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Background
Studies conducted to understand nuclear organization and function have revealed that the nucleus contains a myriad of dynamic, highly organized domains, territories and bodies [1-3]. The Cajal body (CB) is one such structure and contains the highest concentration of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) ... | 15862129 | PMC1097723 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:11 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 Apr 29; 6:23 |
Background
Testudo graeca Linnaeus 1758, or the spur-thighed tortoise, is an endangered species with a broad distribution range. It can be found in northern Africa (e.g. Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya), the Middle East (e.g. Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, and Iraq), Europe (Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, Greece, and ... | 15836787 | PMC1097724 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Apr 18; 5:29 |
Background
Winemakers have long noted that different strains of wine yeasts, even when used to ferment the same juice under identical conditions, can yield very different wines in terms of sensory characteristics [1,2], presumably as a result of variations in the strains' fermentative properties [3-7]. Previous studies... | 15833139 | PMC1097725 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:53 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Apr 16; 6:53 |
Background
Type 1 diabetes is a multifactorial autoimmune disease characterised by insulin deficiency, due to the T cell mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells [1]. Among the genetic determinants of susceptibility, with more than 18 putative loci identified to date, a region in chromosome 6p21 (IDDM1) containing th... | 15842729 | PMC1097726 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:53 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Apr 20; 6:56 |
Background
Delirium is a complex neuropsychiatric syndrome with an acute onset, characterized by disturbances of consciousness, attention, cognition, and perception. Delirium can be found in any medical condition and is the most common reason for acute cognitive dysfunction in hospitalised elderly patients [1-3]. This ... | 15826320 | PMC1097727 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:32 | no | BMC Geriatr. 2005 Apr 13; 5:6 |
Background
Many hospitals are implementing executive walk rounds (EWRs), a widely used but unstudied activity to improve patient safety [1,2]. EWRs vary from hospital to hospital, but in general they consist of visits by hospital executives to patient care areas to discuss patient safety issues with providers. EWRs enl... | 15823204 | PMC1097728 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:49 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Apr 11; 5:28 |
Background
The increase in utilization of emergency medical services in the U.S. and other developed countries in recent decades is related to availability of ambulatory medical services and to the provision of health insurance [1]. Acute injury [2], longevity [3], and health insurance coverage across an array of condi... | 15829013 | PMC1097729 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:50 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Apr 13; 5:29 |
Background
The adaptation of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methodology to the investigation of RNA provides the researcher a method featuring speed, efficiency, specificity and sensitivity. Since RNA cannot serve as a template for DNA polymerase, a reverse transcription step was combined with PCR to transform RNA int... | 15833107 | PMC1097730 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:25 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2005 Apr 15; 6:9 |
Background
Stroke is the third leading cause of death and the leading cause of disability among adults. Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) due to rupture of IAs is one of the three main subtypes of stroke. The incidence of SAH as well as its 30-day mortality has remained stable for over 3 decades despite advances in diagnos... | 15854227 | PMC1097731 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2005 Apr 26; 6:17 |
Background
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the causative agent of the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhoea. In the male this is typically associated with a purulent discharge from the urethra. However, in women, infection of the cervix is often asymptomatic while gonococcal spread up the urinary tract or invasion across th... | 15857514 | PMC1097732 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:40 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Apr 27; 5:21 |
Background
Clinical prediction guides (CPGs), also known as clinical prediction rules or clinical decision rules, are increasingly sought by frontline clinicians to assist in their decision making process. They provide an objective standard by which to gauge which elements in a patient's history, physical examination a... | 15862125 | PMC1097733 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:52:12 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2005 Apr 29; 5:11 |
Background
To perform meta-analysis of continuous data, the meta-analysts need the mean value and the variance (or standard deviation) in order to pool data. However, sometimes, the published reports of clinical trials only report the median, range and the size of the trial. In this article we use simple and elementary... | 15840177 | PMC1097734 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:51 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005 Apr 20; 5:13 |
Background
A meta-analysis strives to obtain data on all patients in all relevant trials addressing an explicit and relevant clinical question. Meta-analyses most often attempt to achieve these goals by collecting aggregate patient data (APD) from completed studies that have been published in the medical literature, pr... | 15850485 | PMC1097735 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:51 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005 Apr 25; 5:14 |
Background
Plantar heel pain (plantar fasciitis) can be debilitating, often with severe limitations on activity. Typically, patients present with pain in the plantar aspect of the heel whilst walking, particularly after rest. Pain on first weight-bearing in the morning is a prominent diagnostic feature. The precise nat... | 15847689 | PMC1097736 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:04 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Apr 22; 6:19 |
Background
Diabetes mellitus is a well-established independent risk factor for ischemic stroke [1]. Additionally, diabetes is the cerebrovascular risk factor associated with greater in-hospital mortality both in patients with ischemic stroke [2-5] and intracerebral hemorrhage [6]. However, little is known regarding the... | 15833108 | PMC1097737 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:53 | no | BMC Neurol. 2005 Apr 15; 5:9 |
Background
GABAA-Rs are the major inhibitory receptors in the mammalian central nervous system and can be modulated by a number of sedative, hypnotic and anesthetic drugs [1]. GABAA-Rs are putatively pentameric complexes and are members of a 'superfamily' of related ligand-gated ion channels. There are a variety of sub... | 15850489 | PMC1097738 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:48 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Apr 25; 6:30 |
Background
Advancing age is associated with a number of changes in body composition. Notable among these changes is the reduction in FFM, that occurs primarily as a result of losses in skeletal muscle mass [1], a condition referred to as sarcopenia. For example, older men aged 80 years or older have 25 percent less leg... | 15840167 | PMC1097739 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:56 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Apr 19; 5:41 |
Background
Smoking and young people in the United Kingdom
Smoking rates amongst 11 to 16 year-olds in the United Kingdom continue to be a cause for concern, with increases in these during the early to mid-1990s [1,2]. Since the late 1990s, rates have stabilised at around 10 per cent [3-6]. Nonetheless, there is a very ... | 15847695 | PMC1097740 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:56 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Apr 22; 5:43 |
Background
Asperger Syndrome (AS), which belongs to the autism spectrum disorders, is a behavioural disorder defined by problems in social interaction, circumscribed unusual interests, repetitive routines and rituals, speech peculiarities and non-verbal communication problems usually without language delay. The overall... | 15826308 | PMC1097741 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:02 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 Apr 12; 5:20 |
As implied by its name, electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is to reconstruct an impedance distribution in an object of interest from electrical measurement on the boundary of the object. Because of its non-invasiveness, portability and practical utilities, EIT has been actively studied since 1970s and led to many us... | 0 | PMC1097742 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:36 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Apr 15; 4:27 |
Background
Animal and human epidemiological studies indicate that increasing the consumption of omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids versus intake of omega-6 (n-6) fatty acids decreased risk of cancer [1-10]. Animal studies indicate that increased consumption of n-3 fatty acids can slow the growth of cancer xenografts and can inc... | 15860128 | PMC1097743 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:10 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2005 Apr 28; 5:12 |
Background
Anderson-Fabry disease is an X-linked, multisystem, lysosomal storage disease (deficiency of enzyme α-galactosidase A), characterized by the accumulation of glycosphingolipids in various tissues and organs [1,2], including skin, vascular endothelium, heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas and ganglion cells ... | 15857518 | PMC1097744 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:32 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2005 Apr 27; 3:11 |
Introduction
If coronary angiography is carried out due to pathological stress-test or angina pectoris, 10% to 20% of the patients do not reveal any atherosclerotic alteration of the coronary vessel related to the clinical symptoms [1]. As a possible explanation of this phenomenon, an infectious mechanism was discussed... | 15857519 | PMC1097745 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:32 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2005 Apr 27; 3:12 |
What is cell adhesion?
Well, why does our skin look so smooth on the surface? How do skin cells adhere to each other and the underlying connective tissue to resist wound and bruise? How do two 'unlike' or 'like' cells live side-by-side? How are muscles and tendons glued to the bones? How do endothelial and epithelial c... | 15836785 | PMC1097746 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:15 | no | Cell Commun Signal. 2005 Apr 18; 3:7 |
Background
Environmental toxicants such as organochlorine compounds (OC) and lead (Pb) may alter immune responses. There is a paucity of studies reporting associations between organochlorine [1-4] and lead [5-8] exposures and immune function biomarkers in children.
We conducted a large-scale environmental study of sec... | 15831097 | PMC1097747 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:33 | no | Environ Health. 2005 Apr 14; 4:5 |
Background
Survival in childhood cancer has improved significantly in recent years [1,2]. This has been attributed to the organisation of care in key centres, and development of national and international clinical trials which facilitate more rapid knowledge and refinements of new protocols. Depending on the specific c... | 15860126 | PMC1097748 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:14 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Apr 28; 3:29 |
Background
Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer among women in the United States, Canada and Europe [1,2]. A sharp increase in incidence has been seen over the past two decades due in large part to use of mammography and subsequent earlier detection of disease. Earlier detection and treatment has led to incr... | 15860132 | PMC1097749 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:14 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Apr 28; 3:30 |
Background
In a recent analysis of breast cancer by New York State's Department of Health, a breast cancer cluster in the Western New York area was identified [1]. One of the objectives of such disease mapping is to generate hypotheses by identifying spatial patterns so that causal processes may be evaluated further by... | 15826315 | PMC1097750 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:06 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2005 Apr 12; 4:9 |
1. Introduction
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease marked by focal destruction of myelin, resulting in the loss of oligodendrocytes and axons accompanied by an inflammatory disease process [1-3]. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model of MS. Both MS and EAE are initia... | 15869713 | PMC1097751 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:03 | no | J Autoimmune Dis. 2005 May 3; 2:4 |
Background
Embryos developing in vivo are nourished by the cells and fluid of the fallopian tube and the uterine endometrium [1,2]. In vitro embryo culture deprives the cells from the maternal environment, where they are bathed in an ever-changing milieu of fluid containing a range of protein and ions specific to the r... | 15840171 | PMC1097752 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:17 | no | J Exp Clin Assist Reprod. 2005 Apr 19; 2:7 |
Background
Cervical cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women. HPV infection is the obligate first step in the development of cervical cancer [1]. Nearly a quarter of a million women die from cervical cancer and about half a million are diagnosed with this disease each year [2]. Cervical cancer a... | 15842730 | PMC1097753 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:45 | no | J Immune Based Ther Vaccines. 2005 Apr 20; 3:2 |
Background
Microglia are resident, immunocompetent cells in the brain. They show functional plasticity and can be activated by a diversity of inflammatory stimuli including ones associated with neurodegenerative diseases [9,18]. The functional responses of microglia following activation include proliferation, phagocyto... | 15833109 | PMC1097754 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:22 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2005 Apr 15; 2:11 |
Background
The euglenozoa which, beside the euglenophyta, also include the pathogenic protozoa of the Order Kinetoplastida, have branched off early in eukaryotic evolution. The kinetoplastida have developed, or retained, molecular mechanisms not shared by most Crown Group Eukaryota, such as trans-splicing of messenger ... | 15862128 | PMC1097755 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:32 | no | Kinetoplastid Biol Dis. 2005 Apr 29; 4:3 |
Background
Essential metal ions such as copper, manganese and cobalt are vital elements involved in functions of numerous enzymes and proteins in mammalian cells. Mammalian cells not only possess efficient uptake mechanisms to obtain these ions from their extracellular environment, but also have intracellular delivery ... | 15840172 | PMC1097757 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:08 | no | Mol Pain. 2005 Apr 19; 1:15 |
Background
The cytoarchitecture of the female reproductive tract is severely compromised by the deleterious influences of diabetes-induced alterations in utero-ovarian cellular glucometabolism [1-3]. In humans [4-6] and experimental models [7-11], diabetes-associated alterations in uterine endometrial metabolism and st... | 15857516 | PMC1097758 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:12 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Apr 27; 3:15 |
Background
As proven in developed countries, MTCT of HIV-1 is preventable with highly active antiretroviral therapy combined with total avoidance of breastfeeding. The most widely promoted mode of replacement feeding is the use of infant formula. However, thus far, it has not been applicable in resource-constrained cou... | 15888210 | PMC1097759 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:40 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Apr 29; 2:28 |
Background
Coliphage have traditionally been isolated from sewage, where they arrived, presumably, after passing through the GI tracts of animals inhabited by commensal coliform bacteria. However, information on the interaction of natural coliphage with the commensal flora of the GI tract in situ is sparse. The results... | 15833115 | PMC1097760 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:58 | no | Virol J. 2005 Apr 15; 2:34 |
Background
Gasparo Aselli, in 1622, first described the lacteal vessels indicating the presence of a lymphatic system. Paolo Mascagni, in 1787, and Sappey, in 1875, published atlases on lymphatics. Most of the later knowledge was derived from autopsy or post-surgical studies on nodes. The standard anatomical depictions... | 15836786 | PMC1097761 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:04 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Apr 18; 3:21 |
Introduction
Tumours of the spermatic cord and paratesticular tissue are rare [1,2], and as such, their true incidence has never been established. Radical inguinal orchiectomy and high ligation of the cord is the standard primary surgical procedure. However, the extent of surrounding soft tissue excision required, incl... | 15860129 | PMC1097762 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:03 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Apr 28; 3:23 |
Introduction
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour (IMT) is a rare benign lesion that has been discussed in various organs and tissues. They are well recognised in lung and upper respiratory tract of children and young adults with a predilection for first and second decade. Intra-abdominal forms of the disease are report... | 15862123 | PMC1097763 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:03 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Apr 29; 3:24 |
Correction
In the original publication [1], most of the table rows in "Additional file 1" were mistakenly omitted. These files have now been converted to tables 1 and 2 in Additional file 1 in this correction article. All references in the tables refer to references in the original publication [1].
Supplementary Mater... | 15869711 | PMC1097764 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 20:47:05 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 May 3; 3:25 |
Introduction
In moving animals, retinal image flow differs from conventional visual stimuli used in the laboratory, by its characteristic dynamics that are largely determined by the animals' own actions and reactions. For instance, the retinal image flow on the eyes of humans steering a car, is determined by the direct... | 15884977 | PMC1110907 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:23 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun 17; 3(6):e171 |
Introduction
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) first appeared in Guangdong Province, China, late in 2002. Its rapid transmission and high rates of mortality and morbidity resulted in a significant threat to global health by the spring of 2003, and the epidemic had a significant effect on the public health and ec... | 15884978 | PMC1110908 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:24 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun 17; 3(6):e172 |
Introduction
The telencephalon is subdivided into dorsal (pallial) and ventral (subpallial) territories, which give rise to the cerebral cortex and the underlying basal ganglia, respectively. The embryonic subpallium consists of large protrusions—the ganglionic eminences. Several distinct types of neurons originate in ... | 15882093 | PMC1110909 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:24 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun 17; 3(6):e186 |
Viruses, small organisms that hijack our cellular machinery to replicate their genomes and make new viruses, constantly threaten human health. Not only are we unable to control infections caused by old enemies such as the cold virus, but we are also continually challenged by new enemies, like the coronavirus that cause... | 0 | PMC1110910 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:14 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun 17; 3(6):e199 |
Seeing the world pass by as you're moving is a complex feat. In flies, images moving across the eye—so-called optic flow—provide sensory information to neurons to guide behaviors like avoiding obstacles and chasing down mates. This maneuverability, combined with a fast image processing speed and the ease of examining f... | 0 | PMC1110911 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:23 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun 17; 3(6):e209 |
Like other complex organs, the brain develops in stages, under tight control of multiple genetic signals. The key to understanding brain development, therefore, lies in understanding what these signals are, where they act, and what their effects are. The SOX family of transcription factors has emerged as a major group ... | 0 | PMC1110912 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:24 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun 17; 3(6):e226 |
The famous Russian writer Vladimir Nabokov once described writing as “a torture and a pastime” and contrasted it to “a long and exciting career as an obscure curator of lepidoptera in a great museum” [1]. For six years before moving to Cornell University as a professor of Russian literature, Nabokov worked as a researc... | 0 | PMC1110913 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:23 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 May 17; 3(5):e161 |
The term “epigenetics” was first proposed by Conrad Waddington to designate the study of the processes by which the genetic information of an organism, defined as genotype, interacts with the environment in order to produce its observed traits, defined as phenotype [1]. More recently, the term has been used to describe... | 15884979 | PMC1110914 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:23 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 May 17; 3(5):e177 |
Although frazzled new parents may beg to differ, infants do sleep more than adults. This sleep pattern is seen in a wide variety of mammalian species, with some obvious selective advantages. Sleep is a time of reduced body and brain metabolic rate [1,2], allowing energy conservation, particularly if a warm place is ava... | 15884980 | PMC1110915 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:23 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 May 17; 3(5):e178 |
In 1772, Carolus Linnaeus wrote a letter, now oft-quoted, to Ryk Tulbagh, the Governor of the Cape—in which he envied Tulbagh's “sovereign control of that Paradise on Earth, the Cape of Good Hope, which the beneficent Creator has enriched with his choicest wonders”. Two and a half centuries later, South Africa's biodiv... | 15884973 | PMC1110916 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:24 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 May 17; 3(5):e145 |
There is a tradition in biology of using specific animal models to study generalizable basic properties of a system. For example, the giant axon of squid was used for the pioneering work on nerve transmission; the fruit fly (Drosophila) has played a key role in researchers discovering the role of homeobox genes in embr... | 15884976 | PMC1110917 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:23 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 May 17; 3(5):e164 |
So, naturalists observe, a flea Has smaller fleas that on him prey; And these have smaller still to bite 'em; And so proceed ad infinitum.—Jonathan Swift
If Jonathan Swift was wrong in envisioning his infinite series of parasites, the “ultimate flea” could be a DNA sequence whose sole biological property is to ens... | 15884981 | PMC1110918 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:23 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 May 17; 3(5):e182 |
Clade, country or region-specific vaccines
It is generally agreed that HIV-1 arose decades ago by transfer of virus from chimps to humans [1]. The subsequent travel of infected persons and the continued practice of high-risk behaviors fostered virus transmission to virtually every world region. Once HIV-1 awareness was... | 15860130 | PMC1112584 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:33 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2005 Apr 28; 2:3 |
Background
Although expression of surface markers in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) parallels that of normal hematopoietic precursors, several markers of myeloid lineage are found on ALL lymphoblasts. This phenomenon is referred to as "aberrant expression". The issue of the regulatory mechanisms that allow it has b... | 15826304 | PMC1112585 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:05 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Apr 12; 5:38 |
Background
Fanconi anaemia is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterised by congenital abnormalities, progressive bone marrow failure, and predisposition to acute myelogenous leukemia and other malignancies. At the cellular level, the disease is characterised by an inability to repair cross-linked DNA [1]. There... | 15860134 | PMC1112586 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:03 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Apr 29; 5:43 |
Background
The transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily is involved in many developmental decisions from primitive animals such as Cnidaria and sponges to higher animals [1-4]. The core of the signaling pathway has been elucidated in the last few years and reveals a rather simple signaling cascade. These ligands... | 15840165 | PMC1112587 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:17 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2005 Apr 19; 5:8 |
Background
A number of mechanisms can generate duplicate copies of genes, ranging from single gene duplications to regional and whole genome duplications [1-3]. Large increases in gene number have been coupled to increases in organismal complexity and radiative divergence at several points in the history of metazoans i... | 15831095 | PMC1112588 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:17 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Apr 14; 5:28 |
Background
Overweight and obesity are subjects of much public health scrutiny and concern. Obesity is significantly correlated with many chronic diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, some cancers, and gallbladder disease. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that in 2003 health... | 15845150 | PMC1112589 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:13 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Apr 22; 6:17 |
Background
The process of tumorigenesis has long been recognized to depend upon complex interactions of a tumor with its non-transformed tissue environment [1]. Beyond transformation and increased proliferation, many pathways are activated both in the growing tumor and its environment to culminate in an established sol... | 15836779 | PMC1112590 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:53 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Apr 18; 6:55 |
Background
Comparative sequence analysis is an approach proven to aid in recognition of genes and defining of their function, especially when comparing genomes of close evolutionary distance. In addition, when partial genomes are placed in a context of a well-studied and fully sequenced model organism they can greatly ... | 15854223 | PMC1112591 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:53 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Apr 26; 6:58 |
Background
The ongoing sequencing of complete genomes of prokaryotes and eukaryotes reveals a tremendous amount of uncharted data. In prokaryotic genomes, roughly 25 to 30 percent of the predicted ORFeome remain functionally unknown with many Open Reading Frames (ORFs) only showing similarities to conserved hypothetica... | 15869710 | PMC1112592 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:53 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 May 3; 6:60 |
Background
Many aspects of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans biology are conserved between invertebrates and vertebrates establishing this particular organism as an excellent genetic model. Because of its small size, large populations and self-fertilization of the hermaphrodite, functional predictions carried out by ... | 15877817 | PMC1112593 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:53 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 May 6; 6:65 |
Background
One of the most famous examples of the placebo effect is an account given by Dr. Klopfer of a trial patient with advanced cancer randomized to a new drug called 'Kebriozen'. Klopfer describes how within ten days: 'all signs of his disease [had] vanished'. The patient relapsed within two months when he learne... | 15847683 | PMC1112594 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:50 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Apr 22; 5:30 |
Background
During the few summer months in Canada visit to cottages and lakes is a frequent leisure activity. Access to a second home – camp, cabin, chalet or cottage, whatever we call it – has a strong cultural significance for Canadians. The cottage, for many Canadians, is a paradise where extended family and friends... | 15871735 | PMC1112595 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:15 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 May 4; 5:30 |
Background
It has been argued that famine only occurs in nations that are immune to the political will of their people [1]. Political freedom in famine free countries is additionally coupled, albeit unevenly, to other freedoms such as education, health, the control of family size and the ability to seek employment.
Re... | 15850480 | PMC1112596 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:56 | no | BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2005 Apr 25; 5:4 |
Background
The Liaison Committee for Medical Education (LCME) expects medical schools to implement strategies for student assessment and curriculum evaluation that facilitate educational program management and improvement. In addition there is an expectation that faculty involved in these activities will reflect on wha... | 15850482 | PMC1112597 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:57 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2005 Apr 25; 5:12 |
Background
The Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index is a recent self-report questionnaire that was designed to measure "health-related quality of life" in persons with injuries and conditions of the rotator cuff of the shoulder. Kirkley et al [1] felt the measure should represent the impact of the condition on health as ... | 15871742 | PMC1112598 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:03 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 May 4; 6:22 |
Background
The most frequently used method to analyse scarce RNA samples is to employ RNA amplification technology [1,2], enabling analysis of the full length transcripts. We have recently reported on an alternative transcriptome amplification method that minimises differences in transcript length in the amplification ... | 15833137 | PMC1112599 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:09 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Apr 15; 6:28 |
Background
Emotional difficulties can trigger respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea [1]. Further, psychological issues can arise as a result of patients' reactions to pulmonary disease, e.g., depression with end-stage cystic fibrosis [2]. In some patients, a vicious cycle ensues as pulmonary disease leads to psychologic... | 15850484 | PMC1112600 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:06 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 Apr 25; 5:6 |
Background
In the United States in the mid and late 1980s, there was a cocaine epidemic fuelled by the use of "crack" cocaine [1-4]. At the same time, increases were noted in violent crime [5]. New York experienced a particularly notable increase in the extent of violent crime in the city [4,6,7]. These violent crimes ... | 15840173 | PMC1112601 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:56 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Apr 19; 5:40 |
Background
The alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) genes encode a glycolytic enzyme and have been characterized at the molecular level in a wide range of flowering plants [1-3] as well as in Pinus banksiana, a conifer species [4]. The ADH enzyme is essential for anaerobic metabolism [5-7]. In both Arabidopsis thaliana and maiz... | 15836788 | PMC1112602 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:52 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2005 Apr 18; 5:6 |
Background
Risk adjustment and stratification play an important role in quality assurance and are indispensable tools used in clinical research. The Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enUmeration of Mortality and morbidity (POSSUM) is a patient risk prediction model based on 12 patient characteristics a... | 15831104 | PMC1112603 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:04 | no | BMC Surg. 2005 Apr 15; 5:8 |
Background
Tubal sterilization is the most commonly used method of family planning. In 1990 the corresponding percentage of married women in reproductive age who used sterilization was 22% in developing countries and the corresponding percentage in developed countries was 11%. These women represented 44% and 18% of all... | 15865627 | PMC1112604 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:36 | no | BMC Womens Health. 2005 May 2; 5:5 |
I. Background
When light in the near infrared (NIR) range of the spectrum is shone through the scalp, injected photons follow various paths inside the head. Some of these photons are absorbed by different layers of the tissue such as skin, skull and brain. Others exit the head after following the so-called "banana" pat... | 15862131 | PMC1112605 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:37 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Apr 29; 4:29 |
Benoit Mandelbrot has produced a comprehensive, well-presented review of essential topics related to Mandelbrot set theory and applications. The last part of the title "The Mandelbrot set and beyond" fully describes its potential allowing the reader to navigate through pictures, hard-to-find early papers and important ... | 0 | PMC1112606 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:37 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 May 3; 4:30 |
Background
Osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are most common orthopaedic complexities among aged individuals [1]. Although they may be etiologically distinct each other, both are characterized by progressive destruction of articular cartilage, which is mainly caused by inflammatory stresses [1]. The mos... | 15833111 | PMC1112607 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:15 | no | Cell Commun Signal. 2005 Apr 15; 3:6 |
Background
The presence of a hypervascular nodule in a patient with liver disease is highly suggestive of a hepatocellar carcinoma (HCC) [1]. Increased iron stores in patients with HCC developed on a non-cirrhotic liver is well documented [2-5]; iron stores are seldom depleted at the time of the discovery of the HCC [6... | 15871739 | PMC1112608 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:24 | no | Comp Hepatol. 2005 May 4; 4:5 |
Background
Macular degeneration (MD) is a chronic, progressive eye condition that mainly affects people over the age of 50 years. It is the leading cause of blindness among those of European descent over the age of 60 years [1]. Recently it was estimated that, in the UK, between 182,000 and 300,000 people are blind or ... | 15831093 | PMC1112609 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:14 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Apr 14; 3:25 |
Background
Fatigue is an important factor affecting exercise and sporting performances. It is defined physiologically as the inability to maintain power output, [14] and the organism uses it as a defence mechanism to avoid irreversible damage due to excessive exertion. Fatigue is a complex multifactorial element with p... | 15860131 | PMC1112610 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:14 | no | J Circadian Rhythms. 2005 Apr 28; 3:6 |
Background
CD4+ T cells of the T helper 2 (Th2) type have been implicated as major contributors to the pathology of allergic asthma [1]. Th2 cells produce the cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13. IL-9, which was first identified as a T cell growth factor [2], has multiple effects consistent with a role in allergic inf... | 15840176 | PMC1112611 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:23 | no | J Inflamm (Lond). 2005 Apr 20; 2:3 |
Background
The twitcher mouse (C57BL/6J-GALCtwi; twi/twi) is a model of human globoid cell leukodystrophy (Krabbe's disease), a disorder caused by an inherited deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme galactosylceramidase [1-3]. Twi/twi shows the symptoms of cerebellar dysfunction such as action tremor and ataxia around post... | 15813970 | PMC1112612 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:21 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2005 Apr 6; 2:10 |
Background
As a consequence of arterial inflammation, serum MMP-9 is increased in primary arteritis [1,2] and in severe CAD [3]. In addition to these processes, elevated serum MMP-9 has been reported in cancer [4], asthma [5] and rheumatoid arthritis [6]. Thus, in inflammation in general there is a rise of serum MMP-9 ... | 15826319 | PMC1112613 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:19 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2005 Apr 13; 4:8 |
Background
Plasmodium falciparum-encoded variant surface antigens (VSA) are expressed on the surface of infected erythrocytes (IE) and mediate binding to a range of endothelial cell receptors [1]. Endothelial adhesion contributes to the particular virulence of the P. falciparum and most likely has evolved as a mechanis... | 15857512 | PMC1112614 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:31 | no | Malar J. 2005 Apr 27; 4:21 |
Background
Asthma is a chronic disease with increasing prevalence characterised by persistent bronchial hyperreactivity [1]. There is evidence of epithelial cell damage, inflammatory cell infiltration, together with hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells, submucosal glands and airway smooth muscle. Additionally, t... | 15819978 | PMC1112615 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Apr 8; 6(1):30 |
Introduction
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a devastating disease characterized by progressive shortness of breath and the eventual development of life-threatening heart failure [1-4]. While its effects on cardiovascular function have been well documented, little is known about effects of this disease on othe... | 15850486 | PMC1112616 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Apr 25; 6(1):39 |
Background
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma has a highly variable incidence depending on the geographic area [1]. It is rare in most countries including Europe and North America [1]. Very high incidence foci are located in South China (as much as 25 per 100,000-year). In addition, there are large areas of intermediate incidenc... | 15842731 | PMC1112617 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:59 | no | Virol J. 2005 Apr 20; 2:39 |
Background
Flaviviruses, +-strand RNA viruses that cause diseases such as yellow fever (YF), Japanese encephalitis (JE), West Nile (WN), tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) and Dengue fever (DV), are endemic in many parts of the world. While some flaviviruses have relatively stable sequences, others are extremely variable. F... | 15845145 | PMC1112618 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:58 | no | Virol J. 2005 Apr 21; 2:40 |
Background
Protein-protein interactions in various organisms are increasingly becoming the focus of study in the identification of cellular functions of proteins. Though small scale experiments have contributed significantly to our knowledge of protein-protein interactions, the bulk of the data is available from high-t... | 15833142 | PMC1127019 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Apr 18; 6:100 |
Background
Microarray time-course experiments allow researchers to explore the temporal expression profiles for thousands of genes simultaneously. The premise for pattern analysis is that genes sharing similar expression profiles might be functionally related or co-regulated [1]. Due to the large number of genes involv... | 15850479 | PMC1127068 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:35:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Apr 25; 6:106 |
Background
The first years of microarray analysis of human cancer samples produced several promising results, introducing complex gene expression profiles for diagnostics and predicting disease outcome [1]. However, initial enthusiasm was replaced by uncertainty when classifiers produced for the same type of diseases i... | 15850491 | PMC1127107 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:50 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Apr 25; 6:107 |
Background
The transcription rate of genes is dictated primarily by interactions between DNA-binding transcription factors. Comparatively short sequences (several hundred to several thousand base pairs, depending on thespecies) upstream or downstream of the transcription start site often play a major role in the regula... | 15857505 | PMC1127108 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Apr 27; 6:109 |
Background
Gene expression data [1-3] and protein interaction data [4] are two types of data produced in the bioinformatics field. We investigated whether human gene expression levels of interacting protein pairs show a higher degree of dependence than those of random protein pairs. To date, such studies have only been... | 15877815 | PMC1127109 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:50 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 May 6; 6:112 |
Background
Due to the enormous progress that has been made in genomics a large number of DNA sequences including many whole genomes have been published. The evaluation of these data must include the determination of the three-dimensional structures of the proteins encoded. Although the two experimental techniques capab... | 15819976 | PMC1127110 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Apr 8; 6:91 |
Background
Thousands of different microorganisms affect the health and safety of the world's populations of humans, animals, and plants. Infectious microorganisms include species of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. Many different medical and governmental organizations have created lists of the pathogenic microor... | 15850481 | PMC1127111 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:05 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Apr 25; 5:19 |
Introduction
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is an increasingly common condition associated with a high cardiovascular risk. To date, very few trials of lipid-lowering therapy have focused on this condition, and in particular, no large trials of fibrate therapy in diabetes have been conducted. As fibrates are known to correct... | 15571637 | PMC1129022 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:07 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2004 Dec 1; 3:9 |
Background
Magnesium is the second most abundant cation within the cell and plays an important role in many intracellular biochemical functions [1]. Despite the abundance and importance of magnesium, little is known about how eukaryotic cells regulate their magnesium content.
Intracellular free Mg2+ concentration is i... | 15804357 | PMC1129089 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:53 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Apr 1; 6:48 |
Introduction
The immune system of jawed vertebrates detects and destroys foreign invaders, including bacteria and viruses, by a specific response to an unlimited number of antigens expressed by them. The antigens can be identified after they are specifically bound by surface receptors of vertebrate B and T immune cells... | 15898832 | PMC1131882 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:23 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun 24; 3(6):e181 |
Introduction
Archeological evidence, as well as anatomical, linguistic, and genetic evidence, have shown that the original human inhabitants of the Western Hemisphere arrived from Asia during the Late Pleistocene [1–4]. However, there persists uncertainty on the source, within Asia, of peoples who migrated to the New W... | 15898833 | PMC1131883 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:23 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun 24; 3(6):e193 |
Animals with adaptive immunity have a secret for deaing with foreign invaders like viruses and bacteria—variety. Their immune systems generate a diverse array of receptors to detect the enormous number of components (antigens) that make up an invader. But with so many potential antigens, it would be difficult for the i... | 0 | PMC1131884 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:23 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun 24; 3(6):e212 |
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