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Review
Introduction
More than 20 years after its discovery, and despite extensive research in the field, HIV-1 infection remains one of the most important public health problems in the world. The HIV/AIDS epidemic continues to spread and an increasing number of people continue to live with HIV/AIDS and die from it. The... | 15904525 | PMC1164429 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:45 | no | J Immune Based Ther Vaccines. 2005 May 18; 3:3 |
Background
It has been shown that ~2–5% of the electron flow in isolated brain mitochondria produces superoxide anion radicals (O2-.) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) [1]. Cellular levels of O2-. are normally low due to the action of cytosolic copper zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD) and mitochondrial manganese superox... | 15929797 | PMC1164430 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:22 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2005 Jun 1; 2:12 |
Background
Malaria is responsible for 700,000 to 2.3 million deaths each year, mainly among children [1]. It is caused by four species of Plasmodium, protozoan parasites that are most common in the tropics, especially Africa, and are transmitted between humans by the bites of female Anopheles mosquitoes. Thus, the dist... | 15892886 | PMC1164431 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:13 | no | Malar J. 2005 May 13; 4:23 |
Introduction
Development of reliable cell-based assay is important for high-speed, low cost drug screening. However, the conventional method using cells are still unstable and thus are still under trial to make reliable cell models showing the same extent of reliability as tissue/organ models. As heart is one of the mo... | 15927047 | PMC1164432 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:05 | no | J Nanobiotechnology. 2005 May 31; 3:4 |
Background
Respiratory diseases in agricultural workers are one of the earliest recognized occupational hazards [1]. Swine farmers work in confined buildings in close proximity to a large number of pigs and are exposed to toxic gasses such as ammonia and hydrogen sulfide, and to high levels of dust and endotoxins [2]. ... | 15932644 | PMC1164433 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jun 2; 6(1):50 |
Introduction
Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represent a major burden for patients and health care systems. For patients, acute exacerbations are a common reason for hospital admissions and severely affect health-related quality of life (HRQL) [1] and prognosis[2]. Mortality rates du... | 15943867 | PMC1164434 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jun 8; 6(1):54 |
Introduction
Cell-mediated immunity is considered critical for the prevention and control of many viral infections [1-6]. The approaches developed to detect these responses in vitro have evolved over the years and have provided quantitative and qualitative information on virus-specific T cells for a number of viral inf... | 15888204 | PMC1164435 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:28 | no | J Transl Med. 2005 May 11; 3:20 |
Background
Placental Site Trophoblastic Tumor (PSTT) is a rare form of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) and was described by Kurman et al [1]. In 1976, it was thought to be an exaggerated expression of the invasive nature of normal trophoblastic tissue which did not assume the characteristics of a malignant tumo... | 15958158 | PMC1164436 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:04 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Jun 15; 3:34 |
Background
Voluntary and anonymous Critical Incident Reporting (CIR) in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) is a technique for collecting information about any unintended event or outcome that reduced or could have reduced the safety margin for the patient. CIR has been used in single adult [1-5] as well as neonatal-pediatric ... | 15921517 | PMC1165974 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:03 | no | BMC Emerg Med. 2005 May 27; 5:3 |
Introduction
Present day Taiwan is a home to heterogeneous groups of people. The main part of the Taiwanese population is composed of the Minnan (73.5%) and Hakka (17.5%) who descend from immigrants from the Fujian and Guangdong provinces of Southeast China during the last 400 years. After World War II, migration from ... | 15984912 | PMC1166350 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:15 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Aug 5; 3(8):e247 |
Introduction
Rickettsiae are obligate intracellular small gram-negative bacteria associated with different arthropod hosts. Many Rickettsia species infect human beings and are responsible for mild to severe diseases. Rickettsia felis, the agent of the flea-borne spotted fever rickettsiosis, exhibits several specificiti... | 15984913 | PMC1166351 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:15 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Aug 5; 3(8):e248 |
Introduction
Hematopoiesis is the process by which hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) give rise to all hematopoietic lineages during the lifetime of an individual. To sustain lifelong hematopoiesis, HSCs must self-renew to maintain or expand the HSC pool [1], and they must differentiate to form committed hematopoietic pro... | 16089502 | PMC1166352 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:25 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Aug 5; 3(8):e254 |
While many infectious bacteria remain outside human cells as they do their damage, others, including the various species of Rickettsia, take up residence inside. This makes them especially hard to study in vivo. In this issue, Hiroyuki Ogata and colleagues show that important clues to bacterial phenotype and pathogenic... | 0 | PMC1166353 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:24 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Aug 5; 3(8):e278 |
Each day, the bone marrow of an adult makes upwards of 200 billion new red blood cells, along with lesser numbers of white blood cells and platelets. This process, called hematopoiesis, depends on hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which divide to make both more stem cells and progenitor cells that differentiate into all... | 0 | PMC1166354 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:24 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Aug 5; 3(8):e279 |
According to folklore, Polynesians originated from a mythical homeland called Hawaiki. The existence of such a place, however, as well as its location, has been the subject of much speculation. Significant research efforts have attempted to elucidate these claims through archeological, linguistic, and, more recently, b... | 0 | PMC1166355 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:24 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Aug 5; 3(8):e281 |
Background
Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins found in various organisms including fungi [1,2]. Despite the large amount of informations available on lectin sequence and specificity, relatively little is known about their biological significances. The abundance and the variety of carbohydrate specificities of le... | 15929788 | PMC1166539 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:49 | no | BMC Biochem. 2005 Jun 1; 6:11 |
Background
Sequence comparison is traditionally carried out using alignments. The alignment procedure ensures that only homologous positions are compared and corresponding algorithms form the classical core of bioinformatics [1-3]. Once a sequence alignment has been computed, it can be used to determine, for example, s... | 15910684 | PMC1166540 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:50 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 May 23; 6:123 |
Background
Following speciation, there are many possible molecular events that can drive the divergence of species. Three of the most important mechanisms include changes in the coding sequence of proteins that alter protein function, changes in regulatory regions that affect gene expression, and changes in regulatory ... | 15921519 | PMC1166541 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 May 27; 6:127 |
Background
Approximately 75% of the drugs in clinical use elicit their pharmacological effects by interactions with receptor or enzyme targets, such as kinases [1,2]. Methods to screen large chemical libraries for inhibitors of protein kinases include radiometric assays [3], ELISA [4], ATP consumption assays [5] and se... | 15927069 | PMC1166542 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:57 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2005 May 31; 5:16 |
Background
Angiotensin II receptor antagonists (AIIRA) have demonstrated excellent efficacy in patients with hypertension [1,2], heart failure [1,2], diabetes [3], diabetic nephropathy [4-6], and recently in post-myocardial infarction patients [7]. Such promising results allowed the US Joint National Committee on hyper... | 15943871 | PMC1166543 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:07 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2005 Jun 8; 5:13 |
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) results from the narrowing of the blood vessels of the lower limbs, predominantly secondary to atherosclerotic vascular disease leading to compromised blood flow to the lower limbs. Risk factors associated with PAD include typical cardiovascular risk factors, such as older age, cigaret... | 15972103 | PMC1166544 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:07 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2005 Jun 22; 5:15 |
Background
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) is a peptide that is involved in fetal growth and cell differentiation [1,2] In addition, it has been suggested that this peptide plays a role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis and cardiovascular function [3-6] (Lower IGF-I levels are also associated with increased... | 15927083 | PMC1166545 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:55 | no | BMC Endocr Disord. 2005 Jun 1; 5:5 |
Background
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a multisystem disease of unknown cause. The incidence of the disease is 10/million population per year. The female/male ratio is 4:1. A few cases of idiopathic portal hypertension (IPH) associated with SSc have been reported, all in females.
Case presentation
We report a case of ... | 15918892 | PMC1166546 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:27 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2005 May 26; 5:16 |
Background
The family of Sox-domain containing proteins encompass a group of metazoan transcriptional regulators first identified by their similarity with the mammalian testis-determining factor SRY. Membership of the Sox family is conferred by the presence of an HMG1-type DNA-binding domain sharing greater than 60% am... | 15943880 | PMC1166547 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:18 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 May 19; 6:26 |
Background
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene [1]. Different mutations have a range of effects on the levels of CFTR protein and its proper functioning in epithelial transport of Cl- and HCO3- [2,3]. The severity of the pancreatic phenotype... | 15921521 | PMC1166548 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:18 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 May 27; 6:29 |
Background
Quantitative trait loci (QTL) have been described for a number of economically important traits in cattle [1,2]. Previous genetic maps [3,4] were sufficient to map QTL to broad regions. Narrowing those regions to fine-map the QTL, and eventually identify specific genes affecting a trait requires denser genet... | 15943875 | PMC1166549 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:53 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 May 19; 6:74 |
Background
Mammalian oocyte is the only known cell able to activate the zygotic genome after fertilization. Its cytoplasm is also able to reprogram the nucleus of a differentiated cell in cloning experiments. Therefore, it is likely that several genes specifically expressed in the oocytes are responsible for this abili... | 15907208 | PMC1166550 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:53 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 May 20; 6:76 |
Background
The development of DNA-microarray technology has enabled genome-wide expression profiling to become a valuable tool in the investigation of an organisms' gene regulation [1-3]. For our studies on gene regulation in Gram-positive bacteria [4] we use in-house developed DNA-microarrays containing amplified DNA ... | 15907200 | PMC1166551 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:54 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 May 20; 6:77 |
Background
With recent advances in molecular biology we have begun to appreciate both the diversity of genomic elements contained within chromosomes, and the complexity of their distribution. For example, within plant chromosomes there is often a centromeric region of tandemly repeated satellite sequences that is flank... | 15932642 | PMC1166552 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:53 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Jun 2; 6:82 |
Background
The care of people with long-term disease is universally recognised as a major challenge, and national healthcare services around the world are reconfiguring to meet the demand [1,2]. Chronic respiratory disease is projected to rank as the fifth leading cause of morbidity by 2020 [3]. Increasingly, specialis... | 15921509 | PMC1166553 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:50 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 May 27; 5:40 |
Background
Leishmaniasis is a disease resulting from infection by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, which affects man and several other species of mammals. In the new world Leishmania is transmitted to man and animals by blood-sucking sandflies of the species Lutzomyia longipalpis [1-3]. Infection is initiated when the... | 15913461 | PMC1166554 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:16 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 May 24; 5:39 |
Background
Somatostatin (SOM) or somatostatin-14, a 14 amino acid peptide hormone was originally isolated from the hypothalamus. It was soon after reported in the central nervous system (CNS), the stomach, gastrointestinal (GI) tract and pancreas. By 1980, the gene coding for prosomatostatin had been identified and two... | 15949036 | PMC1166555 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:15 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Jun 10; 5:45 |
Background
All medical schools are faced with poor performing M-1 students. The challenge is to encourage these students to take remedial programs that address their academic problems and assist them in becoming high performing physicians. During Academic Year 2001–2002, the LCME reported that 47 schools employed an Ex... | 15943876 | PMC1166556 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:57 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2005 May 19; 5:18 |
Background
Conventional fruit juice processing involves a heating step to inactivate the vegetative forms of pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms. Any remaining bacterial spores are generally unable to germinate due to the acidic nature of the juices [1]. This ensures acceptable safety margins and extends the shelf-l... | 15963233 | PMC1166557 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:41 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Jun 17; 5:36 |
Background
An Extranet is a private network that uses the Internet to securely share information or operations with selected partners; it is accessible from any web browser. The literature describes the use and potential benefits of local area Extranets in hospitals,[1] physician offices,[2,3] and small managed health ... | 15967040 | PMC1166558 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:52:11 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2005 Jun 20; 5:17 |
Background
Proportional representation of research participants by race is a requirement of The National Institutes of Health in the USA [1]. However, no such requirement exists in the UK, but concern has been expressed about the low representation of patients from ethnic minority groups in clinical trials [2,3]. There... | 15904499 | PMC1166559 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:51 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005 May 17; 5:18 |
Background
In vitro studies regarding chondrocyte metabolism and expansion are often performed using bovine chondrocytes [1-3]. These chondrocytes are harvested from the metacarpophalangeal (fetlock) joint of slaughter-age cattle (18 months old or younger), since the distal limb is not used for meat production. However... | 15904515 | PMC1166560 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:03 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 May 17; 6:23 |
Background
The way in which stimulus intensity is represented in primary somatosensory (SI) cortex has remained an intriguing question in the study of the cortical correlates of perception. Although there have been numerous studies of the SI response to changes in stimulus intensity, few have focused on the response at... | 15969752 | PMC1166561 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:09 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Jun 21; 6:43 |
Background
A blunt ocular trauma results in antero-posterior compression of the globe with simultaneous expansion in the equatorial plane. The impact is primarily absorbed by the lens-iris diaphragm and the vitreous base. Several changes have been described in the crystalline lens following blunt trauma. Direct and ind... | 15967041 | PMC1166562 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:49 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2005 Jun 20; 5:13 |
Background
Developmental dysplasia of the hip is a gradually progressing disorder reflecting anatomically different situations reaching from mild subluxation of the femoral head to full luxation of the hip. The disorder is caused by malformations of anatomic structures that have developed during the embryologic period.... | 15958160 | PMC1166563 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:06 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 Jun 15; 5:17 |
Background
Down syndrome (also called trisomy 21 or trisomy of chromosome 21), is the most common chromosome abnormality in newborns. The disease is associated with mental retardation, immune system disorders, autoimmune problems, premature aging and Alzheimer disease at the age of 30–40 years [1,2]. The association be... | 15963229 | PMC1166564 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:56 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Jun 17; 5:69 |
Background
Few health topics are currently associated with as much confusion as the issue of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for postmenopausal women. Historically, the results of observational studies spanning several decades have suggested that HRT confers important cardiovascular benefits for postmenopausal women ... | 15904516 | PMC1166565 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:35 | no | BMC Womens Health. 2005 May 16; 5:7 |
Background
Multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype of malignant cells is the major problem in the chemotherapy of neoplasia. P-glycoprotein (Pgp) activity is recognised to be one of the major mechanisms responsible for MDR. Pgp transports many structurally diverse compounds across the cell membrane and confers the MDR phe... | 15910691 | PMC1166566 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:17 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2005 May 24; 5:15 |
Introduction
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes in adults was estimated at 2.8% worldwide in 2000, and predicted to increase to 4.4% by 2030 [1]. Patients with type 2 diabetes have a risk of cardiovascular disease approximately two- to four-times greater than that in the non-diabetic population [2]. Furthermore, their p... | 15935095 | PMC1166567 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:03 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2005 Jun 3; 4:7 |
The unbearable lightness of being [a cardiac imaging specialist]
A Renaissance of cardiac imaging occurred in the 1980s [1]. New technologies allowed the non-invasive description of cardiac function, perfusion, and metabolism in a polychrome, three-dimensional, overwhelming fashion. Almost unlimited resources were devo... | 15916702 | PMC1166568 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:32 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2005 May 25; 3:13 |
Exercise training is an effective intervention that can partially restore the impaired aerobic capacity and musculoskeletal fitness (i.e. muscle strength) found in cardiac transplant recipients [1,2]. However, previous reports have focused exclusively on the effects of exercise training in men. Therefore, the effect of... | 15918901 | PMC1166569 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:32 | no | Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med. 2005 May 26; 6(1):10 |
Background
Human skeletal muscles contain approximately 35% of total human body magnesium, which is an essential cofactor in a number of cell reactions. Magnesium ions influence the equilibria of many reactions involved in cellular bioenergetics by interacting with phosphorylated molecules and interfere with the kineti... | 15938748 | PMC1166570 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:29 | no | Dyn Med. 2005 Jun 6; 4:7 |
Innate immune system
The first line of immune defence mainly operates by detection of a broad range of molecular patterns foreign to mammalian tissues, called pathogen-associated molecular patterns that induce the activation of the innate immunity and inflammatory response [1]. The constitutive expression of a limited ... | 15904534 | PMC1166571 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:31 | no | Immun Ageing. 2005 May 18; 2:8 |
Introduction
In nursing rabbits, sexual receptivity and fertility achieved after artificial insemination is depressed during the period of lactation, presumably through a hormonal antagonism between prolactin and gonadotropin release [1-3]. Several studies have demonstrated that separation of the doe from its litter fo... | 15932637 | PMC1166572 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:13 | no | J Circadian Rhythms. 2005 Jun 2; 3:9 |
Background
The residents of the Arab countries in the Persian Gulf region have become more sedentary and have dramatically changed their diet over the last two decades. They consume more fat, meat, sugar, rice and wheat flour than before [1-4]. This has resulted in a rise in obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseas... | 15921524 | PMC1166573 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:31 | no | Nutr J. 2005 May 27; 4:18 |
Background
Apoptosis is a type of programmed cell death and is a natural phenomenon occurring when the cells are subjected to stress such as DNA damage, death signals or lack of growth factor. Apoptotic stimuli allow an intracellular cascade of signals such as the caspases, a family of cysteine proteases implicated in ... | 15927076 | PMC1166574 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:12 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 May 31; 3:20 |
Background
The vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) accounts for more than 90% of all HIV-1 infections in children. HIV-1 infected pregnant women can transmit the virus to their infants during all stages of their pregnancy, including prepartum (trans-placental passage), intrapartum (expo... | 15918905 | PMC1166575 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:41 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 May 26; 2:36 |
Findings
Two independent screens identified TRIM5 as a potent retrovirus restriction element that targets select viruses after entry into primate cells [1,2]. The biochemical basis for specificity of restriction is only evident in cells of the owl monkey where HIV-1 CA is recognized by the C-terminal cyclophilin domain... | 15967037 | PMC1166576 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:40 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Jun 20; 2:40 |
Introduction
Several chronic lung diseases are associated with an exaggerated accumulation and activity of neutrophils locally in the human bronchoalveolar space [1]. These lung diseases include acute, severe asthma, chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [1]. Neutrophils may play a pathoge... | 15916703 | PMC1166577 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 May 25; 6(1):44 |
Introduction
Transcription, the first step of information flow from DNA, is regulated by sequence specific DNA-protein interactions. The regulation depends on the presence of cis-acting elements. The best examples of cis-acting elements are promoters. Other well-known examples in bacteria include the Shine Dalgarno (SD... | 15927055 | PMC1166578 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:25 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 May 31; 2:20 |
Background
Colorectal cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality and morbidity in the Western world. In the UK it is the third commonest cancer, after lung and breast, with more than 35,000 new cases diagnosed each year and the second commonest cause of cancer-related mortality with approximately 16,000... | 15890075 | PMC1166579 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:03 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 May 12; 3:26 |
Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma
Background
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors, representing more than 5% of all cancers. The estimated annual number of cases exceeds 500,000 [1], with a mean annual incidence of around 3–4% [2]. In terms of relative frequencies, HCC ranks ... | 15907199 | PMC1166580 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:03 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 May 20; 3:27 |
Background
Castleman's disease (CD) is a rare lymphoid disorder where pathogenesis is a lymphoid tissue hyperplasia related to chronic herpes virus infection. It has been described in nearly every lymph node basin since it first description by B. Castleman in 1956 [1,2]. Two basic pathologic types of this disease could... | 15941478 | PMC1166581 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:03 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Jun 7; 3:33 |
Like SARS, Ebola, and other emerging infectious diseases, antibiotic resistance in bacteria may have a zoonotic origin [1]. Evidence suggests that antibiotic use in agriculture has contributed to antibiotic resistance in the pathogenic bacteria of humans, but the chain from cause to effect is long and complicated.
Ant... | 15984910 | PMC1167557 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 11:13:39 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Aug 5; 2(8):e232 |
Introduction
“Academic medicine” might be defined as the capacity of the health-care system to think, study, research, discover, evaluate, innovate, teach, learn, and improve. As such, little could be more important—particularly as new discoveries in science offer tremendous opportunities and emergent diseases pose hug... | 16000024 | PMC1168885 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:26 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jul 5; 2(7):e207 |
Background
From a public-health perspective, the major obstetric and perinatal problem in Australia is the poor health of Indigenous mothers and babies. Although Australia as a whole has one of the lowest perinatal mortality rates (PMR) of any of the established market economies [1], Indigenous Australians have PMRs th... | 15918912 | PMC1168887 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:28 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2005 May 27; 2:11 |
Background
Periodic phenomena are widespread in biology, including, among others, membrane potential oscillations, cardiac rhythms, smooth muscle contraction, calcium oscillations, protoplasmic streaming, glycolytic oscillations, cAMP oscillations, oscillations in neuronal signals, insulin secretion (pancreas), gonadot... | 15892890 | PMC1168888 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:50 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 May 13; 6:117 |
Background
The introduction of the Expectation value (E-value) in the Blast program in 1990 [1] was a major milestone in the development of sequence search algorithms. For any sequence match with a score S obtained in a given database, the E-value is the number of hits of same or higher score that can be expected by ch... | 15892887 | PMC1168889 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:51 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 May 13; 6:118 |
Background
A diverse range of applications that impact on clinical diagnosis and prognosis rely on the real-time detection and quantification of Polymerase Chain Reaction products such as bacterial diagnostics [1,2], viral load [3-6], cancerous cell burden [7,8] and parasite quantification [9]. Each particular assay di... | 15916714 | PMC1168890 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:57 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2005 May 25; 5:15 |
Background
Gene therapy for treating cancers has been intensively investigated. Therapeutic gene transfer using viral or nonviral vectors has been shown to be clinically feasible and safe. However, the therapeutic outcome appears not to be high as expected, presumably because the in vivo gene delivery efficiency is low... | 15910693 | PMC1168891 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:03 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 May 24; 5:51 |
Background
Comparison of intraspecies multi-strain bacterial genome sequence data has shown that, even over short evolutionary time scales, genome evolution is dominated by gene insertions/deletions and gene divergence [1-4]. Genome levels of intraspecies genetic diversity must be examined if we are to gain a better un... | 15918914 | PMC1168892 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:54 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 May 27; 6:78 |
Background
Due to technological developments, better communication facilities and further differentiation and specialisation of professionals, patient care is increasingly provided outside hospitals. Financiers, governments and patients advocate this development, as they consider outpatient care to be more efficient an... | 15910689 | PMC1168893 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:49 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 May 24; 5:38 |
Background
The rigorous evaluation of health care interventions requires potential users of these interventions to participate in clinical trials to assess their effectiveness. There are currently various concerns about both the small proportion of eligible people who participate in randomised controlled trials (RCTs) ... | 15913460 | PMC1168894 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:49 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 May 24; 5:39 |
Background
Adult outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy (OPAT) programs have been reported in the literature for over 20 years [1]. These programs have now become an accepted alternative to inpatient therapy for select patients and infection types [2-4]. OPAT programs have been demonstrated to be a safe, effective an... | 15941474 | PMC1168895 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:49 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Jun 7; 5:43 |
Background
Transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA), also known as 10Sa RNA or ssrA RNA, is a hybrid of a tRNA-like domain (TLD) and a mRNA-like domain (MLD) connected by a variable number of pseudoknots [1]. TmRNA is a stable and essential component of trans-translation, a quality-control process that rescues ribosomes stalled ... | 15958166 | PMC1168896 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:25 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2005 Jun 15; 6:14 |
Background
The human small intestine is the longest segment of the gastrointestinal tract, approximately five to six meters long in adults. Although it is three to four times longer than the colon, small intestinal tumors are rare, forming about 1% of all gastrointestinal malignancies [1]. Like the colon, the small int... | 15975143 | PMC1168897 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:56 | no | BMC Med. 2005 Jun 23; 3:10 |
Background
Despite the advances in hospital care and the introduction of a wide variety of antimicrobial agents, Pseudomonas aeruginosa continues to be a major nosocomial pathogen particularly in patients who suffer from immunosuppression [1]. P. aeruginosa is a ubiquitous pathogen prevalent in the hospital environment... | 15907204 | PMC1168898 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:39 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 May 20; 5:29 |
Background
Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, causes rapidly progressing disease in humans with a high mortality rate, especially in the pneumonic form of the disease. Due to the severe nature of plague, its ability for aerosol transmission, and the potential for human to human transmission plague is consi... | 15978133 | PMC1168899 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:41 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Jun 24; 5:38 |
Background
Patients are increasingly urged to become involved in treatment choices, including watchful waiting (surveillance but no active treatment), by working through medical evidence to decide on a course of action with their physicians. Guidelines and evidence summaries are commonly available to physicians and fre... | 15963238 | PMC1168900 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:52:11 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2005 Jun 20; 5:16 |
Background
The martial arts have their beginnings in the Orient but more specifically the common styles seen in Western society are from Japan, China, and Korea. Taekwondo, which originated in Korea more than 1000 years ago, is more sport than self-defense oriented [1]. In 2000, Taekwondo became recognized as an offici... | 15921510 | PMC1168901 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:03 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 May 27; 6:26 |
Background
Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), especially preeclampsia, is a major cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide [1,2]. The impact of PIH on birth outcomes has been extensively studied. However, the potential long-term effect of PIH on infants born to PIH mothers has been less stud... | 15907210 | PMC1168902 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:05 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2005 May 20; 5:10 |
Background
Asthma continues to be a key challenge in the field of pediatric health. With nine million children diagnosed with asthma in the United States, it is the leading cause of school absences, emergency room visits and hospitalizations among American youth [1,2]. Studies of asthma prevalence however, have tended ... | 15904513 | PMC1168903 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:56 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 May 17; 5:48 |
Background
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent, lipophilic, halogenated aromatic chemicals that are developmental and male reproductive toxicants in laboratory animals [1-3]. These persistent chlorinated compounds are worl... | 15918907 | PMC1168904 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:33 | no | Environ Health. 2005 May 26; 4:8 |
Introduction
Obesity is of major primary care concern and is targeted as an international health objective in Healthy 2000, which seeks to reduce the prevalence of obesity to less than 20%. In the last 10 years, the number of overweight people has increased from 26 to 34% [1]. Conventional dietary and behavioral treatm... | 15916709 | PMC1168905 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:19 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2005 May 25; 4:12 |
Introduction
The use of biomarkers in medicine lies in their ability to detect disease and support diagnostic and therapeutic decisions. New research and novel understanding of the molecular basis of the disease reveals an abundance of exciting new biomarkers who present a promise for use in the everyday clinical pract... | 15972108 | PMC1168906 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jun 22; 6(1):62 |
Introduction
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common serious, monogenic, autosomal recessive disease in Caucasians and results from mutations in the gene encoding the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). CF is characterised by variable phenotypic expression, which is not entirely explained by the... | 15975149 | PMC1168907 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jun 23; 6(1):63 |
Background
Obstructive airway diseases, including asthma, bronchiolitis, obstructive sleep apnea, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), are common in children and adults [1-7]. Early recognition and accurate assessment of the severity of airway obstruction and the response to therapy are fundamental to the ... | 15985171 | PMC1168908 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jun 28; 6(1):65 |
Background
Despite the standardization of the operative technique, improvement of preoperative risk assessment, and postoperative intensive care management, surgical therapy for esophageal carcinoma continues to be associated with a high incidence of operative complications, and a high mortality rate. Risk stratificati... | 15969746 | PMC1168909 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:03 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Jun 21; 3:37 |
Introduction
There is an impressively large body of physiological, imaging, and psychopharmacological data regarding the phasic activity of dopaminergic (DA) cells in the midbrains of monkeys, rats and humans in classical and instrumental conditioning tasks involving predictions of future rewards [1-5]. These data have... | 15953384 | PMC1171969 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:20 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2005 May 4; 1:6 |
Introduction
In 1996, Salkeld et al. [1] found that screening the average-risk Australian population for colorectal cancer using a faecal occult blood test (FOBT), compared to existing practice, would cost $24,660 per life-year gained (LYG). Due to uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of FOBT screening, they report ... | 15904536 | PMC1173078 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:28 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2005 May 18; 2:10 |
Background
Coexistence of public and private health insurance, such as in Australia, has been the subject of intense debate among health economists and policy makers [1]. The main issue surrounding this debate has been how the mix of public and private health care financing influences the demand for private health insu... | 15978139 | PMC1173079 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:27 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2005 Jun 27; 2:12 |
Background
In their recent review of protein sequence analysis in silico, Michalovich et al. [1] described the methodology for transferring functional annotation of known proteins to a novel protein. Computer-assisted technology is used to search for and assign the similarity from databases of well-maintained and previ... | 15904486 | PMC1173080 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:49 | no | BMC Biochem. 2005 May 18; 6:9 |
Background
Discovery of regulatory elements in human gene promoters is one of current bioinformatics challenges. Although transcriptional control mechanisms have been investigated in various organisms for at least three decades, it is still almost impossible to predict tissue-specific or developmental-stage-specific ex... | 15904489 | PMC1173081 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 May 18; 6:121 |
Background
Protein modelling and structure prediction as well as binding and interaction prediction have become very valuable instruments for researchers in biology and medicine. In order to build reasonable and useful models, as much information as possible has to be incorporated into the protein modelling process. To... | 15943884 | PMC1173082 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:50 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 May 19; 6:122 |
Background
The introduction of a microarray based comparative genomic hybridization method (arrayCGH) in 1997 paved the way for higher resolution detection of DNA copy number aberrations [1]. ArrayCGH is founded on the same principles as metaphase CGH, but uses mapped reporters instead of whole chromosomes. One of the ... | 15910681 | PMC1173083 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:51 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 May 23; 6:124 |
Background
Eukaryotic gene transcription is largely known to be orchestrated by protein factors like activators, co-activators and co-repressors [1]. However, nucleosomal organisation, non-passive structural scaffolds and global structure of chromatin are increasingly being recognised as major players in the regulation... | 15918906 | PMC1173084 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:50 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 May 26; 6:126 |
Background
The introduction of DNA microarray technology has enabled investigators to screen thousands of genes simultaneously. One of the main goals of these studies is to identify differentially expressed genes between two biological conditions. For example, many studies [1-4] have been performed in prostate cancer r... | 15921507 | PMC1173085 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:51 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 May 27; 6:128 |
Background
Response thresholds and exclusion criteria are applied when presenting a summary of a microarray study; otherwise the data set can be unmanageable. The precise effect of such criteria is, however, rarely discussed or investigated. We believe that many researchers are typically not aware of the effect that th... | 15921534 | PMC1173086 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:49 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 May 29; 6:129 |
Background
Whenever experimental data is gathered to examine a process, researchers will try – implicitly or explicitly – to define a model describing the process. The purpose of building a model is to generalize the experimental data, allowing the prediction of new experimental outcomes, or to gain insights into the e... | 15927070 | PMC1173087 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 May 31; 6:132 |
Background
Models for codon substitutions are used in computational biology for a wide range of applications such as reconstructing ancestral DNA sequences, determining Ka/Ks ratios to identify periods of adaptive evolution and aligning coding DNA.
Methods for estimating mutation matrices from observed substitutions i... | 15927081 | PMC1173088 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jun 1; 6:134 |
Text mining? ...................Why bury it first and then mine it again?
Recently, Sir Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the Web, said: 'Life sciences are particularly suitable for pioneering the Semantic Web. For example, within drug discovery, many databases and information systems used by drug researchers are alread... | 15941477 | PMC1173089 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jun 7; 6:142 |
Background
Dehydrogenases dedicated to L-tyrosine (TYR) biosynthesis comprise a family of TyrA homologs that have different specificities for the cyclohexadienyl substrate: ones specific for L-arogenate (AGN), ones specific for prephenate (PPA), and those that are able to use both [1,2]. Figure 1 illustrates the bioche... | 15888209 | PMC1173090 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:56 | no | BMC Biol. 2005 May 12; 3:13 |
Background
Three protein complexes that are conserved from yeast to humans, the 19S proteasome lid, the CSN, and eIF3, contain subunits characterized by two protein motifs: the MPN (Mpr1/ Pad1 N-terminal) and the PCI (proteasome/CSN/eIF3) domains [1]. The proteasome 20S catalytic particle and the 19S regulatory subunit... | 15904532 | PMC1173091 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:56 | no | BMC Biol. 2005 May 17; 3:14 |
Background
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men resulting in over 30,000 deaths annually [1]. Early detection and treatment has the potential to markedly reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with the disease. While elevated Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) [2] is the best available indicator of men ... | 15892885 | PMC1173092 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:05 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 May 13; 5:45 |
Background
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer among women in the United States [1]. Of 668,470 expected female cancer cases in 2004, 215,991 (32.3%) were breast cancer [1]. The incidence of female breast cancer is most common in developed countries such as the U.S. and Western Europe [2], and is high... | 15904509 | PMC1173093 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:04 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 May 18; 5:49 |
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