and the scientific strategic plan proposed by the Global HIV/AIDS Vaccine Enterprise [1] is a milestone. The plan also provides an important starting point for continued discussion.
Since only a limited number of HIV/A... | 15839746 | PMC1087217 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Apr 26; 2(4):e119 |
“e-Health matters. It can improve access to healthcare and boost the quality and effectiveness of the service offered. e-Health describes the application of information and communications technologies across the whole range of functions that affect the health sector.”
This is the introductory statement of a recent co... | 15839749 | PMC1087218 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:46 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Apr 26; 2(4):e87 |
Introduction
Dengue is a peri-urban disease in the tropics and subtropics, transmitted principally by a single species of mosquito, Aedes aegypti. It has been estimated that 50 to 100 million people each year suffer from dengue and that two-fifths of the human population are at risk. The geographic distributions of den... | 15839751 | PMC1087219 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:47 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Apr 26; 2(4):e106 |
Introduction
The HIV-1 pandemic resulted from the cross-species transmission of a lentivirus, most likely of chimpanzee origin, that began spreading among humans during the first half of the previous century [1,2,3]. The progeny of this zoonotic infection—designated HIV-1 group M (main) viruses—make up the vast majorit... | 15839752 | PMC1087220 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:46 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Apr 26; 2(4):e112 |
Compared with malaria, dengue fever has a rather lower profile in the public mind, although to those who have had it, it leaves a great impression. The name dengue fever is derived from the Swahiliwords Ki denga pepo (“it is a sudden overtaking by an evil spirit”), which gives an idea of the rapid onset of the disease.... | 0 | PMC1087221 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:39:45 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Apr 26; 2(4):e116 |
The case report by Nautiyal et al. [1] is an instructive reminder that the first episode of an acute painful Horner Syndrome should prompt imaging of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery, since carotid dissection (as well as other conditions, such as high-grade stenosis) needs to be ruled out. Unfortunately, the aut... | 15839747 | PMC1087222 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:49 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Apr 26; 2(4):e120 |
Introduction
Public health is a small component of the health system, both in terms of budgetary allocation at either state or national level and in terms of the number of practitioners. It incorporates a myriad of activities; legislation and regulation for health protection, preventive services directed at specific di... | 15811192 | PMC1087471 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:28 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2005 Apr 6; 2:7 |
Background
Comparative sequence analysis is fast becoming a standard method for discovering cis-regulatory modules [1]. The technique relies on the signatures of conservation left by functional genomic regions as the background sequence evolves. It is often the only way to computationally discover cis-regulatory module... | 15790396 | PMC1087472 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:50 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Mar 24; 6:70 |
Background
Improvements in technology have resulted in the ability to perform increasingly complex experimental research, generating large amounts of multi-dimensional data. Research in biology today involves the exploration and analysis of the large, shared databases available to the wider scientific community. This r... | 15790390 | PMC1087473 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Mar 24; 6:74 |
Background
Biological databases have become a major resource for researchers in life science. With the constantly increasing number of data deposited and the computational tools evolving, the focus of research has shifted from the study of a single gene towards an intra- and inter-species comparison of genes and gene p... | 15801979 | PMC1087474 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:50 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Mar 31; 6:81 |
Background
RNA editing is a type of RNA processing (such as polyadenylation, intron splicing, and 5' end-capping) that inserts, deletes, or modifies nucleotides in an RNA transcript, thereby changing the information encoded by the genome. First discovered in trypanosome mitochondria [1], RNA editing has since been obse... | 15826309 | PMC1087475 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:49 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Apr 12; 6:96 |
Background
The genomes of prokaryotic organisms contain many structures that may be involved in pathogenicity, including a variety of operons, pathogenicity islands and prophage sequences. Operons are sets of adjacent genes in bacteria that form a single transcriptional unit, and many, such as those coding for flagella... | 15829007 | PMC1087476 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:50 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Apr 13; 6:98 |
Background
In cell wall-encased, immobile plant cells, tight regulation of the cell division plane plays a crucial role in tissue and organ morphogenesis [1,2]. At the onset of mitosis a plant-specific cortical microtubule array, the PPB [3], emerges. Although the PPB disassembles as the cell enters mitosis, it precise... | 15831100 | PMC1087477 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:15 | no | BMC Biol. 2005 Apr 14; 3:11 |
Background
Many randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that patient survival rates are similar after treatment by mastectomy or by conservative surgery and radiotherapy [1-4]. However, the National Institute of Health Consensus Conference concluded that for most women with early-stage breast cancers (stages I and... | 15811187 | PMC1087478 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:03 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Apr 5; 5:35 |
Background
Only 10–20% of patients with pancreatic cancer can be resected with curative intent at the time of diagnosis. Loco-regional recurrence and/or metastatic disease develop in the majority of patients who undergo pancreatic resection. Relapse occurs within 9–15 months after initial presentation and patients have... | 15826316 | PMC1087479 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:04 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Apr 12; 5:37 |
Background
Lysosomal cysteine peptidases play an important part in intra- and extracellular protein degradation. Their primarily assumed function has changed: they "can no longer be considered as simple garbage disposers" [1], but do also function as key enzymes in cardinal processes of homeostasis and cell demise. Thi... | 15807897 | PMC1087480 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:10 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 Apr 4; 6:16 |
Background
Eukaryotic genes are organised on chromosomes in units known as expression domains, that are believed to include all regulatory elements required for correct gene expression [1]. We use the mouse tyrosinase locus (Tyr) as an experimental model to study mammalian expression domains [2,3]. The mouse Tyr gene i... | 15826307 | PMC1087481 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:10 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 Apr 12; 6:18 |
Background
Phylogeny in a context of LGT
The Tree of Life has long been a central metaphor of evolutionary theory, and is a useful framework upon which to build a natural classification. However, understanding the phylogeny of species from gene trees is a very challenging task, both technically and conceptually.
First... | 15819979 | PMC1087482 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:17 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Apr 8; 5:27 |
Background
'Imagine what it would be like if doctors could look at your medical future' says an advert in the Harvard Business Review [1]. If companies are already marketing the possibility of a genetic manipulated future, is it not time doctors considered how to manage what will become a growing area of work? Genetics... | 15831099 | PMC1087483 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:13 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Apr 14; 6:14 |
Background
We first present a simple model of DNA replication to show that the genomic AT% of rapidly replicating bacterial species is indicative of the relative availability of nucleotides A and T in the bacterial cell. By using the genomic AT% of bacterial species as an index of AT availability, we study how bacterio... | 15823202 | PMC1087484 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:18 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Apr 11; 6:20 |
Background
The early region 1A (E1A) of adenoviruses encodes two main proteins (243 and 289 aa-long in human adenovirus 2) which are translated from alternatively spliced mRNAs (12S and 13S, respectively). The two proteins have identical N- and C-terminal regions but the larger one (E1A-13S) has an additional domain (4... | 15831101 | PMC1087485 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:25 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2005 Apr 14; 6:8 |
Background
Notwithstanding many recent changes to the medical curriculum, medical teaching retains a strong apprentice-based element, in which experienced senior doctors pass on their knowledge and skills to students and juniors. The requirements of the profession demand both extensive acquisition of knowledge and a hi... | 15804360 | PMC1087486 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:56 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2005 Apr 1; 5:11 |
Background
Clinical problems encountered by clinicians often involve examining questions about harm that involve genes, treatments, or environmental exposures [1,2]. Knowledge of a causal relationship is important to clinicians, as it guides their approach to better patient management, and provides recommendations for ... | 15784134 | PMC1087487 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:52:12 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2005 Mar 22; 5:8 |
Background
We know that various factors can influence and promote regeneration of peripheral axons. In addition to soluble factors (neurotrophins, cytokines and other growth factors), the extracellular environment in which growth occurs is critically important. Axonal regeneration does not occur to any great extent in ... | 15819993 | PMC1087488 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:09 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Apr 8; 6:24 |
Background
Progenitor cells of the central nervous system (CNS) are a population of undifferentiated cells of neuroectodermal origin with high proliferative capacity that can differentiate into neuronal cells or macroglial cells (i.e. astrocytes and oligodendrocytes).
These progenitors for neurons and glia, which can ... | 15826306 | PMC1087489 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:09 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Apr 12; 6:26 |
Background
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) comprise a group of human neurodegenerative disorders (CLN1-CLN8) characterized by epilepsy, visual failure, psychomotor deterioration and accumulation of autofluorescent lipopigment in many tissues, especially in neurons [1]. Six genes underlying human NCLs have bee... | 15826318 | PMC1087490 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:47 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Apr 13; 6:27 |
Background
Despite advances in the practice of cataract surgery and intraocular lens implantation, posterior capsule opacification remains the most common post-operative cause of morbidity[1]. However, there is currently no consensus on an optimal PCO quantification method. The main objective systems of analysis, POCO[... | 15817125 | PMC1087491 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:50 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2005 Apr 7; 5:9 |
Background
The former Union Carbide site at Rhodes was used for manufacturing chemicals from 1928 until 1986, including the timber preservative creosote, xanthates, the pesticide DDT and herbicides (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy acetic acid). Dioxin and other chemical wastes, which were by-p... | 15811184 | PMC1087492 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:56 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Apr 5; 5:34 |
Background
Naltrexone is an opiate receptor antagonist that was approved in 1984 for the treatment of opiate dependence. The safety and efficacy of naltrexone in reducing alcohol consumption were established in controlled clinical trials [1,2] which led, in 1994, to United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) appr... | 15804355 | PMC1087493 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:03 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 Apr 1; 5:18 |
Background
Psychiatric patients who receive long-term mood-stabilizing agents can gain excess body weight [1-3]. Weight gain is induced by the majority of antipsychotics [1,4], lithium [2,5,6], antidepressants [7] and valproate [5,8,9]. This could be a major problem with compliance and is one of the main reasons for di... | 15817130 | PMC1087494 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:03 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 Apr 7; 5:19 |
Background
Partial liver resection is an accepted treatment for primary and secondary malignancies of the liver. In experienced hands this operation is associated with mortality rates of less than 5% and morbidity of approximately 30% [1-4].
Unlike malignant liver tumours, the indication for resection of benign hepati... | 15804352 | PMC1087495 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:04 | no | BMC Surg. 2005 Apr 1; 5:7 |
Background
Androgens are critical for the development and growth of normal prostate. They also are responsible for the development of prostate diseases, including benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa). Androgen receptors (AR) transduce androgen signals in prostate cells to regulate the physiologi... | 15813967 | PMC1087496 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:10 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2005 Apr 6; 5:8 |
Introduction
During the past decades, hypertension, denoting abnormal elevation of blood pressure, has commonly been assigned a distinct disease quality. The majority of the medical community as well as renowned medical textbooks have considered it a pathological entity requiring diagnostic and appropriate treatment in... | 15813971 | PMC1087497 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:32 | no | Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med. 2005 Apr 6; 6(1):5 |
Background
Several methods have been described to introduce DNA expression vectors into mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo: calcium phosphate precipitation, microinjection, electroporation, receptor-mediated gene transfer, particle guns, viral vectors, and lipofection [1-3]. Each system has benefits and limitations, ... | 15836781 | PMC1087498 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:09 | no | Genet Vaccines Ther. 2005 Apr 18; 3:2 |
Background
Any health problem may place significant restrictions on the normal development of physical, emotional and social aspects of a patient's life. Health Related Quality of Life (HRQL) is a multidimensional construct referring to patient's perceptions of the impact of disease and treatment on their physical, psy... | 15817127 | PMC1087499 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:14 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Apr 7; 3:24 |
Background
As one third of the world's population is already infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB), efficacious control of TB, one of the world's major health threats, is best achieved by a combination of chemotherapy and vaccination. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination is compulsory in 64 countries and ... | 15804351 | PMC1087500 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:45 | no | J Immune Based Ther Vaccines. 2005 Apr 1; 3:1 |
Background
Bacteria, as all kind of organisms, respond to a sudden increase of the temperature by a heat shock response which induces a specific set of proteins. This stress system belongs to the best-studied cellular responses. As the protein composition of a cell determines substantially the cellular functions, the h... | 15804347 | PMC1087501 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:47 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2005 Apr 1; 4:9 |
Introduction
Dementia currently affects over 750,000 people in the UK, with Alzheimer's disease (AD) accounting for 55 % of those cases. As a result of increasing life expectancy, the number of people predicted to suffer from dementia is expected to rise to over 1.8 million by 2050. Currently there are no known cures f... | 15826313 | PMC1087502 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:31 | no | Nutr J. 2005 Apr 12; 4:14 |
Introduction
Nutritional growth retardation or nutritional dwarfing (ND) denotes a linear growth deterioration accompanied by inadequate weight gain [1]. It has been associated with short stature since growth deceleration represents an adaptive response to suboptimal nutrition. In the United States, ND is frequently as... | 15817131 | PMC1087503 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:46 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005 Apr 7; 2:10 |
Background
With the exception of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD), the enzymes involved in the conversion of cholesterol to steroid hormones are located in either the mitochondria or the endoplasmic reticulum. HSD is unique in that it is located in both subcellular organelles. In either location, HSD converts preg... | 15804366 | PMC1087504 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:12 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Apr 3; 3:11 |
Background
Diagnostic gray-scale ultrasonography has revolutionized the study of ovarian biology in animals and humans because it allows researchers and clinicians to assess the development of individual follicles in a direct, non-invasive, and atraumatic manner without interruption or distortion of ovarian function. P... | 15829004 | PMC1087505 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:12 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Apr 13; 3:12 |
Background
The innate immune system suppresses pathogen attachment, colonization, growth, and invasion and co-ordinates adaptive immunity [1]. Innate immunity entails recognition of microbial signatures by the cellular repertoire of Toll-like receptors (TLRs [2,3]). TLR agonists initiate receptor-specific downstream si... | 15804356 | PMC1087506 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Apr 1; 6(1):26 |
Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera in humans, is classified into two serotypes: O1 and nonO1 [1]. The O1 strains are divided into two biotypes: Classical and ElTor. Before 1961 most epidemics had been caused by the classical biotype. But with the passage of time the classical biotype disappeared from the s... | 15823200 | PMC1087507 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:58 | no | Virol J. 2005 Apr 11; 2:28 |
Background
Molecular techniques have provided a valuable approach for detection of pathogens in both human and veterinary medicine [1-5]. As with any diagnostic technique, quality control of individual steps is critical to ensure the accuracy of results. When performing diagnostic PCR or reverse transcription (RT)-PCR,... | 15823209 | PMC1087508 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:59 | no | Virol J. 2005 Apr 11; 2:29 |
Background
Poxviruses comprise a family of large dsDNA viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells; they have a wide host range that includes insects, reptiles, birds and mammals [1]. The poxviruses are relatively self-sufficient and encode proteins responsible for the virion structure, DNA replication,... | 15823205 | PMC1087509 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:59 | no | Virol J. 2005 Apr 11; 2:30 |
Introduction
Following reports of the last case of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in July 2003, there has been remarkable progress in several areas of research on the molecular identification of the pathogen and its pathogenesis, replication, genetics, and host immunogenicity, as well as elegant ... | 15833113 | PMC1087510 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:58 | no | Virol J. 2005 Apr 15; 2:35 |
Background
Lung cancer still remains the most frequent solid tumour in men and represents the leading cause of death in women since the 1980s in the USA [1]. Due to a steady increase in cigarette smoking, even in Europe and Germany, lung cancer has become three times more common in women during the last 20 years [2].
... | 15801980 | PMC1087511 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:04 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Mar 31; 3:18 |
Background
Assembly and transport of the 55 kDa gag (p55gag) and 160 gag-pol (p160gag-pol) proteins to the inner plasma membrane is essential for the packaging of the viral genomic RNA, host tRNALys,3 primer, as well as for interactions with HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins [5]. Budding and virus release initiates the proc... | 15826302 | PMC1087826 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:33 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2005 Apr 12; 2:2 |
Background
Evolutionary distance, the number of substitutions per site separating a pair of homologous sequences since they diverged from their common ancestral sequence, is an extremely important measure in molecular evolution and comparative genomics. It is used for a wide variety of purposes, ranging from phylogenet... | 15840174 | PMC1087827 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Apr 19; 6:102 |
Background
G-protein coupled receptors are important receivers of information input to eukaryotic cells. They share a common fold of seven transmembrane helices arranged as a seven α-helix bundle, as confirmed by analysis of the crystal structure of Rhodopsin [1] that has been extensively used as template for homology-... | 15847681 | PMC1087828 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Apr 22; 6:104 |
Background
Probabilistic models are widely used for sequence analysis [1]. Hidden Markov models (HMMs) are a very large class of probabilistic models used for many problems in biological sequence analysis such as sequence homology searches [2-4], sequence alignment [5], or protein genefinding [6-8]. Stochastic context-... | 15780137 | PMC1087829 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Mar 21; 6:63 |
Background
Traditional approaches to multiple sequence alignment are either global or local methods. Global methods align sequences from the beginning to the end [4,24,9]. Based on the Needleman-Wunsch objective function [18], these algorithms define the score of an alignment by adding up scores of individual residue p... | 15784139 | PMC1087830 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Mar 22; 6:66 |
Background
DNA microarrays have become ubiquitous in analyzing the expression profiles of genes in the hope to distinguish between various disease types, such as discriminating between various cancer sub-types. Differential expression of genes is analyzed statistically and genes are assigned to various classes which ma... | 15790388 | PMC1087831 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:35:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Mar 24; 6:76 |
Background
The concept of protein domains has gained increasing interest from the biology research community because of its importance in protein classification [1], protein function assignment [2], and protein engineering [3]. Protein domains are generally considered as protein fragments of common structures which may... | 15790427 | PMC1087832 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Mar 25; 6:77 |
Background
Two central problems in computational biology are the determination of the alignment and phylogeny of a set of biological sequences. Current methods first align the sequences, and then infer the phylogeny given this fixed alignment. Several software packages are available that deal with one or both of these ... | 15804354 | PMC1087833 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:49 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Apr 1; 6:83 |
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