text string | pmid string | accession_id string | license string | last_updated string | retracted string | citation string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Background
One of the most critical tasks in the field of biology is identifying how and which genes interact with each other under different conditions. Until a few years ago, researchers were only able to accomplish this task for a limited number of genes because the traditional methods in molecular biology allowed t... | 15813968 | PMC1087834 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Apr 6; 6:86 |
Background
What is BLAST?
Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) answers the question: "What known nucleotide or amino acid sequence in an existing sequence database is most similar to an unknown input (query) sequence?" BLAST was originally intended for comparison of unknown and newly sequenced genetic sequences ag... | 15819992 | PMC1087835 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:50 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Apr 8; 6:93 |
Background
The search for genes contributing to complex human diseases
The availability of the complete DNA sequence of the human genome, along with advances in gene expression, proteomics, metabolomics technology and bioinformatics databases, presents new opportunities for integrative approaches to identify candidate ... | 15826305 | PMC1087836 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Apr 12; 6:95 |
Background
Quality information all in one place
Dermatology is currently undergoing enormous changes in the way it is practised, and much of this is a result of a fundamental change in the manner in which information is exchanged through information technology and the Internet. The Web is increasingly becoming an indis... | 15854224 | PMC1087837 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:46 | no | BMC Dermatol. 2005 Apr 26; 5:4 |
Background
Hepatic steatosis is commonly detected on both radiologic and histologic examination in patients infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV). In particular, steatosis is often observed in genotype 3 infection [1]. The underlying mechanism of steatosis in hepatitis C is not completely understood, and is most li... | 15829009 | PMC1087838 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:26 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2005 Apr 13; 5:14 |
Background
Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART) is a potent anorectic peptide that is widely expressed in hypothalamic areas and is involved in the control of feeding behavior [1,2]. Immunohistochemistry studies show that CART peptides co-localize with both anorectic and orexigenic hypothalamic peptides ... | 15823203 | PMC1087839 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:18 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Apr 11; 6:19 |
Background
The Human Genome Project has provided large-scale sequencing and a multitude of genetic databases, based on information from bacteria, plant, Drosophila, vertebrates and mammals [1-5]. These databases represent evolutionary information that is summarized in the public databases NCBI, EMBL, and HUGO. In silic... | 15790428 | PMC1087840 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:52 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Mar 25; 6:46 |
Background
The incidence of multiresistant bacterial infections increases worldwide. This made the medical community to re-evaluate older agents such as colistin, for infections due to Gram-negative multiresistant bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Colistin w... | 15819983 | PMC1087841 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:15 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Apr 8; 5:24 |
Background
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is frequently isolated from immunosuppressed patients with HIV infection, organ or bone marrow transplants, malignancies or immunosuppressive medications. CMV may cause disseminated diseases and is generally predictive, in HIV-infected patients, of poor long-term survival reflecting sev... | 15829006 | PMC1087842 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:16 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Apr 13; 5:28 |
Background
Secreted IgM antibodies play important roles in the initial phases of humoral immune responses. Unlike other antibody isotypes, secreted IgM uniquely functions as an adjuvant, promoting primary antibody responses to sub-immunogenic doses of T-dependent antigens [1-7]. The adjuvanticity of IgM is completely d... | 15836790 | PMC1087843 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:31 | no | BMC Immunol. 2005 Apr 18; 6:8 |
Background
Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH) is clinically characterised by elevated concentrations of LDL-cholesterol in plasma, tendon xanthomas and an increased risk of developing coronary artery disease inherited in an autosomal dominant manner [1]. At the molecular level FH is most commonly due to mutations in th... | 15842735 | PMC1087844 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2005 Apr 20; 6:15 |
Background
Bacterial sigma subunits of RNA polymerase are global regulators of gene expression, conferring specificity to the recognition of promoters by the core enzyme. Two broad families of sigma factors have been identified: the σ70 type, and the σ54 type factors [1]. The σ54 family regulates a variety of genes suc... | 15847688 | PMC1087845 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:39 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Apr 22; 5:18 |
Background
Diagnostic pathology involves the classification of disease, using tissues obtained during biopsies, operations or autopsies. Classification is based on a complex set of visual features identified with the aid of a microscope. To reach a confident diagnosis, pathologists are required to possess well-develope... | 15845147 | PMC1087846 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:52:12 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2005 Apr 21; 5:10 |
Background
Annexins form a family of structurally related proteins, which bind to negatively charged phospholipids in a Ca2+-dependent manner [1]. They are characterized by a bipartite structure with a conserved C-terminal core domain and a unique N-terminal domain that varies in length and amino acid composition. The ... | 15819996 | PMC1087847 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:09 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Apr 10; 6:25 |
Background
It is established that multiple fields/areas in each cerebral hemisphere are activated at short latency by stimuli that trigger spike discharge activity in skin mechanoreceptive afferents. Of these the most extensively studied is SI – a region which most investigators have come to regard as responsive solely... | 15847693 | PMC1087848 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:47 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Apr 22; 6:29 |
Background
Traditionally atrophy of the optic nerve head in glaucoma patients has been related to a chronically increased intraocular pressure (IOP).[1] In the majority of glaucoma patients increased IOP levels can be measured. At the same time there is a significant number of patients who develop the major features of... | 15811188 | PMC1087849 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:49 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2005 Apr 5; 5:6 |
Background
The current situation in Iraq
Today Iraq is a country plagued by poverty, deprivation, and disease. The war with Iran in the 1980's, the Persian Gulf War in 1991, a crippling economic blockade with lasting economic sanctions, and finally the recent war to oust the Hussein regime from power have caused severe... | 15801984 | PMC1087850 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:57 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Mar 31; 5:29 |
Background
Several observational and clinical studies suggest that physical activity substantially reduces the risk of dying of coronary heart disease, stroke, and colon cancer [1-4]. It also helps to control weight, contributes to healthy bones, muscles, and joints, reduces falls among older adults, helps to relieve t... | 15836794 | PMC1087851 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:56 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Apr 18; 5:37 |
Background
Research in gerontology has long demonstrated the importance of social relationships and support for the health and well-being of seniors [1-4]. More recent research in the health sciences has demonstrated the effects of place or spatial context on individual health [5,6]. The current project unites the idea... | 15836784 | PMC1087852 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:56 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Apr 18; 5:38 |
Background
Due to wide spread use of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) mobile phones they have become indispensable as communication tools and therefore any consequent biological effects should be considered as a high-priority environmental health issue. However, to date, there is an inadequate knowledg... | 15840162 | PMC1087853 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:57 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Apr 19; 5:39 |
Background
Children with a history of severe CLD were left with significant pulmonary sequelae at school age compared with prematurely born children who had required ventilator assistance and supplemental oxygen in the neonatal period but who did not go on to have CLD [1]. It was also documented that prematurely born c... | 15826314 | PMC1087854 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:12 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2005 Apr 12; 5:6 |
Background
Events that compromise the integrity of a single cell can threaten the well-being of an entire multi-cellular organism, a fact reflected by the diverse mechanisms that organisms use to eliminate potentially dangerous cells [1]. For example, when injured beyond repair by high doses of irradiation or by treatm... | 15796778 | PMC1087855 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:14 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2005 Mar 29; 5:4 |
Background
The peptide bond has a partial double bond character which results in the plane arrangement of the six backbone atoms Cα(i-1), C'(i-1), O(i-1), N(i), H(i), Cα(i). The angles Ψ, Φ and Ω readily describe the arrangement of the six atoms in three-dimensional space: Ψ defines the angle of the N – Cα bond and Φ i... | 15804350 | PMC1087856 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:52 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2005 Apr 1; 5:8 |
Background
Metallic implants often cause distortions inside Magnetic Resonance (MR) images. These effects arise either from the different susceptibility of tissue and metal, generating a discontinuity of the local field strength at the interface, or from the Faraday cage effect, which is set up by induced eddy currents... | 15819973 | PMC1087857 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:36 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Apr 8; 4:25 |
The rather general nature of the book title raises many expectations with respect to High Performance Computing (HPC). One is tempted to believe that this book discusses in greater detail the different HPC architectures, their advantages and disadvantages, shows different implementation strategies to make use of the en... | 0 | PMC1087858 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:36 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Apr 12; 4:26 |
Introduction
Cervical cancer is one of the most prevalent neoplastic diseases affecting women world wide, especially in the developing countries [1,2]. In India, cervical neoplasia is not only the most common malignancy but also a major cause of death among middle-aged women particularly in the rural areas [3,4]. It is... | 15801986 | PMC1087859 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:10 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2005 Apr 1; 5:7 |
Introduction
Breast cancer development and progression are thought to occur through a multistep process, including oncogene activation and mutation or loss of tumour suppresser genes [1]. Protein-tyrosine kinases (PTKs) have been classified into two families: trans-membrane receptors family and non- receptor family [2-... | 15842733 | PMC1087860 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:20 | no | J Carcinog. 2005 Apr 20; 4:7 |
Introduction
Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome whose symptoms and signs are due to increased extravascular water and decreased tissue / organ perfusion. The definition of the mechanisms inducing HF needs the measurement of both left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function since HF may occur in patients... | 15807887 | PMC1087861 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:31 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2005 Apr 4; 3:9 |
Introduction and magnitude of the background problem
Recent changes in definition and classification of blood pressure levels make hypertension, by far, the most commonly diagnosed condition in primary and secondary healthcare systems and projects the entity on the first place in terms of work load and prescribing cost... | 15813975 | PMC1087862 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:32 | no | Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med. 2005 Apr 6; 6(1):6 |
Introduction
In 2001, a colleague and I wrote an article describing a remarkable phenomenon: between the years 1995 and 2001, there had been ten books published that focused on the social determinants of disease [1]. We suggested that this explosion of work marked the coming of age of the field of social epidemiology. ... | 15840175 | PMC1087863 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:38 | no | Epidemiol Perspect Innov. 2005 Apr 19; 2:2 |
1.0 Background
The VP22 protein is a major component of the amorphous tegument region of the Herpes Simplex Virus type I (HSV-1). Composed of 301 amino acids, it has become known as a protein transduction domain able to mediate intercellular spread. Like other translocatory proteins such as antennapedia and the HIV Tat... | 15842732 | PMC1087864 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:08 | no | Genet Vaccines Ther. 2005 Apr 20; 3:3 |
Background
Aging creates policy challenges for most developed countries that increase pressure on social and care systems [1,2]. An institution is often the final care facility when older people have too many disabilities. In developed countries, it was estimated that 6.5% of individuals older than 65 years lived in in... | 15847703 | PMC1087865 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:14 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Apr 25; 3:27 |
Introduction
The medical workforce has been studied from diverse points of view by means of a wide variety of methodologies and at varying levels of depth. Some studies approach the subject from the formal education standpoint, examining the problems encountered in the updating of knowledge, the number of human resourc... | 15833105 | PMC1087866 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:43 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2005 Apr 15; 3:3 |
Background
Is there "nothing more practical than a good theory" in improving behavioral nutrition and physical activity interventions? And which theories are indeed good enough to help us improve the practice of encouraging people to adopt healthier diets and physical activity patterns? The International Journal of Beh... | 15807898 | PMC1087867 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:04 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2005 Apr 4; 2:2 |
Background
An important component of children's total physical activity comes from extracurricular sports participation. Extracurricular sports are those organised and non-organised sports played outside of the school curriculum, and form an element of children's discretionary physical activity. Sports participation in... | 15811190 | PMC1087868 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:04 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2005 Apr 6; 2:3 |
Background
Pelvic resection is challenging and can have significant functional, social and psychological impact on the patient. It is also associated great morbidity especially when extensive resection is required to attain adequate surgical margins. With the introduction of adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and ... | 15819994 | PMC1087869 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:37 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2005 Apr 9; 2:9 |
Journal of Autoimmune Diseases is published by BioMed Central, an independent publisher committed to ensuring peer-reviewed biomedical research is Open Access – universally and freely available online to everyone, with authors retaining copyright, and the full text being archived in numerous internationally recognised ... | 15854228 | PMC1087870 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:03 | no | J Autoimmune Dis. 2005 Apr 26; 2:3 |
Review
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and cellular receptors for HCV
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic liver disease, with approximately 170 million people infected worldwide [1]. Infection with HCV can lead to hepatocellular carcinoma [2]. To study the adsorption, penetration and replication of the virus, a... | 15836798 | PMC1087871 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:19 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2005 Apr 19; 4:9 |
Background
Pregnant women are more susceptible to malaria, which causes serious adverse effects including abortion, low birth weight and maternal anaemia. It is the leading cause maternal mortality in Sudan [1-7].
The presentation of malaria during pregnancy varies according to the pre-existing immunity of the mother.... | 15829008 | PMC1087872 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:30 | no | Malar J. 2005 Apr 13; 4:18 |
Editorial
"In France, one can be an anarchist, a communist or a nihilist, but not an anti-Pastorian. A simple question of science has been made into a question of patriotism."
August Lutand
"Pasteur et la Rage"
1887
" [Pasteur] was the most perfect man who has ever entered the kingdom of science."
Stephen Paget
"... | 15836780 | PMC1087873 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:09 | no | Med Immunol. 2005 Apr 18; 4:5 |
Review
Introduction
In the last decade, protein aggregation has moved beyond being a mostly ignored area of protein chemistry to become a key topic both in medical and biotechnological sciences [1]. The biological significance of protein deposition has been shown to be much higher than formerly thought. First, because ... | 15847694 | PMC1087874 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:47 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2005 Apr 22; 4:11 |
Review
Introduction
Expression of recombinant proteins from a variety of host organisms is now a common practice. However, production of properly folded proteins with high yield and purity may not always be achieved. Issues such as folding, solubility, protein stability, transcription and translation efficiency, posttr... | 15850488 | PMC1087875 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:47 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2005 Apr 25; 4:12 |
Introduction
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive human malignancies with an overall five-year survival rate of less then 5% [1]. Although the reasons for the aggressive growth behavior of pancreatic cancer are not completely understood, recent molecular biological studies have revealed several factors that ... | 15817123 | PMC1087876 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:35 | no | Mol Cancer. 2005 Apr 7; 4:14 |
Introduction
Our perception of temperature is a finely tuned element of our somatosensory system, fundamentally allowing us to avoid thermal conditions that may be potentially harmful in nature. The preponderance of studies into thermosensation have focused on noxious heat, with the best characterized populations of th... | 15847696 | PMC1087877 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:07 | no | Mol Pain. 2005 Apr 22; 1:16 |
Background
Chronic renal failure (CRF) is associated with disturbances in the internal milieu, with repercussions on the immune, hematopoietic, gastrointestinal and endocrine systems and organs [1-4]. Patients with advanced CRF display a variety of hormonal abnormalities including perturbations of the hypothalamic-pitu... | 15807894 | PMC1087878 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:44 | no | Nucl Recept. 2005 Apr 4; 3:1 |
Background
It has been estimated that one-third of all cancer mortality in the United States (US) is related to diet[1]. Reviews of dietary studies have led groups, such as the American Institute for Cancer Research, to recommend that diet should largely be based on plant products with 400 grams of vegetables and fruit... | 15819991 | PMC1087879 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:31 | no | Nutr J. 2005 Apr 8; 4:13 |
Background
With the rapid emergence of the HIV-1 and AIDS pandemic, tremendous effort has been directed towards development of effective treatments and vaccines. Currently, HAART is the only therapeutic option available for seropositive and symptomatic individuals, and is comprised of targeted inhibitors of HIV-1 rever... | 15780141 | PMC1087880 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:40 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Mar 21; 2:20 |
Background
The Dominique Dormont Conferences provide an international forum for the promotion of exchanges between clinicians and fundamental scientists, including team leaders and young researchers, involved in interdisciplinary research on chronic infections. They provide an occasion for researchers with common inter... | 15813969 | PMC1087881 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:40 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Apr 6; 2:24 |
The silent majority
In his US presidential campaigns, Richard Nixon famously popularized the concept of a "silent majority". Fundamentally what Nixon meant was that the stalwart contributors in any given population tend to be a faceless and non-vocal "majority". Applying Nixon's term to science, where is our "silent ma... | 15833114 | PMC1087882 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:40 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Apr 15; 2:26 |
Background
Excessive mucus secretion is one of the major clinical manifestations of chronic airway diseases such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, and cystic fibrosis [1]. The excessive mucus is attributed to goblet cell hyperplasia (GCH) and submucosal gland hypertrophy, which are hallmarks of airway remodeling in chroni... | 15829015 | PMC1087883 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Apr 13; 6(1):34 |
Background
In recent years, several population-based studies – e.g. in Europe or the USA [1-5] – have, by applying both classical epidemiological and molecular strain-typing techniques, revealed a high frequency of transmission of tuberculosis (TB), even in countries with a low TB incidence. Mycobacterium tuberculosis ... | 15831092 | PMC1087884 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Apr 14; 6(1):35 |
Background
Lung fibrosis is the final common and often irreversible pathway of different lung diseases, such as idiopathic interstitial pneumonitis (idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis) and granulomatous diseases (sarcoidosis) [1-3]. Though these diseases are different in their etiology, all are characterized by zones of lun... | 15833141 | PMC1087885 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Apr 17; 6(1):37 |
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is recognized as a rare, but potentially devastating complication of heparin therapy because of its association with arterial and venous thrombosis [1]. HIT is mediated by antibodies which recognize an antigen formed by the binding of platelet factor 4 to heparin [2]. The now wide... | 15807892 | PMC1087886 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:24 | no | Thromb J. 2005 Apr 4; 3:4 |
Background
Internationally there are several models available to assess the long-term risk of cardiovascular disease and they are broadly used in clinical practice and research [1-3]. A 10-year risk prediction model based on clinical and laboratory data plays an integral part in planning cardiovascular prevention [1]. ... | 15836797 | PMC1087887 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:24 | no | Thromb J. 2005 Apr 18; 3:5 |
Background
The antiphospholipid syndrome is characterized by clinical evidence of arterial or venous thrombosis and repeated presence of antiphospholipid autoantibodies. The disease, first described by Hughes in 1983 [1], may occur in a variety of conditions including neoplasms, infections, other autoimmune disease suc... | 15836793 | PMC1087888 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:24 | no | Thromb J. 2005 Apr 18; 3:6 |
Introduction
NK cells are key mediators of innate immunity contributing to immunosurveillance by recognizing and killing tumor and virus-infected cells. They are cytolytic and produce inflammatory cytokines [1,2]. Mature NK cells are CD3-CD56+ and variably CD16+. The molecule CD56 is a 120–180 KD N-linked glycosylated ... | 15831091 | PMC1087889 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:27 | no | J Transl Med. 2005 Apr 14; 3:15 |
Background
Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) causes turkey rhinotracheitis (TRT) and is associated with swollen head syndrome (SHS) of chickens that is usually accompanied by secondary bacterial infections which can increase morbidity and induce mortality. Avian metpnuemovirus was first reported in South Africa during the e... | 15826312 | PMC1087890 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:59 | no | Virol J. 2005 Apr 12; 2:31 |
Background
Dengue infection (DI) is amongst the most important emerging viral diseases transmitted by mosquitoes to humans, in terms of both illness and death [1]. The worldwide large-scale reappearance of dengue for the past few decades has turned this disease into a serious public health problem, especially in the tr... | 15831102 | PMC1087891 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:58 | no | Virol J. 2005 Apr 14; 2:32 |
Background
Plant pararetroviruses are classified as members of the family Caulimoviridae which comprises 6 genera [1]. Like retroviruses, members of this group of viruses use reverse transcriptase for replication of the genome [2,3]. However, they differ in two major points: retroviruses have an RNA genome whereas para... | 15831103 | PMC1087892 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:59 | no | Virol J. 2005 Apr 14; 2:33 |
Background
Cholesterol-rich microdomains like rafts and caveolae are specialized regions of the plasma membrane and play an important role for several cellular processes e.g., signal transduction, and for the life cycle of certain viruses (e.g., the entry and exit steps). These domains are enriched in cholesterol, sphi... | 15840168 | PMC1087893 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:58 | no | Virol J. 2005 Apr 19; 2:36 |
Background
Viruses commonly enter cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis; an entry pathway involving clathrin-coated pits and vesicles derived from them. These vesicles generally transport the virus to the endosomal/lysosomal compartment, where acidic conditions trigger virus disassembly and genome release [1].
Earlie... | 15840166 | PMC1087894 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:58 | no | Virol J. 2005 Apr 19; 2:38 |
Background
Totally implantable venous access devices are widely used for infusion of chemotherapy or parenteral nutrition [1-4]. Implantation and use of these systems offer a high level of safety and convenience for patients and physicians. Device associated complications include technical operative problems, infection... | 15823210 | PMC1087895 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:03 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Apr 11; 3:19 |
Background
Soft tissue sarcomas account for less than 1% of malignant neoplasms. Approximately 140 different histological types of sarcomas have been described [1]. Sarcomas arise in tissues of mesenchymal or ectodermal origin and may thus occur anywhere in the body The surgical treatment of choice is the wide surgical... | 15836792 | PMC1087896 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:03 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Apr 18; 3:20 |
The most important prognostic factor in the management of head and neck cancer is the presence of cervical nodal metastasis. Once the tumor involves neck nodes, survival drops by almost 50%. Management of cervical metastasis has gone through an evolution since the beginning of the last century. The classic radical neck... | 15836782 | PMC1087897 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:03 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Apr 18; 3:22 |
Background
The QTc interval is a heart rate corrected value that measures the time between the onset and the end of electrical ventricular activity. Prolongation of this interval is considered a marker of the arrhythmogenic potential of a drug specifically linked to an increased risk of torsade de pointes ventricular t... | 15845138 | PMC1088007 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:08 | no | Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Jan 25; 4:1 |
Introduction
Adolescence is a critical developmental period that may also be characterized as a period of great risk to healthy development [1]. Adolescents are often subjected to a multitude of traumatic events in their daily lives. Those who are victimised and/or traumatised often lag behind those who are not, in ter... | 15845137 | PMC1088008 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:07 | no | Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Jan 31; 4:2 |
Since January 1st, 2005 the title of our journal has changed from Annals of General Hospital Psychiatry (AGHP) to Annals of General Psychiatry (AGP).
The AGHP was launched in September 2002 as an Open Access, peer-reviewed, online journal covering the wider field of Psychiatry, Neurosciences and Psychological Medicine... | 15845139 | PMC1088009 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:07 | no | Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Feb 1; 4:3 |
Background
Major cities in countries with religious, economical, or tourist attractions have experienced an increase in the influx of visitors; some of whom are mentally unwell, or subsequently become ill whilst in a foreign country.
Ødegaard (1932) described the tendency to travel in people with schizophrenia; more r... | 15845140 | PMC1088010 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:07 | no | Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Feb 14; 4:4 |
Background
The use of mood stabilizing antiepileptic drugs has increasingly been explored for the treatment of different psychiatric conditions. Topiramate is a novel neurotherapeutic agent approved in more than 75 countries for adjunctive treatment for refractory partial-onset seizures or primary generalised tonic-clo... | 15845141 | PMC1088011 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:07 | no | Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Feb 16; 4:5 |
Background
Religious faith, spirituality and spiritual beliefs were rarely discussed in the psychological or medical literature of the '80s [1,2]. However, over the past decade an increasing interest on the part of health care professionals in spirituality and spiritual care emerged, and related articles were frequentl... | 15845142 | PMC1088012 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:07 | no | Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Mar 4; 4:6 |
Background
Depression, according to recent epidemiological surveys might affect almost 25% of the general population at some point of their lives. The definition of 'depression' according to both classification systems [1-3], is based on the definition of the depressive episode. Modern classification systems recognise ... | 15845143 | PMC1088013 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:07 | no | Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Mar 29; 4:7 |
Introduction
The antigen-specific interaction between B cells and helper T cells in secondary lymphoid organs is an essential step in T-dependent humoral immune responses [1]. These early B cell–T cell (B-T) interactions occur in the border area between follicles and T zones after B and T cells are antigen primed in B ... | 15857154 | PMC1088276 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:22 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun 3; 3(6):e150 |
Introduction
Although it is known that thymocytes relocalize from the cortex to the medulla after positive selection, the means by which this relocalization occurs is largely unknown [1–3]. For example, thymocytes may migrate by random walk throughout the cortex, with selected thymocytes being captured at the medulla b... | 15869324 | PMC1088277 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:23 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun 3; 3(6):e160 |
Introduction
Genes, or regions of the genome, that have been affected by natural selection may show an excess of functionally important molecular changes, beyond what would be expected in the absence of selection. Genomic regions with such an excess of changes are said to have experienced positive selection, i.e., sele... | 15869325 | PMC1088278 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:27 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun 3; 3(6):e170 |
Introduction
Many clinical conditions, including aspiration, trauma, and hemorrhagic shock, are frequently followed by pulmonary and systemic infectious and septic complications that lead to pulmonary dysfunction and subsequent lung failure. Acute lung injury or its more severe form, the acute respiratory distress synd... | 15857155 | PMC1088279 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 08:21:23 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun 3; 3(6):e174 |
Introduction
In thalamus, high frequency bursting of action potentials has been suggested to maximize stimulus onset detection, while prolonged depolarizations switch the thalamic output mode to tonic firing (single spiking), yielding a more linear reflection of the excitatory synaptic drive [1]. Relatively long period... | 15857153 | PMC1088280 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:22 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun 3; 3(6):e175 |
Since humans and chimpanzees forged separate evolutionary paths some 5 million to 6 million years ago, we shed our hirsute coat and heavy brow, mastered bipedal locomotion, and acquired a knack for abstract thought while our next of kin learned to use tools, created a complex communication system, and developed the ski... | 0 | PMC1088281 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:22 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun 3; 3(6):e202 |
Ever since Robert Hooke startled the world with finely rendered illustrations of “minute bodies” in his 1665 book, Micrographia, our understanding of the microscopic world within and around us has mushroomed with each technological advance. Though imaging capability has developed light-years beyond the compound microsc... | 0 | PMC1088282 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:22 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun 3; 3(6):e205 |
If you stopped to consider the potentially pathogenic encounters waiting outside your door on any given day, you might never leave home. Then you would just have to contend with the billions of microbes reproducing on your toothbrush and kitchen sponge. Of course, most of us safely navigate our microbe-filled world tha... | 0 | PMC1088283 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:28 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun 3; 3(6):e206 |
The brain is arguably the most complex computing machine on the planet, with billions of individual neurons that process the input they receive from sensors in the body and from other neurons. The composition of channels that regulate electrical conductance across the neuronal membrane is a key determinant of the exact... | 0 | PMC1088284 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:23 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun 3; 3(6):e210 |
If a novel oxygen-producing metabolic pathway hadn't evolved in ancient microbes over 3 billion years ago, it's unclear whether humans and other oxygen-dependent species would have either. But evolve we did, adapted to having just the right level of oxygen coursing through our blood—too little oxygen (hypoxia) causes h... | 0 | PMC1088285 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:14 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun 3; 3(6):e211 |
Most people believe that as societies advance economically they have higher levels of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other noncommunicable disease (NCD) risks. However, a more detailed analysis of how parameters of economic development are associated with health outcomes as well as NCD risk factors is needed to infor... | 15850407 | PMC1088286 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:39 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 May 3; 2(5):e104 |
Introduction
Cardiovascular diseases and their nutritional risk factors are among the leading causes of mortality and morbidity globally (Figure 1), and have been predicted to rise over the next few decades [1–3]. Aging of the world's population is a key driver of the expected increase, because cardiovascular disease r... | 15916467 | PMC1088287 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:45 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 May 3; 2(5):e133 |
Background
DNA microarrays [1,2] have been used to profile gene expression in cancer and other diseases. In cancer, for example, microarray profiling has been applied to classify tumors according to their sites of origin [3-5], to discover previously unrecognized subtypes of cancer [6-11], to predict clinical outcome [... | 15774023 | PMC1088941 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:37 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Feb 14; 6(3):R22 |
Background
Large-scale sequencing projects continue to generate a growing number of new genomes from an ever-wider range of species. A rarely noted and unappreciated side effect of some projects occurs when the organism being sequenced contains an intracellular endosymbiont. In some cases, the existence of the endosymb... | 15774024 | PMC1088942 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:37 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Feb 22; 6(3):R23 |
Background
Cell-surface G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) bind exogenous as well as endogenous ligands such as photons, odorants, lipids, nucleotides, hormones, pheromones, peptides and proteins. Interaction with these ligands drives diverse processes such as photoreception, taste and olfactory sensations in animals,... | 15774025 | PMC1088943 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:37 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Mar 2; 6(3):R24 |
Background
During transcription, RNA polymerase catalyzes incorporation of nucleotides into growing RNA chains on the basis of complementarity to the DNA template. While transcribing long poly(A) or poly(T) tracts, however, slippage or 'stuttering' (also known as pseudo-templated transcription) occurs, with the resulti... | 15774026 | PMC1088944 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:37 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Feb 15; 6(3):R25 |
Background
The malaria parasite (genus Plasmodium) is a unicellular eukaryote which, in the course of its complex life cycle, invades the erythrocytes of its vertebrate host. It is this intraerythrocytic phase of the parasite life cycle that gives rise to all the symptoms of malaria, a disease that is estimated to give... | 15774027 | PMC1088945 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:37 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Mar 2; 6(3):R26 |
Background
The steady-state abundance of an RNA species in an organ is, in part, genetically controlled and can be considered a quantitative genetic trait. Microarray methods for estimating RNA sequence abundance [1], combined with genetic methods for identifying loci affecting quantitative traits [2-4], provide the op... | 15774028 | PMC1088946 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:37 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Feb 28; 6(3):R27 |
Background
The standard genetic code uses 64 codons for only 22 amino acids, including the amino acids selenocysteine and pyrrolysine whose incorporation into protein requires the reassignment of the UGA and UAG stop codons, respectively [1,2]. This degeneracy of the genetic code has important implications for gene pri... | 15774029 | PMC1088947 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:37 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Feb 15; 6(3):R28 |
Rationale
An important role for biological databases is the integration of different types of data. Ontologies aim to overcome the semantic differences encountered in data collection and representation, providing common terminology in order to facilitate this integration. An anatomy ontology is a structured vocabulary ... | 15774030 | PMC1088948 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:37 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Feb 15; 6(3):R29 |
Background
In the past few years, several families of regulatory RNA molecules have been shown to be widely expressed in eukaryotes [1,2]. Natural antisense transcripts (NATs) belong to one such family. NATs are endogenous RNA molecules whose partial or entire sequences exhibit complementarity to other transcripts. The... | 15833117 | PMC1088958 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:38 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Mar 15; 6(4):R30 |
Background
In most organisms, one of three stop codons (UAA, UAG and UGA) signals the termination of protein translation. Occasionally a near-cognate tRNA misreads a stop codon and the ribosome reads through the termination signal. Nichols [1] proposed that a second stop codon following the real termination codon could... | 15833118 | PMC1088959 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:38 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Mar 15; 6(4):R31 |
Background
Transcription of mRNA from DNA and subsequent translation of mRNA into protein transform genetic blueprints into cellular functions. This process of gene expression and regulation plays a key role in determining the fitness of the genome, through the production of different proteins in different cells and at... | 15833119 | PMC1088960 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:38 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Mar 15; 6(4):R32 |
Background
The development of an adult from the single cell of a fertilized egg requires a complex orchestration of genes to be expressed at the right time, place, and level. Basic cellular functions require the expression of certain genes in all cells and tissues (that is, in a ubiquitous manner) while specialized fun... | 15833120 | PMC1088961 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:38 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Mar 29; 6(4):R33 |
Background
The woody tissues of angiosperm trees, the xylem fibers and vessels, are formed from the lateral meristem of the stem, the vascular cambium. In contrast to vessel elements, which differentiate very rapidly close to the vascular cambium, fiber differentiation is a relatively slow process involving initial exp... | 15833121 | PMC1088962 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:38 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Mar 22; 6(4):R34 |
Background
Global interaction data are synthetically structured as networks, their nodes representing the genes of an organism and their links some, usually indirect, form of interaction among them. This type of schematization is clearly wiping out important aspects of the detailed biological dynamics, such as localiza... | 15833122 | PMC1088963 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:38 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Mar 24; 6(4):R35 |
Background
Quantitative traits affecting morphology, physiology, behavior, disease susceptibility and reproductive fitness are controlled by multiple interacting genes whose effects are conditional on the genetic, sexual and external environments [1]. Advances in medicine, agriculture, and an understanding of adaptive ... | 15833123 | PMC1088964 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:38 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Mar 24; 6(4):R36 |
Background
Selenium is a biological trace element with significant health benefits [1]. This micronutrient is incorporated into several proteins in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes as selenocysteine (Sec), the 21st amino acid in proteins [2,3]. Sec is encoded by a UGA codon in a process that requires translational reco... | 15833124 | PMC1088965 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:38 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Mar 29; 6(4):R37 |
Background
Phenotypes are determined by complex interactions among gene variants and environmental factors. In biomedicine, these interacting elements take various forms: inherited and somatic human gene variants and polymorphisms, epigenetic effects on gene activity, environmental agents, and drug therapies including ... | 15833125 | PMC1088966 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:38 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Mar 31; 6(4):R38 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.