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Background
The emergence of complete genomes for many organisms, including humans, has created the need for hypotheses concerning the "function" of specific genes that encode specific proteins. While "function" is interpreted by different workers in different ways [1], Darwinian theory (by axiom) requires that the term... | 15315709 | PMC515309 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:35:47 | no | BMC Biol. 2004 Aug 17; 2:19 |
Background
Cerebrovascular stroke is a highly prevalent condition and the major cause of language impairment in adults. Immediately following a stroke about 38% of the affected population experience aphasia [1]. Spontaneous recovery is reported within the first six months after the event, while only minimal spontaneous... | 15331014 | PMC515310 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:56 | no | BMC Biol. 2004 Aug 25; 2:20 |
Background
Aggressive primary prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD) is most appropriate in patients at relatively high risk of CHD events [1,2]. The coronary artery calcium (CAC) score is an independent predictor of coronary heart disease risk [3-7], and therefore may help in deciding how aggressively to pursue ch... | 15327691 | PMC515311 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:34 | no | BMC Med. 2004 Aug 24; 2:31 |
Introduction
Insertion of new sequences into nuclear DNA has a major impact on its architecture and is an important mechanism for the evolution of eukaryotic genomes. Moreover, when targeted to gene loci, these insertions can be mutagenic, and in humans this process contributes to a number of diseases (Deininger and Ba... | 15361937 | PMC515365 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:15 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 7; 2(9):e273 |
Introduction
Activation of innate immunity in response to bacterial pathogens requires a group of molecules, known as the pattern recognition receptors, that recognize conserved motifs, present in bacteria but absent in higher eukaryotes, and trigger downstream signaling events. In Drosophila, two distinct signal trans... | 15361936 | PMC515366 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:14 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 7; 2(9):e277 |
Introduction
Despite intense study and interest, a detailed understanding of the evolutionary and demographic forces that have shaped extant patterns of human genomic variation remains elusive. An important goal in studies of DNA sequence variation is to identify loci that have been targets of natural selection and th... | 15361935 | PMC515367 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:13 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Oct 7; 2(10):e286 |
Introduction
The von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene is a tumor suppressor that is mutated in the majority of both hereditary and sporadic, clear-cell renal carcinomas (Kaelin 2002). In hereditary VHL disease affected individuals are also predisposed to pheochromocytomas and retinal/central nervous system hemangioblastomas an... | 15361934 | PMC515368 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:14 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Oct 7; 2(10):e289 |
Introduction
Phylogeography has advanced our understanding of the spatial distribution of genetic diversity within and between species (Avise 2000). However, empirical evidence of temporal change in genetic diversity in a single locality over time has not yet been placed in a population genetic or phylogeographic frame... | 15361933 | PMC515369 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:14 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Oct 7; 2(10):e290 |
Introduction
Deinococcus radiodurans is a non-spore-forming bacterium notable for its capacity to tolerate exposure to ionizing radiation (Battista and Rainey 2001). The D37 dose for D. radiodurans R1 is approximately 6,500 Gy, at least 200-fold higher than the D37 dose of Escherichia coli cultures irradiated under th... | 15361932 | PMC515370 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:27:51 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Oct 7; 2(10):e304 |
Defending against attack is one of the most important challenges facing any organism. But while sticks and stones may break the bones of a lion, microscopic threats such as bacteria require different weapons. And it's not just we humans who have this problem—insects are prey to bacterial infections too. Their immune sy... | 0 | PMC515371 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:13 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 7; 2(9):e313 |
While the nucleus of a cell may be its command headquarters, mitochondria are equally vital—they are the power plants of the cell, and without them all cellular activity would quickly and irrevocably come to a halt. Testifying to their origins as once free-living bacteria, mitochondria have their own DNA, comprising 37... | 0 | PMC515372 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:14 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 7; 2(9):e316 |
It is often said that after a nuclear catastrophe, cockroaches will inherit the earth, because they are so resistant to the harmful effects of ionizing radiation. But should the unthinkable come to pass, the bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans is likely to outlast even the cockroach. Its ability to endure radiation is tr... | 0 | PMC515373 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:14 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Oct 7; 2(10):e325 |
Scientists continue to argue the extent that human activities drive global warming, but few would argue that it exists. The International Panel on Climate Change predicts that greenhouse gases will increase global temperatures by 3.6 degrees F by 2100—a rise unprecedented over the past 10,000 years. What might the worl... | 0 | PMC515374 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:14 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Oct 7; 2(10):e338 |
Millions of different proteins exist in nature, each with a unique structure that determines its function. Proteins can have different effects depending on where they are in the cell and which proteins or pathways they associate with. The number of proteins produced by a cell varies, but scientists estimate that the hu... | 0 | PMC515375 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:14 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Oct 7; 2(10):e339 |
Milk, cheese, and yogurt are so ingrained in the diets of Europeans that it's easy to forget that their ancestors ever ate differently. But about 9,000 years ago, before the domestication of cows, sheep, and goats, milk was a staple only for babies. Back then—just as in most Asian and African cultures today—individuals... | 0 | PMC515376 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:14 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Oct 7; 2(10):e344 |
Background
We have found the HotDog domain, as we suggest calling the Hotdog fold, to be widespread in eukaryotes, bacteria, and archaea and to be involved in a range of cellular processes, from thioester hydrolysis, to phenylacetic acid degradation and transcriptional regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis. We present ... | 15307895 | PMC516016 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Aug 12; 5:109 |
Background
Allelic loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of the human chromosome 16q in several sporadic cancer types, including breast, prostate and ovary cancers, suggests this chromosome arm harbors tumor suppressive loci [1-3]. The most frequent region of allelic loss occurs within 3-megabases (Mb) at 16q24.3 between the ma... | 15301688 | PMC516017 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:33 | no | Mol Cancer. 2004 Aug 10; 3:22 |
Background
Intermediate filaments (IFs) with microtubules and actin microfilaments are the major cytoskeletal components of most vertebrate cells [1-4]. IF proteins constitute a large family of proteins that is divided into five types [1,2]. The expression of the different IF proteins is differentiation and tissue spec... | 15307891 | PMC516018 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:24 | no | Comp Hepatol. 2004 Aug 12; 3:5 |
Background
The biological effects of PAHs are often mediated by oxidative metabolism of the parent hydrocarbon to reactive intermediates that adduct DNA and induce oxidative stress [1]. In the kidney, PAHs elicit cell type-specific effects that differentially influence glomerular versus tubular epithelial cell structur... | 15315710 | PMC516019 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:16 | no | J Carcinog. 2004 Aug 17; 3:12 |
Background
Viral promoters are commonly used as regulatory elements in gene therapy vectors due to their strong activity in various cell lines in vitro. Probably the most widely used promoter in mammalian expression systems is the human cytomegalovirus immediate-early gene (CMV) promoter. The CMV promoter induces high-... | 15327692 | PMC516020 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:08 | no | Genet Vaccines Ther. 2004 Aug 24; 2:11 |
Introduction
Advances in the characterization of cytokines and tumor antigens, coupled with our increasing ability to manipulate gene expression, have fostered a new era of tumor immunotherapy [1]. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) affects a variety of components of the cellular immune system, including B cells and macrophages by i... | 15329148 | PMC516021 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:08 | no | Genet Vaccines Ther. 2004 Aug 25; 2:12 |
Pathogenesis of brain abscess
Brain abscesses develop in response to a parenchymal infection with pyogenic bacteria, beginning as a localized area of cerebritis and evolving into a suppurative lesion surrounded by a well-vascularized fibrotic capsule. The leading etiologic agents of brain abscess are the streptococcal ... | 15315708 | PMC516022 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:19 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2004 Aug 17; 1:16 |
Background
Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) Vpr is a small virion-associated protein that is incorporated into virions through a specific interaction with the p6 domain of the p55gag precursor protein [1,2]. Increasing evidence suggests that Vpr plays important roles during HIV-1 replication and pathogenesis. Fir... | 15312229 | PMC516023 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:37 | no | Retrovirology. 2004 Aug 16; 1:21 |
Background
Profile-based methods of sequence analysis use multiple sequence alignments (MSA) to extract information about conserved features of a protein family, which are impossible to decipher from a single sequence. Such methods increase both the sensitivity of homology detection and the quality of produced alignmen... | 15296518 | PMC516024 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:41 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Aug 5; 5:106 |
Background
Granulopoiesis, the differentiation of peripheral blood granulocytes, involves dramatic nuclear and cytoplasmic structural changes [1]. Committed bone marrow progenitor cells possess ovoid-shaped nuclei with prominent nucleoli and a paucity of heterochromatin. The mature terminally differentiated human neutr... | 15317658 | PMC516025 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:37 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2004 Aug 19; 5:30 |
Background
The Campanulaceae sensu stricto are a nearly cosmopolitan angiosperm family consisting of latex-bearing, primarily perennial herbs or occasional subshrubs that typically have alternate leaves, sympetalous corollas, inferior ovaries, and capsular fruits. Allied to the Campanulaceae are the Lobeliaceae, Cyphia... | 15324459 | PMC516026 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:01 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2004 Aug 23; 4:27 |
Background
Endogenous reference alse referred to as house keeping genes defines in biology the theoretical assumption that certain genes are ubiquitously expressed in nucleated cells possibly because their stable expression is essential for cell survival and welfare in all physio-pathological circumstances. In practica... | 15310404 | PMC516027 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:43 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Aug 13; 5:55 |
Background
Gene expression profiling, along with other methods to evaluate the global changes in genomes, provides the opportunity to understand whole scale changes present in human biology. Yet the sheer mass of data presented by these techniques often makes subsequent analysis difficult. Techniques such as gene expre... | 15318950 | PMC516028 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:43 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Aug 20; 5:58 |
Background
The thymus is a bilobate organ derived from embryonic endoderm and mesoderm differentiation and is located just above the heart (reviewed in [1]). It is the primary organ for maturation of T cells. This process involves the interaction between developing thymocytes and thymic stromal cells. Thymic stromal ce... | 15318949 | PMC516029 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:17 | no | BMC Immunol. 2004 Aug 19; 5:18 |
Background
Periodicity of DNA in exons, with the period being equal to 3 nucleotides, has been well known for some time [1-6]. This periodicity reflects correlations between nucleotide positions along coding sequences [7], which is caused by the asymmetry in base composition at the three coding positions [8]. This peri... | 15315715 | PMC516030 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:48:01 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2004 Aug 18; 5:12 |
Background
Quiescent cells exposed to growth factors respond by expressing a variety of immediate early genes (IEG) that do not need new protein synthesis for their expression [1]. Serum or growth factor induced expression of many of these immediate early genes, such as c-fos, egr1, cyr61 and pip92, is dependent on a s... | 15329155 | PMC516031 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:48:01 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2004 Aug 25; 5:13 |
Background
The frequency of patient visits to general/family practice is affected by a range of factors including patient characteristics, physician/practice factors and broader issues such as access to services. A major contributor to the variance in visit rates to general/family practitioners is the complexity of hea... | 15318948 | PMC516032 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:59 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2004 Aug 20; 5:17 |
Background
The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has increased more rapidly than any other form of cancer since the 1970s and now represents the majority of esophageal neoplasms in the West [1]. Barrett's esophagus is the replacement of native squamous mucosa by specialized intestinal metaplasia and is known to be... | 15327696 | PMC516033 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:54 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2004 Aug 25; 4:18 |
Background
Platinum-based combination chemotherapy is the standard first-line treatment for patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Although meta-analysis of clinical trials proved that combination chemotherapy for advanced NSCLC is superior to best supportive care [1] and new cytotoxic agents have b... | 15318946 | PMC516034 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:02 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Aug 19; 4:51 |
Background
Hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion is an established treatment for multiple, locoregional intransit metastases of malignant melanoma and soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities. It was introduced 1957 by Creech and Krementz [1]. The procedure allows a high locoregional concentration of cytostatics with few... | 15324457 | PMC516035 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:02 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Aug 23; 4:53 |
Background
The investigative agent tipifarnib is a member of a new class of drugs that were designed to function as a non-peptidomimetic competitive farnesyltransferase inhibitor (FTI). The principal behind this drug class is that protein farnesylation is required for many cell-signaling processes and that dysregulatio... | 15329151 | PMC516036 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:02 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Aug 25; 4:56 |
Background
Upper limb pain and dysfunction are frequent complaints associated with computer work. However, the responsible pathology and the pathophysiological mechanisms are insufficiently understood. In addition, there is no consensus with regard to physical findings that may reflect symptoms.
The involvement of the... | 15310393 | PMC516037 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:43 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004 Aug 13; 5:26 |
Background
A work-related musculoskeletal disorder (WRMD) is defined as a musculoskeletal injury that results from a work-related event. This may result in lost work time, work restriction, or transfer to another job [1-4]. These types of injuries are common among physiotherapists [1,2,5-9]. This group has a moderately... | 15315712 | PMC516038 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:43 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004 Aug 18; 5:27 |
Background
A systematic review of topical NSAIDs reported that they were effective for relieving pain in both acute and chronic conditions [1]. Number-needed-to-treat (NNT), the number of patients that need to be treated for one to benefit from a particular drug, who would not have benefited from placebo, was used to e... | 15317652 | PMC516039 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:43 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004 Aug 19; 5:28 |
Background
Prostate cancer is the most common non-skin malignancy and the second leading cause of male death in the United States [1]. The incidence of prostate cancer increases most rapidly with age, and multiple genetic and epigenetic factors have been implicated in the initiation, progression, and metastasis of pros... | 15315711 | PMC516040 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:09 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2004 Aug 17; 4:5 |
Background
Successful implantation depends on the ability of the embryo to degrade the basement membrane of the uterine epithelium and to invade the uterine stroma. Cytotrophoblastic cells (CTB) are derived from trophoectodermal cells of the blastocyst. CTB ensue to become either the villous cytotrophoblastic cells whi... | 15294019 | PMC516041 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:43 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2004 Aug 4; 2:59 |
Background
For many years, estrogen actions have been presumed to be mediated almost exclusively through the regulation of target gene transcription by a chromosomal bound estrogen receptor. These genomic estrogen effects are the well described interactions between the estrogen receptor and adapter transcription factor... | 15318942 | PMC516042 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:42 | no | Nucl Recept. 2004 Aug 19; 2:5 |
Background
Although it has long been known that cellular memory, or epigenetic states, can be created by emergent properties of regulatory or metabolic networks (see Delbrück in the discussion of [1], and [2,3]), the full implications of this type of inheritance have only recently been understood. To date, pertinent st... | 15312233 | PMC516043 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:56 | no | BMC Biol. 2004 Aug 16; 2:18 |
Background
Pendred syndrome is a relatively common autosomal-recessive disorder characterized by deafness and goiter [1]. The syndrome is caused by mutations of the PDS gene SLC26A4, which codes for the protein pendrin [2]. Deafness is congenital and generally profound although sometimes late in onset and provoked by l... | 15320950 | PMC516044 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:20 | no | BMC Med. 2004 Aug 20; 2:30 |
Background
Genetic-neuropathological correlation indicates that the apolipoprotein E type ε4 isoform specifies increased cerebral [1,2] and cerebrovascular [3] accumulation of amyloid β-protein (Aβ). In addition, the apolipoprotein E ε2 isoform can apparently prevent the expression of clinical Alzheimer-type dementia w... | 15312232 | PMC516045 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:19 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2004 Aug 16; 1:15 |
Background
Vacuolar H+-ATPases are large multi-heteromeric protein complexes located at endomembranes of all eukaryotic cells. Plant V-ATPase has been identified at the vacuolar and various other endomembranes, and also at the plasma membrane [1-3]. The total molecular mass of V-ATPase is estimated to surpass 700 kDa. ... | 15310389 | PMC516168 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:37 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2004 Aug 13; 5:29 |
Background
In living systems, extracellular information is processed through signal transduction machinery to appropriately regulate cellular function. This information processing machinery is made up of a complex web of enzyme cascades, allosteric interactions and feedback loops. Depending on their regulatory design t... | 15291972 | PMC516236 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:22 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2004 Aug 3; 1:2 |
Background
The mechanism by which [Ca2+]i is increased in excitable cells differs from that obtaining in non-excitable cells. Excitable cells exhibit an action potential, a substantial general depolarization of the plasma membrane, in response to depolarizing stimuli; influx of Ca2+ occurs via plasma membrane Ca2+ chan... | 15307889 | PMC516237 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:22 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2004 Aug 12; 1:3 |
1. Background
We all talk, more or less knowingly, about Mendelian genetics. But four questions need to be asked and answered.
1. Do we understand Mendel's work?
To judge from nearly all modern accounts of genetics, we do not. Mendel's paper of 1866 has been persistently misrepresented ever since it was rescued from ... | 15312231 | PMC516238 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:22 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2004 Aug 16; 1:4 |
Background
Integral membrane proteins are the primary choice as targets when developing new drugs and although clearly of medical relevance, forming 20% – 30% of the gene products of most genomes, these proteins have been structurally determined in only about thirty cases [1,2]. Where high levels of sequence homology e... | 15312230 | PMC516255 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:22 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2004 Aug 16; 1:5 |
Background
Intestinal epithelial cells serve as a barrier between the luminal microflora and the body and as such are perfectly positioned to monitor the approach/invasion of pathogens. These intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) serve as innate immune sentinels and monitor their environment and constantly give out innate... | 15324458 | PMC516440 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:06 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2004 Aug 23; 4:33 |
Background
Individuals with coronary disease (CAD) are at high risk for subsequent cardiovascular disease events and mortality[1]. Clinical trials have shown that this risk can be substantially reduced though the detection, treatment, and control of dyslipidemia[2,3]. To that end, clinical guidelines have been establis... | 15317654 | PMC516441 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:03 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2004 Aug 18; 4:15 |
Background
The medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis, has been used with increasing frequency during the past few decades for salvage of venous compromised pedicled flaps, microvascular free-tissue transfers and replantations. Although the therapeutic use of leeches in medicine dates back 50 BC; for centuries they were c... | 15329153 | PMC516442 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:31 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Aug 25; 4:28 |
Background
Each year between 75.000 and 200.000 infant deaths are attributed to malaria infection in pregnancy globally, and between 200.000 and 500.000 pregnant women develop severe anaemia as a result of malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) [1]. Pregnant compared to non-pregnant women are at an increased risk for mala... | 15333138 | PMC516443 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:02 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2004 Aug 27; 4:18 |
Background
Besides brittle bones, all other clinical characteristics of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) are variable, and even different members of the same family may present with a dissimilar degree of severity [1]. Severity appears to follow a continuum in the OI population, and it is therefore very difficult to establ... | 15339338 | PMC516444 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:00 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2004 Aug 31; 4:16 |
Background
About 8% of the Earth's crust is comprised of aluminium. This element is the most abundant metal naturally present in air, soil and water. Consequently, environmental exposure to aluminium is potentially possible. Its ingestion is unavoidable since aluminium compounds are added not only to most water supplie... | 15329149 | PMC516445 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:41 | no | Biomagn Res Technol. 2004 Aug 26; 2:5 |
Background
Harm reduction programs operate with the assumption that some people who engage in high-risk behaviors are unwilling or unable to abstain. Using a "low-threshold approach," they do not require that clients abstain from drug use in order to gain access to services, nor expect adherence to one service to be el... | 15333130 | PMC516446 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:44 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2004 Aug 26; 1:8 |
Background
Medical care aims not only to improve health status but also to respond to patient needs and wishes and to ensure their satisfaction with care [1]. Likewise, conducting surveys to measure satisfaction with psychometrically validated questionnaires entails assessment of the quality of care organization and pr... | 15294020 | PMC516447 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:11 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004 Aug 4; 2:43 |
Background
Sir William Osler (1849–1919), one of the most distinguished physicians of the nineteenth and early twentieth century, recognised that only some doctors are happy in their professional lives:
"To each one of you the practice of medicine will be very much as you make it – to one a worry, a care, a perpetual ... | 15317650 | PMC516448 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:34 | no | BMC Med. 2004 Aug 18; 2:29 |
Dynamics of HIV infection and selection of equilibrium states
Reports on the high turnover rates of HIV and its preferred target, CD4+ lymphocytes, during the latent phase of HIV infection [1-3] have established the virus as a prime suspect for direct demolition of the immune system. These clinical findings have also s... | 15339347 | PMC516449 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:22 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2004 Aug 31; 1:7 |
Introduction
With relatively few genes compared to many other virus families, the retroviridae have evolved over the millenia to maximise the functions of their RNA genome. The genome serves as a versatile template from which various proteins can be translated by the use of splicing and by translational flexibility usi... | 15317659 | PMC516450 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:36 | no | Retrovirology. 2004 Aug 18; 1:22 |
Introduction
The dimeric feature of the retroviral RNA genome was identified almost forty years ago. However, as with many topics in retrovirology, interest in this area was heightened with the realization that the causative agent of AIDS was a retrovirus. Since then, RNA and protein sequences involved in genome dimeri... | 15345057 | PMC516451 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:37 | no | Retrovirology. 2004 Sep 2; 1:23 |
Background
Severe acute maternal morbidity (SAMM), also known as "near miss", is defined as "A very ill pregnant or recently delivered woman who would have died had it not been that luck and good care was on her side" [1,2]. This concept is relatively new in maternal care, but is increasingly becoming important in area... | 15357863 | PMC516581 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:10 | no | Reprod Health. 2004 Aug 17; 1:3 |
Background
In the classical cell cycle, the nuclear DNA contents vary only within the range of 2C and 4C, where C is the haploid DNA content per nucleus. When mitotic DNA replication in somatic cells is not followed by cell division (a process called endoreduplication), variation of cellular ploidy levels (designated a... | 15341672 | PMC516767 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:36 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2004 Sep 1; 5:33 |
Background
Two mtDNA macro-haplogroups (M and N) that arose from the African haplogroup L3 encompass virtually all mtDNAs outside Africa [1-4]. The phylogenetic node N (including R) has spread its branches all over Eurasia, in contrast to haplogroup M, which is found in Eastern Eurasia but is virtually absent in Europe... | 15339343 | PMC516768 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:34 | no | BMC Genet. 2004 Aug 31; 5:26 |
Background
Due to their isogenicity, inbred mouse strains demonstrate low biological variability within each strain[1,2]. Genetic variation between inbred strains is considerable and has recently been characterized in detail using single nucleotide polymorphisms[3]. Differences in genetic background between strains aff... | 15317656 | PMC516769 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:42 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Aug 18; 5:57 |
Background
Today, many genetics laboratories have access to modern capillary DNA sequencing machines, such as the ABI PRISM 3100, 3700 or 3730. These machines generate vast amounts of raw sequence data with little user intervention. Consequently, the amount of data to be analyzed has expanded and the bottleneck now is ... | 15333141 | PMC516770 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:43 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Aug 27; 5:60 |
Background
Neisseria meningitidis, the causative agent of meningococcal meningitis and septicaemia, is a common inhabitant of the human nasopharynx, being asymptomatically carried by approximately 10% of the population [1,2]. There is evidence for extensive horizontal genetic exchange in populations of this antigenical... | 15339342 | PMC516771 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:38 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2004 Aug 31; 4:34 |
Background
DNA sequence periodicity with the period about 10–11 base pairs (bp) has been long known in eukaryotic DNA sequences. It was discovered recently in prokaryotic sequences as well [1-6]. The periodicity in Eubacteria sequences usually shows the period close to 11 bp [1]. This period is clearly different from t... | 15333140 | PMC516772 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:48:01 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2004 Aug 26; 5:14 |
Background
Neurons in the mammalian pretectal nuclear complex (PNC) are involved in the control of various oculomotor reflexes, like the pupillary light reflex and the optokinetic reflex (OKR). Pupil constriction is controlled by neurons in the olivary pretectal nucleus that project bilaterally to the Edinger-Westphal ... | 15333139 | PMC516773 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:46 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2004 Aug 27; 5:29 |
Background
ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels are important regulators of cell function, coupling energy metabolism with electrical activity. KATP channels are comprised of two proteins, derived from the sulphonylurea receptor (SUR) family and an inwardly rectifying K+ channel (Kir6.x family), the exact composition of th... | 15329154 | PMC516774 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:05 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2004 Aug 24; 4:17 |
Background
Infection of plants by necrotizing pathogens can lead to the induction of a complex set of defense responses resulting in a restriction of pathogen growth and spread. The infected leaves develop a hypersensitive response (HR), i.e., rapid, localized cell death occurring at the sites of pathogen entry [1]. Co... | 15331019 | PMC516775 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:51 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2004 Aug 26; 4:15 |
Background
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) share common routes of transmission, mainly sexual, parenteral and vertical. Therefore, the prevalence of HBV serological markers is higher among HIV infected patients than in non-HIV infected individuals [1,2]. Considerable variations in the pre... | 15339340 | PMC516776 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:31 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Aug 31; 4:29 |
Background
Prospective trials have the disadvantages of requiring a long time to complete, and using highly selected patient subgroups in tertiary centers. While one waits for the results to mature, this delays additional research to improve treatment. If there were a method that allowed earlier prediction of the resul... | 15345027 | PMC516777 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:02 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Sep 2; 4:60 |
Background
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a difficult-to-treat condition that over a lifetime affects approximately 10% of the general population [1]. The condition develops after traumatic events such as combat, terror activities, disaster, or rape, and has 3 main features: (1) reexperiencing the trauma throu... | 15315714 | PMC516778 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:00 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2004 Aug 18; 4:24 |
Background
Autoimmune thyroid disease may be linked to depression [1] and anxiety [2]. Autoimmune disease and depression are not uncommon: the prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease in the community ranged from 4 to 25% [3] and lifetime prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder ranged from 6 to 17% [4]. Thus the associ... | 15317653 | PMC516779 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:01 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2004 Aug 18; 4:25 |
Background
Infection due to Salmonella is a major public health problem in England and Wales with reports of over 14,400 infections due to Salmonella in the year 2003 [1]. The most common serotypes responsible for human infection are S Enteritidis, S Typhimurium and S Virchow [2].
Although Salmonella enterica serovar ... | 15341665 | PMC516780 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:46 | no | BMC Public Health. 2004 Sep 1; 4:40 |
Background
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by respiratory failure of acute onset as a result of acute lung injury (ALI) either directly or indirectly via the blood. The main characteristics of the syndrome are diffuse inflammation and increased microvascular permeability that cause diffuses ... | 15315713 | PMC516781 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:10 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2004 Aug 17; 4:6 |
Background
Traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a widely prescribed class of therapy used to relieve pain and inflammation. The drugs have been shown to be effective for a variety of common disorders (hence their widespread use), most notably chronic osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Th... | 15327694 | PMC516782 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:35:47 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2004 Aug 24; 4:21 |
Background
The QRS complexes and ventricular beats in an electrocardiogram represent the depolarization phenomenon of the ventricles and yield useful information about their behavior. Beat detection is a procedure preceding any kind of ECG processing and analysis. For morphological analysis this is the reference for de... | 15333132 | PMC516783 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:32 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2004 Aug 27; 3:28 |
Background
As with the analysis of any set of data, it is always good practice to begin by producing and inspecting graphs. A feel for the data can then be obtained and any outstanding features identified. In spatial epidemiology this is called disease mapping. Bithel [7], Diggle [14] and Lawson [25] provide recent rev... | 15333131 | PMC516784 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:01 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2004 Aug 26; 3:18 |
Background
In its response to tissue damage and inflammation induced by a variety of xenobiotics, endotoxins and disease states (such as viral hepatitis), post-ischemic and regenerative injury, the liver produces a large quantity of nitric oxide (NO). Nearly all cell types in liver tissue, including hepatocytes, Kupffe... | 15339333 | PMC516785 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:24 | no | Comp Hepatol. 2004 Aug 31; 3:6 |
I. Imaging principles
Micro-bubbles
Two aspects of micro-bubbles are important – their gas content and the nature of their shell. Recently-approved micro-bubbles almost universally involve encapsulation of a high molecular weight gas, which improves the persistence of the bubble, optimising the number available in the ... | 15331015 | PMC516786 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:29 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2004 Aug 26; 2:15 |
Background
The interest of clinical research in aging women and males increased in recent years and thereby the interest to measure health-related quality of life and symptoms. Women, as do men, experience an age-related decline of physical and mental capacity. They observe symptoms such as periodic sweating or hot flu... | 15345062 | PMC516787 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:11 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004 Sep 2; 2:45 |
Background
Extramedullary myelomas (plasmacytoma) are malignant proliferations of plasma cells in the absence of bone involvement. When occur in the soft tissue, it usually involve the upper respiratory tract and oral cavity [1]. Plasmacytomas of breast are very rare.
This report describes a patient with bilateral bre... | 15339332 | PMC516788 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:38 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2004 Aug 31; 2:29 |
Introduction
Antimicrobial proteins and peptides are widely expressed in both plants and animals. A variety of natural antibiotics belonging to different classes such as defensins, cathelicidins, cercopins and protease inhibitors [1] are found in epithelial tissues of organs that are most likely exposed to pathogens. A... | 15327693 | PMC516789 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:42 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2004 Aug 24; 2:61 |
Introduction
Ovulation, the release of mature oocytes from the ovary, requires proteolytic degradation of the follicle wall, as well as the overlying ovarian tissues. This happens through the expression of a series of critical genes, triggered in a precise temporal and spatial pattern by the preovulatory LH surge [1,2]... | 15345060 | PMC516790 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:43 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2004 Sep 3; 2:63 |
Background
Resident brain cells including oligodendrocytes [1,2], astrocytes, astrocytomas, microglia, glioblastomas [3-14], neurons [15,16], neuroblastomas [17,18] and endothelial cells [19,20] express mRNAs for complement proteins. Although the role of complement expression by these cells remains unclear, local compl... | 15327690 | PMC516791 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:19 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2004 Aug 24; 1:17 |
Qadaffi's lesson
Thirty-five years ago, on September 1st, 1969, I was an eleven year old boy living with my family in Benghazi, Libya. That morning, I awoke to an eerie silence. The normally bustling traffic outside of our apartment in a busy suburb of Benghazi was not to be heard. In fact, there was to be little or no... | 15347421 | PMC516792 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:37 | no | Retrovirology. 2004 Sep 3; 1:24 |
Can “race” be gleaned from our genes? Concern over the emerging trajectories of genetics research has led to ongoing debates about how to characterize and interpret genetic variation. Despite the mantra that humans share 99.9% of our genetic makeup, there is increasing interest in identifying the relatively small perce... | 0 | PMC516793 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:15 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 14; 2(9):e263 |
Scientists have dedicated considerable effort to decoding the genomes of an ever-growing list of species, ranging from small viruses, whose genomes may be just a few thousand nucleotides in length, to large mammalian genomes, three billion nucleotides and larger. Many aspects of life science research have benefited by ... | 15367931 | PMC516794 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:15 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 14; 2(9):e285 |
“It was not only difficult for him to understand that the generic term dog embraced so many unlike specimens of differing sizes and different forms; he was disturbed by the fact that a dog at three-fourteen (seen in profile) should have the same name as the dog at three-fifteen (seen from the front).…Without effort, he... | 15367936 | PMC516795 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:15 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 14; 2(9):e297 |
I need a “tricorder”—the convenient, hand-held device featured on Star Trek that can detect life forms even from orbit. Unfortunately, we don't have a clue how a tricorder might work, since life forms don't seem to have any observable property that distinguishes them from inanimate matter. Furthermore, we lack a defini... | 15367939 | PMC516796 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:14 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 14; 2(9):e302 |
The ongoing battle between hosts and pathogens has long been of interest to evolutionary biologists. Because hosts and pathogens act as environments for each other, their intertwined struggle for existence is both continual and rapid. At the molecular level, this cycle of environmental change and evolutionary response ... | 15367941 | PMC516797 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:14 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 14; 2(9):e307 |
The language of conservation is changing: protecting biodiversity is no longer just about ethics and aesthetics; the latest buzzwords are commodities and consumers. Traditionally, conservation initiatives have talked up the benefits they will bring to the global community—saving species, habitats, ecosystems, and ultim... | 15367943 | PMC516798 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:14 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 14; 2(9):e310 |
Phytohormones: What Are they?
Plant growth and development involves the integration of many environmental and endogenous signals that, together with the intrinsic genetic program, determine plant form. Fundamental to this process are several growth regulators collectively called the plant hormones or phytohormones. Thi... | 15367944 | PMC516799 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:15 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 14; 2(9):e311 |
Background
The evaluation of the complex regulatory networks underlying molecular processes poses a major challenge to current research. With modern experimental methods in the field of gene expression, it is possible to monitor mRNA abundance for whole genomes [1,2]. To elucidate the functional relationships inherent ... | 15339346 | PMC516800 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Aug 31; 5:118 |
Background
Hippocampal synapses display a variety of activity dependent changes that may represent basic elements of memory. Of foremost interest are long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD), especially forms that depend on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation and therefore can attain "associative" ... | 15285786 | PMC517399 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:46 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2004 Aug 3; 5:26 |
Background
The development of DNA microarrays has revolutionized high throughput gene expression analysis. The two main platforms are: cDNA microarrays, where PCR products of individual cDNA fragments are immobilized on glass slides [1], and oligonucleotide microarrays, where oligonucleotides in situ synthesized or spo... | 15333145 | PMC517492 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Aug 27; 5:117 |
Background
With the completion of many genome sequencing projects and advances in the methods of automatic discovery of sequence patterns (see Brazma [1] and Brejova et al [2] for reviews), it is now possible to search or discover protein sequence motifs at the genome level. If one regards protein sequences as "sentenc... | 15345032 | PMC517493 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Sep 2; 5:122 |
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