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Introduction
Expertise in detecting and recognizing objects in natural scenes, where targets are camouflaged by their backgrounds, is critical for many of our interactions in complex environments: from identifying predators or prey and recognizing poisonous foods, to diagnosing tumors on medical images and finding fami... | 15934786 | PMC1150289 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:24 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jul 7; 3(7):e204 |
Introduction
It has long been known in the literature on imprinting [1,2], and indeed in studies of mammals, including human infants [3], that moving objects are more likely to evoke a response than are stationary objects. What is unknown, however, is whether learning plays a part in the formation of this preference. C... | 15934787 | PMC1150290 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:23 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jul 7; 3(7):e208 |
Introduction
As changing global climate and anthropogenic modification of the biosphere increasingly threaten global biodiversity [1, 2], accurately predicting extinctions takes on new urgency [3–5]. Although stochastic models of population growth and decline are commonly used to forecast extinction, quantitative model... | 15934788 | PMC1150291 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:23 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jul 7; 3(7):e222 |
Anyone with a passing familiarity with animal behavior knows the classic photo of Konrad Lorenz trailed by a gaggle of goslings. Lorenz showed that geese hatched in an incubator identified with the first moving stimulus they saw within 36 hours after birth. When the first thing was Lorenz—or more accurately, his boots—... | 0 | PMC1150292 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:24 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jul 7; 3(7):e251 |
Aside from global climate change, loss of biodiversity poses one of the greatest threats to the planet. Last year, the World Conservation Union reported an unprecedented decline in biodiversity, with nearly 16,000 species facing extinction. The biggest threat to the vast majority of these species is loss of habitat. An... | 0 | PMC1150293 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:24 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jul 7; 3(7):e253 |
Most of us don't have much trouble recognizing what we see. Whether it is a face in a crowd, a bird in a tree, or papers on a desk, our brains expertly distinguish the target from the clutter. It is a simple skill most of us take for granted, but object recognition is not hard-wired. As we navigate our environment, the... | 0 | PMC1150294 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:23 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jul 7; 3(7):e256 |
Introduction
This editorial is designed to introduce the new online journal Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health (CPEMH).
Mental health issues today can rely on medical model based researches, which are capable of providing reliable results following the introduction of descriptive diagnoses in psychiat... | 15967051 | PMC1151593 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:02 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2005 Apr 27; 1:1 |
Introduction
In recent decades, a large number of cross-sectional psychiatric epidemiological surveys have reported prevalence estimates for major depression. Prevalence data provide a clear perspective on the burden of major depression in the population, and these estimates are useful for health system priority settin... | 15967052 | PMC1151594 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:02 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2005 Apr 27; 1:2 |
Introduction
Current concerns about community care of the mentally disordered focus on the level of risk of unacceptable behaviour, particularly inappropriate aggressive or sexual acts. It is clear that such behaviour occurs in patients suffering from mental disorders, and might be expected to be more common in psychot... | 15967054 | PMC1151595 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:02 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2005 Apr 28; 1:3 |
To our readers
This commentary is the first of a series designed to introduce the new online journal Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health.
Based on the characteristics that were described in the first editorial and by means of a series of introductory commentaries, the journal will seek to stimulate dis... | 15967053 | PMC1151596 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:02 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2005 Apr 28; 1:4 |
Introduction
From the point of view of terminology, European suicidology seems to be oriented towards defining parasuicide as all non-fatal suicidal behaviours, regardless of their intentional nature (which is often difficult to investigate a posteriori). In other words, parasuicide covers behaviours that may vary from... | 15967050 | PMC1151597 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:02 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2005 Apr 28; 1:5 |
Introduction
A central question in the biology of host–parasite interactions is how a balance between the costs and benefits to both is achieved. If the burden to the host is too high, the parasite will go extinct, and for this reason it is often postulated that parasites confer some benefit upon their hosts, thereby a... | 15984911 | PMC1151598 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:24 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jul 21; 3(7):e229 |
Introduction
The bioinformatics and computational analyses of a large number of completely sequenced genomes suggest that over 30% of all genes encode membrane proteins [1–4]. These predicted membrane proteins, identified to contain at least one trans-membrane domain, participate in a plethora of vital cellular activit... | 15954800 | PMC1151599 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:25 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jul 21; 3(7):e230 |
Introduction
In the classical clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway, the step from early to late endosomes is crucial for selective transport of cargo and membrane components to lysosomes for degradation. This step involves cargo sorting and segregation, and the transfer occurs either by carrier vesicles that detach from... | 15954801 | PMC1151600 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:24 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jul 21; 3(7):e233 |
Introduction
The SOS genetic network [1–3] includes more than 30 genes in Escherichia coli [4,5] that carry out diverse functions in response to DNA damage, including nucleotide excision repair, translesion DNA replication, homologous recombination, and cell division arrest. A vast amount of biochemical, genetic and st... | 15954802 | PMC1151601 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:24 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jul 21; 3(7):e238 |
Any cell that receives a dose of radiation is placed in a dangerous situation. The DNA damage resulting from exposure to such radiation (or any other mutagen) can cause massive rearrangements to genetic information and potentially kill the cell. Bacteria have learned to cope with this threat by activating genes that re... | 0 | PMC1151602 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:47 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jul 21; 3(7):e239 |
Life is hard for bacteria. Not only must they constantly compete against their comrades for resources and living space, they're also subject to infection by pathogens—viruses called bacteriophages—which can affect their ability to survive and prosper. Two types of bacteriophages threaten bacteria: lytic phages and lyso... | 0 | PMC1151603 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:24 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jul 21; 3(7):e258 |
Cell membranes are largely made of proteins, and membrane proteins account for about a third of all genes. Despite their importance, they are devilishly hard to isolate and stabilize, and therefore are hard to study. The problem lies in their structure: membrane proteins have at least one hydrophobic domain, composed o... | 0 | PMC1151604 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:24 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jul 21; 3(7):e259 |
When Robert Hooke first looked at cork bark with a light microscope in 1655, he saw small empty chambers, reminiscent of monastery cells. We now know that living cells are full of organelles—specialized subcompartments surrounded by membranes in which different cellular life functions occur. This complex organization r... | 0 | PMC1151605 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:25 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jul 21; 3(7):e260 |
Introduction
In 1959 Frederick George Roberts founded the Chiropractic and Osteopathic College of Australasia (COCA). The Melbourne based College graduated about two hundred chiropractic and osteopathic practitioners from the period 1959 to 1979. The College closed its undergraduate program in 1979 and the students tra... | 15967045 | PMC1151649 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:23 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2005 Apr 11; 13:1 |
Introduction
Obesity is a problem of epidemic proportion [1,2]. Despite record rates of non-physician supervised dieting and the availability of numerous weight loss programs, the problem is not abating [3]. Complicating this, is that most primary care physicians do not treat obesity, citing a lack of time, resources, ... | 15967048 | PMC1151650 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:23 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2005 Apr 11; 13:2 |
Introduction
Chiropractic and Osteopathy are complementary health professions that enjoy Government imprimatur to the extent that they have Registration Boards in every jurisdiction and a National Uniform Code of Conduct [1]. Also, third party payers such as private health funds, workers compensation authorities and th... | 15967046 | PMC1151651 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:23 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2005 Apr 11; 13:3 |
Introduction
Hamstring injuries are the most prevalent injury in Australian Rules football [1,2]. This may be possibly due to the unique physical demands of the game requiring rapid acceleration, endurance and agility running, kicking and bending to pick up the ball. Hamstring injuries are not confined strictly to Aust... | 15967047 | PMC1151652 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:23 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2005 Apr 12; 13:4 |
Method
A search through Medline, Meditext, PubMed, OVID, Science direct, Austats, CINAHL, Expanded Academic ASAP was performed using the key words: Biopsychosocial model, hypothyroidism, treatment, levothyroxine, thyroid.
What is the Biopsychosocial model?
The biopsychosocial model depicts a health care concept that h... | 15967049 | PMC1151653 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:23 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2005 Apr 12; 13:5 |
Introduction
There is an increasing interest and acceptance in psychosocial factors and their correlations to the onset and outcomes of acute pain episodes. This review will briefly review its evolution and summarize the past and present theoretical models in relation to low back pain (LBP). Psychlit, MEDLINE and medin... | 15967055 | PMC1151654 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:23 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2005 Apr 27; 13:6 |
Findings
The National Health Statistics in Cambodia [1] estimated 89.4% of pregnant women in Cambodia to have given birth outside of health facilities, and approximately 48.4% of pregnant women to have at least once attended antenatal care (ANC) at health centres in 2003, which is an entry point of prevention of mother... | 15907202 | PMC1156864 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:33 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2005 May 20; 2:5 |
Background
Corynebacterium diphtheriae is well known as an agent of localized respiratory tract disease potentially complicated by systemic effects of exotoxin [1,2]. It is also able to cause cutaneous and wound infections. But nontoxigenic strains can produce atypical manifestations of disease. They are able to cause ... | 15876349 | PMC1156865 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:21 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2005 May 5; 4:8 |
Background
Complexity combined with an imprecise terminology has hindered the understanding of biology. A formal and structured vocabulary is now being developed to address this imprecise biology terminology. This vocabulary or Gene Ontology (GO) is being developed by the Gene Ontology Consortium (GOC) [1] to standardi... | 15885145 | PMC1156866 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:50 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 May 10; 6:113 |
Background
Recent high-throughput and whole-genome experimental methods create new challenges in data analysis and visualization. Gene expression and protein microarrays output hundreds of thousands of data points that can be used for prediction of gene function over the entire genome. However, there are serious and fu... | 15890080 | PMC1156867 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:49 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 May 12; 6:115 |
Background
Recent studies have found that many complex networks, ranging from the World-Wide Web [1] and the scientific collaboration network [2] to biological systems such as the yeast protein interaction network [3], are scale-free. The scale-free property states that the distribution of the connectivity k (number of... | 15904487 | PMC1156868 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 May 16; 6:119 |
Background
There are two major methodological problems that deal with the issue of stochastic dependence between gene expression signals in microarray data. The first arises naturally when adjustments for multiplicity of tests are made by pooling across genes (or tests) in an effort to find differentially expressed gen... | 15904488 | PMC1156869 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:27 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 May 16; 6:120 |
Background
Phylogenetic footprinting is a computational approach to finding functional elements in DNA by comparing sequences between species. In an evolutionary context the 'footprint' is the altered pattern of divergence resulting from a functional constraint. This is typically estimated as a reduced number of sequen... | 15921531 | PMC1156870 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 May 29; 6:130 |
Background
The ability to identify single nucleotide changes in DNA is a fundamental requirement in many fields of biological research. The identification and characterisation of naturally-occurring single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) underlies a vast body of work on genetically-linked disorders, diagnosis and risk ... | 15927052 | PMC1156871 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:50 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 May 31; 6:133 |
Background
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of death in the world. This malignancy is also one of the most serious complications of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease [1]. Long-term UC patients have an increased risk of developing CRC compared wit... | 15892897 | PMC1156872 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:04 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 May 16; 5:46 |
Background
Maspin is a member of serpin family with unique tumor suppressing activity. Initially identified from normal mammary epithelial cells, maspin gene is not mutated nor deleted but is rather transcriptionally down-regulated or silenced by epigenetic changes in breast cancer [1-5]. Maspin protein made from E.col... | 15907209 | PMC1156873 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:05 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 May 20; 5:50 |
Background
Cancer still appears to be a challenging disease to treat. According to most recent estimates, more than 10 million new cancer cases were reported in the year 2000 killing around 6 million people [1]. In addition, 10 % of all cancers appear to be the breast cancer. Being the most frequently diagnosed cancer ... | 15916713 | PMC1156874 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:12 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 May 25; 5:54 |
Background
Despite intensive multi-modality treatment including tumor resection, post-operative radiotherapy and frequently adjuvant chemotherapy, the prognosis of malignant glioma continues to be poor. Local recurrence, occuring almost exclusively inside the high-dose volume of post-operative radiotherapy [1], represe... | 15924621 | PMC1156875 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:03 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 May 30; 5:55 |
Background
A chronic, low-grade inflammatory response plays a key role in atherosclerosis [1]. It has been suggested that chronic inflammatory stimuli originating from infectious agents may contribute to this low-grade inflammation and thus, might play a causal role in atherogenesis and disease progression in patients ... | 15943888 | PMC1156876 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:07 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2005 May 20; 5:10 |
Background
Stent coating with immunosuppressive or cytostatic agents are valid advances in the struggle against restenosis following coronary intervention. However these therapies are hampered by high costs, especially in the case of multivessel disease. Moreover it is not entirely clear whether restenosis is merely de... | 15890069 | PMC1156877 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:07 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2005 May 12; 5:9 |
Background
Activated macrophages are known to play an important role in the degradation process of normal and abnormal matrix. Upon differentiation, the response of macrophages to pathogens is markedly enhanced, allowing them to participate in the inflammatory and immune responses [1]. The differentiation process is a ... | 15904490 | PMC1156878 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:10 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 May 17; 6:25 |
Background
Membrane traffic is needed for the synthesis and processing of proteins and lipids as well as the maintenance of the compartmentalization of the cell. Trafficking of intracellular membranes involves the budding of vesicles from the donor membrane and the fusion of vesicles with their respective target membra... | 15943887 | PMC1156879 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:10 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 May 19; 6:26 |
Background
Antimicrobial peptides have a critical role in the vertebrate innate immune defence against microbes. These peptides have potential as therapeutics and intelligent drug design relies on understanding how these molecules function. Defensins are peptides, which are generally cationic, are produced as prepropep... | 15904491 | PMC1156880 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:17 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 May 18; 5:32 |
Background
Tree-thinking, the explanation of evolutionary events in the context of a tree, has inspired many philosophers and evolutionists [1]. Some tree-thinkers classically employed this pattern, labelling it the "organismal tree," and arguing that it depicts the dividing pattern of cells, the path of the envelope d... | 15913459 | PMC1156881 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:17 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 May 24; 5:33 |
Background
Diabetes mellitus type 2 is an important and increasing health problem. In Belgium, the incidence is 231 new cases per 100.000 inhabitants per year [1]. It is frequently not diagnosed until complications appear, and approximately one-third of all people with diabetes may remain undiagnosed. The estimated pre... | 15890071 | PMC1156882 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:13 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 May 12; 6:20 |
Background
A comprehensive search of the Functional Annotation of Mouse (FANTOM) database revealed about 30000 full-length cDNA clones without a significant protein-coding region [1]. Indeed, antisense transcripts seem to be present in 10% to 20% of genes in human and mouse genomes [2-6]. These findings suggest that ma... | 15892893 | PMC1156883 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:18 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 May 14; 6:23 |
Background
Association studies offer several advantages to linkage analysis for mapping susceptibility loci in complex diseases. They may be more powerful than linkage analysis for loci with a small effect, since the excess sharing across families is expected to be greater than the excess sharing within a family (ident... | 15943883 | PMC1156884 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:18 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 May 19; 6:25 |
Background
The PAX6 gene was cloned during the search for genes underlying the WAGR syndrome (Wilms tumor, aniridia, genitourinary abnormalities and mental retardation; MIM 194072) [1]. WAGR syndrome is caused by hemizygous deletions of 11p13 that remove one copy of PAX6 and one copy of WT1 [1,2]. Intragenic PAX6 mutat... | 15918896 | PMC1156885 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:18 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 May 26; 6:27 |
Background
Chromosomal deletions (also called genetic deficiencies) have been used to help narrow down the location of genes in organisms ranging from C. elegans to human beings [1-4]. In the invertebrate model system, Drosophila melanogaster, deficiencies have been particularly useful for gene mapping, since the exist... | 15918911 | PMC1156886 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:18 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 May 26; 6:28 |
Background
Genome-wide analyses of multiple organisms in a variety of experimental biological systems are powerful tools employed in biomedical research. However, microarray platforms for numerous species, particularly large mammals, have yet to be fully developed. Large mammals, often preferred species for modeling of... | 15871745 | PMC1156887 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:46 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 May 4; 6:62 |
Background
Since their introduction in 1995 [1], DNA-based microarrays (also known as genechips) have driven an explosion in functional genomic analyses. All varieties of microarrays have in common the ability to perform binary comparisons of gene expression for a large number of genes simultaneously in a microchip for... | 15888208 | PMC1156888 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:45 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 May 11; 6:72 |
Background
Microbial forensics and epidemiology is important in tracking the source of a pathogen, whether the disease is a naturally occurring outbreak or part of a criminal investigation. Polymorphisms among isolates or strains provide information as to the origin, phylogenetic relationships, or transmission patterns... | 15904493 | PMC1156889 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:53 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 May 16; 6:73 |
Background
Virtually all microarray studies to-date have measured changes in steady-state mRNA levels by harvesting total cellular RNA and using it to generate probes through a variety of strategies including end-labeling of purified mRNA [1], incorporating a label into the first strand cDNA made from mRNA [2], or atta... | 15907206 | PMC1156890 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:54 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 May 20; 6:75 |
Background
Bulgaria provided universal health care free at the point of use prior to its transition from communism in 1989. Throughout the 1990s, the Soviet-style model in central and eastern Europe that provided free health services has been subject to radical reforms [1]. The medical care system in Bulgaria, which co... | 15921530 | PMC1156891 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:50 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 May 28; 5:41 |
Background
Since the first report published from Japan in 1997 on vancomycin-intermediate (MIC 8–16 mg/L) Staphylococcus aureus (VISA)[1] and studies from different countries, suggested that the emergence of glycopeptide resistance among staphylococci is a global issue [2]. Survey of resistance to glycopeptide indicate... | 15871748 | PMC1156892 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:16 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 May 5; 5:31 |
Background
World-wide, the incidence and prevalence of syphilis differ due to region, ethnic factors, gender and socio-economic factors [1-5]. In the 90s the yearly incidence of syphilis in Germany decreased to 1.4 cases / 100,000 inhabitants according to official numbers. However, a sentinel surveillance conducted in ... | 15904501 | PMC1156893 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:14 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 May 17; 5:33 |
Background
Echinococcal disease (ED) is a zoonotic infection caused by cestodes of the genus Echinococcus. Alveolar echinococcosis results from infection with the species Echinococcus multilocularis. Disease occurs in the Northern Hemisphere including Alaska, Japan, China, Russia and most countries in continental Europ... | 15904502 | PMC1156894 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:14 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 May 17; 5:34 |
Background
Positive blood cultures are considered a gold standard specific test for diagnosing and managing patients with bacterial infections. However, with the exception of a few infectious foci such as endocarditis or meningitis, their low sensitivity usually limits their diagnostic utility. Several hospital-based s... | 15904503 | PMC1156895 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:15 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 May 17; 5:35 |
Background
The causative agent of hepatitis E, hepatitis E virus (HEV) had provisionally been classified into the caliciviridae family, but in the most recent ICTV (International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses) classification, HEV has been placed in its own taxonomic group within the class IV (+) sense RNA viruses, "... | 15904504 | PMC1156896 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:14 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 May 17; 5:36 |
Background
In December 2001, the Department of Defense Center for Deployment Health Research at the Naval Health Research Center (NHRC) was consulted regarding a case of fatal meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) in a Marine Corps recruit.
The pneumococcus is a common cause of fatal bacterial m... | 15943886 | PMC1156897 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:14 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 May 19; 5:38 |
Background
With a cumulative incidence by age 75 of 14% among Caucasian-Americans and 25% among African-Americans, prostate cancer has become the most common non-cutaneous malignancy in the US [1]. Despite its high incidence rate, there is little known about the genetics and etiology of prostate cancer. We recently ide... | 15892892 | PMC1156898 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:25 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2005 May 13; 6:12 |
Background
Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are common and are reported within three months by almost every other adult in Western countries (UK, Sweden, USA, Australia) [1-5]. (The abbreviations used in this manuscript are explained in the Additional File.) The most common symptoms are gastroesophageal reflux symptoms/d... | 15892883 | PMC1156899 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:57 | no | BMC Med. 2005 May 13; 3:8 |
Background
Every year in the UK over a thousand doctors move from training grades to consultant posts. Educational research tends to focus on training grades and there is a relative dearth of information on the problems these new consultants have in relation to their new roles particularly their perceived learning need... | 15904517 | PMC1156900 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:57 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2005 May 17; 5:17 |
Background
Periodontitis is defined by the inflammatory destruction of the supporting structures of teeth, including the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. Periodontal diseases are generally chronic in nature and usually persist in the absence of treatment [1,2]. These diseases are the result of exposure of the pe... | 15890072 | PMC1156901 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:35 | no | BMC Med Imaging. 2005 May 12; 5:2 |
Background
To gain insight into biological processes, biologists often rely on model organisms. Focusing the funding and research efforts of many research groups on one model organism is considered more likely to advance the field than scattering the same resources over a large number of organisms. A recent application... | 15904495 | PMC1156902 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:39 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 May 17; 5:26 |
Background
Studies of fungi (Kingdom Eumycota) in natural environments often require simultaneous analysis of a broad taxonomic range. For instance, the fungi forming ectomycorrhizal symbioses number over 5000 species [1]. Analysis of natural ectomycorrhizal fungal communities traditionally has been a laborious, highly... | 15904497 | PMC1156903 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:39 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 May 18; 5:28 |
Background
When one event or stimulus in the world reliably precedes and predicts another, animals readily learn the predictive relationship, exemplified by Pavlovian conditioning. Similarly, when an animal's own actions cause (and thus predict) some outcome, animals learn this relationship (an aspect of instrumental o... | 15892889 | PMC1156904 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:09 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 May 13; 6:36 |
Background
Epithelial downgrowth is an unusual but recognized complication of ocular surgery [1]. Characteristic features of epithelial downgrowth following corneal transplantation are well described [2], although the association of epithelial downgrowth and PGF has only been made once previously [3]. We present the se... | 15916712 | PMC1156905 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:50 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2005 May 25; 5:11 |
Background
The media plays a significant role in the dissemination of medical information to the general public, through newspapers, television, magazines and more recently through the internet. While it is important to get these messages to the public, at times it appears that the media may have a different agenda, su... | 15907207 | PMC1156906 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:05 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2005 May 20; 5:11 |
Background
Perinatal mortality remains a challenge in the care of pregnant women worldwide, particularly in developing countries [1-3]. To address the problem of perinatal mortality, factors associated with stillbirth, a major contributor of over 50% of perinatal deaths in developing countries, [4] must be understood. ... | 15876345 | PMC1156907 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:05 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2005 May 5; 5:9 |
Background
Febrile neutropenia (FN) is a common problem in pediatric oncology patients. The majority of patients with FN do not have a microbiologically defined infection (MDI), but those who do are at risk for overwhelming sepsis. It is therefore standard practice to start empiric intravenous (IV) antibiotics if the a... | 15904510 | PMC1156908 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:06 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 May 18; 5:10 |
Background
In 1967, Tomisaku Kawasaki first described an illness in children called 'acute febrile mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome' [1]. It has now become more commonly known as Kawasaki disease. The diagnostic criteria according to the Centres for Disease Control (Atlanta) are laid out below. Fever of 5 days plus 4 ... | 15916701 | PMC1156909 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:06 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 May 25; 5:14 |
Background
Mental health literacy is defined as the ability to gain access to, understand and use information in ways that promote and maintain good mental health. It refers to knowledge and beliefs about mental disorders that aid their recognition, management or prevention. It also includes the ability to recognise sp... | 15882465 | PMC1156910 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:57 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 May 9; 5:44 |
Background
The People's Republic of China has led the use of Vi vaccine as a public health tool to contain typhoid fever in some provinces in which the disease is endemic. With Vi vaccine proven to be efficacious in clinical trials [1,2], in 1989 the Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products began planning for the produ... | 15904514 | PMC1156911 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:57 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 May 18; 5:49 |
Background
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is associated with a wide range of clinical signs, symptoms and sequelae, which are influenced by a variety of factors related to host and parasite. Acute episodes of adenolymphangitis (ADL) is one of the symptoms and this acute clinical manifestation is characterised by recurrent a... | 15904537 | PMC1156912 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:57 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 May 19; 5:50 |
Background
PTSD is emerging as a major public health problem worldwide [1]. Recent epidemiological studies within Australia [2] and America [3] identified rates of PTSD within the general population as 1.3% (DSM IV criteria) 3.3% (ICD 10 criteria) and 7.8% (DSM-III-R criteria) respectively. Whilst this growing recognit... | 15850496 | PMC1156913 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:02 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 Apr 26; 5:21 |
Background
Guidelines for treating patients with schizophrenia [1-5] have long recognized antipsychotics as the core treatment modality and have consistently recommended antipsychotic monotherapy as the treatment of choice. Although expert consensus guidelines do not advocate antipsychotic polypharmacy, some [4] sugges... | 15921508 | PMC1156914 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:02 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 May 27; 5:26 |
Background
Most surgeons give into tradition of leaving a drain following thyroid surgery with the hope that this will obliterate the dead space and evacuate collected blood and serum. This belief is further reinforced by the fact that postoperative drains usually yield fluid. The need for drainage has been questioned ... | 15946379 | PMC1156915 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:04 | no | BMC Surg. 2005 May 19; 5:11 |
Background
Delirum is common in hospitalized elderly patients and may be associated with increased morbidity[1], length of stay and patient care costs[2]. The classic manifestations of this syndrome are impaired cognition and decreased ability to maintain attention[3]. Efforts to understand this syndrome require a thor... | 15921527 | PMC1156916 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:04 | no | BMC Surg. 2005 May 28; 5:12 |
"Advances in Silicon Carbide Processing and Applications" specifically targets the technology of two key application areas, propulsion systems in electronic vehicles and sensors for deployment in extreme environments. Edited by Steven Saddow & Anant Agarwal, two highly respected researchers in the field of SiC, with co... | 0 | PMC1156917 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:37 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 May 17; 4:33 |
Background
Tumor metastasis is a major reason for treatment failure in cancer patients. Invasion of host tissues is a hallmark feature of metastasis and requires alterations in tumor cell adhesion, cell migration, and proteolytic degradation of tissue matrices [1,2]. A critical initial step of metastasis is that tumor ... | 15904519 | PMC1156918 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:16 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2005 May 17; 5:14 |
Background
Trace element studies on cancer and normal tissues have interested groups of researchers for many years [1]. Accumulating evidence demonstrated that many essential/trace elements play an important role in a number of biological processes by activating or inhibiting enzymatic reactions, by competing the perme... | 15918908 | PMC1156919 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:16 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2005 May 26; 5:16 |
Background
Most tissues in the non-growing adult body have an adequate vascular supply with no need for formation of new blood vessels. Growth in tissue or tumor mass however requires recruitment of endothelial cells to form new blood vessels. In an early report, new blood capillaries were directly observed to form by ... | 15918895 | PMC1156920 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:16 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2005 May 26; 5:17 |
During the last fifteen years large-scale clinical trials were conducted aiming to determine the antihyperlipidemic activity of several 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins). These studies included the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S) [1], the West of Scotland Coronary Prevent... | 15941471 | PMC1156921 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:03 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2005 Jun 7; 4:8 |
Background
Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) is an approved treatment option for acute ischemic stroke within three hours of symptoms onset. It is well known that reperfusion of ischaemic brain tissue, when performed in a timely manner, improves clinical outcome [1,2]. However, there is evidence, that rtP... | 15918893 | PMC1156922 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:31 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2005 May 26; 3:14 |
Background
Our interest in potential interactions between mood disorders of the bipolar spectrum and blood conditions typical of the Mediterranean area, such as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency and heterozygous β-thalassaemia, was first aroused in the 1980 s. At that time, chromosomes Xq28 and 11p15,... | 15967056 | PMC1156923 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:02 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2005 Jun 1; 1:6 |
Background
The aquatic environment is exposed to a great number of pollutants. Effluents from industries and sewage treatment plants as well as drainage from urban and agricultural areas contain pollutants that may damage aquatic life. A large part of these compounds exert their toxic effect by generating reactive oxyg... | 15871734 | PMC1156924 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:24 | no | Comp Hepatol. 2005 May 4; 4:4 |
Background and rationale
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) is common among hemodialysis (HD) patients. In fact, approximately 50% of the deaths is attributed to cardiovascular causes, which is much higher than in the general population [1]. In addition, chronic HD patients suffer from atherosclerotic complic... | 15907201 | PMC1156925 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:32 | no | Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med. 2005 May 20; 6(1):8 |
The world summit on sustainable development: reaffirming the centrality of health
It will be years before we can assess the true impact of the world's largest UN Summit, which brought together governments, the private sector and civil society to agree on a new global deal on sustainable development. Over one hundred He... | 15953397 | PMC1156926 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:02 | no | Global Health. 2005 May 10; 1:8 |
Background
Health-related quality of life (HRQL) instruments should demonstrate adequate test-retest reliability, cross-sectional and longitudinal validity before investigators use them to assess outcomes in research studies. Whether responsiveness, the ability of an instrument to detect change in HRQL when change occu... | 15877824 | PMC1156927 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:14 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 May 9; 3:33 |
Review
The last decade has evidenced a dramatic increase in the development and utilization of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) measures in an effort to improve patient health and determine the value of healthcare services [1]. Most research efforts on HRQOL in medical decision-making thus far have focused on mea... | 15904527 | PMC1156928 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:14 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 May 16; 3:34 |
Background
Cirrhosis represents a late stage of progressive hepatic fibrosis characterized by distortion of the hepatic architecture and the formation of regenerative nodules. It is generally considered to be irreversible in its advanced stages [1,2].
While alcohol abuse is the most common cause of cirrhosis in the we... | 15904528 | PMC1156929 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:14 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 May 18; 3:35 |
Introduction
Spatial filtering can be used to create smoothed maps of health and ecological patterns [1-4]. Since population distributions are highly heterogeneous in space, an ordinary point plot of all cases is not useful. Smoothing data by adjusting for the population at risk is necessary to identify areas with high... | 15927082 | PMC1156930 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:06 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2005 Jun 1; 4:12 |
Introduction
Concerning allergic diseases, the incidence of onset of allergic symptoms, as well as their severity seems to decrease with age [1]. Atopy is a relatively common, adverse humoral immune system response to common environmental agents (allergens) involving the production of allergen-specific IgE. Epidemiolog... | 15927080 | PMC1156931 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:32 | no | Immun Ageing. 2005 May 31; 2:9 |
Background
Viral infections of the respiratory tract are a cause of the common cold and flu in children and adults. These infections may predispose certain patients to develop chronic respiratory disorders such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary fibrosis, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (... | 15921526 | PMC1156932 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:23 | no | J Inflamm (Lond). 2005 May 28; 2:4 |
Background
Although many diagnostic efforts over the decades have aimed at objectively identifying the acute whiplash injury that is often labelled as "soft tissue injury" or "neck sprain", with the exception of a few case reports and excluding spinal cord or bony injury, the pathology of the acute whiplash injury rema... | 15927056 | PMC1156933 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:41 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2005 May 31; 2:11 |
Background
Plasmodium falciparum malaria often causes serious illness, particularly in Africa, South-East Asia and South America. An estimated 200 million episodes of clinical malaria and two million deaths occur in children under five years old in Africa every year [1].
Uncomplicated malarial illness is usually treat... | 15904520 | PMC1156934 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:13 | no | Malar J. 2005 May 18; 4:24 |
Background
Insecticide-treated nets (ITN) are an important component of the Roll Back Malaria campaign to reduce malaria morbidity and mortality in Africa. Pyrethroids are the only group of insecticides currently recommended for use on nets [1]. In recent years, pyrethroid resistance has become widespread among anophel... | 15918909 | PMC1156935 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:13 | no | Malar J. 2005 May 26; 4:25 |
Review
Metabolic engineering can be defined as the purposeful modification of cellular activities with the aim of strain improvement [1]. Development of microbial strains for the production of metabolites is based primarily on the application of recombinant DNA technology to alter the properties of the metabolic networ... | 15904518 | PMC1156936 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:35 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2005 May 16; 4:14 |
Background
Ubiquitin is composed of 76 amino-acid residues with a total molecular mass of 8.6 kDa. This protein is an element of the universal protein modification in eukaryots called ubiquitination, a phenomenon which does not occur in bacteria. In spite of that, it has been shown that proteins fused to ubiquitin unde... | 15924623 | PMC1156937 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:35 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2005 May 30; 4:17 |
Background
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of bronchogenic carcinoma. Although chemotherapeutic regimens with greater efficacy continue to be developed, the best regimens presently give an overall response rate of only 30–50%. Lack of response is attributable to resistance that is present de ... | 15882455 | PMC1156938 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:35 | no | Mol Cancer. 2005 May 9; 4:18 |
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