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Background
Malaria is currently considered to be the most important tropical disease, afflicting 300-500 million people, and killing over 1 million annually [1]. It is caused by infection of the human host with a single-celled parasite belonging to the genus Plasmodium and relies on female mosquitoes of the genus Anoph... | 15833126 | PMC1088967 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:38 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Mar 15; 6(4):R39 |
Introduction
The worldwide emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria threatens to undo the dramatic advances in human health that were ushered in with the discovery of these drugs in the mid-1900s. Today, resistance has rendered most of the original antibiotics obsolete for many infections, mandating an increased reli... | 15869329 | PMC1088971 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:24 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun 10; 3(6):e176 |
Introduction
Apoptosis plays a central role in animal development and tissue homeostasis. The essential machinery responsible for the execution of apoptosis is the caspases, a family of closely related cysteine proteases [1–6]. Caspases comprise two classes: the initiator caspases, such as caspase-8 and -9, and the eff... | 15941357 | PMC1088972 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:23 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun 10; 3(6):e183 |
Introduction
Numerous soft tissue tumors demonstrate specific differentiation toward connective tissue [1]. This may be represented in cytoplasmic organelles or extracellular matrix deposition, or defined by immunohistochemical features. Some soft tissue tumors have features of smooth muscle cells (leiomyomas, leiomyos... | 15869330 | PMC1088973 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:23 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun 10; 3(6):e187 |
Introduction
In 1861, Paul Broca [1] proclaimed that the “majesty of the human” could be attributed to its superior faculties, such as abstraction and judgement, and that these superior faculties lie within the province of the “anterior lobes of the brain.” Today the picture has changed little, and the frontal lobes, i... | 15941358 | PMC1088974 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:23 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun 10; 3(6):e190 |
In 1972, John Kerr, Andrew Wyllie, and Alistair Currie introduced the word “apoptosis” (from the Greek for apples falling off trees) to describe a special form of cell death. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a normal physiological process in which specific signals trigger cells to self-destruct in a carefully ch... | 0 | PMC1088975 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:22 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun 10; 3(6):e198 |
After the wounded soldier in Dalton Trumbo's Johnny Got His Gun slowly realizes he has no limbs, no face, ears, eyes, or mouth—but isn't dead because his mind continues to think—he desperately tries to find a way to reclaim his humanity. He decides to track time: he counts to sixty, files that minute “in one side of hi... | 0 | PMC1088976 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:22 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun 10; 3(6):e216 |
Of the 200 or so diseases collectively known as cancer, tumors of the soft tissue include some of the rarest and most diverse. Malignant soft tissue tumors, or sarcomas, and benign soft tissue tumors—which together comprise over 100 subtypes—take root in immature nerve and mesenchymal cells, which give rise to muscle, ... | 0 | PMC1088977 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:23 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun 10; 3(6):e220 |
The development of antibiotic drugs changed the face of clinical medicine forever, and, for a short while at least, it seemed that a perfect cure for bacterial infections had been discovered. But widespread overuse and misuse of antibiotics over the last several decades has proved the Achilles heel of this once seeming... | 0 | PMC1088978 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:23 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun 10; 3(6):e221 |
Background
It is generally accepted that early experiences have profound influences on brain development and thus on adult brain function and behavior. However the neurobiological mechanisms involved still remain elusive. An animal model employed in experiments aiming to elucidate such mechanisms is "neonatal handling"... | 15876359 | PMC1090442 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:07 | no | Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Apr 6; 4:8 |
Background
Diseases of the brain are frequently manifested by psychiatric symptomatology, a condition conventionally termed 'Organic Brain Syndrome'. Given the complexity of the nervous system and the vast range of pathological processes that can affect it, a broader view that there exist a number of different and dist... | 15876360 | PMC1090443 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:07 | no | Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Apr 15; 4:9 |
Introduction
Candida albicans is a yeast pathogen that causes mild, chronic, superficial systemic infections in immunocompromised and cancer patients [1-3]. Research, worldwide is broadly focused on 1) search of new targets in C. alibcans, 2) Screening inhibitory activities with therapeutic agents, and 3) designing or ... | 15850483 | PMC1090548 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:21 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2005 Apr 25; 4:7 |
Background
Anesthetics like halothane are rarely used in most nations except in developing countries, which still widely use this method of anesthesia [1]. Also on the rise is alcohol consumption in developing countries [2]. Patients consuming alcohol who are anesthetized with halothane could potentially have inadequat... | 15826301 | PMC1090549 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:05 | no | BMC Anesthesiol. 2005 Apr 12; 5:3 |
Background
Propofol is widely used for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia and as a sedative in intensive care units where it is given as a constant intravenous infusion for periods of many days. In addition to its clinical importance, propofol provides a valuable model for understanding the human pharmacokinet... | 15847680 | PMC1090550 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:05 | no | BMC Anesthesiol. 2005 Apr 22; 5:4 |
Background
Microarray analysis has become a widely used technique for the study of gene-expression patterns on a genomic scale [1,2]. Oligonucleotide and cDNA arrays have been utilized to study mRNA [3] and protein levels [4], to decipher protein-DNA interactions [5], to analyze the DNA copy number [6], to detect methy... | 15836795 | PMC1090551 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:49 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Apr 18; 6:101 |
Background
The volume of published biomedical research, and therefore the underlying biomedical knowledge base, continues to grow. The MEDLINE 2004 database is currently growing at the rate of about 500,000 new citations each year [1]. With such growth, it is challenging to keep up-to-date with all of the new discoveri... | 15847682 | PMC1090552 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Apr 22; 6:103 |
Background
As our acquaintance with RNA's diverse functional repertoire develops [1-5], so does demand for faster and more accurate tools for RNA sequence analysis. In particular, comparative genomics approaches hold great promise for RNA, due to the well-behaved basepairing correlations in an RNA gene family with cons... | 15790387 | PMC1090553 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Mar 24; 6:73 |
Background
Computational approaches to problem solving need to interleave information access and algorithm execution in a problem-specific workflow. In complex domains like molecular biosciences, workflows usually involve iterative steps of querying, analysis and optimization. Bioinformatic experiments are often workfl... | 15813976 | PMC1090554 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Apr 7; 6:87 |
Background
Knowledge discovery and data mining in the biological literature have been attracting more and more interest [1,2]. Automated text mining can facilitate the efforts of both biological database curators [2], and of biologists who consult the literature to acquire novel information both within and outside of t... | 15817129 | PMC1090555 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Apr 7; 6:88 |
Background
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) plays various roles in the cell. Many functions of RNA are attributable to their structural particularities (herein called RNA motifs). RNA motifs have been extensively studied for noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), small nuclear RNA (snRNA), sm... | 15817128 | PMC1090556 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:49 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Apr 7; 6:89 |
Background
In contemporary biological research, organisms are often identified by firstly sequencing one or more of their genes and then comparing the sequences with those of known species, either by inferring phylogenies or by database searches [1]. Once a sequence is available it may be used to design oligonucleotide... | 15817134 | PMC1090557 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:50 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Apr 8; 6:90 |
Background
Genome sequencing is the first step towards understanding the complex interplay between pathways and networks that determine the biology of living organisms. The next important step in these analyses is to perform genome-wide investigations to identify the functions of individual genes. While hybridization t... | 15826298 | PMC1090558 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:49 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Apr 12; 6:94 |
Background
Transcriptional profiling studies can produce data in the form of abundance measurements for genes in samples assigned to one of two classes. A recent exemplar employed cDNA microarrays to assay 6605 clones from normal liver and liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma) tissues [1]. Given such two-class high-d... | 15826317 | PMC1090559 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:50 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Apr 13; 6:97 |
Background
Uromodulin is the most abundant protein in the urine of all placental mammals, with approximately 50–200 mg released per day. It is an 85-kD glycosylphosphati-dylinositol (GPI)-anchored glycoprotein secreted from the epithelial cells of the thick ascending limbs (TAL) of Henle's loop and the early distal con... | 15823198 | PMC1090560 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:57 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2005 Apr 11; 5:9 |
Background
Leukemias are the most frequent type of cancer in childhood [1], the incidence of which varies depending on the area of the world where they are studied [2]. An elevated frequency of acute leukemias has been reported in populations of Hispanic origin [3-5]. For example, in Costa Rica, the highest incidence r... | 15807901 | PMC1090561 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:03 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Apr 4; 5:33 |
Background
Brain metastases represent a significant health care problem. An estimated 20–40% of cancer patients will develop multiple brain metastases [1], and 30–40% will develop a single metastasis [2] during the course of their illness. The prognosis for patients is generally poor, and treatment decisions are based ... | 15807895 | PMC1090562 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:03 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Apr 4; 5:34 |
Background
During normal organ development apoptosis provides an efficient mechanism whereby unwanted cells are "discretely" eliminated. The functions that ensure proper activation of apoptosis are somehow lost during tumorigenesis, allowing cancer cells to proliferate indefinitely and in an uncontrolled fashion[1,2].
... | 15829011 | PMC1090563 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:04 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Apr 13; 5:39 |
Background
High blood pressure or hypertension, 'a silent-killer' condition, is now the most common chronic condition, affecting 20–30% of the adult population. It is rapidly becoming a major problem in developing countries, including Malaysia. About 90–95% of hypertension (HTN) is idiopathic and apparently primary or ... | 15811183 | PMC1090564 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:07 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2005 Apr 5; 5:7 |
Background
More then 25 years ago, it was reported that ultrasound (US) may enhance the fibrinolytic process [1]. Throughout the 1980s and 2000s, several in-vitro and in-vivo experiments verified and further explored this effect, using US alone [2] or as a thrombolytic adjuvant [3-13]. The concept has recently been exp... | 15831106 | PMC1090565 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:07 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2005 Apr 15; 5:8 |
Background
EB1 is the prototypical member of a highly conserved family of proteins that localise to centrosomes and growing microtubule tips [1-3]. EB1 has been shown to directly interact with microtubules, the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumour suppressor protein and the p150glued subunit of the dynein/dynactin m... | 15813965 | PMC1090566 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:10 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 Apr 6; 6:17 |
Background
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest group of integral membrane proteins involved in signal transduction and are the most important targets of clinically marketed drugs [1-3]. The known GPCRs mediate messages from ligands as diverse as neurotransmitters, lipid mediators, hormones, and se... | 15850493 | PMC1090567 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:11 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 Apr 25; 6:21 |
Background
The words selectivity, specificity, and sensitivity (derived from Latin seligere, specificus, sensitivus), can be confusing terms as they are often used synonymously in the medical literature. However, they should not be used interchangeably as each represents a different phenomenon. For the sake of consiste... | 15854222 | PMC1090568 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:54 | no | BMC Clin Pharmacol. 2005 Apr 26; 5:3 |
Background
Concerns about both the nature and the adequacy of the provision of mental health services in primary care settings have prompted exploration of the respective roles of psychiatrists and family practitioners in such activities. The interface between physician groups has been examined from the perspective of ... | 15840163 | PMC1090569 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:13 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Apr 19; 6:15 |
Background
In the last decades, childhood asthma has risen dramatically and now forms a major and still increasing health problem, notably but not exclusively in the affluent parts over the world [1-4]. Large research efforts have therefore been directed to it, and especially the multinational International Study of As... | 15845146 | PMC1090570 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:13 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Apr 21; 6:16 |
Background
The SPR technique is suitable for studying biomolecular interactions on, or close to, a surface [1]. SPR enables rapid detection in real time without any labeling of samples and can be utilised for concentration determination, kinetics studies and epitope mapping. In brief, light incident on a metal surface ... | 15826299 | PMC1090571 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:27 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2005 Apr 12; 5:13 |
Background
Recent advances in high-throughput genotyping technologies have realised the possibility of performing large-scale, high-resolution genetic studies in human complex diseases. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have become the markers of choice due to their frequent occurrence, simple mutational dynamics ... | 15850495 | PMC1090572 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:17 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Apr 25; 6:21 |
Background
Genome research in agriculturally important species is facilitated by the availability of species-specific molecular genetic tools and resources such as chromosome maps and large volumes of sequence data. Recently such resources have been developed for important aquaculture species including rainbow trout, w... | 15836796 | PMC1090573 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:52 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Apr 18; 6:54 |
Background
DNA microarrays are a powerful tool for global analysis of gene transcript expression. The initial studies using arrays required large amounts of starting material in order to reliably detect sample signals. Since that time, improvements in sample preparation, amplification and labeling methods [1-5] have re... | 15847692 | PMC1090574 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:53 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Apr 22; 6:57 |
Background
Invasive fungal infections caused by Candida species have increased significantly. They now rank fourth as the most common cause of nosocomial bloodstream infections in the United Stated [1] and the most common one at one major hospital in Taiwan [2]. Candidemia is not only associated with a mortality of abo... | 15813977 | PMC1090575 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:15 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Apr 7; 5:22 |
Background
Combination antiretroviral therapy containing protease inhibitors (PIs) has contributed substantially towards delaying progression of HIV infection and decreasing morbidity and mortality [1,2]. However, PI-based regimens require strict adherence to ensure efficacy, and many of these regimens incur a high pil... | 15819974 | PMC1090576 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:14 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Apr 8; 5:23 |
Background
Inhalation anthrax is a severe, often fatal disease characterized by systemic spread of the challenge agent, Bacillus anthracis, which is capable of causing severe damage to host tissues and organs. Multiple hemorrhagic lesions in the mediastinum, mediastinal lymph nodes, bronchi, lungs, heart, spleen, liver... | 15819985 | PMC1090577 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:15 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Apr 8; 5:25 |
Background
The outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has made a great impact to the health care systems around the world. The pandemic affected over 8000 individuals and resulted in 774 deaths worldwide [1]. Several clinical parameters, including male sex [2,3], age of over 60 years [2,3], elevated l... | 15819995 | PMC1090578 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:15 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Apr 9; 5:26 |
Background
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the major etiologic agent in parenterally transmitted non-A non-B hepatitis and frequently causes persistent infection leading to chronic liver disease and primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)[1,2]. Interferon-alpha (IFN-α) was the first approved therapy in the 1980s but resulted... | 15823212 | PMC1090579 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:15 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Apr 12; 5:27 |
Background
Tuberculosis (TB) is generally believed to spare these four organs-heart, thyroid, pancreas and skeletal muscle. Involvement of myocardium by TB is rare, and generally occurs in conjunction with pericardial involvement. Isolated myocardial TB is a rare finding, and definitive diagnosis during life requires a... | 15857515 | PMC1090580 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:15 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Apr 27; 5:29 |
Communication
Reverse transcription (RT) followed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) is at present the most sensitive method for transcript abundance measurement. However, there are many sources of errors, both when purifying RNA, performing the RT reaction and during the PCR setup [3,4]. Q-PCR utilises ... | 15854230 | PMC1090581 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:50 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2005 Apr 26; 6:10 |
Background
Numerous extracellular roles for the HIV-1 transactivator protein (Tat) have emerged from experiments showing that Tat is taken up by cultured cells, enters the nucleus, and transactivates genes linked to the HIV LTR [1].
Early experiments showing that recombinant Tat was able to inhibit antigen-induced, bu... | 15857508 | PMC1090582 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:39 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Apr 27; 5:20 |
Background
Brucellosis is a widespread and economically important infectious disease of animals and humans caused by members of the genus Brucella. Brucella spp. are small gram-negative, facultative intracellular pathogens that cause abortion, retained placenta and infertility in numerous domestic and wild mammals, and... | 15869716 | PMC1090583 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:39 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 May 4; 5:22 |
Background
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are needed so as to avoid bias in scientific research. There are many studies and reviews on factors that promote or hinder interest in participating in treatment trials – both in regard to patients and physicians [see e.g. [1-4]]. Men, patients who are older, less educate... | 15826311 | PMC1090584 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:51 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005 Apr 12; 5:12 |
Background
Tibial osteotomy is a treatment for younger and/or physically active patients suffering from uni-compartmental knee osteoarthritis (OA) [1]. Traditional closed wedge osteotomy is regarded as the golden standard for osteotomy techniques. The closed wedge osteotomy is technically difficult and the degree of co... | 15811186 | PMC1090585 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:03 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Apr 5; 6:18 |
Background
Pharmacological treatment for osteoarthritis (OA) can be divided into two groups: symptom-modifying drugs and disease-modifying drugs [1]. Symptom-modifying drugs are at present the prescription of choice for patients with OA. Drugs in this group are: simple analgesics (such as acetaminophen) and non-steroid... | 15850497 | PMC1090586 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:03 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Apr 26; 6:20 |
Background
Epidemiologic studies of dementia generally require a large number of subjects. Longitudinal study designs that start with subjects who are cognitively intact and follow them to ascertain the development of dementia are often needed to reduce bias. Although physician and neuropsychological evaluations are co... | 15829005 | PMC1090587 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:53 | no | BMC Neurol. 2005 Apr 13; 5:8 |
Background
Application of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to the cortex has been shown to shift the membrane potential of superficial neurons in a de- or hyperpolarizing direction, and to modulate spontaneous neuronal activity as well as the processing of afferent signals (for reviews see [1-3]). Anodal ... | 15819988 | PMC1090588 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:48 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Apr 8; 6:23 |
Background
Tobacco can be smoked in cigarettes, cigars, pipe, water pipes, or chewed. It is as an important cash crop, and has vast economical impact affecting the livelihoods of the farmers growing it, the companies that manufacture it, and the healthcare system that deals with the consequences of using it. Cigarette ... | 15823206 | PMC1090589 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:51 | no | BMC Nucl Med. 2005 Apr 11; 5:1 |
Background
In diagnosing meniscal tears, MRI is a sensitive and specific tool and has become the procedure of choice in these affections. In fact, MRI is the most commonly used noninvasive imaging method for diagnosing meniscal tears, but its limits are also acknowledged [1].
On the other hand, although it is not wide... | 15831098 | PMC1090590 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:51 | no | BMC Nucl Med. 2005 Apr 14; 5:2 |
Background
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of legal blindness among industrialized nations in the population aged 50 years and above [1-4]. Besides choroidal neovascularization and detachments of the retinal pigment epithelium, geographic atrophy (GA) of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) ... | 15813972 | PMC1090591 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:50 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2005 Apr 6; 5:8 |
Background
The negative health consequences of smoking cigarettes are well known. What is less well known is that not all tobacco products create similar levels of risk. In particular, use of Western smokeless tobacco (ST) is substantially less harmful than smoking cigarettes. This should not be surprising, given that ... | 15811179 | PMC1090592 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:56 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Apr 5; 5:31 |
Background
Increased attention is being paid to the "epidemic of obesity" in post-industrialised countries [1-3]. Since the 1980s, there has been a rapid rise in the proportion of the population who are obese, and in the mean values of Body Mass Index (BMI) and other anthropometric measurements associated with obesity.... | 15811178 | PMC1090593 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:58 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Apr 5; 5:32 |
Background
Infertility affects between 8–20% of couples around the world at some stage during their reproductive years. As the figures suggest, it has become a common health and communal problem in terms of not only the couples involved, but also their health team and the social environment [1-3].
The level and patter... | 15811189 | PMC1090594 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:57 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Apr 5; 5:33 |
Background
Approximately 13 million people have been diagnosed with diabetes in the United States and an additional 5.2 million do not yet know they have the disease [1]. Of these people, 90–95% have Type 2 diabetes [2]. Diabetes has been among the top ten leading causes of death in the United States since 1932 and is ... | 15833140 | PMC1090595 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:57 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Apr 17; 5:36 |
Background
Vaccinations are an effective prevention tool for maintaining the health of the individual and society as a whole. In Italy, however, certain diseases that are preventable with vaccines whose efficiency and safety have been fully tested and proven, still present a public health issue.
Monitoring immunizatio... | 15845144 | PMC1090596 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:57 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Apr 21; 5:42 |
Background
The treatment of schizophrenia has shown important improvements since the introduction of new antipsychotics [1]. These drugs, also called atypical or second generation antipsychotics (SGAs) bring the possibility of a better quality of life for patients affected with schizophrenia, because they have been ass... | 15869707 | PMC1090597 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:02 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 May 3; 5:22 |
Background
In Latin American maternity hospitals, a significant proportion of the health care administered to women during labor and delivery has been demonstrated to be ineffective or harmful, whereas proven effective interventions are underutilized. For example, routine episiotomy use has been documented to be useles... | 15823211 | PMC1090598 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:35 | no | BMC Womens Health. 2005 Apr 11; 5:4 |
Introduction
The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is a simple and inexpensive laboratory test that is widespread in clinical practice for assessing the inflammatory or acute response [1]. The ESR has also been found to be of clinical significance in the follow-up and prognosis of non-inflammatory conditions, such a... | 15807888 | PMC1090599 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:37 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Apr 4; 4:24 |
Introduction
A. Oncogenesis
The process of oncogenesis or carcinogenesis fundamentally emerges from defects in the balance between the activity of proto-oncogenes, which promote cell proliferation, and tumor suppressor genes, which regulate the cell cycle. It is known that DNA damage and repair occurs normally in every... | 15857509 | PMC1090600 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:10 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2005 Apr 27; 5:10 |
Background
With an average five-year post-recovery survival rate of 45%, inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is the most lethal and aggressive form of locally advanced breast cancer [1]. The lethality of IBC stems from its highly invasive nature. Diagnosis of IBC is often complicated by lack of a palpable precursor lesion... | 15857504 | PMC1090601 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:10 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2005 Apr 27; 5:11 |
The present paradigm
For the past half century, most cancer investigators have thought, beyond any reasonable doubt, that each cancer has its origin in a single cell that undergoes mutations to give that cell a cancer phenotype or at least to set that cell and its progeny on the path to forming an overt cancer [1]. Thi... | 15854226 | PMC1090602 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:10 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2005 Apr 26; 5:9 |
Background
For several years mass treatment with ivermectin has been used to control onchocerciasis. The community directed distribution of annual doses of ivermectin introduced through the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC) is the key component of this programme. In this Community-directed treatment w... | 15817124 | PMC1090603 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:24 | no | Filaria J. 2005 Apr 7; 4:2 |
Introduction
Only a few months after its official launch by BioMed Central, Frontiers in Zoology has become a widely-read journal attracting submissions of reviews and original papers on research from all fields of zoology. To ensure that peer-reviewed research is Open Access, i.e. universally and freely available onli... | 15836791 | PMC1090604 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:34 | no | Front Zool. 2005 Apr 18; 2:6 |
Background
Social subjugation is a natural stressor in the animal kingdom with long-term behavioral consequences. Adult male rhesus monkeys that fight for dominance status and lose are relegated to the lowest social rank displaying highly submissive behavior [1]. Social subjugation in adult male talapoin monkeys reduce... | 15847686 | PMC1090605 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:34 | no | Front Zool. 2005 Apr 22; 2:7 |
Background
The physical health complications of injecting drug use are well documented in the literature (e.g.[1-6]). The injections used by injecting drug users (IDUs) are non-sterile and not subject to quality control. This, coupled with frequent, chronic venous administration is associated with damage to the vascula... | 15833116 | PMC1090606 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:50 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2005 Apr 15; 2:6 |
Background
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been practiced in China for thousands of years. Throughout history, millions and millions of Chinese people have been cured by various forms of TCM, including the use of Chinese herbal medicine, acupuncture, and Qigong, etc. In the recent few decades, the use of Chinese... | 15833138 | PMC1090607 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:14 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Apr 16; 3:26 |
Background
Veterans have access to a health care system unavailable to most Americans – the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), part of the Department of Veterans Affairs. This large, integrated health care system provided care to about 4.5 million veterans in 2002. In 2001, the total veteran population was estimated... | 15836789 | PMC1090608 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:16 | no | Health Res Policy Syst. 2005 Apr 18; 3:5 |
Background
Interest in the dietary habits of vegetarians emerges from research suggesting that vegetarians have a lower prevalence of various chronic diseases that currently plague the developed world [1,2]. It has been hypothesized that these findings are due to vegetarians' dietary habits, which more closely follow r... | 15829014 | PMC1090609 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:04 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2005 Apr 13; 2:4 |
Introduction
As of 2005, the world is confronted by 338 generic infectious diseases, scattered in a complex fashion across over 220 countries and regions. Each new day confronts health care workers with unexpected outbreaks, epidemics and heretofore unknown pathogens. Over 2,000 named bacteria, viruses, fungi and paras... | 15847698 | PMC1090610 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:06 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2005 Apr 22; 4:10 |
Introduction
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a substantial cause of mortality, morbidity, and health services utilization in the older persons [1]. In Canada pneumonia and influenza are, together, the leading cause of death from infectious disease and sixth leading cause of death overall. In Canada, the annual ho... | 15819975 | PMC1090611 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:37 | no | J Negat Results Biomed. 2005 Apr 8; 4:4 |
The metabolic syndrome is a collection of associated conditions such as dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, impaired glucose tolerance, and abdominal fat. It has first been described in 1988, and it is now widely adopted that it is a health situation that promotes atherosclerosis [1]. Each of the associated conditions h... | 15826300 | PMC1090612 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:19 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2005 Apr 12; 4:7 |
Background
Endemic malaria was declining in western Europe from the 18th century onwards, but in the 19th century it was still common in the north and north-east of Europe. In the 1930s, endemic malaria finally disappeared from most parts of Europe, with the exception of occasional epidemics during the Second World War... | 15847704 | PMC1090613 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:30 | no | Malar J. 2005 Apr 25; 4:19 |
Background
Osteoporosis is a chronic bone disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural disruption, leading to bone fragility and an increased susceptibility to fractures [1,2]. As a result of increased life expectancy in the population as well as greater public awareness, osteoporosis has evolved from ... | 15817133 | PMC1090614 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:46 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005 Apr 7; 2:9 |
Background
Spermatogenesis in mammals is a complex process dependent upon the hormonal stimulation as well as the dynamic interactions between the Sertoli cells, the somatic component of the seminiferous epithelium, and the germ cells. In fact, in the mammalian testis germ cells, differentiating from spermatogonia to m... | 15840169 | PMC1090615 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:13 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Apr 19; 3:13 |
Review
Interstitial lung disease in children
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) in children represents a heterogeneous group of rare respiratory disorders characterised by restrictive lung disease and diffuse pulmonary infiltrates. Affected children usually present with dry cough, dyspnoea and tachypnoea. Physical finding... | 15819986 | PMC1090616 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:27 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Apr 8; 6(1):32 |
Background
Airway eosinophilic inflammation is a predominant feature of asthma. Eosinophils are believed to be involved in several features of asthma through the release of cationic granule proteins, reactive oxygen radicals, a variety of cytokines and bronchoconstrictive mediators [1-4]. The regulation of the eosinoph... | 15823208 | PMC1090617 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Apr 11; 6(1):33 |
Background
Accommodation is important for information processing in nerve fibers, as it determines whether, and how frequently, slowly-changing natural and artificial stimuli are translated into action potentials. Hill's theory of accommodation in nerve has been one of the most influential theories in this area [1]. A ... | 15826303 | PMC1090618 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:25 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Apr 12; 2:16 |
A recent commentary stirred intense controversy over the status of anti-cancer immunotherapy. The commentary suggested moving beyond current anti-cancer vaccines since active-specific immunization failed to match expectations [1]. Although subsequently mitigated [2-4] the statement requires clarifications.
In the comm... | 15831096 | PMC1090619 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:28 | no | J Transl Med. 2005 Apr 14; 3:16 |
Introduction
In his classic article entitled "On the Folly of Rewarding A while Hoping for B", Kerr outlines a common phenomenon in organizational management and behavior [1]. Employees receive explicit or implicit incentives (rewards) to carry out one set of activities (A), while the organization hopes that the same e... | 15862130 | PMC1090620 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:28 | no | J Transl Med. 2005 Apr 29; 3:19 |
Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera in humansis classified into two serotypes: O1 and nonO1 [1]. The O1 strains are divided into two biotypes: Classical and El Tor. Before 1961 most epidemics had been caused by the classical biotype. However after 1961 the El Tor strains became the main causative agent of t... | 15823199 | PMC1090621 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:58 | no | Virol J. 2005 Apr 11; 2:27 |
Introduction
The global public health impact of chronic HCV infection and consequent liver disease continues to grow in numbers. It has been estimated that there are over 170 million carriers of HCV worldwide, with an increasing incidence of new infections [1]. In the United States, an estimated 1% to 5% of the 2.7 mil... | 15840164 | PMC1090622 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:58 | no | Virol J. 2005 Apr 19; 2:37 |
Background
HCV exists as quasispecies (QS) in infected individuals, consisting of a predominant viral variant and related, yet genetically distinct minor variants [1]. The study of HCV QS has historically focused on the hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) of the second envelope (E2) glycoprotein gene [2,3], the most variable... | 15847697 | PMC1090623 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:59 | no | Virol J. 2005 Apr 22; 2:41 |
Background
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a member of the genus Nairovirus, one of five genera in the family Bunyaviridae [1]. Bunyaviruses are enveloped particles with a tripartite, single stranded RNA genome of negative polarity [2-4]. The three genome segments encode four structural proteins: the R... | 15850490 | PMC1090624 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:58 | no | Virol J. 2005 Apr 25; 2:42 |
Introduction
Internationally, there is an increasing emphasis on routine outcome measurement in mental health. A push to improve quality of care for consumers has prompted interest in monitoring outcomes at an individual level, and financial pressures and a need to demonstrate value-for-money have led to the use of agg... | 15840170 | PMC1097711 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:28 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2005 Apr 19; 2:8 |
Background
The role that the publisher, librarian, and faculty will play in resolving the crisis has not been determined. Because of the potential impact of reduced collections on the mission of the health sciences center library, each group has a stake in working to contain the rise in scholarly journal prices and to ... | 15829010 | PMC1097712 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:25 | no | Biomed Digit Libr. 2005 Apr 13; 2:3 |
Background
The rhizomes of Panax japonicus C.A. Meyer (Japanese name; Chikusetsuninjin), have been used as a substitute for Ginseng roots (the roots of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer). On the other hand, Ginseng roots are used as the remedy for life-style-related diseases such as arteriosclerosis hyperlipidemia, hypertension... | 15811191 | PMC1097713 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:46 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2005 Apr 6; 5:9 |
Background
Understanding transcriptional regulation of gene expression is one of the greatest challenges of modern molecular biology. A central role in this mechanism is played by transcription factors (TF), which typically bind to specific, short DNA sequence motifs. These motifs are usually located in the upstream re... | 15865625 | PMC1097714 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 May 2; 6:110 |
Background
Reconstructing the evolutionary relationships among species based on their genetic information is one of the primary objectives in phylogenetic analysis. In recent years, numerous heuristics to reconstruct phylogenies for large data sets have been proposed [1-11]. In addition, parallel tree-reconstruction pr... | 15819989 | PMC1097715 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Apr 8; 6:92 |
Background
Computational protein sequence homology detection has become a central component in genome analysis. Today sequences of unknown function are routinely searched against databases of known proteins and this has become an important aid for sequence annotation and to guide laboratory experiments. Without the dev... | 15831105 | PMC1097716 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Apr 15; 6:99 |
Background
The transition from phase G1 to S of the cell cycle is controlled by sequential activation of cyclin/Cdk complexes (Cyclin-dependent kinases) [1]. Active cyclin/Cdk complexes phosphorylate and inactivate members of the retinoblastoma protein (Rb) family, which are negative regulators of G1 and S-phase progre... | 15819981 | PMC1097717 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:04 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Apr 8; 5:36 |
Background
Germline mutations in the APC gene are the causative factor for the Familial Adenomatous Polyposis syndrome which follows an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern [1,2]. FAP patients develop multiple to thousands of colonic polyps before their second decade of life.
If polyps are left untreated they give r... | 15833136 | PMC1097718 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:04 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Apr 15; 5:40 |
Background
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a growing family of zinc-containing metalloenzymes that have an important role in maintaining the pH homeostasis by catalysing the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide, CO2 + H2O ↔ HCO3 - + H+. This family includes at least twelve enzymatically active isozymes, whose subcellul... | 15836783 | PMC1097719 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:03 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Apr 18; 5:41 |
Background
Different biological and clinicopathological parameters next to the commonly used tumor and nodal stage have been proposed to help stratifying patients to certain treatment protocols. Specifically, molecular properties of the tumor microenvironment such as hypoxia, inflammation and angiogenesis are currently... | 15847702 | PMC1097720 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:05 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Apr 25; 5:42 |
Background
Cell-matrix interactions are key components of many physiological processes in health and disease. Frequently these interactions result in changes in cellular motility, morphology, and/or growth, and so quantitation of these changes is useful for comparing matrix and soluble factor effects and for assessing ... | 15831094 | PMC1097721 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:11 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 Apr 14; 6:19 |
Background
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Rev protein is a small (116 amino acids) post-transcriptional activator of expression of incompletely spliced and unspliced HIV mRNAs. Since these HIV transcripts direct production of progeny virions, Rev is a crucial factor in HIV replication (for overview see [1]). Re... | 15847701 | PMC1097722 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:11 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 Apr 24; 6:20 |
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