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About 14,000 years ago—a few hundred thousand years after our putative modern forebears spread out from Africa—descendants of archaic humans crossed the Bering land bridge from Siberia to North America. Several lines of evidence support this model, but that's where the consensus ends. The details remain hotly debated, ... | 0 | PMC1131885 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:23 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun 24; 3(6):e227 |
Background
The potential cardiotoxicity of antipsychotic drugs has been recognized since the 1960s [1]. The most known of these cardiological side effects is the QT-prolongation in the electrocardiogram (ECG), which predisposes to a life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia known as Torsades de Pointes (TdP) and sudden d... | 15882448 | PMC1131886 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:07 | no | Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2005 May 9; 4:10 |
Introduction
In Africa, 55% of HIV-1-positive adults are women, most of childbearing age [1]. Data from antenatal clinics show that in several parts of southern Africa, more than 30% of pregnant women are infected with HIV-1. The fastest growth has been in South Africa, where the prevalence of infection in adults incre... | 15877818 | PMC1131887 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:33 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2005 May 6; 2:4 |
Background
Comparison and alignment of primary structures has become the prime tool for protein sequence analysis [1]. Comparative analysis of primary structures of amino acids can reveal useful information regarding the structure and function of proteins. Many algorithms therefore have been developed and databases des... | 15850477 | PMC1131888 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Apr 23; 6:105 |
Background
Estimating divergence time of protein sequences is one of the fundamental problems in bioinformatics. Evolutionary distance estimates are used by many of the most commonly used phylogenetic tree reconstruction algorithms [1-3]. In current research, phylogenetic trees are used for many types of subsequent ana... | 15857510 | PMC1131889 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:50 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Apr 27; 6:108 |
Background
Many algorithms have been developed recently that search DNA sequences looking for various types of subsequences [1-10]. All of these algorithms were developed to help life science researchers efficiently and accurately find short segments of DNA within entire genomes. Some search for short tandem nucleotide... | 15869708 | PMC1131890 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 May 3; 6:111 |
Background
Identifying the combinatorial logic of transcriptional regulation is key for understanding the mechanisms of development, cell commitment and differentiation and the way in which external and internal signals are converted into specific patterns of gene expression. Transcriptional regulation is accomplished ... | 15799782 | PMC1131891 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Mar 30; 6:79 |
Background
Plant development is remarkably plastic. Groups of totipotent cells termed meristems, which are maintained throughout the life of the plant, give rise to all post-embryonic organs from roots and leaves to petals and fruit. This allows plants, unlike metazoans, to change their final body plans dramatically in... | 15845148 | PMC1131892 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:56 | no | BMC Biol. 2005 Apr 21; 3:12 |
Background
Classical strategies for nucleic acid detection require labelling the analyte or the probes with fluorophores or other reporter molecules [1,2]. Labelling steps add cost, often complexify the reaction mixture, and are not useful when rapidity of the assay is essential, such as for some molecular diagnostic a... | 15850478 | PMC1131893 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:57 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2005 Apr 25; 5:10 |
Background
Cancer is considered to be a disease of the genome that results from a plethora of genetic and epigenetic lesions. Among the epigenetic alterations, DNA hypermethylation is thought to play an important role in tumor development and progression [1]. In this regard, at least three functional DNA methyltransfer... | 15862127 | PMC1131894 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:05 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Apr 29; 5:44 |
Background
In common with other signalling proteins, PKC has been suggested to associate with caveolin-1 [1,2], a key component of caveoli and membrane rafts, that are proposed to exist as signalling platforms in the plasma membrane and elsewhere in the cell. However, where in the cell the PKC-caveolin interaction migh... | 15854225 | PMC1131895 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:11 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 Apr 26; 6:22 |
Background
Erythroderma or exfoliative dermatitis is a rare skin disorder that may be the result of many different causes. It represents an extreme state of skin irritation involving the whole or most of the skin surface. Because most patients are elderly and skin involvement is widespread, the disease implies an impor... | 15882451 | PMC1131896 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:46 | no | BMC Dermatol. 2005 May 9; 5:5 |
Background
In developed countries, mental health problems, especially anxious and depressive disorders, are frequent and a leading cause of disability [1-4]. Since they are potentially remediable when adequately treated, they represent a major public health challenge [5,6]. A major obstacle to the instatement of adequa... | 15865624 | PMC1131897 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:13 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 May 2; 6:18 |
Background
Despite several landmark studies showing that appropriate treatment of chronic heart failure (CHF) can improve morbidity and mortality, management in general practice is still not optimal. Persisting major problems are underuse and underdosing of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I) [1].
General... | 15869704 | PMC1131898 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:13 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 May 3; 6:19 |
Background
One technique used in gene localization is the case-control genetic association study [1]. In this method, genotype and phenotype data are collected for case and control individuals [2]. Both genotype and phenotype data often contain misclassification errors [3,4], adversely affecting statistical tests used ... | 15819990 | PMC1131899 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:18 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Apr 8; 6:18 |
Background
Population and health services research commonly relies on in-person household interviews as the main source of health and health care data, in terms of disease, disability and utilisation of services. These types of information are important for evidence-based health policy formulation, planning and evaluat... | 15860127 | PMC1131900 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:49 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Apr 28; 5:31 |
Background
Switzerland hosts the second most expensive health care system worldwide with health care expenditures accounting for approximately 6.2% of the GDP in 2001 [1]. In the same year overall cost of in-patient care reached 13.9 billion € with an average of 5800 € per case [2]. In order to curb costs, novel approa... | 15882463 | PMC1131901 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:49 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 May 9; 5:33 |
Background
Capnocytophaga spp. are capnophilic, gram-negative fusiform rods with gliding motility, common inhabitants of the oral cavity, but their role as an etiologic agent in juvenile periodontitis remains controversial [1]. In immunocompromised granulocytopenic patients, a number of complications, including septice... | 15882453 | PMC1131902 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:14 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 May 9; 5:32 |
Background
The French physician Rene Laennec invented the first stethoscope in 1816[1]. The use of a modified version was widespread among physicians in the 1830's[2], and the currently used binaural models were designed in the 1870's. Since then a number of attempts to improve the stethoscope have been made, the most ... | 15882458 | PMC1131903 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:56 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2005 May 9; 5:14 |
Background
Infections with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia are increasingly encountered especially in debilitated or immune suppressed patients [1,2]. Nosocomial infections of the respiratory, urinary, central nervous, musculoskeletal, skin-soft tissue systems and of the gastrointestinal tract, and bacteremia, endocarditi... | 15882456 | PMC1131904 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:39 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 May 9; 5:24 |
Background
Anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) precede voluntary lower limb movements, as shown by experiments in which the limb to be moved initially supported the body weight (leg flexion [1,2]; lateral leg raising [3]; gait initiation [4]). In these cases, movement is preceded by a shift of the center of mass (... | 15854221 | PMC1131905 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:04 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Apr 26; 6:21 |
Background
Sildenafil is a selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase-5A (PDE-5A), the enzyme that hydrolyzes cGMP. Sildenafil is orally effective in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Its pharmacological action is due to prolonging the signaling actions of nitric oxide (NO) in penile smooth muscle [1]. Interestingly... | 15813973 | PMC1131906 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:59 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2005 Apr 6; 5:10 |
Background
The diaphragm is innervated by the phrenic nerve. The well-studied motor innervation of the diaphragm by the phrenic nerve arises from motor neurons in the ventral horn of the cervical spinal cord (Jammes et al., 1995). The phrenic nerve motor innervation originates from C4 to C8 spinal segments in the cat. ... | 15877811 | PMC1131907 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:51 | no | BMC Physiol. 2005 May 6; 5:7 |
Background
For many years investigators have studied the relationship between the outcomes of high procedure-volume institutions with those of low procedure-volume institutions. This has been especially true for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery with varied results [1-11]. Indeed, recent studies have indic... | 15865623 | PMC1131908 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:04 | no | BMC Surg. 2005 May 2; 5:10 |
Background
The targets of minimally invasive surgery (MIVA) could be summarised by: achievement of the same results as those obtained with traditional surgery, less trauma, better post-operative course, early discharge from hospital and improved cosmetic results.
After the first endoscopic parathyroidectomy, performed... | 15857503 | PMC1131909 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:04 | no | BMC Surg. 2005 Apr 27; 5:9 |
Background
Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a chronic bladder disorder, with symptoms including pelvic and or perineal pain, urinary frequency, and urgency [1]. The cause of IC is unknown, and IC is therefore generally diagnosed by the presence of certain clinical features in the absence of other identifiable causes for t... | 15862132 | PMC1131910 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:02 | no | BMC Urol. 2005 Apr 29; 5:7 |
This is the third edition of the already well-known book "Basic Orthopaedic Biomechanics." In addition to restructured chapters, new material reflecting current trends in the field has been included in this new edition, and "Mechano-Biology" was added to the title. These most appropriate revisions help to make this a b... | 0 | PMC1131911 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:36 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Apr 20; 4:28 |
Introduction
It is a well-established fact that diabetes is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease [1,2]. While microvascular complications of diabetes include nephropathy and retinopathy, macrovascular complications resulting in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease such as coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular ... | 15862133 | PMC1131912 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:34 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2005 Apr 29; 4:5 |
Background
Skin testing (ST) and specific serum IgE antibody measurement are commonly used in allergy evaluation. Percutaneous skin testing (PST) is the most common screening method. Intradermal testing (ID) is usually used for aeroallergens that show negative PST, yet are suspected by the patient or by the environment... | 15833110 | PMC1131913 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:25 | no | Clin Mol Allergy. 2005 Apr 15; 3:4 |
Background
Eosinophils are bone marrow-derived granulocytes that play a crucial role in allergic inflammation. TNF-α is a pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesized by many inflammatory and structural cells. We previously demonstrated that mast cell-derived TNF-α induced eosinophil survival by autocrine production of GM-CSF... | 15857511 | PMC1131914 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:25 | no | Clin Mol Allergy. 2005 Apr 27; 3:5 |
Background
During the past two decades, interest in subjects' perceived health has become one of the important research fields in epidemiology and research concerning health services [1-4]. At the beginning of the 1980s, Kaplan and others reported an association between subjects' perceived health and mortality [5-7]. S... | 15857513 | PMC1131915 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:13 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Apr 27; 3:28 |
Introduction
Dr. Roy Walford, M.D. Professor Emeritus of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at UCLA, died on April 27, 2004 after a long battle with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. He joined UCLA's faculty in 1954 and became Professor of Pathology in 1966. He is widely regarded as a pioneer in the study of the biology of... | 15850487 | PMC1131916 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:32 | no | Immun Ageing. 2005 Apr 25; 2:7 |
Background
Over the past decade, there has been a significant rise in the prevalence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in the developed world, owing to the emergence of multi-drug resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and an increasing number of immune compromised individuals and immigrants from the developing w... | 15877821 | PMC1131917 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:36 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2005 May 7; 2:10 |
Background
Plasmodium vivax is globally distributed and is the dominant species in many countries. Infection by this species is generally regarded as benign and mortality is a rare outcome. 1.2 billion inhabitants of the South East Asian and Pacific countries are at risk from malaria transmission, representing about a ... | 15854233 | PMC1131918 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:31 | no | Malar J. 2005 Apr 27; 4:20 |
Introduction
Investigators working in the HIV vaccine field congregated at a Keystone Symposia meeting that was held in Banff, Canada April 9–15, 2005. David Montefiori, and Kent Weinhold, both from Duke University, and Carolyn Williamson, from the University of Cape Town chaired the meeting, which was held concomitant... | 15877816 | PMC1131919 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:09 | no | Med Immunol. 2005 May 6; 4:6 |
Background
Cervical cancer is the second leading cancer in women worldwide and a common cause of death among women in developing countries where 80% of cases occur [1]. Invasive cervical carcinoma develops through a well-defined progression model. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is the premalignant lesion that... | 15869706 | PMC1131920 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:35 | no | Mol Cancer. 2005 May 3; 4:15 |
Background
Urothelial carcinoma, which is commonly called bladder cancer, occurs in two forms, a more prevalent papillary subtype and a rarer, but much more invasive subtype [1,2]. Invasive bladder cancers usually develop from highly dysplastic carcinoma in situ, but some papillary tumors also progress to an invasive f... | 15876350 | PMC1131921 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:36 | no | Mol Cancer. 2005 May 5; 4:16 |
Background
Recent studies [1] have given us more insight into the pathophysiology of endometriosis. Fragments of functional endometrium reflux through the fallopian tubes and reach the essentially hostile environment of the peritoneal cavity. Proteolytic activity, activated macrophages and natural killer cells all comb... | 15845149 | PMC1131922 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:13 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Apr 21; 3:14 |
Background
Maca, is a cruciferous plant that grows exclusively between 4,000 and 4,500 m altitude in the Central Peruvian Andes [1]. The hypocotyl-root axis is the edible part of the plant, which is dried and can be stored in this way for years. This hypocotyl has been used for centuries as nutrient and by its fertilit... | 15869705 | PMC1131923 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:13 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 May 3; 3:16 |
Background
The origin of oocytes (and primary follicles) in ovaries of adult mammalian females has been a matter of dispute for over one hundred years. The resulting dogma was that all oocytes in adult mammalian females persist from the fetal period of life [1]. However, from a phylogenetic viewpoint, it seems contradi... | 15871747 | PMC1131924 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:13 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 May 5; 3:17 |
Background
Although it is highly pathogenic in humans, HIV-1 cannot replicate in most other species [1]. This tropism is determined primarily by whether host cells express the required cofactors. For example, by lacking a functional receptor and appropriate transcriptional machinery, mouse cells do not support infectio... | 15829012 | PMC1131925 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:40 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Apr 13; 2:25 |
Background
In 1977, Takatsuki et al. reported adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) as a distinct clinical entity [1-3]. This disease is characterized by its aggressive clinical course, infiltrations into skin, liver, gastrointestinal tract and lung, hypercalcemia and the presence of leukemic cells with multilobulated nuclei (fl... | 15854229 | PMC1131926 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:40 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Apr 26; 2:27 |
Background
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways. The inflammation characterizing asthma is complex and involves multiple cells and mediators. The cells involved include well-recognized immune and inflammatory cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, mast cells and neutrophils as well as resident... | 15833106 | PMC1131927 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Apr 15; 6(1):36 |
Background
Of fundamental importance to the optimisation of gas exchange in health and disease is the role of the alveolar epithelium in regulation of the liquid sub-phase in the postnatal lung. There is now unequivocal evidence to support both constitutive and stimulated Na+-driven, active vectorial transport of water... | 15857506 | PMC1131928 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Apr 27; 6(1):40 |
Background
The phenomenon of drug resistance is a distinct and multifactorial entity culminating in the failure of therapeutic regimens in clinical oncology. From the clinical perspective, the emergence of drug resistance is determined by the rate of tumor growth, in conjunction with the remission index subsequent to c... | 15857507 | PMC1131929 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:25 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Apr 27; 2:17 |
Introduction
Augmentation of the immune response can be achieved through in vivo vaccination or ex vivo expansion of antigen-specific effectors followed by adoptive transfer. Both modalities share many features. For example, the antigen-presenting cell used for stimulating effector responses in vivo and in vitro repres... | 15860133 | PMC1131930 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:28 | no | J Transl Med. 2005 Apr 28; 3:17 |
Adeno-associated virus biology
Genome structure, DNA replication and virus assembly
The human adeno-associated virus (AAV) was discovered in 1965 as a contaminant of adenovirus (Ad) preparations [1]. AAV is one of the smallest viruses with a non-enveloped icosahedral capsid of approximately 22 nm (Fig. 1), the crystal ... | 15877812 | PMC1131931 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:58 | no | Virol J. 2005 May 6; 2:43 |
Background
The analysis of transcript abundance in samples of total RNA using standard techniques such as northern blotting or microarrays requires microgram quantities of total RNA. In our experience, a microarray analysis incorporating a loop design and reciprocal labeling with Cy™3 and Cy™5 dyes, requires 80 microgr... | 15871737 | PMC1134654 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:53 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 May 4; 6:61 |
Background
The parallel analysis of cytogenetic and transcriptional profiling data has revealed that changes in DNA copy number can have noticeable effects on gene expression. Studies comparing wild-type and mutant strains of yeast demonstrated that in regions of increased DNA copy number (i.e. genomic amplifications),... | 15882461 | PMC1134655 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:54 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 May 9; 6:67 |
Background
To understand how gene expression is coordinated to produce hundreds of cell phenotypes from an identical complement of genes is a principal challenge in mammalian genome research. A commonly suggested model for terminal differentiation in metazoans is that the core features of the cellular phenotype are med... | 15882449 | PMC1134656 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:53 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 May 9; 6:68 |
Background
The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was developed almost 30 years ago as a screen for dementia among hospital patients[1]. It remains the most widely used short cognitive test in clinical practice, clinical research, and epidemiological studies [2,3] However, its shortcomings are well known [4-6]. Princ... | 15869717 | PMC1134657 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:32 | no | BMC Geriatr. 2005 May 4; 5:7 |
Background
Members of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily play central roles in controlling cellular proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis [1]. These cytokines can be divided into three subgroups: TGF-β, the activins/inhibins, and the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), of which the l... | 15877825 | PMC1134658 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:32 | no | BMC Immunol. 2005 May 9; 6:9 |
Background
Previous work has described a novel cytoplasmic expression system that results in a 20-fold increase in the levels of gene expression over a standard CMV-based nuclear expression system [1], as compared with a 2–3 fold increase seen with previous similar systems [2]. While this increase was seen with BHK and... | 15888202 | PMC1134659 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:25 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2005 May 11; 6:11 |
Background
Subgroup analysis
Any randomised controlled trial, however tight its inclusion and exclusion criteria, recruits individuals who differ in many observed and unobserved ways. Different individuals are rarely likely to respond to intervention in exactly the same way, so the intervention effect within carefully ... | 15862124 | PMC1134660 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:51 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005 Apr 29; 5:15 |
Background
Noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) project homogeneously throughout the cerebral cortex, while dopaminergic afferents are mainly confined to discrete areas of the cortex, such as the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), anterior cingulate, rhinal and entorhinal cortices [1,2]. However, even in cor... | 15865626 | PMC1134661 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:47 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 May 2; 6:31 |
Background
The primate cerebral cortex constitutes a vast communication network of ipsilateral and contralateral corticocortical connections. Although fewer in number, contralateral projection neurons, which course through the corpus callosum and the anterior commissure, have elaborate dendritic trees [1], and are crit... | 15869709 | PMC1134662 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:47 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 May 3; 6:32 |
Background
Determination of motor output maps by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS mapping) proved to be a useful tool allowing the study of the cortical representation of various muscles [1-5], and showing a high map stability and reproducibility [6-8]. Serial TMS mappings can be used to assess short-term plastic... | 15890074 | PMC1134663 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:48 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 May 12; 6:35 |
Background
Asthma is a common chronic disease affecting 5–13% of U.S. children and 3–5% of U.S. adults. [1-6] Due to its high and increasing prevalence and resulting morbidity, mortality and high cost of care, asthma is considered a priority condition by the Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (AHRQ)[7] and a m... | 15885147 | PMC1134664 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:12 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2005 May 10; 5:7 |
Background
Patient satisfaction has become widely regarded as an important performance indicator for health systems [1]. Patients are the best judge of those aspects of care that matter the most to them [2]. Therefore, patient-centered health systems seek to achieve high levels of patient satisfaction. However, fewer s... | 15890078 | PMC1134665 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:36 | no | BMC Womens Health. 2005 May 12; 5:6 |
I Introduction
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common autosomal recessive genetic disease observed in the Caucasian population, affecting about 1 in 2,500 newborns. It is caused by mutations in the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene discovered in 1989. The gene was cloned from chromosome 7... | 15869703 | PMC1134666 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:46 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005 May 3; 2:11 |
Introduction
After transmission by an infected mosquito, malaria sporozoites enter a blood vessel at the bite site [1] and travel via the bloodstream to the liver, their initial site of replication in the mammalian host. But to gain access to hepatocytes, where they replicate, sporozoites must first recognize and arres... | 15901208 | PMC1135295 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:14 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun 24; 3(6):e192 |
Introduction
The field of population genetics has always been heavily influenced by mathematical models. Ever since molecular polymorphism data started to become available, in the form of allozymes [1] or DNA sequences [2], population geneticists have searched for footprints of selection by comparing the patterns of po... | 15907155 | PMC1135296 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:23 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jul 24; 3(7):e196 |
In a perfect world, anyone frequenting the habitat of malaria-carrying mosquitoes would sleep beneath a mosquito net, take prophylactic drugs, and maybe even quaff quinine-laced tonic water. But life is rarely perfect and even though governments and the World Health Organization have combined such prevention measures w... | 0 | PMC1135297 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:24 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun 24; 3(6):e215 |
Introduction
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is an enzyme present in all organisms that catalyzes the irreversible deamination of adenosine and deoxyadenosine to inosine and deoxyinosine. It is a critically important enzyme for human survival because its congenital absence causes severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCI... | 15907156 | PMC1135298 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:24 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jul 24; 3(7):e201 |
Biologists have developed ever more sophisticated ways to find molecular traces of natural selection. These traces—which occur as variations in DNA sequence, or polymorphisms, between and within species—are thought to harbor the genetic basis of adaptive events.
The study of natural selection at the molecular level ha... | 0 | PMC1135299 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:15 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jul 24; 3(7):e231 |
For most healthy individuals, infection triggers a rapid immune response that repels the invaders. But for those rare individuals born without the immune system cells (lymphocytes) that recognize and kill pathogens, bacterial, viral, or fungal encounters can result in recurrent infections that are more life-threatening... | 0 | PMC1135300 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jul 24; 3(7):e232 |
Background
The TFBS prediction problem can be defined as follows: Given N hypothetically co-regulated genes and their promoter sequences S = {S1, S2, ..., SN} (typically 1000 bp upstream of each gene, although they can be much longer in higher eukaryotes), search for motifs that are overrepresented in S compared to the... | 15807889 | PMC1140076 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:50 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Apr 4; 6:84 |
The contemporary public health effort sees much debate about the concepts of “evidence” and “the evidence base”, and the usefulness and relevance of such terms to both policymaking and practice. A key challenge to public health is to better contextualize evidence for more effective policymaking and practice. Theory on ... | 15913387 | PMC1140676 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:11 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jul 31; 2(7):e166 |
On May 15, 2005, the Public Library of Science and the Government Accountability Project, a public interest legal group that advises and supports whistleblowers (www.whistleblower.org), co-sponsored a private meeting near the Capitol Building in Washington, D. C. In the room were four of the most high profile medical w... | 15913415 | PMC1140677 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:40:20 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jul 27; 2(7):e208 |
A year ago, I received an E-mail from a research scientist at a major pharmaceutical company. The scientist had read my articles on whistleblowers who had raised concerns about the undue influence of the pharmaceutical industry on American medicine My industry source had information for me about drug company practices,... | 15913416 | PMC1140678 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:23 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jul 27; 2(7):e209 |
Introduction
Hosts and parasites are locked in a continual co-evolutionary race, which generates
persistent selection for resistant hosts and infectious parasites. Understanding the direct
effects of this process on spatial patterns of local adaptation [1–5
], the evolution of virulence/pathogenicity [6–8
], and the sp... | 15913420 | PMC1140679 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:23 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jul 31; 3(7):e203 |
Introduction
Dietary restriction (DR), the extension of life span by reduction of nutrient intake without malnutrition, is often used as a benchmark comparison for interventions that extend life span [1–3]. Since McCay's pioneering experiments in rats 70 years ago [4], some form of food restriction has been shown to in... | 16000018 | PMC1140680 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:23 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jul 31; 3(7):e223 |
In April, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention released a study challenging the conventional wisdom that eating less promotes longevity. The study found that the very thin run roughly the same risk of early death as the overweight. And now the tide seems to be turning against a common explanatio... | 0 | PMC1140681 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:15 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jul 31; 3(7):e237 |
In human–pathogen encounters, the battle for advantage plays out at the level of gene expression. Hosts will stand a better chance of surviving if their genes confer resistance to diverse pathogens, while pathogens need genes that promote virulence and infection. To understand this game of evolutionary one-upsmanship, ... | 0 | PMC1140682 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:23 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jul 31; 3(7):e252 |
Background
The maternal-uterine environment has a major influence on fetal growth and size at birth [1]. Early cross-breeding experiments in animals demonstrated that fetal growth could be restrained or enhanced from its genetic potential, according to the size of the mother [2,3]. In a normal human birth cohort study,... | 15885138 | PMC1140752 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:18 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 May 10; 6:22 |
Background
Completion of the human genome sequence has made it possible to study expression of the entire complement of 20,000–30,000 genes in a single assay. The two most common array platforms are based on collections of cDNA clones [1] or short (25 base) oligonucleotides synthesized in situ by photolithographic meth... | 15876355 | PMC1140753 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:53 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 May 5; 6:63 |
Background
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most important causes of death and its prevalence is still increasing [1]. The major risk factor in the development and progression of COPD is cigarette smoking. COPD is characterised by fixed airway obstruction and respiratory symptoms, i.e. chronic... | 15850494 | PMC1140754 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Apr 25; 6(1):38 |
PRESENTATION OF CASE
A 38-y-old East Asian woman presented in 1985 with weight gain and cold intolerance. She was found to have a small goiter and an elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level of 58 mU/l (normal range, 0.5–5). She was diagnosed with primary hypothyroidism and was treated with levothyroxine (L-T4)... | 15916461 | PMC1140938 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:50 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 May 31; 2(5):e89 |
Although there is still some resistance to the evidence-based medicine movement, evidence-based health care has now become widely accepted and adopted. Systematic reviews of the effectiveness of health care interventions are the engine room of evidence-based health care; much has been written about how these reviews sh... | 15916456 | PMC1140939 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 May 31; 2(5):e107 |
Brain Drain: A Global Health Problem
The international migration of health workers, especially of physicians and nurses but also increasingly of other health workers, has become a major global health concern. Recent meetings, such as the World Health Assembly of 2004 [1] and the High-Level Forum on the Millennium Devel... | 15916458 | PMC1140940 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:46 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 May 31; 2(5):e109 |
With a forceful gesture, the delicate blond unlocks the heavy door of a cell in Riga's Central Prison clinic (Figure 1). Her name is Dr. Inga Nagele. She is the head of the clinic's tuberculosis (TB) unit. She opens the door to check on three female prisoners who have just been admitted. The conditions in the cell are ... | 15916462 | PMC1140941 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:47 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 May 31; 2(5):e122 |
Introduction
Coronary heart disease (CHD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and is associated with substantial economic cost [1]. Hyperlipidemia represents an important modifiable risk factor in the development and progression of CHD. Estimates indicate that nearly 100 million Am... | 15916463 | PMC1140942 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:50 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 May 31; 2(5):e123 |
Editors of medical journals accept that published research should be open to comment and correction in published correspondence ([1]; Box 1). “Post-publication peer review” enables comments on, clarifications of, and corrections to published research. All journals should have a correspondence page for this purpose.
Bo... | 15916464 | PMC1140943 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:50 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 May 31; 2(5):e126 |
Vaccines are important preventive medicines for primary health care, and are a critical component of a nation's health security. Although international agencies such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) promote global immunisation drives and policies, the success of an ... | 15916465 | PMC1140944 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 May 31; 2(5):e127 |
Introduction
Sickle cell trait (genotype HbAS) confers a high degree of resistance to severe and complicated malaria [1–4] yet the precise mechanism remains unknown. To some extent it almost certainly relates to the peculiar physical or biochemical properties of HbAS red blood cells: invasion, growth, and development o... | 15916466 | PMC1140945 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:45 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 May 31; 2(5):e128 |
Many large randomised trials have provided an abundance of high-quality evidence for the benefits of managing two major cardiovascular risk factors—high blood pressure and high cholesterol. National guidelines in turn distil this evidence and aid clinicians in making decisions about how best to manage their patients' c... | 15916459 | PMC1140946 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:47 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 May 31; 2(5):e131 |
Introduction
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Western societies. Diet may play a crucial role in the aetiology of CVD. However, clinical trials that test the effects of diet on CVD are complicated to conduct. Hence, risk factors that are predictive of CVD risk are frequently u... | 15916468 | PMC1140947 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:46 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 May 31; 2(5):e135 |
In their attempt to defend heterosexual transmission as the driving force for HIV epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa and dismiss the evidence for unsafe injections (or other percutaneous exposures) as a major source of HIV transmission [1,2], Lopman and colleagues [3] assert that “unsafe medical injections can be confiden... | 15916469 | PMC1140948 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:46 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 May 31; 2(5):e137 |
“Journals have devolved into information laundering operations for the pharmaceutical industry”, wrote Richard Horton, editor of the Lancet, in March 2004 [1]. In the same year, Marcia Angell, former editor of the New England Journal of Medicine, lambasted the industry for becoming “primarily a marketing machine” and c... | 15916457 | PMC1140949 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:45 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 May 17; 2(5):e138 |
The article by Lopman and colleagues [1] has created more controversy than it's cured. Their conclusion that unsafe injections “do not play a major role in the transmission of HIV in rural Zimbabwe” cannot be based on the data they have presented. There are many major problems with their conclusions.
First, they did n... | 15916470 | PMC1140950 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:45 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 May 31; 2(5):e139 |
DESCRIPTION of CASE
An 18-year-old Caucasian male with type 1 diabetes presented to the emergency department complaining of severe left knee pain and swelling after sustaining a knee injury that occurred during a high school football match. Joint effusions were visible and palpable above the left knee, and there was si... | 15916471 | PMC1140951 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:48 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 May 31; 2(5):e140 |
Introduction
Schizophrenia is a disabling group of brain disorders characterized by symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, disorganized communication, poor planning, reduced motivation, and blunted affect. While the incidence of the disorder is relatively low (median value 15.2 per 100,000 persons per year) [1], t... | 15916472 | PMC1140952 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:48 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 May 31; 2(5):e141 |
Microbicides are chemical agents used topically by women within the vagina in order to prevent infection by HIV and potentially by other enveloped viruses and sexually transmitted pathogens. Prototype microbicides are designed to be inserted prior to each act of sexual intercourse and could also be contraceptive, altho... | 15916473 | PMC1140953 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:53 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 May 31; 2(5):e142 |
The development of early warning systems (EWSs) for epidemics of infectious diseases based on recurrent statistical patterns in other kinds of information, particularly data on climate, is an active area of research [1,2]. Judging from the estimated burden of diseases for which EWSs might be developed, such systems, if... | 15916474 | PMC1140954 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:51 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 May 31; 2(5):e144 |
pmcA link between high levels of homocysteine, a sulfur-containing amino acid, and heart disease was first suggested in the 1960s, when it became clear that patients with inborn errors of homocysteine metabolism were prone to develop severe cardiovascular disease in their teens and twenties. Treatment with homocysteine... | 0 | PMC1140955 | CC0 | 2024-09-01 00:55:53 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 May 31; 2(5):e145 |
pmcSchizophrenia is a devastating mental illness and a major contributor to the global burden of disease. In their quest to understand schizophrenia epidemiology, John McGrath and colleagues have previously undertaken a systematic review of schizophrenia incidence—that is, the number of new cases diagnosed each year in... | 0 | PMC1140956 | CC0 | 2024-09-01 00:55:53 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 May 31; 2(5):e146 |
In 2003, Brody and colleagues called for researchers to publish analyses investigating the hypothesised importance of medical injections in the transmission of HIV in Africa [1,2]. Considering the general failure of HIV/AIDS control programs and the neglect of this subject, we believed they were right to raise this con... | 0 | PMC1140957 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 May 31; 2(5):e147 |
pmcCoronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries, and identifying and treating patients with high cholesterol has an essential role in the prevention of CHD. Therapeutic lifestyle changes are important for general reduction of risk overall, but patients who are more... | 0 | PMC1140958 | CC0 | 2024-09-01 00:55:53 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 May 31; 2(5):e149 |
pmcThere are at least 300 million acute cases of malaria each year globally, resulting in more than a million deaths. Ninety percent of deaths due to malaria occur in Africa south of the Sahara, and most occur in young children. Of the four types of human malaria—Plasmodium vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale, and P. falcipar... | 0 | PMC1140959 | CC0 | 2024-09-01 00:55:53 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 May 31; 2(5):e150 |
There is no doubt that the global burden of schizophrenia, a chronic serious mental illness, is massive. It is therefore essential that any intervention is appropriate, cost-effective, and efficacious.
To reduce the burden, a clear epidemiologically based dataset is required. The first step in such a venture is provid... | 15916460 | PMC1140960 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 May 31; 2(5):e151 |
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