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Background
Since 1994, colorectal adenocarcinoma has been the third most frequent cancer in the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg (Western Europe), preceded by breast and prostatic cancer [1-3]. In the United States of America (USA), Japan and France, there have been changes in the site distribution of large bowel cancers over... | 15913456 | PMC1173094 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:05 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 May 24; 5:52 |
Background
The WWOX gene, originally cloned by our laboratory, spans a genomic region greater than 1 Mb in size and is the second most common chromosomal fragile site, FRA16D (16q23) [1,2]. Abnormalities affecting WWOX at the genomic and expression level have been reported in numerous neoplasias and cancer derived cell... | 15982416 | PMC1173095 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:03 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jun 27; 5:64 |
Background
Myocarditis is an inflammatory cardiomyopathy that occurs in all age groups [1]. Most cases are thought to be sub-clinical, but myocarditis can manifest as fulminant or chronic heart failure [2]. The inflammation is presumed to most commonly start as an infectious process, although autoimmune and idiopathic ... | 15932639 | PMC1173096 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:07 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2005 Jun 2; 5:12 |
Background
Hypertension is among the most prevalent chronic diseases in the United States [1]. Despite the availability of effective medications and well-published guidelines for the treatment of hypertension [1-4], the majority (approximately 75%) of hypertension in the United States remains poorly controlled [5].
Hy... | 15972095 | PMC1173097 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:07 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2005 Jun 22; 5:16 |
Background
Hypertension is a continuous, independent, yet modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and renal disease. It has been estimated that 62% of cerebrovascular disease and 49% of ischemic heart disease can be attributed to suboptimal blood pressure(BP) control [1].
Since 24 hour ambulatory bl... | 15985180 | PMC1173098 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:07 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2005 Jun 28; 5:18 |
Background
The quality of health care is determined by two main factors: the quality of the judgements and decisions that determine what actions are to be taken, and the quality with which those actions are executed [1]. Within health care, there are wide variations in clinicians' judgements on diagnosis and in the man... | 15892895 | PMC1173099 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:27 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2005 May 15; 5:15 |
Background
With the development of molecular techniques to identify genetic polymorphisms, numerous markers and in particular Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) [1,2] are now available within and between genes for establishing their possible role in disease susceptibility. One recurrent question in the literature i... | 15904492 | PMC1173100 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:18 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 May 18; 6:24 |
Background
N-acetylation polymorphism is one of the earliest discovered and most intensively studied pharmacogenetic traits that underlie interindividual and interethnic differences in response to xenobiotics. In humans, acetylation is a major route of biotransformation for many arylamine and hydrazine drugs, as well a... | 15932650 | PMC1173101 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:18 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Jun 2; 6:30 |
Background
The accurate replication and repair of genetic material, which is a prerequisite for normal functioning of the eukaryotic genome and the prevention of cancer, relies on coordinated and faithful DNA synthesis. One important mechanism that ensures a high fidelity of DNA replication is a "cleansing" of the DNA ... | 15932646 | PMC1173102 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:18 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Jun 2; 6:31 |
Background
The antigenic regions of protein recognized by the binding sites of immunoglobulin molecules are called B-cell epitopes [1]. These epitopes can be classified into two categories; i) conformational/discontinuous epitope, where residues are distantly separated in the sequence and brought into physical proximit... | 15921533 | PMC1173103 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:54 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 May 29; 6:79 |
Background
Dinoflagellates play critical roles in marine ecosystems as primary producers and grazers of other bacterial and eukaryotic plankton [1]. Approximately one-half of the ca. 4,000 species of dinoflagellates contain plastids, although many are mixotrophic [2]. Many taxa produce potent toxins and form harmful al... | 15921535 | PMC1173104 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:53 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 May 29; 6:80 |
Background
Measurement of foot pressure distribution (FPD) is clinically useful because it can identify anatomical foot deformities [1], guide the diagnosis and treatment of gait disorders and falls, as well lead to strategies for preventing pressure ulcers in diabetes. Age-related anatomical and physiological changes ... | 15943881 | PMC1173105 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:32 | no | BMC Geriatr. 2005 May 19; 5:8 |
Background
Patient choice is a key part of current U.K. National Health Service (NHS) Strategy [1]. At a time when the population has access to 24 hour banking and to supermarkets which are open 24 hours a day, specialist consultations in U.K. hospitals for non-emergency conditions remain largely confined to the hours ... | 15978126 | PMC1173106 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:49 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Jun 24; 5:47 |
Background
The cancellous bone microarchitecture corresponds to the spatial organization and morphology of the trabecular network. Sugita et al. [1] observed that the mechanical behavior of the cancellous bone varied following the testing direction; these variations were interpreted as an anisotropic feature of the bon... | 15927072 | PMC1173107 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:35 | no | BMC Med Imaging. 2005 May 31; 5:4 |
Background
The detection of an unusual, highly conserved sequence motif "His-phi-His-phi-His-phi-phi" (phi representing hydrophobic amino acids) in a variety of organisms of all kingdoms led to the definition of a new family of proteins named HIT (histidine triad) [1]. This family has three main branches: the fragile h... | 15904496 | PMC1173108 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:39 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 May 18; 5:27 |
Background
The elucidation of the P. aeruginosa strain PAO1 genome sequence in 2000 [1] opened the doors for genome- and proteome-scale research with this important opportunistic pathogen. These include the availability of commercial (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA) P. aeruginosa GeneChips® for transcriptome analyses [2],... | 15907219 | PMC1173109 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:41 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 May 23; 5:30 |
Background
The evolutionary pressures that have driven Hepatitis B virus (HBV) variation remain incompletely understood. Using whole HBV genotype sequencing, this variability can usefully be classified into at least eight families (genotypes) with a characteristic geographic distribution (reviewed in [1]). Alternativel... | 15921513 | PMC1173110 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:39 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 May 27; 5:33 |
Background
The vast majority of fast synaptic transmission in the mammalian central nervous system is glutamatergic. Proper expression, localization, and regulation of glutamate receptors are critical for brain development and plasticity. Not surprisingly, the molecular mechanisms controlling glutamate receptor express... | 15985179 | PMC1173111 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:47 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Jun 28; 6:44 |
Background
There has been an apparent increase in the incidence of coeliac disease (coeliac disease) over the past 30 years [1]. For instance, the number of reported cases in the Netherlands increased from 0.18 per 1000 live births from 1975–1990, to 0.54 per 1000 live births 1993–1994 [1]. There is also increasing rec... | 15907214 | PMC1173112 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:06 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 May 21; 5:11 |
Background
The concern for health disparities extends to residents of rural areas, who are recognized to face distance barriers when seeking to access health services. Concerns about disparities apply to mental as well as physical health. Studies addressing rural residence as a risk factor for poor mental health are im... | 15904511 | PMC1173113 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:56 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 May 16; 5:46 |
Background
Dietary supplements are defined in the United States Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (United States DSHEA) as any product (other than tobacco) intended to supplement the diet that bears or contains one or more of the following ingredients: a vitamin, a mineral, an herb or other botanical,... | 15904512 | PMC1173114 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:56 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 May 16; 5:47 |
Background
Tobacco is one of the leading causes of the global burden of disease, [1] demanding effective intervention strategies [2]. Smoking cessation treatment is generally considered to be among the most cost-effective life saving interventions in the health system [3] and telephone helplines for smoking cessation (... | 15910682 | PMC1173115 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:58 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 May 23; 5:52 |
Background
In the early evening of October 4th, 1992, an El Al Boeing 747-F cargo aircraft lost two of its engines just after take off from Schiphol Airport and crashed into two apartment buildings in the Bijlmermeer, a densely populated suburb of Amsterdam (the Netherlands) [1]. The air disaster killed 43 people, and ... | 15921536 | PMC1173116 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:56 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 May 30; 5:54 |
Background
In many developing countries and countries with economies in transition, health care injections are overused and are frequently administered in an unsafe manner [1,2]. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 20 million new hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections, 2 million new hepatitis C virus (HCV) i... | 15929800 | PMC1173117 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:55 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Jun 2; 5:56 |
Background
For years Israel has been considered to be endemic for viral hepatitis, with an incidence of reported cases five to ten times that observed in the United States [1]. Most cases of viral hepatitis in Israel are caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), and in the 1970's the Israeli Ministry of Health instituted ... | 15935104 | PMC1173118 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:55 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Jun 6; 5:60 |
Background
Ethiopia stands among the world's top 22 tuberculosis (TB) high-burden countries, with an estimated annual incidence of 250 TB cases/105 population [1,2]. In the Southern Ethiopia Regional State (SNNPRS), TB is among the leading causes for sickness and death [3]. As in many other resource-constrained setting... | 15938746 | PMC1173119 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:55 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Jun 6; 5:62 |
Background
Almost 21% of the female population experience major depression in their life [1]. Twice as many females experience some form of depression when compared to male [2]. Female depression has higher risk on first onset, can last longer, and often recur [3,4]. There is established relationship between life stres... | 15910692 | PMC1173120 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:02 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 May 24; 5:25 |
Background
Duodenal ulcer perforations are a common cause of peritonitis. The classic, pedicled omental patch that is performed for the 'plugging' of these perforations was first described by Cellan-Jones in 1929 [1], although it is commonly, and wrongly attributed to Graham, who described the use of a free graft of th... | 15978134 | PMC1173121 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:04 | no | BMC Surg. 2005 Jun 25; 5:15 |
Background
The most important phosphate-containing calculi involved in urinary stone disease are carbonate apatite, brushite, and struvite. Overall, phosphate stones account for 12–20% of all urinary stones and rank first in the list of recurrent calculi [1]. The most definitive therapy involving any type of phosphate ... | 15907215 | PMC1173122 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:02 | no | BMC Urol. 2005 May 22; 5:9 |
Background
Aseptic loosening is the most common cause for long-term failure of total hip replacement (THR). The success rate after revision surgery is much lower than that after the primary operation. Wear, which contributes to aseptic loosening [1-4], has been shown to correlate with the contact pressure of the UHMWPE... | 15904521 | PMC1173123 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:37 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 May 17; 4:32 |
Background
High Frequency Chest Compression (HFCC) [6,9,19,29] is a useful and popular therapy for clearing bronchial airways of excessive or thick mucus since it does not require patients to do any directed efforts for respiration while therapy is given, unlike other airway clearance techniques such as active cycle of... | 15904523 | PMC1173124 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:36 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 May 19; 4:34 |
This book is intended for biologists, medical physicists, biomechanical engineers and clinicians who are involved in bone studies. For these practitioners, the book is a comprehensive review of physical measurement techniques applied to bone, with useful emphasis on practical aspects such as protocols of measurement, s... | 0 | PMC1173125 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:37 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Jun 14; 4:37 |
Background
An elevated immunoglobulin G (IgG) index and the presence of oligoclonal bands (OCB) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are a hallmark of multiple sclerosis (MS) [1,2]. Although this finding is not specific for MS, 72 % percent of patients present with an elevated IgG index and even 98 % show an oligoclonal di... | 15982411 | PMC1173126 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:38 | no | Cerebrospinal Fluid Res. 2005 Jun 27; 2:3 |
Background
Chronic inflammation and airway smooth muscle dysfunction are consistent features of asthma responsible for disease progression and airway remodeling [1]. The increase in bronchial smooth muscle, both hypertrophy [2] and hyperplasia [3], plays a critical role in the development of airway hyperreactivity (AHR... | 15907205 | PMC1173127 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:25 | no | Clin Mol Allergy. 2005 May 20; 3:6 |
Background
Allergic asthma ranks in Germany among frequent occurred occupational diseases. Cow hair allergy in Finland is one of the most frequent reasons for the development of occupational asthma [1], but epidemiologically in Germany still insufficiently explored. The prevalence of respiratory complaints in Finnish f... | 15972101 | PMC1173128 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:25 | no | Clin Mol Allergy. 2005 Jun 22; 3:8 |
Background
The average annual incidence rate of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection varies significantly worldwide ranging from 9.1 per 100,000 in the United States and Europe to 500 per 100,000 in the Central Asian Republics [1,2]. According to the latest available data, the incidence of HAV infection remains as high as... | 15890070 | PMC1173129 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:14 | no | Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2005 May 12; 3:4 |
Introduction
In spite of continuous improvements in revascularization techniques, there remain patients ineligible for coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) and coronary angioplasty. Those patients frequently suffer from severe angina, CCS (Canadian Cardiovascular Society) class III to IV; their complaints may no... | 15943878 | PMC1173130 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:32 | no | Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med. 2005 May 19; 6(1):7 |
I see no important disagreement between me and the commentators, but disagreement does exist on these topics. I would classify opposing views into two major categories. On one side, some writers assert that causal inference can and should be done without counterfactuals. In my view, Dawid [1,2] is a moderate on that si... | 15904538 | PMC1173131 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:27 | no | Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2005 May 19; 2:2 |
Background
Diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) has been used in the treatment and control of lymphatic filariasis (caused by the nematodes Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and B. timori) since 1947 and it continues to play an important role, being one of the drugs used in the Global Programme for the Elimination of Lym... | 15932636 | PMC1173132 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:25 | no | Filaria J. 2005 Jun 2; 4:4 |
Background
Protease inhibitor based antiretroviral therapy (PI-ART), defined as the combination of at least two nucleoside analogues with at least one protease inhibitor (PI) [1], was introduced in 1996 and has greatly reduced the incidence of HIV-related morbidity and mortality in the industrialised world [2,3]. PI-AR... | 15871738 | PMC1173133 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:14 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 May 4; 3:32 |
Background
The question of whether disease cases are clustered in space has received considerable attention in the literature [1-4]. Although many statistical tests for disease clusters have been proposed, most tests suffer from multiple testing problems due to one or two unknown parameters that must be set prior to th... | 15904524 | PMC1173134 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:06 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2005 May 18; 4:11 |
Introduction
One of the earliest observations in the study of circadian rhythms was that continuous light (LL) lengthens circadian period in most nocturnal animal species [1]. "Aschoff's Rule" posits that there is a positive log-linear relationship between the LL intensity and period [2-5]. In all these studies LL was ... | 15927074 | PMC1173135 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:14 | no | J Circadian Rhythms. 2005 May 31; 3:8 |
Introduction
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in renal transplant recipients [1] and it accounts for about 40% of deaths in this group of patients [2]. Several risk factors for CVD, such as lipid abnormalities and insulin resistance, may partly explain the accelerated developmen... | 15943877 | PMC1173136 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:19 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2005 May 19; 4:11 |
Background
Lactococcus lactis is a Gram-positive bacterium that is widely used in food production such as cheese and butter manufacturing [1]. In the last two decades the physiology and genetics of this bacterium have been thoroughly characterized [2]. At present several genomes are either completely sequenced or close... | 15921518 | PMC1173137 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:35 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2005 May 27; 4:15 |
Background
Caveolin-1 (cav-1) is the major structural component of small Ω-shaped plasma membrane invaginations called caveolae [1]. Caveolae regulate plasma membrane signal transduction, with cav-1 acting as a scaffolding molecule to sequester and organize multi-molecular signaling complexes [2,3]. Many proteins which... | 15969750 | PMC1173138 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:35 | no | Mol Cancer. 2005 Jun 21; 4:21 |
Background
The recent World Health Organization (WHO) classification of lung tumors has unified the heterogeneous group of non-small cell lung carcinomas that contains sarcoma or sarcoma-like components under the designation of "carcinomas with pleomorphic, sarcomatoid or sarcomatous elements" [1]. This group includes ... | 15929799 | PMC1173139 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:03 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Jun 2; 3:32 |
The politicization of science may be as old as science itself. Famously, Galileo's championing of the theory that the Earth revolves around the sun met with staunch political opposition as a perceived challenge to the authority of the Catholic church. In the Soviet Union, Lysenko rejected the widely held chromosomal th... | 16000017 | PMC1174820 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:25 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jul 12; 3(7):e218 |
German embryonic stem cell scientist Oliver Brustle faces major challenges in his lab on a daily basis that have little to do with science. His country's policy on human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is among the most restrictive in Europe. Collaborations with other countries are difficult. And he's overwhelmed by the t... | 16000020 | PMC1174821 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:24 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jul 12; 3(7):e234 |
In their classic paper “Evolution at Two Levels in Humans and Chimpanzees,” published exactly 30 years ago, Mary-Claire King and Allan Wilson described the great similarity between many proteins of chimpanzees and humans [1]. They concluded that the small degree of molecular divergence observed could not account for th... | 16000021 | PMC1174822 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:25 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jul 12; 3(7):e245 |
Students can be a valuable resource for the scientific community, as demonstrated by Chen et al. [1]. However, it is not just undergraduate students who can contribute but secondary school students also. Previously some of us have published a Drosophila model of tauopathy where we have shown that overexpression of tau ... | 16000022 | PMC1174823 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:24 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jul 12; 3(7):e246 |
India produces the largest number of movies in the world, and the country is also home to one of the largest number of people born blind [1]. Yet it is only now that the 90-year-old Hindi film industry, based in Mumbai, has made a movie based on the life of Helen Keller, arguably the most inspirational visually challen... | 0 | PMC1174824 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:15 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jul 12; 3(7):e249 |
In order to survive in various environmental conditions, cells have a repertoire of genes that they can choose to express or silence according to their needs. Among this vast collection of genetically controlled networks, the SOS response is an inducible DNA repair system that allows bacteria to survive sudden increase... | 16000023 | PMC1174825 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:25 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jul 12; 3(7):e255 |
In PLoS Biology, volume 2, issue 11: DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020363
We incorrectly named the products of two genes, gamma actin and betaAPP, as FMRP ligands because of a misreading of Table 1 from [1]. BetaAPP is incorrectly referred to as an FMRP ligand in Tables 2 and S9, gamma actin in Table S9 only. This does ... | 0 | PMC1174826 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:25 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jul 12; 3(7):e264 |
Background
A major challenge in computational biology is to reveal the cis-regulatory logics of gene expression through analysis of high-throughput genomic data, for example, genomic sequences and microarray gene expression data. A common practice is to first identify putatively co-regulated genes by clustering gene ex... | 15890068 | PMC1174863 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:50 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 May 12; 6:114 |
Background
The draft sequence of the chicken (Gallus gallus) genome has been recently obtained and an initial analysis completed [1]. This genome sequence will be extremely valuable for vertebrate development, avian biology, and agriculture. To reap these benefits, however, we must be able to determine with reasonable ... | 15924626 | PMC1174864 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:50 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 May 30; 6:131 |
Background
Centrioles are cylindrical structures located within the core of the centrosome. Although the localization of centrioles within the centrosome together with their precise duplication prior to mitosis has suggested a role in bipolar spindle assembly or function, the actual role of centrioles in cell division ... | 15927066 | PMC1174865 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:56 | no | BMC Biol. 2005 May 31; 3:15 |
Background
Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) represents an advanced form of cancer and is associated with a poor prognosis and quality of life. The peritoneal failure rate among patients who present with recurrence after colon cancer resection is approximately 25–35% [1]. The median survival time after manifestation of pe... | 15924622 | PMC1174866 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:03 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 May 30; 5:56 |
Background
The continuous medical and technological progress has led to a rising use of high tech diagnostic tests which are often expensive. For that reason many efforts have been undertaken to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of referrals for diagnostic tests. Studies have pointed out a wide range of reasons ... | 15941483 | PMC1174867 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:13 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Jun 7; 6:22 |
Background
Insertion elements, the simplest bacterial transposons, are short DNA sequences (700–2500 bp) carrying only genetic information related to their transposition and its regulation [1]. IS elements are capable of transposition into many sites within and between bacterial chromosomes and extra-chromosomal elemen... | 15929794 | PMC1174868 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:53 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Jun 1; 6:81 |
Background
There is a large body of surgical literature reporting anal eroticism resulting in rectal trauma and retained foreign bodies [1,2], but there is no report of bacteremia or endocarditis occurring in these patients. Staphylococcus aureus is an aggressive pathogen and bacteremia with this organism can infect he... | 15921523 | PMC1174869 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:16 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 May 27; 5:42 |
Background
CTCF (CCCTC-binding factor) was originally identified as a transcriptional repressor in studies of the chicken lysozyme silencer [1] and the regulation of the chicken c-myc gene [2]. Since that time, CTCF has been extensively characterized in vertebrates as a ubiquitously-expressed, highly-conserved, multiva... | 15985163 | PMC1174870 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:25 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2005 Jun 28; 6:16 |
Background
Mental retardation (MR) is a common disorder affecting 1–3% of the population, and yet the pathogenesis is only partly understood. Specific etiological factors are found only in about half of the patients, despite thorough clinical and laboratory investigations [1]. It is reasonable to believe that genetic f... | 15904506 | PMC1174871 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:32 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2005 May 17; 6:21 |
Background
With a prevalence of 1 in 10,000 live births and a carrier frequency of approximately 1 in 50 [1], proximal spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) represents the second most common fatal autosomal recessive disorder after cystic fibrosis [2]. SMA is characterized by the degeneration of anterior horn cells of the spin... | 15910686 | PMC1174872 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:34 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2005 May 23; 6:22 |
Background
Streptococcus pneumoniae, one of the most important human pathogens of all times, is today an even more serious menace because of its increasing resistance to penicillin, the first-choice antibiotic [1]. It is a fastidious organism to grow both in vitro and in animal infection models. Probably because of the... | 15932633 | PMC1174873 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:39 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Jun 2; 5:34 |
Background
Being born small for one's gestational age is associated with adverse outcomes in both the short and long term [1-3]. However assessing whether a neonate is at risk of compromise on account of inappropriate intrauterine growth is complicated because not all fetuses should grow at the same rate [4]. Currently... | 15910694 | PMC1174874 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:06 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 May 24; 5:13 |
Background
Health inequality within the population is a major public health concern [1,2]. Individual socioeconomic status, as measured by educational level, occupational class and income, has been shown to be closely related to both mortality and morbidity in combination with race/ethnicity, access to health care serv... | 15921512 | PMC1174875 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:56 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 May 27; 5:53 |
Background
Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) remains the most effective available treatment option for non-muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma. Its superiority, both in terms of preventing recurrence and progression, has been demonstrated in multiple studies.[1-3] The mechanism responsible for BCG's superior anti-tumor ac... | 15890073 | PMC1174876 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:02 | no | BMC Urol. 2005 May 12; 5:8 |
Background
Metabolic syndrome describes the presence of a cluster of common cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertension, insulin resistance or glucose intolerance, visceral obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, prothrombotic state and proinflammatory state in a single individual [1,2]. The lack of a universally ag... | 15892894 | PMC1174877 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:04 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2005 May 15; 4:6 |
1. Introduction
As we find ourselves in the beginning of a new millennium, we are faced with challenges to our survival as a human population. Some of the greatest threats to our survival are sweeping epidemics that affect millions of individuals worldwide. Drug addiction, although often regarded as a personality disor... | 15987511 | PMC1174878 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:49 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2005 Jun 29; 2:8 |
Background
West Nile virus (WNV) is a significant human and veterinary mosquito-borne pathogen that has rapidly spread across North America. Humans develop a febrile illness and a small subset progress to meningitis or encephalitis syndromes [1]. Currently, no specific therapy or vaccine has been approved for treatment... | 15985182 | PMC1174879 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:58 | no | Virol J. 2005 Jun 28; 2:53 |
Introduction
In most mammals, chemical communication between conspecific animals is involved in initiation of reproductive and territorial behaviors. The detection of these species- and gender-specific chemical cues, also called pheromones, is thought to involve receptors of the vomeronasal organ (VNO), a small neurona... | 16089503 | PMC1174912 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:24 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Aug 12; 3(8):e257 |
Although humans are thought to use their sense of smell to some extent when choosing a mate—or to a great extent, if perfume advertisements are to be believed—for many animals odor is centrally important in their mating decisions. Male moths, for example, are attracted over great distances to receptive mates by powerfu... | 0 | PMC1174913 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:25 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Aug 12; 3(8):e280 |
Introduction
It has long been known that neuropeptides are secreted locally during immune responses [1], and that they are involved in vasodilation and plasma extravasation, that is, neurogenic inflammation [2,3]. It is furthermore known that inflammatory cells can produce neuropeptides [4,5]. The neuropeptide substanc... | 15899028 | PMC1174935 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:36 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Feb 7; 7(3):R416-R426 |
Introduction
CD4+ T helper (Th) cells and macrophages infiltrate the synovial membrane (SM) during the course of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [1-3]. Both cell types, when activated, appear to play a central role in promoting and maintaining the disease process [4,5], for example by producing certain sets of cytokines that... | 15899031 | PMC1174936 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:36 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Feb 17; 7(3):R445-R457 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, debilitating condition affecting 0.5 to 1% of the world's population. The major goals of treatment of RA are to reduce pain and discomfort, to prevent deformities and loss of joint function, and to maintain a productive and active lifestyle. RA is characterized by ch... | 15899029 | PMC1174937 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:37 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Feb 21; 7(3):R427-R438 |
Introduction
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory disease that is associated with inflammation in the sacroiliac joints, the axial skeleton, entheses, peripheral joints, the uvea, and other structures [1-3]. In randomized clinical trials, agents targeting the proinflammatory cytokine t... | 15899030 | PMC1174938 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:36 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Feb 21; 7(3):R439-R444 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by synovial proliferation, neovascularization, and accumulation of inflammatory cells in inflamed joints. Synovial cells are markedly activated by cytokines, adhesion molecules, and coagulation factors, resulting in hyperplasia of the synovial tissue, and the acti... | 15899034 | PMC1174939 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:37 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Feb 18; 7(3):R476-R484 |
Introduction
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a distinct subset of lymphocytes that share the characteristics of both T cells and natural killer cells. They express a semi-invariant TCR (TCR Vα24Jα18 and Vβ11 in human; Vα14Jα281 and Vβ8, Vβ7 or Vβ2 in mouse) and recognize glycolipid antigens presented by the major hist... | 15899036 | PMC1174940 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:36 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Feb 18; 7(3):R493-R502 |
Introduction
The chronic inflammatory joint disease rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterised by synovial inflammation and pannus formation, which can lead to severe destruction of cartilage and bone. Several self proteins have been suggested as disease-driving autoantigens, and the presence of autoantibodies with dif... | 15899032 | PMC1174941 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:35 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Feb 21; 7(3):R458-R467 |
Introduction
Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease that is characterized by inflammatory arthritis and skin psoriasis. It is commonly classified as a subtype of the spondyloarthropathy (SpA) concept, together with ankylosing spondylitis (AS), reactive arthritis, arthritis associated wit... | 15899044 | PMC1174942 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:35 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Mar 3; 7(3):R569-R580 |
Introduction
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a polygenic disease, although the genes contributing towards the disease are unknown. Several human susceptibility loci have been identified, with eight of the strongest candidates mapping to 1q23, 1q25-31, 1q41-42, 2q35-37, 4p16-15.2, 6p11-21, 12q24 and 16q12 [1]. Of ... | 15899033 | PMC1174943 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:36 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Feb 21; 7(3):R468-R475 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterised by chronic inflammation of the joints. The prevalence of RA is 0.5 to 1% in many populations [1] and is about 2.5 times higher in women [2]. RA has a very complex genetic basis, and the combination of genetic and environmental causative facto... | 15899035 | PMC1174944 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:36 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Feb 18; 7(3):R485-R492 |
Introduction
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a disorder that results in chronic joint and entheseal inflammation, and ankylosis of axial and peripheral joints. It affects approximately 0.1–0.8% of Caucasians [1]. The disease usually begins in young adulthood and can be associated with chronic pain and significant disabi... | 15899038 | PMC1174945 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:36 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Feb 25; 7(3):R513-R525 |
Introduction
Articular cartilage is made up of two main extracellular-matrix (ECM) macromolecules, namely, type II collagen and aggrecan (a large, aggregating proteoglycan) [1,2]. The type II collagen scaffold endows the cartilage with its tensile strength, while the aggrecan, by virtue of its high negative charge, dra... | 15899037 | PMC1174946 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:37 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Feb 22; 7(3):R503-R512 |
Introduction
Arthritis is a common, progressive condition, which is associated with considerable pain and inflammation, and has a strong impact on quality of life. It is the major reason for hip or knee replacements [1].
It is more prevalent in women than men, and in older people. One community-based study [2] conduct... | 15899051 | PMC1174947 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:36 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Mar 24; 7(3):R644-R665 |
Introduction
Articular cartilage consists of chondrocytes, the only cell type present, which are responsible for repairing tissue damage. Chondrocyte death and the pertinent signaling pathway involved have therefore been the focus of interest recently as pathogenetic factors leading to joint cartilage degradation in va... | 15899039 | PMC1174948 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:37 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Mar 1; 7(3):R526-R535 |
Introduction
Cell-derived microparticles, predominantly from platelets and erythrocytes, are present in human blood. The presence of such microparticles has been associated with the activation of coagulation [1-3]. We demonstrated recently that synovial fluid from the inflamed joints of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and ar... | 15899040 | PMC1174949 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:37 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Mar 1; 7(3):R536-R544 |
Introduction
Chondrocytes are the predominant cells in mature cartilage that synthesize and maintain the integrity of cartilage-specific extracellular matrix. In rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis the phenotype of chondrocytes changes, and apoptosis and extracellular matrix degradation occur [1-3]. These severe pe... | 15899045 | PMC1174950 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:36 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Mar 4; 7(3):R581-R591 |
Introduction
Adult articular cartilage consists of a delicate system of cells and matrix proteins, which have the function of creating a viscoelastic tissue with high biomechanical stability and low friction. Even though the cartilage is exposed to continuous mechanical wear, there is surprisingly low turnover in cells... | 15899043 | PMC1174951 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:36 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Mar 3; 7(3):R560-R568 |
Introduction
Defects in articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) resulting from traumatic injury or degenerative joint disease do not repair themselves spontaneously, because of the low mitotic activity of chondrocytes and the avascular nature of this type of cartilage [1,2]. Therefore, defects may require novel regener... | 15899042 | PMC1174952 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:36 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Mar 1; 7(3):R552-R559 |
Introduction
Therapy with anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) alpha is effective for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [1,2], with an estimated 500,000 patients being treated worldwide. The possible occurrence of drug-induced autoimmune disorders remains a matter of concern [3]because induction of autoantibodies is frequently ob... | 15899041 | PMC1174953 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:36 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Mar 1; 7(3):R545-R551 |
Introduction
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic, progressive disease that particularly affects weight-bearing joints such as hips and knees. The entire joint is affected by a complex combination of degradative and reparative processes, which alter the anatomy and function of articular cartilage, subchondral bone, and oth... | 15899049 | PMC1174954 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:36 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Mar 24; 7(3):R625-R633 |
Introduction
Cardiovascular disease is an increasingly recognized contributor to excess morbidity and mortality in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [1-5]. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors do not adequately accunt for the extent of cardiovascular disease in RA [3,5]. Although hypertension and age are potential additiona... | 15899050 | PMC1174955 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:37 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Mar 24; 7(3):R634-R643 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory arthritis that frequently starts at the peak of productive life and is a major cause of invalidity, morbidity, and premature mortality [1]. RA is characterized by an early inflammatory stage that is frequently responsive to disease-modifying anti-rheumati... | 15899046 | PMC1174957 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:37 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Mar 17; 7(3):R592-R603 |
Introduction
Heme oxygenase (HO) is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of heme into CO, Fe2+, and biliverdin [1,2]. HO-1, an inducible form of HO, is a 32-kD heat shock protein expressed in response to various noxious stimuli including heavy metals, hyperoxia, hypoxia, endotoxin, hydrogen peroxide, and inflammator... | 15899048 | PMC1174958 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:36 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Mar 21; 7(3):R616-R624 |
Introduction
In several autoimmune diseases, for example rheumatoid arthritis, the involvement of CD4+ T cells in disease induction has been suggested [1]. As a treatment strategy, the manipulation of CD4+ T cells by CD4-directed antibodies has therefore been studied extensively [2]. However, because anti-CD4 therapy t... | 15899047 | PMC1174959 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:36 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Mar 21; 7(3):R604-R615 |
Introduction
The introduction of biological agents such as TNF-α-blocking agents has dramatically changed the therapeutic approach to rheumatic diseases in recent years. TNF-α-blocking therapy has had a remarkable effect on disease activity in an increasing number of rheumatic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (... | 15899052 | PMC1174960 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:36 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Apr 4; 7(3):R666-R676 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic systemic disease primarily affecting the joints, is characterised by progressive destruction of cartilage and bony structures of the joints [1,2]. Its social impact results from the personal suffering of patients as well as from medical and indirect costs [3].
Hyaluron... | 15899053 | PMC1174961 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:36 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Mar 31; 7(3):R677-R686 |
Introduction
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of joint disease, with a prevalence of 10 to 30% in persons over the age of 65 [1]. However, the pathogenesis of this degenerative joint disease is not fully understood. It affects articular cartilage, subchondral bone, and soft tissues including synovium and lig... | 15899054 | PMC1174962 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:37 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Mar 31; 7(3):R687-R693 |
Introduction
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells in the immune system [1,2]. They represent a heterogeneous population of bone-marrow-derived cells located in lymphoid as well as in nonlymphoid organs. In peripheral tissues these antigen-presenting cells are immature and are functionally ... | 15899055 | PMC1174963 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:36 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Apr 1; 7(3):R694-R703 |
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