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1. Introduction
The discovery of animal models that exhibit different elements of clinical pain syndromes, coupled with advances in tools for quantification of pain behavior, have greatly advanced understanding of mechanisms involved in acute and chronic pain. Pain in animals can only be determined by evaluating behavi... | 15918900 | PMC1156939 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:08 | no | Mol Pain. 2005 May 26; 1:18 |
Introduction
We have recently found that patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) improved significantly in disease activity from eating a modified Cretan Mediterranean diet (MD) [1]. Improvement was seen in 9 of 14 efficacy variables. The RA disease activity as measured by the "Disease Activity Score" DAS28 [2] was red... | 15871736 | PMC1156940 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:31 | no | Nutr J. 2005 May 4; 4:15 |
Introduction
Respiratory impairment is an important cause of disability in asbestos-exposed people. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have shown that greater intensity and duration of asbestos exposure are associated with greater impairment of pulmonary function [1]. A protective effect of fruit and vegetable co... | 15888203 | PMC1156941 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:31 | no | Nutr J. 2005 May 11; 4:16 |
Introduction
Childhood obesity is now recognized as a national health epidemic, doubling among children 6–11 years old between the last (1976–1980) and the present (1999–2000) National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Obesity in early childhood leads to more severe adult obesity [1]. Overweight and obese child... | 15890076 | PMC1156942 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:31 | no | Nutr J. 2005 May 12; 4:17 |
The use of traditional medicine and Natural Health Products is widespread among those living with HIV infection [1]. Many patients take a broad range of natural health products (NHPs) in addition to their conventional therapeutic products [2-4]. In Africa, traditional herbal medicines are often used as primary treatmen... | 15927053 | PMC1156943 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:31 | no | Nutr J. 2005 May 31; 4:19 |
Background
The persistence of racial and ethnic disparities in health and healthcare is a major theme in American healthcare policy. The Institute of Medicine report, "Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care" [1], describes and underscores the problem, and Healthy People 2010 [2] has... | 15871740 | PMC1156944 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:42 | no | Popul Health Metr. 2005 May 4; 3:4 |
Background
Over the past century, advances in public health and population health have dramatically increased life expectancy. Canadians now live longer, but during these added years, they may be affected by disease or chronic conditions. For this reason, indicators used to monitor changes in population health and guid... | 15888201 | PMC1156945 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:42 | no | Popul Health Metr. 2005 May 11; 3:5 |
Background
The aim of structural proteomics is to experimentally derive the 3-dimensional structure of all proteins in genomes through determination of the 3D structure of sufficient members in a protein family such that the remaining structures can be predicted accurately through computational approaches [2]. The succ... | 15904526 | PMC1156946 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:15 | no | Proteome Sci. 2005 May 18; 3:3 |
Introduction
There are, at present, eleven known members of the mammalian aquaporin gene family, which encode proteins which function as membrane channels, for water alone (AQP0,1,2,4,5,8,10), or for water plus small molecules, mostly glycerol and urea (AQP 3, 7, 9), or nitrate (AQP 6) [1-5]. In some cases the aquapori... | 15888206 | PMC1156947 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:13 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 May 11; 3:18 |
Background
Follicular development is under the control of both gonadotropins and numerous paracrine factors that are critically involved in determining the fate of follicles, atresia or ovulation. From the primordial to the preovulatory follicular stage, the outer layer of granulosa cells (GC) lays on a basal lamina th... | 15892896 | PMC1156948 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:13 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 May 16; 3:19 |
Background
Multiplication, differentiation and survival or death of testicular germ cells are tightly regulated processes. Over the last decades it has become obvious that, in addition to the regulation exerted by the pituitary hormones (mainly FSH and LH) [1], spermatogenesis is under the control of a complex network ... | 15941479 | PMC1156949 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:13 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Jun 7; 3:22 |
Background
APOBEC3G, also known as CEM15 [1], is a host cellular protein which has a broad antiviral activity on a wide variety of retroviruses including HIV-1, other lentiviruses, and murine leukemia virus (MLV) [2-4]. The protein belongs to the Apobec superfamily of cytidine deaminases [5] and inhibits the infectivit... | 15943885 | PMC1156950 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:40 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 May 19; 2:32 |
Background
HTLV-I was the first human retrovirus discovered and was isolated from cell lines derived from patients with cutaneous T cell lymphoma or adult T cell leukemia (ATL) [1,2]. Later it was found that a variety of human diseases are causally associated with HTLV-I infection, including tropical spastic paraparesi... | 15910683 | PMC1156951 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:40 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 May 23; 2:34 |
RNA silencing was originally recognised as post-transcriptional gene silencing in plants (PTGS) [1], co-suppression in plants [2], or RNA-mediated virus resistance in plants [3]. It was subsequently understood that a similar mechanism (RNA interference) is also found in Caenorhabditis elegans [4] and fungi [5,6]. The g... | 15916707 | PMC1156952 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:40 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 May 25; 2:35 |
The identification of APOBEC3G (APO3G) in 2002 as the long elusive cellular target of the HIV viral infectivity factor (Vif) [1] has triggered an outburst of research activity that has produced in a short period of time a rather comprehensive working model for APO3G function (Fig. 1). Although the details of this model... | 15921532 | PMC1156953 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:40 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 May 29; 2:37 |
Introduction
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has affected more than 8 thousand patients in 22 countries causing 774 deaths between July 2002 and September 2003 [1]. SARS-associated Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) has been identified as the causative agent [2]. Typical clinical manifestations include fever, cough, dyspn... | 15888207 | PMC1156954 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:25 | no | Respir Res. 2005 May 11; 6(1):42 |
Introduction
Elevated levels of ambient respirable particulate matter (PM10) are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, especially in susceptible individuals [1]. The composition of PM10 is variable and complex, which makes identification of the toxic material all the harder, although a variety of component... | 15904485 | PMC1156955 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 May 18; 6(1):43 |
Background
Acetylcholine (ACh), released from parasympathetic nerve fibres, leads to bronchoconstriction via stimulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (MRs) and subsequent increase in intracellular calcium levels [Ca2+]i. The MR-family consists of five molecularly distinct subtypes (M1–5R) that are coupled to h... | 15927078 | PMC1156956 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:25 | no | Respir Res. 2005 May 31; 6(1):48 |
Introduction
Several stories have been told about theorists; here are two.
Two proponents of ideas from opposing schools of thought took advice from a third party. To A he said she ought to listen to the arguments propounded by B and not just dismiss them out of hand; to B he said he should listen to the arguments of ... | 15949046 | PMC1156957 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:26 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Jun 12; 2:21 |
Introduction
The high mortality rate seen in patients with pancreatic cancer reflects both the difficulty in early detection and the lack of effective treatment to augment surgery [1,2] so that, following diagnosis, the average survival time of the majority of patients is between 4–5 months [3]. Within the last few yea... | 15943879 | PMC1156958 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:28 | no | J Transl Med. 2005 May 19; 3:22 |
Background
DIC is characterised by the widespread activation of coagulation. This in turn results in intravascular formation of fibrin and ultimately thrombotic occlusion of small to medium sized vessels [1]. The commonest causes are sepsis and trauma. Malignancy is a well recognised cause of a prothrombotic state, wit... | 15913454 | PMC1156959 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:03 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 May 24; 3:29 |
Background
Metastasis to the axillary lymph node is the single most important prognostic factor in breast cancer. The therapeutic decisions are based on the axillary status. However, in recent past sentinel lymph node identification and biopsy (SLNB) is fast emerging as an alternate to axillary dissection as it avoids ... | 15927059 | PMC1156960 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:03 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 May 31; 3:31 |
Introduction
The yeasts Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Saccharomyces cerevisiae are excellent organisms for the study of the cell division cycle. Both yeasts have many well-characterized cell division cycle (cdc) mutants [1–5], and both have a long history of genetic and molecular cell cycle studies. However, they diver... | 15966770 | PMC1157095 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:15 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jul 28; 3(7):e225 |
Introduction
Metabolic networks belong to the best-studied biochemical networks. They consist of metabolites and of biochemical reactions transforming these metabolites into each other. In contrast to other biochemical networks such as signal transduction networks and genetic networks, complete network topologies can b... | 16000019 | PMC1157096 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:15 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jul 28; 3(7):e228 |
Mobilizing an army to march into battle requires the increased activity of hundreds of people, from the quartermaster to the gunnery captain. The stately march of the cell cycle—from the first growth phase, through DNA synthesis, to the second growth phase, and on to mitosis and cell division—also demands increased act... | 0 | PMC1157097 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:25 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jul 28; 3(7):e243 |
A map of a cell's metabolic pathways looks like an airline route map on steroids, with hundreds of reactions forming a complex and interconnected network. And just as a few cities serve as destination hubs for many different flights, a few metabolites, such as ATP and NADH, form biochemical hubs within the metabolic ne... | 0 | PMC1157098 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:24 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jul 28; 3(7):e261 |
Background
The ability to image cell movements and dynamic changes in sub-cellular structures in living mammals will significantly enhance our understanding of biology. Many applications have been developed to investigate how tumor cells act in vivo [1-3]. In recent years multi-photon laser scanning microscopy has demo... | 15910685 | PMC1159039 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:25 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2005 May 23; 5:14 |
Introduction
Nowhere is the later evolution of horses more problematic than in the Americas, where more than 50 species of Pleistocene equids have been named, most of them during the 19th and early 20th centuries. While recent paleontological studies suggest that this number should be drastically revised [1,2], no cons... | 15974804 | PMC1159165 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Aug 28; 3(8):e241 |
Introduction
Chromosomal translocations are characteristic of many human cancers, and are especially well studied in leukaemias, lymphomas, and sarcomas [1,2]. Epithelial tumours also carry chromosomal translocations, but while those in leukaemias, lymphomas, and sarcomas tend to be reciprocal translocations, those in ... | 15974803 | PMC1159166 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:24 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Aug 28; 3(8):e242 |
Darwin's evolutionary theories got a big boost when Othniel Charles Marsh assembled his North American horse fossils in the 1870s. They showed the gradual (presumed linear) evolution of a small, multi-toed Hyracotherium (then known as Eohippus) into the larger, hoofed modern Equus. As new fossils appeared, it became cl... | 0 | PMC1159167 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:25 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Aug 28; 3(8):e275 |
Healthy, normal cells follow the rules: don't crowd the neighbors, stick to your own tissue, and die when it's time. When cells no longer observe these regulations, they become cancerous, dividing uncontrollably, pushing out their healthy counterparts, and eventually invading other tissues. All cells appear to have the... | 0 | PMC1159168 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:26 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Aug 28; 3(8):e276 |
Background
Spinal anesthesia is the preferred means for cesarean section, being simple to perform, economical and produces rapid onset of anesthesia and complete muscle relaxation. It carries high efficiency, involves less drug doses, minimal neonatal depression, awake mother and lesser incidences of aspiration pneumon... | 15904498 | PMC1159169 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:05 | no | BMC Anesthesiol. 2005 May 17; 5:5 |
Background
Lithuania is one of the three Baltic States which regained independence in 1990. Back in 1989 a Congress of Physicians of Lithuania took place in which the necessity to reform the health care system was discussed. To implement these reforms a National Health Care Conception was adopted in 1991 by the Parliam... | 15946388 | PMC1159170 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:49 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Jun 10; 5:45 |
Introduction
Multiple Acyl-CoA-Dehydrogenase deficiency or Glutaric Acidemia Type II (MADD; McKusick # 231680) is an inborn error due to a deficiency of electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) or of ETF-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, and is characterized by impaired oxidation of fatty acids (FAO) and some amino acids. Severel... | 15907213 | PMC1159171 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:46 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005 May 20; 2:12 |
Background
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) play a major role in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), in particular in emphysema [1]. In subjects with Pi Z type of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) the burden of PMN and other inflammatory cells in the lung is higher than in those wit... | 15927063 | PMC1159172 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 May 31; 6(1):47 |
1 Background and main ideas
1.1 Historical background
"Animal electricity" has been subject to scientific research since the end of the 18th century, when Galvani and Volta performed their famous experiments [1]. Electrical activity of the brain was first mentioned in 1875, in a grant report by R. Caton [2]. In 1929 th... | 15748284 | PMC1160515 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:37 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Mar 4; 4:15 |
The importance of a person-centred approach and the intricacies of risk communication have recently been well described in PLoS Medicine [1,2]. The applicability of the patient-centred approach to Eastern countries, however, has cultural, religious, and practical impediments that demand careful consideration. The bulk ... | 15971934 | PMC1160566 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:49 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jun 28; 2(6):e129 |
The Risks of Hypoxia and Hyperoxia
Hypoxaemia kills. Recently we have shown, in a study of over 50 000 critically ill patients, that mortality rises steadily as the partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) falls below about 11 kPa (80 mm Hg) (Figure 1) [1]. Rats exposed to hypoxic conditions develop a mild inflammato... | 15971935 | PMC1160567 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:51 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jun 28; 2(6):e130 |
Introduction
Tinnitus is characterised by the perception of sounds (e.g., a tone, hissing, or roaring noise, and sometimes combinations of such perceptions) in the absence of any objective physical sound source. For the affected individual, this condition often causes a considerable amount of distress. Although it is n... | 15971936 | PMC1160568 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jun 28; 2(6):e153 |
DESCRIPTION of CASE
A 61-year-old male carpenter presented with ten months' history of dyspepsia. More recently he had developed epigastric pain and had lost four kilograms in weight because of anorexia. He was otherwise asymptomatic and in particular there was no history of nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, mela... | 15971937 | PMC1160569 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:39 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jun 28; 2(6):e154 |
Recently PLoS Medicine published our paper entitled “Designing Equitable Antiretroviral Allocation Strategies in Resource-Constrained Countries” [1]. We were disappointed to find that the editorial perspective written by the World Health Organization (WHO) ethicists regarding our paper [2] was based upon a substantial ... | 15971938 | PMC1160570 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:51 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jun 28; 2(6):e155 |
Icke and colleagues highlight an online and CD-ROM source available for the teaching of malaria diagnosis [1]. While this is a commendable initiative that provides open access to badly needed training materials, we feel that it is overambitious to propose this Web site (which gives equal weight to diagnosis, treatment,... | 15971939 | PMC1160571 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:14 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jun 28; 2(6):e156 |
Turner and Tramèr provide a cogent argument in favor of the ethical use of placebo controls despite “proven effective treatment” [1]. However, they are wide of the mark citing the APPROVe trial in support of their position. Because there is no established treatment to prevent adenomatous polyps, few commentators would ... | 15971940 | PMC1160572 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:53 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jun 28; 2(6):e157 |
Introduction
In addition to the role of smoking in cancer initiation and promotion, cigarette smoking accelerates atherogenic cardiovascular disease in both a dose- and a duration-dependent manner through several concurrent pathways. Smoking incites an immunologic response to vascular injury, described as oxidative str... | 15974805 | PMC1160573 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jun 28; 2(6):e160 |
Introduction
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent cells derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst that can be maintained in culture for an extended period of time without losing differentiation potential. The successful isolation of human ES cells (hESCs) has raised the hope that these cells may provide a... | 15971941 | PMC1160574 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:51 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jun 28; 2(6):e161 |
With reference to the letter commenting on our paper [1] from Drakeley and colleagues [2], they have some justification in stating that one size does not fit all. However our Web site, which is the basis for their comment, was originally designed on a wholly voluntary basis for Australia. We have been overwhelmed by th... | 0 | PMC1160575 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:53 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jun 28; 2(6):e165 |
The Battle of Trafalgar was a short-lasting but bloody affair. By the end of the afternoon of 21 October 1805, the French/Spanish fleet had lost 4,408 men, and a further 2,545 were wounded while the victorious British force suffered 455 dead and 1,242 wounded [1]. The British flagship HMS Victory, where Admiral Horatio... | 15971943 | PMC1160576 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:52 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jun 28; 2(6):e167 |
The role of vitamin C in the prevention and treatment of the common cold has been a subject of controversy for at least 60 years. Public interest in the subject, stimulated originally by the vigorous advocacy of Nobel laureate Linus Pauling during the 1970s [1], continues to be high. We have recently updated the Cochra... | 15971944 | PMC1160577 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:51 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jun 28; 2(6):e168 |
The powerful earthquake-triggered tsunami that devastated the coasts of many countries in two continents bordering the Indian Ocean on 26 December 2004 killed more than 280,000 people, displaced more than 1 million, and affected the lives of around 5 million more [1]. Unprecedented media coverage, in turn, triggered a ... | 15971945 | PMC1160578 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jun 28; 2(6):e169 |
Introduction
Weight loss in overweight and obese individuals leads to rapid improvement of the cardiovascular risk factor profile and reduced risk of developing type 2 diabetes. These observations have emerged from several studies of the general population [1–5] as well as from planned intervention studies [5–9]. In co... | 15971946 | PMC1160579 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:54 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jun 28; 2(6):e171 |
Introduction
Monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) twin placentation occurs in one in every 400 pregnancies, and is characterised by placental vascular anastomoses and thus interfetal transfusion [1]. MCDA twins are considered high risk by virtue of their 3- to 5-fold increased perinatal morbidity and mortality compared to d... | 15971947 | PMC1160580 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:14 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jun 28; 2(6):e172 |
Following last December's tsunami, Thailand reported 10,385 deaths and missing persons among Thais and foreign tourists, 80% of them in Phang Nga province (Figure 1). These reported tsunami deaths do not include Burmese migrant workers, which one local organisation estimates as being as many as 1,000 individuals [1].
... | 15971948 | PMC1160581 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:51 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jun 28; 2(6):e176 |
The tsunami that marked a solemn end to 2004 left behind unprecedented devastation. The world was shocked at the increasing casualty figures and the real-time images of the disaster brought by the news media. These included clips and photographs of dead bodies, grieving relatives, and suffering patients admitted to mak... | 15971949 | PMC1160582 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:54 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jun 28; 2(6):e177 |
In Oxfam's experience, disasters are profoundly discriminatory, even those that are “natural” rather than man-made. Factors that were present before a disaster, such as poor social conditions, mean that some people in the disaster zone will be more affected than others.
People living in poverty are much more vulnerabl... | 15971950 | PMC1160583 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:15 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jun 28; 2(6):e178 |
On the morning of 26 December 2004, an earthquake of 9.2 on the Richter scale rocked the province of Aceh, Indonesia, followed soon after by a three-wave tsunami that smashed into the north, west, and topmost point of Aceh. The most heavily hit city, in terms of population, was Banda Aceh on the northernmost point of t... | 15971951 | PMC1160584 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:39 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jun 28; 2(6):e179 |
In the past 20 years, advancing maternal age and greater reliance on assisted-conception techniques have dramatically increased the incidence of multiple births, including monochorionic twins (see Glossary) [1,2]. Concomitantly, there have been advances in our understanding of these high-risk pregnancies.
Glossary
Di... | 15971952 | PMC1160585 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:39 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jun 28; 2(6):e180 |
Randomized trials and observational studies have conclusively shown a marked improvement in several cardiovascular risk factors when obese individuals lose weight, including decreases in blood pressure, and improvements in the lipid profile and glucose metabolism. These results are closely consistent with observational... | 15971953 | PMC1160586 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:39 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jun 28; 2(6):e181 |
Introduction
Among the viruses causing severe hemorrhagic fever in Africa, Lassa fever is a significant public health problem in Nigeria, Liberia, Sierra Leone, and the Republic of Guinea. It is estimated that Lassa virus infects over 200,000 individuals per year across this region, causing over 3,000 deaths [1]. The c... | 15971954 | PMC1160587 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:11 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jun 28; 2(6):e183 |
The South Asian tsunami on 26 December 2004 was one of the largest flooding disasters in recent history (Figure 1), causing about 280,000 fatalities in eight countries stretching from Asia to Africa [1]. Shortly after the disaster, the World Health Organization warned that disease could claim as many lives as the tsuna... | 15971955 | PMC1160588 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:11 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jun 28; 2(6):e184 |
On 26 December 2004, Sri Lanka was affected, along with many other countries in the region, by deadly tsunami waves. The estimated death toll in Sri Lanka was more than 40,000; many more thousands of people were missing and displaced. Sri Lanka had not experienced a disaster of such magnitude in its 2,000 years of reco... | 15971956 | PMC1160589 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:15 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jun 28; 2(6):e185 |
In response to our commentary [1] on their paper, “Designing Equitable Antiretroviral Allocation Strategies in Resource-Constrained Countries” [2], Wilson and Blower assert that we misunderstood both their analysis and the importance of their results [3]. Rather than “setting the record straight,” what may be needed is... | 0 | PMC1160590 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:11 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jun 28; 2(6):e186 |
We appreciate Dr. Miller's contribution to this debate [1]. Whether one uses his phrase “established treatment” or “proven therapy,” we urge caution in using such a litmus test to decide whether the use of placebo is or is not acceptable. Such terms beg to be defined carefully. Should nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory dru... | 0 | PMC1160591 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:14 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jun 28; 2(6):e187 |
The excellent article by Jordan Paradise, Lori B. Andrews, and colleagues, “Ethics. Constructing Ethical Guidelines for Biohistory” [1], neither advocates nor argues against biohistorical research; instead, it points out that such investigations are currently taking place without guidelines—ethical, scientific, moral, ... | 0 | PMC1160592 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:17 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jun 28; 2(6):e191 |
I am writing in response to an essay published in the most recent issue of PLoS Medicine by Deborah Hayden, entitled “Alas, Poor Yorick: Digging Up the Dead to Make Medical Diagnoses” [1]. As a co-author of the Science piece with Lori B. Andrews that Hayden references, I am troubled by her comment on our article. Nowhe... | 15971960 | PMC1160593 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:39 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jun 28; 2(6):e192 |
Exposure to short periods of very loud noise can cause tinnitus—a persistent ringing or buzzing in the ears that cannot be blocked out. Tinnitus may affect around 10%–15% of the population; severe tinnitus is very debilitating (1%–2% of the population). Previous work has shown that tinnitus has a neurophysiological bas... | 0 | PMC1160594 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:39 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jun 28; 2(6):e194 |
As mothers get older and assisted conception becomes more common in developed countries, the incidence of multiple births—primarily of nonidentical siblings, but also of identical ones—has dramatically increased. Multiple pregnancies are high-risk pregnancies, with preterm delivery and monochorionicity (shared placenta... | 0 | PMC1160595 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:17 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jun 28; 2(6):e195 |
Lassa fever, a viral hemorrhagic fever caused by the Lassa virus and commonly transmitted by its rodent host, is endemic in certain areas of West Africa, where several hundred thousand people are estimated to be infected each year. The disease is asymptomatic or mild in approximately 80% of infected patients, but the r... | 0 | PMC1160596 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:15 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jun 28; 2(6):e196 |
Smoking is the single largest preventable cause of disease and premature death, according to the World Health Organization. Smoking-related diseases kill one in ten adults globally, i.e., 4 million deaths annually; by 2030, if current trends continue, smoking will kill one in six people. Smoking is a prime factor in he... | 0 | PMC1160597 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:11 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jun 28; 2(6):e198 |
If you are overweight, then losing weight is good for your health, surely? Unfortunately, the evidence on which an answer to this seemingly simple question might be based is at best equivocal, and at worst very controversial. Previous work has shown that weight loss in obese people improves risk factors associated with... | 0 | PMC1160598 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:22 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jun 28; 2(6):e200 |
As cells specialize during development they pass through different levels of differentiation, from the earliest stem cells through to the highly specialized types that make up the body's organs. Hence, a number of different tissues may derive from common precursors. For example, muscle, fat, cartilage, and bone are all... | 0 | PMC1160599 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:17 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jun 28; 2(6):e201 |
PLoS Medicine is a sufficiently new journal that we are often doing something for the first time. This issue's “first” is the publication of a research article that reports data exclusively from animals, more precisely from six cynomolgus macaques used to test the efficacy of a new Lassa fever vaccine. There is no ques... | 15971961 | PMC1160600 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:12 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jun 28; 2(6):e203 |
Introduction
Pregnancy and the postpartum period are known to influence the onset and course of various psychiatric disorders such as mood disorders, psychotic disorders, and anxiety disorders. [1-3] There is considerable evidence that suggests the role of stressful events, including pregnancy and childbirth, in precip... | 15955256 | PMC1164400 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:07 | no | Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Jun 15; 4:12 |
Background
In 1990 first reports were published about carbon monoxide (CO) production in anesthetic circuits [1-3] followed by a few studies that concluded that there was no risk of CO intoxication in common anesthetic practice [4-6]. The potential risk of CO production, however, was clearly established in a laboratory... | 15932634 | PMC1164401 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:05 | no | BMC Anesthesiol. 2005 Jun 2; 5:6 |
Background
Scientists in molecular biology find that a significant technique for studying protein function is through the study of protein-protein interactions. While the actual experimental study of such interactions remains the most important manner of obtaining these data, the number of protein-protein interactions ... | 15941473 | PMC1164402 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:51 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jun 7; 6:143 |
Background
In tumor immunology considerable effort has been made to discover tumor specific antigens. Numerous antigens were introduced and cancer vaccines based on these antigens have been shown in pre-clinical studies to elicit tumor-specific immunity and establish long-term memory without inducing an autoimmune resp... | 15904507 | PMC1164403 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:12 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 May 17; 5:47 |
Background
The normal distribution is often used to describe the random variation of data in many scientific disciplines. However some distributions are skewed with low mean values and large variance. The distributions may be exclusively positive, such as the duration of survival of cancer patients with chronic leukemi... | 15904508 | PMC1164404 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:03 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 May 17; 5:48 |
Background
Sarcomas are highly malignant neoplasms that arise from mesenchymal tissues and the mechanism by which mesenchymal tissues undergo neoplastic transformation is largely unknown. Despite progress in the multidisciplinary treatment (surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation) of sarcomas, the results of these treatme... | 15913453 | PMC1164405 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:04 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 May 24; 5:53 |
Background
Melanomas are one of the most aggressive of the skin cancers and have shown a dramatic increase in both incidence and mortality over the past decades [1]. Several genes implicated in the development of various malignancies, among them the tumour suppressor genes p53, CDKN2A and PTEN and the Ras oncogenes, ha... | 15935100 | PMC1164406 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:04 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jun 3; 5:58 |
Background
Cytogenetic abnormalities, age, initial leucocyte count and P-glycoprotein expression are examples of widely accepted prognostic factors in acute myeloid leukemia [1-5]. However, the prognosis of an individual patient may still not accurately be determined by these factors. The ex-vivo chemosensitivity profi... | 15949045 | PMC1164407 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:04 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jun 11; 5:60 |
Background
Rheumatic fever is the most common cause of acquired heart disease in children and adults worldwide [1,2]. Acute rheumatic fever is expressed as an inflammatory reaction that involves many organs, primarily the heart, the joints, and the central nervous system [3]. The clinical manifestations of acute rheuma... | 15927077 | PMC1164408 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:07 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2005 May 31; 5:11 |
Background
In addition to browsing by domestic stock and game the direct uses of woody plants in southern African savannas include their use as firewood, rough construction timber, the production of charcoal and woodcarvings. In areas where trees are used for timber, harvest rates commonly exceed replacement rates. In ... | 15921528 | PMC1164409 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:15 | no | BMC Ecol. 2005 May 28; 5:4 |
Background
During the last decade, out-of-hours primary care in the Netherlands has been reorganized from practice-based services to large-scale general practitioner (GP) cooperatives [1]. Currently, over 90% of the Dutch population is covered by more than 120 GP cooperatives for out-of-hours primary care. The initiati... | 15946382 | PMC1164410 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:13 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Jun 9; 6:23 |
Background
Recent studies reveal methylation of certain CpG rich sequences increases with age in normal human colon [1,2]. These CpG rich sequences, like most CpG islands [3], are unmethylated at birth and appear to somatically accumulate cytosine methylation over many years. The etiology of such age-related methylatio... | 15941485 | PMC1164411 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:27 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2005 Jun 7; 5:19 |
Background
Early cancer detection requires noninvasive sampling is for general screening populations. Exfoliated cervical cells have been used for cytologic screening of cervical cancer. These accessible cells could also be ideal for molecular screening based on gene expression if their mRNA can be isolated and is repr... | 15876354 | PMC1164412 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:53 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 May 5; 6:64 |
Background
Typhoid fever is a common illness in developing countries like India [1] and is a potential threat to developed nations, in an era of increasing air travel and global operations [2]. In the absence of appropriate chemotherapy, typhoid fever was often a fatal illness and introduction of effective antibiotic t... | 15904505 | PMC1164413 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:15 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 May 18; 5:37 |
Background
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) has a major impact on the regulation of the folic acid pathway due to the conversion of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate (methylene-THF) to 5-methyl-THF. Two common non-synonymous coding region polymorphisms (677C>T and 1298A>C) in the MTHFR gene were shown to confer... | 15921520 | PMC1164414 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:32 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2005 May 27; 6:23 |
Backgound
Gaucher disease is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by a recessively inherited deficiency of glucocerebrosidase activity, which causes an accumulation of sphingolipid glucosylceramide in cells of the reticulo-endothelial systems [1]. The "Gaucher cells" can be found in the spleen, liver, bone, and central ... | 15943874 | PMC1164415 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:32 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2005 Jun 9; 6:25 |
Background
Physicians' job satisfaction is important because it may affect patient satisfaction [1] and patient adherence [2] and may be inversely associated with level of stress as well as burnout [3,4]. Most studies have emphasized the importance of several aspects of the current work situation that contribute to the... | 15932648 | PMC1164416 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:56 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2005 Jun 2; 5:19 |
Background
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a sialoglycoprotein hormone secreted primarily by the mature kidneys in response to tissue hypoxia and/or red cell mass decrease. It stimulates erythrocyte production from the blood marrow [1]. Recombinant human EPO has been used since the 80's in the treatment of anemia associated to... | 15910687 | PMC1164417 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:44 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2005 May 23; 6:5 |
Background
Attenuation correction (AC) is generally applied to achieve count rate values independent from tissue densities. Transmission scanning was already suggested in 1952 by Myneord [1]. The transmission scanning was used to match anatomical contours to the radionuclide distribution measured by a rectilinear scann... | 15953395 | PMC1164418 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:51 | no | BMC Nucl Med. 2005 Jun 14; 5:3 |
Background
The issue of whether or not to circumcise a male infant one week after birth (when medically permissible) is essentially nonexistent in Israel. In an atmosphere of celebration and feasting, the procedure ("brit mila") has been carried out for over 4,000 years by non-physicians ("mohelim"). A mohel uses no an... | 15907216 | PMC1164419 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:06 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 May 22; 5:12 |
Background
South Asia, home to over 1.5 billion people (a quarter of the world's population) has one of the worst health indicators in the world [1]. Around 34% of the world's childhood deaths occur in this region, which also has unacceptably high rates of maternal deaths [1,2]. In addition, South Asia is also facing a... | 15943882 | PMC1164420 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:55 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 May 19; 5:51 |
Background
Mortality statistics have several advantages when compared to other sources of health information such as morbidity data as death is a unique event that is remembered for long time and because of its finality it is clearly defined. Thus, statistics on cause of death are reliable and useful in guiding priorit... | 15935096 | PMC1164421 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:56 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Jun 3; 5:58 |
Background
A number of different methods have been developed in Arabidopsis thaliana to discover and analyze promoters that are regulated by tissue specificity or environmental conditions [1-4]. These include the use of reporters GUS, GFP and more recently luciferase (LUC)[5,6] to detect "trapped" DNA elements that con... | 15941484 | PMC1164422 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:52 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2005 Jun 7; 5:9 |
Introduction
Bortezomib (VELCADE®, formerly PS-341) was approved for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma in May 2003 by the US Food and Drug Administration [1] and in April 2004 by the Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products of the European Union. A number of clinical studies eva... | 15929791 | PMC1164423 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:16 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2005 Jun 1; 5:18 |
Introduction
Epidemiologic Perspectives & Innovations (EP&I) is published by BioMed Central (BMC), an independent publisher committed to ensuring peer-reviewed research is Open Access – that it is universally and freely available online to everyone and its authors retain copyright. In order to fund the publication of t... | 15941486 | PMC1164424 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:38 | no | Epidemiol Perspect Innov. 2005 Jun 7; 2:5 |
Background
The collection and interpretation of accurate descriptive data is an essential step in ultimately reducing the burden of harm associated with substance use [1,2]. Traditionally, these data have been sought to identify the characteristics of at-risk individuals or groups, quantify the size of the problem (inc... | 15955255 | PMC1164425 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:31 | no | Int J Equity Health. 2005 Jun 15; 4:7 |
Background
The last two decades have seen an increasing interest in the study of sex workers as a marginalised group at increased risk for poorer mental and physical health outcomes, inequitable access to housing and the problematic use of illicit drugs [1]. Previous research has documented the risks of blood borne vir... | 15935103 | PMC1164426 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:50 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2005 Jun 6; 2:7 |
Abstract
Introduction
Aromatase activity in peripheral tissues including the breast is the main source of estrogen in postmenopausal women. There is evidence that local estrogen synthesis by breast aromatase contributes to mammary carcinogenesis. Therefore, we have postulated that high breast weight is associated with ... | 15904529 | PMC1164427 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:37 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2005 May 16; 2:11 |
Introduction
The role of high dose chemotherapy (HDT) and autologous stem cell transplantation (AuSCT) for the treatment of patients with sarcoma remains controversial. [1-3]
The most common sarcoma for which HDT and AuSCT has been investigated is the Primitive Neuroectodermal Ectodermal Tumor (PNET) family of tumours... | 15927067 | PMC1164428 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:37 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2005 May 31; 2:12 |
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