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We agree with Doug Altman that correspondence is an essential part of medical publishing—acting as post-publication peer review. Hence, we encourage submission of letters in response to articles we publish, preferably as e-letters via our Web site (www.plosmedicine.org) rather than via our manuscript submission site. T... | 0 | PMC1140961 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:39 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 May 31; 2(5):e152 |
PLoS was founded in October 2000 not as a publisher, but as a grassroots movement of researchers who believed that the results of the global research enterprise should be a freely available public resource. So why did PLoS become a publisher, and what are we doing in this role to serve the world's varying biomedical re... | 17526080 | PMC1140962 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 11:13:39 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 May 31; 2(5):e158 |
In PLoS Medicine, vol 2, issue 4, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020108
In the PDF versions of the article, the fourth author's name should be spelled Gerd Pluschke in the list of authors and the citation.
Citation: (2005) Correction: Buruli ulcer (M. ulcerans infection): New insights, new hope for disease control. PLoS... | 0 | PMC1140963 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:39:51 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 May 31; 2(5):e173 |
In recent years, the control of gene expression by small RNA molecules has emerged as a major new mechanism for gene regulation. The small RNAs interfere with the expression of their target gene by reducing its transcription, triggering the destruction of the gene transcript, or inhibiting its translation into a protei... | 0 | PMC1141266 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:14 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jul 24; 3(7):e244 |
Introduction
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 21- to 23-nucleotide single-stranded RNAs that are encoded in the chromosomal DNA and repress cognate mRNA targets [1,2]. They are transcribed as long, hairpin-containing precursors [3] by RNA polymerase II [4–8] and processed in the nucleus by the multidomain RNase III endonuclease ... | 15918770 | PMC1141267 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:24 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jul 24; 3(7):e236 |
Introduction
microRNAs (miRNAs) act as RNA guides by binding to complementary sites on target mRNAs to regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level in plants and animals [1−12], much as small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) do in the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway [13−15]. The expression of miRNAs is often dev... | 15918769 | PMC1141268 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:15 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jul 24; 3(7):e235 |
Background
In classic Chinese medicine theory, acupuncture meridians represent channels through which energy or "meridian qi" flows. Acupuncture points, traditionally located along these meridians, embody needling sites where the flow of qi may be affected. Acupuncture points and meridians are at the core of traditiona... | 15882468 | PMC1142259 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:46 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2005 May 9; 5:10 |
Background
Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) is a key component of de novo deoxynucleotide (dNTP) metabolism and an important target of cancer therapies [1]. This enzyme, which reduces ribonucleoside diphosphates into corresponding deoxyribonucleoside diphosphates, is exquisitely controlled to properly balance dNTP fluxes... | 15876357 | PMC1142302 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:49 | no | BMC Biochem. 2005 May 6; 6:8 |
Introduction
The New Zealand health system has gone through a series of fairly radical structural changes over the past decade or so. Most notable – and most radical – were the 1993 so-called "health reforms" in which an attempt was made to introduce market-like incentives into the system by requiring public and privat... | 15877820 | PMC1142303 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:28 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2005 May 7; 2:9 |
Background
Due to the exponential growth of genomic and protein sequence data, development of automated strategies for large scale functional site identification is an important post-genomic challenge. Many recent efforts predict functional sites from sequence alone. Strong candidates for functional sites include indiv... | 15890082 | PMC1142304 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 May 13; 6:116 |
Background
Liposomes are self-assembled phospholipids enclosing a droplet of the aqueous medium in which they are formed [1]. Liposomes have numerous applications namely as in vivo drug delivery vehicles [2]. Drugs interact with liposomes in several different ways depending on their solubility and polarity characterist... | 15885140 | PMC1142305 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:57 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2005 May 10; 5:11 |
Background
Apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, is an active process. It is a normal component of the development and health of multicellular organisms. The study of apoptosis is an important field of biological inquiry since a deficiency or an excess of apoptosis is one of the causes for cancers, autoimmune dis... | 15885144 | PMC1142306 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:57 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2005 May 10; 5:12 |
Background
RNA interference (RNAi), a method of sequence specific gene knockdown, has been used to analyse gene function in plants, invertebrates, and more recently mammalian cells [1-3]. The conserved RNAi pathway involves the processing of double stranded RNA (dsRNA) duplexes into 21–23 nucleotide (nt) molecules know... | 15885150 | PMC1142307 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:57 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2005 May 11; 5:13 |
Background
Eukaryotic genomes are littered with dozens to tens of thousands of copies of reverse transcriptase (RT)-based retroelements [1-3]. Among these are a diverse collection of elements characterized by long terminal repeats (LTR) that include the Ty1-copia-like and Ty3-gypsy-like retrotransposon families, endoge... | 15876351 | PMC1142308 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:17 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 May 5; 5:30 |
Background
There is a higher prevalence of psychiatric conditions in patients presenting to emergency departments (ED)s with non-emergent complaints than in the general population [1-4]. On average, patients with untreated psychiatric illness have more frequent ED visits and use more health care services than those in ... | 15882462 | PMC1142309 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:03 | no | BMC Emerg Med. 2005 May 9; 5:2 |
Background
In clinical research, QOL is recognized as an important endpoint in addition to the traditional endpoints such as response rate, disease-free survival, and overall survival [1]. It is particularly relevant for patients with head and neck cancer because social interaction and emotional expression depend to a ... | 15890067 | PMC1142310 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:26 | no | BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord. 2005 May 12; 5:3 |
Background
The rapid increase in the number of completely sequenced genomes in the past few years has generated much effort in functional genomics, particularly studies seeking to assign biological functions to DNA sequences. Comparative gene expression profiling is widely used to study the functional role of genes. Th... | 15877823 | PMC1142311 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:46 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 May 8; 6:66 |
Background
The domesticated pig (Sus scrofa) is an obvious choice for genome sequencing, because of its important economic value for meat production and its relevance to biomedical research. The evolutionary position of the pig as an artiodactyl, where no other large scale sequencing efforts have so far been published,... | 15885146 | PMC1142312 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:53 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 May 10; 6:70 |
Background
Diversity of microarray data poses some unique and interesting questions on cross-experiment comparisons and the analysis tools needed for such comparisons. Since the invention of the microarray technology in 1995 [1], statistical methods and data mining techniques specific for microarray data have mushroome... | 15888200 | PMC1142313 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:53 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 May 11; 6:71 |
Background
In 2001, the Department of Public Health and Primary Care in Trinity College Dublin was commissioned to carry out three health assessments in urban areas in Dublin. We aimed to carry out health assessments that would represent the needs of the whole population and not just more vocal minorities.
We were awa... | 15862122 | PMC1142314 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:50 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Apr 29; 5:32 |
Background
The causes of mental retardation (MR) are exceptionally heterogeneous. More than 50 genes found on the human X chromosome have been reported to cause MR with another 150 loci being associated with linked syndromes, nonsyndromic families and unlinked syndromes [1,2]. The aristaless-related homeobox gene, ARX,... | 15850492 | PMC1142315 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2005 Apr 25; 6:16 |
Background
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder and a classic example for genomic imprinting in humans. The incidence is about 1 in 10–20,000, and the clinical manifestations include decreased fetal activity, neonatal hypotonia, neonatal feeding difficulties, hyperphagia with obesity, hy... | 15877813 | PMC1142316 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:32 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2005 May 6; 6:18 |
Background
The human cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) subfamily of enzymes plays an important role in drug metabolism. The four CYP3A genes lie within a 218 kb region of chromosome 7q22.1 in the following order: CYP3A5, CYP3A7, CYP3A4, and CYP3A43. CYP3A enzymes, primarily CYP3A4 and CYP3A5, catalyze the metabolism of a mult... | 15882469 | PMC1142317 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2005 May 9; 6:19 |
Background
Over the past few decades, the necessity for community orientation of medical undergraduate training and for improving its integration with the health care system have been recognised by international and national bodies [1-3]. As a result, the majority of medical schools in the USA and Europe have embarked ... | 15882464 | PMC1142318 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:57 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2005 May 9; 5:13 |
Background
The science of Darwinian or Evolutionary Medicine was formalized in the early 1990s most notably by the eminent evolutionary biologist George C. Williams and the physician and professor Randolph Nesse [1,2]. Its methodologies and aims are directed at the scientific investigation of evolutionary causes for hu... | 15885137 | PMC1142319 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:56 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2005 May 10; 5:16 |
Background
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) represent two of the at least six different categories of diarrheagenic E. coli recognized at present [1]. Unlike other diarrheagenic E. coli, EPEC and STEC share the ability to introduce attaching-and-effacing (A/E) l... | 15882459 | PMC1142320 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:39 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 May 9; 5:23 |
Background
A great wealth of patient specific medical data is stored as transcribed free text. While this format is useful for individuals reading the medical record, information stored as free-text is difficult to use in decision support systems or automated cross population studies [1]. Efforts to extract computer-us... | 15876352 | PMC1142321 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:52:12 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2005 May 5; 5:13 |
Background
The potential bias introduced by non-response or non-participation is an issue that affects much of observational epidemiology. Extending our understanding of the factors that influence non-response is thus an important area of research in its own right [1,2]. It is well known that many characteristics measu... | 15876348 | PMC1142322 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:51 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005 May 5; 5:16 |
Background
K2Cr2O7 is a chemical compound that is widely used in metallurgy, chrome plating, chemical industry, textile manufacture, wood preservation, photography and photoengraving, refractory and stainless steel industry, and cooling systems [1]. Occupational exposure to chromium has been associated with welders, ch... | 15854231 | PMC1142323 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:31 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2005 Apr 26; 6:4 |
Background
ADAM (A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease) is a family of membrane-spanning multi-domain proteins containing a metalloproteinase-like domain and a disintegrin-like domain. Currently, more than 30 ADAMs have been identified in mammals. Their biological activities implicate ADAMs in fertilization, myogenesis and... | 15876356 | PMC1142324 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:48 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 May 6; 6:33 |
Background
A number of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been proposed to involve a dysregulation in the brain's glutamatergic system [1-4]. In addition, high (mM) glutamate concentrations have been documented to cause neuronal degeneration in various in vivo and in vitro models [1]. A... | 15882473 | PMC1142325 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:49 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 May 10; 6:34 |
Background
Bronchiolitis accounts for up to 60% of all lower respiratory tract illness in the first year of life [1] and up to 32% of hospitalizations for lower respiratory tract illness in this age group [2]. The incidence of hospitalisation for bronchiolitis in infancy has increased in both the United States [3] and ... | 15876347 | PMC1142326 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:07 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 May 5; 5:7 |
Background
What proportion of children discharged from children's hospitals are technology-dependent (TD)? Advances in medical technology over the past century have profoundly changed the landscape of pediatric ambulatory and hospital care [1-3]. Through the combined effects of pharmaceuticals and medical devices, pare... | 15882452 | PMC1142327 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:06 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 May 9; 5:8 |
Background
Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are rare genetic diseases, inherited in an autosomal recessive manner (except MPS type II, which is X-linked) [1]. Each MPS is caused by deficiency in an activity of one of specific lysosomal enzymes involved in degradation of mucoplysaccharides (glycosaminoglycans, GAGs). When ac... | 15882450 | PMC1142328 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:06 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 May 9; 5:9 |
Background
Overweight and obesity are rapidly increasing among children and adults. In 1998, the World Health Organisation recognized obesity as a major worldwide public health epidemic [1]. The most recent World Health conference at Geneva called for specific action to halt this epidemic [2].
Overweight and obesity c... | 15882467 | PMC1142329 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:56 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 May 9; 5:45 |
Background
Emphysema affects nearly 3 million people and is responsible for nearly 16,000 deaths per year in the United States [1]. Pulmonary parenchymal disease may lead to increased pulmonary vascular resistance and elevated pulmonary arterial pressures. The development of pulmonary hypertension and RVH are markers o... | 15876346 | PMC1142330 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:51 | no | BMC Physiol. 2005 May 5; 5:6 |
Background
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS) where its effects are mediated through a diverse group of ionotropic receptors [N-methyl D-aspartate receptors (NMDA), alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate receptors (AMPA), kainate (KA) and delta] and eig... | 15892884 | PMC1142331 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:02 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 May 13; 5:23 |
Background
Malignant gliomas are the most common type of brain tumor in adults. These tumors are highly invasive and despite multi-modality treatment the mean survival of patients is still less than 1 year.
Cultures of malignant cells represent an excellent and permanent material for studying the biology of these tumo... | 15885136 | PMC1142332 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:17 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2005 May 10; 5:13 |
December 2004 marked the twentieth anniversary of the massive toxic gas leak from Union Carbide Corporation's chemical plant in Bhopal in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India that killed more than 3,800 people. This review examines the health effects of exposure to the disaster, the legal response, the lessons learned an... | 15882472 | PMC1142333 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:32 | no | Environ Health. 2005 May 10; 4:6 |
Background
Since their institution, user fees have been used in private non-for-profit (PNFP) hospitals as a way to finance provision of services. The level of cost recovery, as a percentage of recurrent expenditure, is low in government health services [1], but is thought to contribute an average of 50–60% of PNFP hos... | 15871744 | PMC1142334 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:31 | no | Int J Equity Health. 2005 May 4; 4:6 |
Introduction
The earth's rotation around its axis causes predictable changes in the geophysical environment, thereby providing organisms with options to occupy appropriate spatio-temporal niches. Most organisms place themselves suitably in such niches using precise time-keeping mechanism(s) that can measure passage of ... | 15869714 | PMC1142335 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:14 | no | J Circadian Rhythms. 2005 May 4; 3:7 |
Introduction
Parasitic protozoa and helminthes are responsible for some of the most devastating and prevalent diseases of humans, threatening the lives of nearly one-third of the worldwide human population leading to more than 2 million deaths annually. Habitats of parasites are extremely varied and common parasites of... | 15882457 | PMC1142336 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:19 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2005 May 9; 4:10 |
Background
The cost-effectiveness of insecticide-treated nets in reducing morbidity and mortality in malaria endemic countries has been proven time and again [1-3]. I It is considered to be one of the most cost-effective ways of reducing the burden of malaria, with an estimated cost per Disability Adjusted Life Year (D... | 15885143 | PMC1142337 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:13 | no | Malar J. 2005 May 10; 4:22 |
Review
1. Introduction
The solubilization of metals due to the action of microbes and the subsequent recovery of the metals from solution has deep historical roots that have been extensively reviewed [61,70]. Similarly, an indication of the number and sizes of the operations that employ microbes for the recovery of mai... | 15877814 | PMC1142338 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:35 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2005 May 6; 4:13 |
Introduction
TRPV1 is a Ca2+ permeable nonspecific cation channel, located on peripheral sensory neurons, that serves as a molecular detector for heat, capsaicin, protons, and endovanilloids [1-4]. Moreover, its role as a heat sensor (activation threshold of ~43°C), its influence from trophic/inflammatory agents (i.e. ... | 15857517 | PMC1142339 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:07 | no | Mol Pain. 2005 Apr 27; 1:17 |
Background
Maternal mortality is the vital indicator with the greatest disparity between developed and developing countries [1,2]. Causes of maternal deaths are similar in these countries, however the distribution of causes differ somewhat from region to region [3].
Measuring maternal mortality is notoriously difficul... | 15871743 | PMC1142340 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:16 | no | Reprod Health. 2005 May 4; 2:3 |
Findings
Three types of Primate T-cell lymphotropic viruses (PTLVs) have been discovered so far in primates [1]. While two of them i.e. PTLV-1 and PTLV-2 include human (HTLV-1, HTLV-2) and simian (STLV-1, STLV-2) viruses, the third type (STLV-3) consists only, so far, of simian strains. Sequence comparisons of STLV-3 p... | 15882466 | PMC1142341 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:41 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 May 9; 2:30 |
Background
Systems or computational biology – the use of mathematical analysis to examine complex biological systems – is becoming increasingly important [1,2]. Biological signals are complex, with fractal or even multi-fractal characteristics, and health is associated with fractal timing sequences [3]. For example, no... | 15882460 | PMC1142342 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 May 9; 6(1):41 |
Background
Bases in DNA suffer damage both from normal cellular functions such as metabolism and from external oxidative stress and radiation. Naturally the cell has several lines of defense against direct lesions and ensuing mutagenic mispairings [1-3]. Oxidation of the base guanine (G) often results in the formation ... | 15819980 | PMC1142343 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:25 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Apr 8; 2:15 |
Introduction
Many attempts have been made to simulate molecular processes in cellular systems. Perhaps the most active area of cellular simulation is the kinetics of metabolic pathways. Various software packages that quantitatively simulate cellular processes and are based on numerical integration of rate equations hav... | 15882454 | PMC1142344 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:25 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 May 9; 2:18 |
Background
The use of microarray technology to assess gene expression levels is now widespread in biology and, particularly in the clinical setting, the applicability of the methodology is likely to broaden as the technology evolves, data analysis procedures improve, and costs decline [1-3]. Two distinct microarray pla... | 15854232 | PMC1142514 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:49 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Apr 27; 6:59 |
Background
Age related macular degeneration (ARMD) is the commonest cause of severe loss of central vision in people aged over 50 in the Western world [1] and accounts for almost 50% of those registered as blind or partially sighted in the UK [2]. One form of the disease, neovascular ARMD, is more aggressive and accoun... | 15885142 | PMC1142515 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:50 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 May 10; 5:34 |
Background
With a frequency of up to 1%, congenital heart disease represents one of the most common major congenital anomalies [1-3]. Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) accounts for 5% of all congenital heart defects [4]. TGA manifests during the early fifth week of development affecting the septation of the com... | 15890066 | PMC1142516 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:34 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2005 May 12; 6:20 |
Background
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a technique based on tracing of molecules labelled with positron-emitting radionuclides to image metabolism, physiology, and functionality in vivo in organs and tissues. PET has become an important, non-invasive technique for providing functional information about specif... | 15892891 | PMC1142517 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:35 | no | BMC Med Imaging. 2005 May 13; 5:3 |
Introduction
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has become a vital tool for human brain function studies and medical diagnosis. Magnetic field strengths are expected to rise from the current 1.5 to 7 tesla (T) or further to achieve higher spatial resolution and signal-to-noise ratio, although biological effec... | 15877822 | PMC1142518 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:29 | no | Dyn Med. 2005 May 7; 4:5 |
Cancer immunotherapy: transition from nonspecific to specific immunotherapy
There is broad appeal for the concept of treating cancer with the immune system. Early anecdotal experiences over 100 years ago suggested that induction of generalized immune activation, by a bacterial infection, could induce regression of soli... | 15862126 | PMC1142519 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:27 | no | J Transl Med. 2005 Apr 29; 3:18 |
Background
The concept of therapeutic implantation of autologous cells capable of replicating and differentiating into specialized progeny has generated great interest. This approach is being intensively investigated especially in cardiovascular medicine for the regeneration of the infarcted heart [1]. Skeletal muscle ... | 15890077 | PMC1142520 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:27 | no | J Transl Med. 2005 May 12; 3:21 |
Introduction
The role played by T cell mediated immunity in the control of tumour growth has been established over recent years. As a result, most immunization strategies adopted in clinical trials of cancer treatments have aimed at enhancing tumour antigen (TA)-specific cellular immunity. The induction and expansion o... | 15987427 | PMC1143555 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:33 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Feb 25; 7(3):R326-R335 |
Introduction
The proto-oncogene human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu, also called c-erbB-2) belongs to a family of receptors involved in the tyrosine kinase-mediated regulation of normal breast tissue growth and development [1]. HER2 amplification or overexpression is fairly common – present in 20 to 30% ... | 15987431 | PMC1143556 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:49 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Mar 11; 7(3):R357-R364 |
Introduction
Malignant tumors contain macrophages (Mps) as a major component of the host leukocytic infiltrate, and the role of Mps in tumor progression has generated contradictory evidence [1]. It has been recognized that Mps can act either as negative regulators by achieving tumor cytotoxicity or as positive regulato... | 15987429 | PMC1143557 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:50 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Mar 4; 7(3):R345-R352 |
Introduction
Deregulation of cell–cell contact, increased cell motility and invasion of carcinoma cells are key steps in the metastatic cascade [1], but the rate-limiting signalling steps that regulate this process in early-stage breast cancer have not yet been identified. One important molecule is the membrane cytoske... | 15987432 | PMC1143558 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:33 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Mar 21; 7(3):R365-R373 |
Introduction
Steroid hormones regulate the expression of proteins that are involved in breast cell proliferation and development, and coactivators that interact with steroid hormone receptors to modulate transcriptional activation have recently been described [1]. AIB1, located at 20q12, is a member of the steroid horm... | 15987430 | PMC1143559 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:49 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Mar 4; 7(3):R353-R356 |
Introduction
The protein expression status of c-erbB2 and, more recently, of topoisomerase IIα has been implicated in the prediction of clinical outcome and response to chemotherapy in breast cancer [1-5]. Gene amplification is the predominant but not exclusive mechanism causing abnormal expression in these tumors (rev... | 15987433 | PMC1143560 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:33 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Mar 21; 7(3):R374-R384 |
Introduction
The aromatic and heterocyclic amines are among the constituents of tobacco smoke that have been identified as carcinogens [1,2]. These carcinogens require host-mediated metabolic activation to electrophiles, which readily bind nucleophilic DNA, to induce a mutation and, ultimately, cancer [3]. Two pathways... | 15987434 | PMC1143561 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:49 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Mar 21; 7(3):R385-R393 |
Introduction
Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in women worldwide, excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer, and is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women (following lung cancer) [1]. Once metastasis has occurred, the survival rate is drastically reduced to a median of 2–3 years; therapy is then aimed at ... | 15987424 | PMC1143570 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:33 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Jan 31; 7(3):R291-R295 |
Introduction
The majority of breast tumours express oestrogen receptors (ERs). Several studies have shown that 5 years of tamoxifen therapy in breast cancer patients with receptor-positive tumours reduces the risk of recurrence and mortality [1]. However, about 30% of patients acquire tamoxifen resistance and relapse i... | 15987423 | PMC1143572 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:49 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Jan 28; 7(3):R284-R290 |
Introduction
The cyclical transformations and cellular kinetics of the mammary gland have long been the subject of intense investigation. Interest in alterations caused by steroid actions, specifically on epithelial proliferation, has risen sharply in the past decade owing to increasing numbers of breast carcinomas in ... | 15987425 | PMC1143573 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:33 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Feb 16; 7(3):R306-R313 |
Introduction
There is now increasing evidence that stromal cells play a pivotal role in promoting the growth of most carcinomas, including breast cancer [1-4]. The myofibroblast is the predominant type of stromal cell found in most carcinomas [1,5,6]. Myofibroblasts are defined by their characteristic expression of α-s... | 15987422 | PMC1143574 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:33 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Jan 28; 7(3):R274-R283 |
Introduction
Body mass index (BMI) during adulthood is related to breast cancer incidence, although the direction of the association varies by menopausal status. More overweight women have a lower risk of breast cancer before menopause but a higher risk after menopause [1,2]. In premenopausal women, greater adiposity m... | 15987426 | PMC1143575 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:49 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Feb 18; 7(3):R314-R325 |
Introduction
There is growing evidence that combined estrogen and progestin therapy (EPT) increases the risk of breast cancer more than estrogen therapy (ET) alone [1-6]. One important question is whether we can identify subgroups of women who are at a particularly greater risk of developing breast cancer if they use E... | 15987428 | PMC1143576 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:49 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Feb 23; 7(3):R336-R344 |
Introduction
Behavioral and Brain Functions (BBF) is an Open Access, peer-reviewed, online journal considering original research, review, and modeling articles in all aspects of neurobiology or behavior, favoring research that relates to both domains. BBF is published by BioMed Central.
The greatest challenge for empi... | 15916697 | PMC1143774 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:20 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2005 Apr 22; 1:1 |
Background
Methylphenidate (MPH) is a leading treatment for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Although this compound has been used for decades, the neural mechanisms underlying MPH's therapeutic actions are still unknown. Recent advances in our understanding of the neurobiology of ADHD, and the identific... | 15916700 | PMC1143775 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:20 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2005 Apr 22; 1:2 |
Introduction
Several learning tasks are available to test spatial orientation abilities in mice. The most widely applied one is probably the water navigation task (also known as the "Morris maze"), which was developed originally for rats [1]. However, it has been noted that mice are animals living in dry habitats [2,3]... | 15916698 | PMC1143776 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:20 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2005 Apr 22; 1:3 |
Background
Habituation effects have been observed in a wide range of neural systems from simple sensory responses [1], to higher-order neural representations such as motion-sensitive populations in Area MT [2], and regions responding to written and spoken language [3]. We can take advantage of neural habituation to stu... | 15953396 | PMC1143777 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:20 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2005 Apr 22; 1:4 |
Background
It has long been known that prenatal exposure to alcohol can have devastating effects. In 1968, Lemoine et al. published a paper, in French, that described "des anomalies dans les infants de parents alcooliques" [1]. Five years later Jones and Smith [2] followed with their now classic paper on Fetal Alcohol ... | 15916699 | PMC1143778 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:20 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2005 Apr 22; 1:5 |
I am pleased to introduce 'Globalization and Health', a peer reviewed, open access (free to the end user) journal. In this, the début editorial, I will briefly outline the purpose and scope of this journal highlighting our intention to publish a balanced mixture of opinion on the subject.
That the journal be 'Open Acc... | 15847699 | PMC1143779 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:02 | no | Global Health. 2005 Apr 22; 1:1 |
Editorial
Over the last 50 years there has been a steady convergence in the probability of survival and the causes of death between the wealthiest countries of the world and most living in low-middle income countries. This represents a triumph for global health and development. It is a demonstration of what should be p... | 15847700 | PMC1143780 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:02 | no | Global Health. 2005 Apr 22; 1:2 |
Review
Introduction
The global trading system today speeds unprecedented volumes of product to unparalleled numbers of markets throughout the world. Coincident with its growth has been the unwelcomed emergence and dissemination of new infections in human populations. This article will examine linkages between these two... | 15847684 | PMC1143781 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:02 | no | Global Health. 2005 Apr 22; 1:3 |
Review
As food production and distribution practices evolve to keep pace with rapidly diversifying consumer demand and international competition, new pathogens are emerging and long-known microbes are expanding their reach. Resilient bacteria such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes and Cyclospora c... | 15847691 | PMC1143782 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:02 | no | Global Health. 2005 Apr 22; 1:4 |
Introduction
Whether it is through scientific curiosity, administrative edict or public health planning necessity, most countries have initiated some form of data collection and health surveillance/monitoring systems to provide information on health priorities. In some cases, such as the Bills of Mortality of the Londo... | 15847690 | PMC1143783 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:02 | no | Global Health. 2005 Apr 22; 1:5 |
Global health policy actors
The major actors in global health policy are changing. New actors are entering and old ones are losing power; the overall change has seen a shift from global nation-based health-policy-making structures towards more diversity that puts emphasis on private sector actors. In the 1980s and 1990... | 15847685 | PMC1143784 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:02 | no | Global Health. 2005 Apr 22; 1:6 |
Background
The National Health Service (NHS) has been suffering the effects of a nursing shortage for the past decade as fewer women train or remain in the nurse workforce, favoring improved job market opportunities in other sectors. The same is true of many other industrialised nations. Over the next 5–10 years, the n... | 15847687 | PMC1143785 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:02 | no | Global Health. 2005 Apr 22; 1:7 |
Background
The c-myc oncogene is implicated in the genesis of many human cancers and accounts for about 70,000 US cancer deaths annually [1-3]. This oncogene produces the c-Myc transcription factor, which heterodimerizes with Max via the helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper (HLH-Zip) motif to bind specific target DNA sequen... | 15876353 | PMC1145180 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:49 | no | BMC Biochem. 2005 May 5; 6:7 |
Background
Integrins are cell surface adhesion receptors which mediate cell-extracellular matrix (ECM), cell-cell and cell-pathogen interactions. Integrin receptors are structurally elaborate and composed of non-covalently associated α and β subunits. Integrins have a large extracellular domain responsible for binding ... | 15892888 | PMC1145181 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:17 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 May 13; 5:31 |
Background
The absorption of biologically active compounds occurs via passive transcellular, paracellular and carrier-mediated transport mechanisms [1]. Analysis of the human genome sequence suggested the presence of 406 genes encoding ion channels and 883 genes encoding transporters [2]. Generally, these proteins esta... | 15882471 | PMC1145182 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:53 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 May 10; 6:69 |
Background
Transfer back to the hospital is a common problem for patients admitted to skilled nursing facilities (SNF), with an estimated 18% of patients transferring to the hospital within the first 30 days of admission, and 38% within the first 90 days [1]. Avoiding hospital transfer in frail older individuals is des... | 15885148 | PMC1145183 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:49 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 May 10; 5:35 |
Background
The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief, and economic or social condition [1]. Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health of himself and of his family, ... | 15885139 | PMC1145184 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:56 | no | BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2005 May 10; 5:5 |
Background
Statistical tests performed to evaluate differences in the outcomes collected in randomized clinical trials (RCTs) are based on the assumption that all the data come from random variables that are independent of each other. However, in some trials, the patients are randomized more than once, usually twice. I... | 15882470 | PMC1145185 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:52 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005 May 10; 5:17 |
Background
Benign prostate hyperplasia affects most men and often causes lower urinary tract symptoms. Prostate cancer leads in the number of estimated new cases diagnosed each year and is the second leading cause of cancer specific mortality in American men [1]. The development of the prostate, benign enlargement of t... | 15888205 | PMC1145186 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:37 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 May 11; 4:31 |
Introduction
COPD is a common disease, affecting 5–10% of the population of North America and Europe [1-3]. During the past two decades, death and disability from COPD have continued to increase worldwide [1,4]. Although direct cigarette smoking is the major cause of COPD, up to two cases out of ten cannot be explained... | 15890079 | PMC1145187 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:33 | no | Environ Health. 2005 May 12; 4:7 |
Introduction
As the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) pandemic continues to grow, the number of people affected by the neurological complications of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection expands. Neurological complications, known collectively as neuroAIDS, affect approximately 30% of those infected with... | 15890081 | PMC1145188 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:58 | no | Virol J. 2005 May 12; 2:44 |
Over the past century and a half, we have made enormous progress in assembling a coherent picture of genetic evolution—that is, changes in the pools of genetic information possessed by populations, the genetic differentiation of populations (speciation) (see summaries in [1,2]), and the application of that understandin... | 15941355 | PMC1149491 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:24 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun 14; 3(6):e194 |
Over the last 20 years, many cell biological studies have moved from the single-cell level to the tissue level, and even to whole animals. This progress has been led by developments in fluorescence microscopy that permit molecular observations from single cells within intact tissue or animals. Concurrent developments i... | 15941359 | PMC1149492 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:24 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun 14; 3(6):e207 |
RNA molecules fulfill a diverse set of biological functions within cells, from the transfer of genetic information from DNA to protein, to enzymatic catalysis. Reflecting this range of roles, simple linear strings of RNA—made up of uracil, guanine, cytosine, and adenine—form a variety of complex three-dimensional struc... | 15941360 | PMC1149493 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:23 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun 14; 3(6):e213 |
“Marketeers prove…every scientific term you use represents two thousand readers putting down the magazine and turning on a rerun of I Love Lucy,” says a world-weary editor in David Mitchell's Russian doll of a novel Cloud Atlas. The marketeers of Ian McEwan (if he has any) clearly don't agree. His latest novel, Saturda... | 0 | PMC1149494 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:15 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun 14; 3(6):e214 |
The scientific enterprise reflects the willingness of scientists to collaborate implicitly with people they don't know personally: investigators routinely obtain antibodies, enzymes, sterile supplies, and other items from commercial suppliers without hardly blinking, and often without knowing anything about the compani... | 15941361 | PMC1149495 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:15 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun 14; 3(6):e217 |
Just a handful of species are the basis for a staggering amount of our biological knowledge. From the ever-popular mouse (
Mus musculus
) to the always fruitful fruit fly (
Drosophila melanogaster
), biologists have cultivated a cadre of model organisms to unravel the intricate mysteries of cell communication, genetics... | 15941356 | PMC1149496 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:15 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun 14; 3(6):e219 |
In PLoS Biology, volume 3, issue 4, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030127
The figure credits for Figures 1 and 2 are missing from the PDF versions of the article. For Figure 1, images are courtesy of Langdon Quetin and Robin Ross, researchers at the Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, and f... | 0 | PMC1149497 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:15 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jun 14; 3(6):e224 |
Almost exactly five years ago, in early June 2000, BMC Bioinformatics received its first submission. Five years on, it has received over a thousand submissions, and the journal is continuing to grow rapidly (Figure 1).
In the past few months, developments have included a refreshed international editorial board, which ... | 15941469 | PMC1149498 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jun 7; 6:140 |
Introduction
In "Representation and Use of Chemistry in the Global Electronic Age” [1] we showed that new technology can provide great increases in the quantity and quality of aggregated chemical information published in the primary literature. We also argued the benefits of Open Access and Open Data. The current invit... | 15941476 | PMC1149499 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jun 7; 6:141 |
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