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Introduction
Systemic autoimmune diseases such as scleroderma (Scl), polymyositis (PM), rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and mixed connective tissue disease are characterized by the occurrence of circulating antibodies to defined intracellular targets [1]. Some of these autoantibodies represent ... | 15899056 | PMC1174964 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:37 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Apr 1; 7(3):R704-R713 |
Introduction
Systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SJIA) is a form of childhood arthritis of unknown etiology, characterized by systemic features in addition to arthritis, including spiking fever, erythematous rash, articular involvement, and other, visceral manifestations [1]. Its clinical course is associated... | 15987476 | PMC1175022 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:37 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Apr 4; 7(4):R746-R755 |
Introduction
Human leukocyte antigen B27 (HLA-B27) transgenic Fisher rats are normal at birth but develop chronic inflammation of multiple organ systems as they age. Transgenic rats of this strain, overexpressing the human HLA-B27 and β2-microglobulin proteins, develop lesions of the gastrointestinal system, the joints... | 15987478 | PMC1175023 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:38 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Apr 4; 7(4):R769-R776 |
Introduction
Hyaluronan (HA), a linear, megadalton glycosaminoglycan, has important biological and structural functions [1]. First, by interacting with transmembrane proteins, such as CD44 and other members of the heterogeneous group of proteins termed hyaladherins, HA initiates signaling pathways and contributes to th... | 15987477 | PMC1175024 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:38 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Apr 4; 7(4):R756-R768 |
Introduction
Although the role of B cells in autoimmunity is not completely understood, their importance in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases has been further appreciated in the past few years. It is now well known that B cells are more than just the precursors of (auto)antibody-secreting cells [1-4]. They are al... | 15987473 | PMC1175025 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:37 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Apr 1; 7(4):R714-R724 |
Introduction
Low back pain is a common, debilitating, and economically important disorder. Current evidence implicates loss of intervertebral disc (IVD) matrix consequent upon disc 'degeneration' as a major cause of low back pain [1]. Although many treatments aimed at relieving back pain are directed towards the degene... | 15987475 | PMC1175026 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:37 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Apr 1; 7(4):R732-R745 |
Introduction
The synovium is the primary site of pathology in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The rheumatoid synovium contains large numbers of CD4+ T cells. Patients with severe disease frequently express DR4 molecules that share an epitope in the third hypervariable region of the β-chain [1], suggesting a pathogenic role ... | 15987480 | PMC1175027 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:37 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Apr 7; 7(4):R784-R795 |
Introduction
Psoriatic arthritis (PsA), defined as the occurrence of seronegative arthritis and psoriasis, is a debated entity. The reasons for this uncertainty include disparity in the subgroups identified in the original description [1], lack of a validated case definition of PsA, possible inclusion of patients with ... | 15987474 | PMC1175028 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:37 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Apr 1; 7(4):R725-R731 |
Introduction
A major pathological manifestation of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis is the degeneration of articular cartilage [1,2]. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) such as MMP-3 and MMP-13 are known to cleave collagens and aggrecan of cartilage extracellular matrix [3-5]. The concentrations... | 15987479 | PMC1175029 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:37 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Apr 4; 7(4):R777-R783 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a progressive inflammatory disease, which causes damage and disability [1-5] that can be prevented by promptly initiated and effective therapy [6-9]. To ensure that therapy is effective, frequent clinical assessments are needed [10-12]. For the purpose of disease activity asses... | 15987481 | PMC1175030 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:38 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Apr 7; 7(4):R796-R806 |
Introduction
Pain and disability are the principal clinical features associated with chronic arthritis. Inflammation is associated with sensitisation of specialised sensory neurons that comprise the nociceptive (pain) pathway, leading to enhanced pain sensations in response to both noxious and non-noxious stimuli (term... | 15987482 | PMC1175031 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:38 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Apr 12; 7(4):R807-R816 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory synovitis that is dominated by the presence of macrophages, lymphocytes and synovial fibroblasts, which leads to the destruction of bone and cartilage. The pathogenesis of the disease is complex, involving a wide range of molecules.
The receptor for adva... | 15987483 | PMC1175032 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:38 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Apr 25; 7(4):R817-R824 |
Introduction
Synovial lesions in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) show complex histopathological manifestations, involving several diagnostic hallmarks such as multilayered synovial lining tissues associated with a palisading structure of the intimal lining cells and the presence of non-foreign-body-type giant cells, formatio... | 15987484 | PMC1175033 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:37 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Apr 25; 7(4):R825-R836 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease. It is multigenic, possibly triggered by exposure to viruses or bacteria, and, it is expected, other environmental stimuli. Consistent with this concept is the strong genetic association with the HLA-DR allele that contains a QK/RAA ami... | 15987486 | PMC1175034 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:37 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Apr 28; 7(4):R844-R851 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common inflammatory joint disease with a prevalence of 0.5 to 1% [1]. RA is more common in women than in men, and the peak incidence in women coincides with the time of menopause [2]. There is evidence that the female sex hormone estrogen can influence both the incidence and ... | 15987485 | PMC1175035 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:37 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Apr 27; 7(4):R837-R843 |
Introduction
Murine collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that bears all the hallmarks of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), namely polyarthritis and synovitis with subsequent cartilage and bone erosions [1]. CIA is induced in susceptible strains of mice (e.g. DBA1/J) by immunization with bovine co... | 15987489 | PMC1175036 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:37 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 May 17; 7(4):R868-R876 |
Introduction
Articular cartilage exhibits unique hydrodynamic and viscoelastic properties that are largely attributable to its extracellular matrix (ECM), which equips diarthrodial joints with their weight-bearing properties and near frictionless articulation. Cartilage ECM is composed of a collagen network, predominan... | 15987487 | PMC1175037 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:38 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 May 12; 7(4):R852-R861 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by chronic and symmetric inflammation of synovial joints [1,2]. Although the aetiology of RA is still unknown, it is thought of as an autoimmune disease with the synovial tissue (ST) being its primary target. The microscopic appearance of RA ST includes marked int... | 15987488 | PMC1175038 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:37 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 May 12; 7(4):R862-R867 |
Introduction
Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) is an experimental model of arthritis inducible in susceptible strains of mice, for example DBA1/J, by immunization with bovine collagen type II (CII) in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) [1-4]. The development of CIA is known to depend on T cells, and disease susceptibility... | 15987490 | PMC1175039 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:38 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 May 20; 7(4):R877-R884 |
Introduction
Symptoms originating from the central nervous system occur in 14 to 75% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and are extremely diverse, including neurological and psychiatric syndromes [1]. In 1999, the American College of Rheumathology defined 19 distinct neuropsychiatric syndromes associat... | 15987492 | PMC1175040 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:37 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 May 20; 7(4):R896-R903 |
Introduction
During rheumatoid arthritis (RA), large numbers of inflammatory cells, mainly macrophages, migrate into the synovial layer [1]. Many of these macrophages become activated by mechanisms that are as yet unknown. Activated macrophages produce cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interleukin-1... | 15987491 | PMC1175041 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:38 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 May 20; 7(4):R885-R895 |
Introduction
The breakdown or absence of oxygen homeostasis is a hallmark of many common diseases, such as cancer, myocardial infarction, and arthritis. In most normal and tumor tissues, adaptation to hypoxic conditions is critical for successful tissue expansion [1,2]. In response to down-regulation of oxygen homeosta... | 15987493 | PMC1175045 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:37 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 May 27; 7(4):R904-R914 |
Introduction
Identification of new markers for human breast cancer development, progression and metastases is important for successful breast tumor therapy and management. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)/ductal intraepithelial neoplasia is a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells within the mammary ductal system w... | 15987446 | PMC1175051 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:33 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Apr 6; 7(4):R411-R421 |
Introduction
Akt/protein kinase B (PKB) is a serine/threonine kinase that is involved in mediating various biological responses, such as inhibition of apoptosis and stimulation of cell proliferation (for review [1,2]). Three mammalian isoforms are currently known [1]: Akt1/PKBα, Akt2/PKBβ and Akt3/PKBγ. Akt1 was first ... | 15987444 | PMC1175052 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:33 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Mar 24; 7(4):R394-R401 |
Introduction
The incidence of breast cancer – the second leading cause of cancer death in women in the USA – is increasing, and current therapy is unable to achieve clinical responses in patients with highly invasive metastatic disease. There is a consequent need for more effective approaches to prevention and treatmen... | 15987447 | PMC1175053 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:33 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Apr 4; 7(4):R422-R435 |
Introduction
The human-epidermal-growth-factor receptor 2 (HER2, also known as neu, ErbB-2, and p185HER2) is a transmembrane glycoprotein with an intracellular tyrosine kinase activity and an extracellular domain very similar to those of the epidermal-growth-factor-binding domain of the epidermal-growth-factor receptor... | 15987448 | PMC1175054 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:50 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Apr 8; 7(4):R436-R443 |
Introduction
Breast cancer is the most common female cancer in the UK and USA. One in ten women will develop breast cancer in their lifetime in Western countries [1,2]. The poor prognosis of patients with breast cancer is related to tumour recurrence and metastasis [3,4]. Breast cancer is characterized by metastasis to... | 15987445 | PMC1175055 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:33 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Apr 4; 7(4):R402-R410 |
Introduction
Distinct pathological features among BRCA1-associated tumours have been found when such tumours are compared with sporadic cancers; these features include high tumour grade, negativity for oestrogen receptor (ER), overexpression of p53, negativity for progesterone receptor (PR), and a higher proportion of ... | 15987451 | PMC1175056 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:50 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Apr 21; 7(4):R465-R469 |
Introduction
Development of breast cancer mouse models that provide consistent primary mammary tumors and metastasis to clinically relevant tissues such as lymph nodes, lungs, and bone remain a challenge in the preclinical evaluation of therapies for human breast cancer. Current xenograft models of breast carcinoma inv... | 15987449 | PMC1175057 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:33 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Apr 8; 7(4):R444-R454 |
Introduction
The risk of breast cancer is related to genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors that influence the level of exposure to estrogens and other sex hormones [1]. Regarding genetic factors, high-penetrance cancer-susceptibility genes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 are associated with some cases of familial breas... | 15987450 | PMC1175058 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:50 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Apr 12; 7(4):R455-R464 |
Introduction
The signaling activity of receptor protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) is crucial to the control of apoptosis, differentiation, and proliferation processes; consequently, dysfunction or deregulation of these molecules can lead to uncontrolled growth and neoplastic progression. The abnormal activation of PTKs i... | 15987464 | PMC1175059 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:33 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Apr 12; 7(4):R570-R579 |
Introduction
It has been well documented that the pineal hormone, melatonin, besides its well established circadian rhythm, plays a major role in the control of reproduction in mammals [1,2]. The role of the pineal gland, the major source of melatonin, in the development of breast [3] and mammary [4,5] cancer has been ... | 15987452 | PMC1175060 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:50 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Apr 29; 7(4):R470-R476 |
Introduction
Considerable advances have been made in recent years towards an understanding of the molecular factors involved in breast cancer development, but for women in most Western countries breast cancer still remains a major cause of death. There are genetic and environmental factors that increase the chances of ... | 15987453 | PMC1175061 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:50 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Apr 26; 7(4):R477-R486 |
Introduction
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent proteolytic enzymes that are involved in tumor angiogenesis, migration, and invasion as well as the regulation of immune surveillance [1,2]. With a few exceptions, the expression and activity of MMPs are increased in almost every type of human... | 15987457 | PMC1175062 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:50 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 May 10; 7(4):R506-R512 |
Introduction
The enzyme α1,3galactosyltransferase (αGalT) is responsible for the synthesis of galactose-α1,3galactose-β1,4N-acetylglucosamine-R (αGal) epitopes in all mammals except Old World primates [1]. Highly expressed in nonprimate mammals, prosimians and New World monkeys, this glycosyltransferase has been mutati... | 15987454 | PMC1175063 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:33 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 May 3; 7(4):R487-R494 |
Introduction
Most breast cancer survivors are menopausal either at diagnosis or as a result of premature therapy-induced menopause, and they frequently experience climacteric symptoms [1]. Menopausal hormone therapy (HT), either with estrogen alone or with combined estrogen and progestin, relieves estrogen deficiency s... | 15987460 | PMC1175064 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:50 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 May 19; 7(4):R535-R540 |
Introduction
Of all breast and ovarian cancers, 5–10% are due to genetic predisposition [1]. Mutations in the two high penetrance genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 are well known, but they account for only 20–30% of the familial aggregation of breast cancer. The remaining cases could be the result of a few additional, yet unidenti... | 15987455 | PMC1175065 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:50 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 May 6; 7(4):R495-R501 |
Introduction
The TP53-binding protein (53BP1), a conserved nuclear protein, was initially identified to interact with the DNA-binding domain of TP53, thus enhancing TP53-mediated transcriptional activation [1,2]. In response to exogenous exposure to ionising radiation, 53BP1 becomes hyperphosphorylated and rapidly loca... | 15987456 | PMC1175066 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:50 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 May 6; 7(4):R502-R505 |
Introduction
Alcohol consumption is a well-established risk factor for breast cancer. Among those who drink, recent alcohol consumption of two or more drinks a day is associated with an approximately 30% increased risk of breast cancer compared with nondrinkers [1-3]. A pooled analysis of over 32,000 women participatin... | 15987462 | PMC1175067 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:50 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 May 16; 7(4):R555-R562 |
Introduction
The association between exposure to endogenous and exogenous steroid hormones and breast cancer risk is well established [1]. Consequently, genetic polymorphisms in genes involved with hormone-metabolizing pathways have been widely studied for evidence of their contribution to breast cancer risk [2,3]. One... | 15987458 | PMC1175068 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:50 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 May 12; 7(4):R513-R521 |
Introduction
Tumor metastasis is a multi-step process that involves the dissociation of tumor cells from the primary tumor followed by their entry into the circulation, extravasation from the vascular system and proliferation into tumor masses at secondary tissue sites. Both cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions are i... | 15987459 | PMC1175070 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:50 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 May 13; 7(4):R522-R534 |
Introduction
RNA interference (RNAi), a process of silencing gene expression, involves the generation of short, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules by an enzyme called dicer, which cleaves RNA duplexes into 21–23 base-pair oligomers [1-8]. These oligomers are called, depending on their end-point functions, small inte... | 15987463 | PMC1175071 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:33 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 May 16; 7(4):R563-R569 |
Introduction
Invasive breast cancer among women younger than 35 years is relatively rare in comparison with breast cancer in older women; only 2% of diagnoses occur in the younger age group [1]. However, it is the leading type of cancer and cause of cancer-related death in women aged 15–34 years [2]. Prognosis followin... | 15987461 | PMC1175072 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:33 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 May 16; 7(4):R541-R554 |
Background
With the development of genomics, research in biology and systems biology is becoming increasingly data-driven. The feedback between available data and hypotheses has accelerated the pace at which innovative ideas are generated. Life scientists are in a position to design novel methodologies but do not neces... | 15938750 | PMC1175080 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:50 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jun 6; 6:138 |
Background
Alignments of homologous DNA sequences are crucial for comparative genomics and phylogenetic analysis [1]. The most accurate multiple alignment tool arguably remains the human eye. However, the increasing amount of sequence data and the increasing scope of projects using these data mean that an automated ali... | 15969769 | PMC1175081 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:50 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jun 22; 6:156 |
Background
Despite recent progress in elucidating the molecular basis of gene expression the practicality of achieving reliable, stable, high-level transgene expression in mammalian cells remains a major challenge. This inefficiency of transgene expression is largely attributable to transcriptional silencing, which typ... | 15935093 | PMC1175082 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:57 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2005 Jun 3; 5:17 |
Background
Cervical carcinoma (CC) is one of the most common cancers among women worldwide and the first cause of death among the Mexican female population[1]. High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is considered the most important risk factor associated with the development of this tumor, and it is present in ... | 15989693 | PMC1175083 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:03 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jun 30; 5:68 |
Background
In molecular phylogeny, a great deal of attention has gone to computational methods for building phylogenetic trees [1], but much less to methods for selecting phylogenetic characters. Most sequence-based studies of prokaryotic and universal phylogeny have used either small-subunit rRNA genes [2-4] or highly... | 15927057 | PMC1175084 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:17 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 May 31; 5:34 |
Background
The dopaminergic system has received a significant amount of attention due to the important role it plays in the central nervous system in motor control, cognition, reward, emotion and endocrine regulation [1]. Recently, the D4 dopamine receptor (DRD4) gene [GenBank:U95122, GenBank:L12397] has been the targe... | 15985158 | PMC1175085 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:18 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Jun 28; 6:39 |
Background
Patients treated at hospitals with higher volumes of cardiovascular procedures, including coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), are reported to have better outcomes than patients treated at hospitals with lower volumes [1-3]. These data have led to a growin... | 15935099 | PMC1175086 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:53 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Jun 3; 5:42 |
Background
Rubella is a common, normally mild disease that mainly affects children aged 2–12 years. Rubella in pregnancy may cause abortion, stillbirth and congenital anomalies, or congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Prior to the introduction of rubella vaccine in 1969, the disease was distributed evenly throughout the ... | 15938744 | PMC1175087 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:14 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Jun 6; 5:44 |
Background
The bacterium Caulobacter crescentus divides asymmetrically once during each cell cycle, yielding a sessile stalked cell and a motile swarmer cell [1,2]. These two cell types differ not only in morphology but also in their ability to replicate their genomes and to divide. The stalked cell immediately reiniti... | 15904494 | PMC1175088 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:40 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 May 17; 5:25 |
Background
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus, GBS) is a Gram positive, facultative anaerobic bacterium that is the most common cause of neonatal and obstetric sepsis, and is an increasingly important cause of septicaemia in elderly and immunocompromised patients [1]. Serotype III GBS causes approximately ... | 15913462 | PMC1175089 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:39 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 May 24; 5:31 |
Background
Diabetic nephropathy is the most common cause of end-stage renal failure in developed countries and its incidence continues to rise [1]. In most patients with diabetic nephropathy, hypertension is present and contributes significantly to the progression of renal failure in diabetes [1]. Studies in diabetic r... | 15918915 | PMC1175090 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:44 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2005 May 27; 6:6 |
Background
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is the main cause of visual impairment in premature infants [1]. The increased survival of extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants in recent years, due to advances in neonatal care, has produced a population of infants at very high risk of developing ROP [2]. It has been be... | 15985170 | PMC1175091 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:05 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 Jun 28; 5:18 |
Background
Japan has the highest life expectancy in the world. In a 2002 Japanese census report, 18.5% of Japanese were 65 years old and over and 7.9% were over 75 years old. A long-term care insurance (LTCI) law was introduced in 2000 to cover both home-based and institutional care services for the large elderly popul... | 15924625 | PMC1175092 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:56 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 May 30; 5:55 |
Background
Quitting smoking is a major public health goal throughout the life span. Benefits of smoking cessation exist even at the age of over 60 years [1,2]. Although there is large and consistent evidence that the proportion of current smokers declines by age including those above 65 [3-7], there are substantial sub... | 15935091 | PMC1175093 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:55 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Jun 3; 5:57 |
Background
Sarcoidosis is a chronic, systemic disease of unknown origin, characterized by the formation of noncaseating granulomas in affected organs, most commonly the lung. According to the ATS/ERS/WASOG [1] statement on sarcoidosis, the diagnosis is based on clinical and radiological findings and on histologic evide... | 15978129 | PMC1175094 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:12 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2005 Jun 24; 5:8 |
Background
It is apparent that for a normal cell to develop into a highly delocalized metastatic cancer, multiple genetic events are required to overcome the normal mechanisms that control the growth and development of healthy tissue. About 10% of ovarian cancer patients inherit a familial predisposition, and of those ... | 15918899 | PMC1175095 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:36 | no | BMC Womens Health. 2005 May 26; 5:8 |
Background
Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing haemodialysis have substantially higher cardiovascular disease mortality rates than the general population [1-5]. Accelerated atherosclerosis has been observed in haemodialysis patients [6] and may contribute to this increased cardiovascular event rate.... | 15910680 | PMC1175096 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:32 | no | Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med. 2005 May 23; 6(1):9 |
Introduction
In "Historical Perspective: The social determinants of disease – some roots of the movement," Professor S. Leonard (Len) Syme describes his professional activities as they related to the emergence of research on the social determinants of health within the field of epidemiology [1]. He writes in some detai... | 15916710 | PMC1175097 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:38 | no | Epidemiol Perspect Innov. 2005 May 25; 2:3 |
Background
The order of questions in an interview may affect the responses to each question [1-3]. Conventional wisdom suggests that surveys should begin with simple, descriptive and non-sensitive questions [2,3]. The items used in composite measurement scales may also be subjected to a context effect [4]. Yet, there h... | 15927054 | PMC1175098 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:13 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 May 31; 3:37 |
Background
Single pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a safe and noninvasive technique for mapping cortical motor representation [1-4]. Recently, TMS has been used to explore mechanisms underlying both spontaneous and therapy-induced post-stroke motor recovery. In this context, most interventional studies ... | 15927075 | PMC1175099 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:41 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2005 May 31; 2:10 |
Background
The Gram-positive bacterium B. megaterium has been proven as a promising host for the production of diverse heterologous proteins and vitamins due to its intrinsic favourable properties such as low protease activity and high secretion capability [1]. Using recombinant B. megaterium strains for the heterologo... | 15927046 | PMC1175100 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:15 | no | Proteome Sci. 2005 May 31; 3:4 |
Background
In skeletal muscle, the action potential passes along the surface membrane of the muscle fibre into the transverse tubular system. Depolarisation of the voltage sensitive dihydropyridine receptor leads to an opening of the ryanodine receptor in the nearby sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Sarcoplasmic calcium (Ca... | 15946384 | PMC1175794 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:05 | no | BMC Anesthesiol. 2005 Jun 9; 5:8 |
Introduction
Carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur undergo energy cycles in our environment that are essential to support life. While carbon and nitrogen are available primarily as gases that require fixation, sulfur occurs abundantly as inorganic sulfate. Despite this apparent advantage, a substantial energetic hurdle must sti... | 16008502 | PMC1175818 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:48 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Aug 19; 3(8):e250 |
Introduction
The presence of parasitism creates heterogeneity in host populations: Parasitised hosts may have different behaviour [1], different food requirements [2], different feeding rates [3], or different sensitivity to stress, such as pollution [4]. This heterogeneity can modify intraspecific competition among in... | 16008503 | PMC1175819 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:15 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Aug 19; 3(8):e262 |
Introduction
Apparent motion can be perceived when two spatially segregated visual stimuli are presented in succession [1]. The illusion persists even when the stimuli are widely separated, a phenomenon called “long-range apparent motion” (here we use the term “apparent motion” to refer to long-range apparent motion) [... | 16018720 | PMC1175820 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:26 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Aug 19; 3(8):e265 |
Introduction
Paleontology-based estimates of how species diversity fluctuates through time [1–6] typically do not take into account the species–area curve, which is one of the best understood relationships in ecology and predicts how many species can be expected as the geographic area of sampling increases [7–11]. The ... | 16004509 | PMC1175821 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:26 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Aug 19; 3(8):e266 |
Introduction
Proteorhodopsin (PR) proteins are bacterial retinal-binding membrane pigments that function as light-driven proton pumps in the marine ecosystem [1,2]. A gene encoding such a pigment was originally discovered on a large genome fragment [1] derived from an uncultured marine gammaproteobacterium of the SAR86... | 16008504 | PMC1175822 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:26 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Aug 19; 3(8):e273 |
Sulfur is one of life's essential atoms. It is found in two amino acids—methionine and cysteine—and in several vitamins. Outside of living organisms, sulfur is mostly found in its fully oxidized form, the sulfate ion (SO4
2−). To incorporate it into biomolecules, enzymes must reduce it, stripping it of oxygens. As is t... | 0 | PMC1175823 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:24 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Aug 19; 3(8):e284 |
To get a sense of the challenges in measuring biodiversity, consider this: estimates for the number of living species on earth range from 3.5 million to over 30 million. Only 1.9 million species have been classified and described. (Of these, 15,589 currently face extinction.) Now imagine trying to calculate patterns of... | 0 | PMC1175824 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:24 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Aug 19; 3(8):e286 |
Biologists have a knack for finding life in the harshest or loneliest regions of the Earth. Microbes, in particular, have adapted to wild variations in environment, and different strains of bacteria thrive under extremely acidic, sweltering, low-nutrient, and even oxygen-free conditions. Unfortunately, humans lack such... | 0 | PMC1175825 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:25 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Aug 19; 3(8):e287 |
The parade of lights flashing on a theater marquee provides an important lesson in how the brain creates the illusion of motion. While we know each bulb remains stationary, the lighting and dimming of each in succession makes it appear that light is moving across the marquee. Even when successive bulbs are separated by... | 0 | PMC1175826 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:26 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Aug 19; 3(8):e290 |
If necessity is the mother of invention, the coevolutionary arms race is the mother of adaptation. For parasites and hosts engaged in an ongoing battle to gain advantage, those adaptations take many forms. A host continually tinkers with resistance mechanisms while the parasite adjusts its means of infection. But if in... | 0 | PMC1175827 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:25 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Aug 19; 3(8):e295 |
im·pact (i˘m'pa˘kt′) n.
1. The striking of one body against another; collision.
2. The force or impetus transmitted by a collision.
3. The effect or impression of one thing on another.
4. The power of making a strong, immediate impression.
—Dictionary.com
Open-access publishing was headed on a colli... | 17523263 | PMC1175828 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:24 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Aug 19; 3(8):e296 |
Background
The concept of protein aggregation suggests a non-physiological process resulting in the formation of large structures, often chaotic, and in which the proteins have lost their original function/activity. Nevertheless, the collapse of the native conformation can also produce very regular structures, as in th... | 15927061 | PMC1175841 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:49 | no | BMC Biochem. 2005 May 31; 6:10 |
Background
The position of the nucleus is a crucial piece of information in any study of the development of multicellular organisms. A fertilized egg – a single cell – develops into a multicellular organism through many spatially and temporally dynamic cellular activities, including cell division, cell migration, cell ... | 15910690 | PMC1175842 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:49 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 May 24; 6:125 |
Background
Elementary mode analysis (EMA) analyzes complex metabolic networks
Metabolic networks include many enzymes. These operate together in a complex way as metabolites of one reaction may be processed (consumed or provided) by a number of different enzymes. Whereas in biochemistry textbooks such networks are ofte... | 15929789 | PMC1175843 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:50 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jun 1; 6:135 |
Background
Opinion leaders – an untapped resource for quality improvement
Local opinion leaders are able to influence the practice of other physicians because they are well-known, respected, and trusted to evaluate medical innovations within the local context [1-4]. Because they influence patterns of practice in the co... | 15982421 | PMC1175844 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:07 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2005 Jun 27; 5:17 |
Background
Central nervous system (CNS) is the main organ affected in patients suffering from creatine (Cr) deficiency syndromes due either to AGAT, GAMT or CT1 deficiency [1-3]. As recently described, these patients present neurological symptoms in early infancy and show severe neurodevelopmental delay [4-6]. All thre... | 15918910 | PMC1175845 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:17 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2005 May 26; 5:9 |
Background
Innumerable insects and other terrestrial arthropods are infected with maternally transmitted endosymbionts. While many endosymbionts spread by increasing the fitness of their hosts, others spread by manipulating host reproduction in ways that specifically enhance transmission of infected cytoplasm, even if ... | 15927071 | PMC1175846 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:17 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 May 31; 5:35 |
Background
Hereditary haemochromatosis is an autosomal recessive genetic condition in which excess iron is absorbed by the intestine. Individuals with the clinical manifestations of the disease (which include liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, diabetes mellitus, cardiomyopathy and arthropathy) will have accumul... | 15929796 | PMC1175847 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:26 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2005 Jun 1; 5:17 |
Text
Since ambiguities in the 1994 chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) research case definition [1] do indeed contribute to inconsistenties in the identification of cases, I welcome the publication by Reeves et al. [2] and the authors' efforts to resolve these problems. However, I have to express my deepest concerns about t... | 15892882 | PMC1175848 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:50 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 May 13; 5:37 |
Background
Data from the heart outcomes prevention evaluation study (HOPE) suggest that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) are effective in prevention of ischemic stroke, as measured by reduced stroke incidence in subjects randomized to treatment with ACEI [1]. In this trial, the use of the ACEI, ramipril,... | 15949043 | PMC1175849 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:53 | no | BMC Neurol. 2005 Jun 10; 5:10 |
Background
Conserved neuronal signaling pathways regulate synaptic plasticity, the ability of neurons to modify synaptic connections. "Long-term" forms of neuronal plasticity require new gene expression that results in persistent synaptic change (altered synaptic strength and morphology). Thus, long-term forms of plast... | 15932641 | PMC1175850 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:48 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Jun 2; 6:39 |
Background
Variation in crop development due to genotype and environment strongly impacts yield. Increases in crop production efficiency are needed on a global basis because of projected expanding human populations coincident with regional decreases in area of arable land [1,2]. "An understanding of crop responses to e... | 15927065 | PMC1175851 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:52 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2005 May 31; 5:8 |
1. Background
Treating prostate diseases such as prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is of great importance. In the United States, most of the new diagnosed prostate cancer cases appear in men who are over the age of 55 while most of the BPH cases appear after the age of 60. According to the National... | 15963237 | PMC1175852 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:36 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Jun 17; 4:39 |
Background
A matrix may be defined as something within or from which something else originates, develops, or takes form. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a post-natally developed mesenchyme and provides scaffolding and structural support for cells and organs. Additionally, it is capable of exchanging information with ... | 15985157 | PMC1175853 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:03 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2005 Jun 28; 4:9 |
Background
Numerous measures have been employed in an attempt to increase implantation and pregnancy rates in assisted reproduction. Aspirin has been utilized as one such potential therapy. This drug has been shown to increase uterine blood flow [1], hence clinicians have postulated that aspirin could improve the recep... | 15927049 | PMC1175854 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:17 | no | J Exp Clin Assist Reprod. 2005 May 31; 2:8 |
Background
Chronic complete spinal cord injury (SCI) induces musculoskeletal deterioration that can be life threatening. Initially muscle atrophy occurs [1], followed by muscle fiber and motor unit transformation [2-5], and ultimately lower extremity osteoporosis develops [6-10]. Maintaining paralyzed muscle tissue may... | 15927064 | PMC1175855 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:41 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2005 May 31; 2:12 |
Background
One of the critical factors that initiate and maintain chronic pain is central sensitization where neurons in the spinal dorsal horn become more excitable due to prior repetitive noxious stimuli [1]. Thus, preventing the initial cascade of neural events may eliminate the long-term hypersensitivity. Initiatin... | 15932652 | PMC1175856 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:08 | no | Mol Pain. 2005 Jun 3; 1:19 |
Introduction
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous endocrine and metabolic disorder recognized as the primary cause of infertility in women of the reproductive age [1]. The syndrome is associated with ovulatory dysfunction, abdominal obesity, hyperandrogenism, and profound insulin resistance [1].
The pre... | 15941472 | PMC1175857 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:13 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Jun 7; 3:21 |
Background
In 1995, several groups independently reported the discovery of two new viruses, which were termed GB virus type C (GBV-C) and hepatitis G virus, respectively (review in [1]). Subsequently, these viruses were found to be two strains of a novel RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family. GBV-C (the design... | 15927079 | PMC1175858 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:41 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 May 31; 2:38 |
Introduction
In healthy subjects, primary infection with Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is usually mild or asymptomatic and is effectively controlled by the cell-mediated immune response [1]. However, in immune compromised individuals, such as those with AIDS or after bone marrow transplantation, CMV reactivation is associated ... | 15916715 | PMC1175859 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:28 | no | J Transl Med. 2005 May 26; 3:23 |
Introduction
Golf is a popular recreational activity that can be played by all ages, genders, and skill levels. Although seemingly uncommon, golf-related injuries do occur, with the three most common injury sites being the lower back, the elbow and the wrist. Together these three sites account for approximately 80% of ... | 15967021 | PMC1175860 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:23 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2005 May 25; 13:7 |
Introduction
Critically ill patients frequently develop anemia during their intensive care unit (ICU) course. Corwin and coworkers [1] reported that 95% of patients demonstrated abnormal hemoglobin concentration by the third ICU day. Anemia in the ICU patient has been reported to resemble anemia of chronic disease in i... | 15987387 | PMC1175870 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:52 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Feb 25; 9(3):R172-R176 |
Introduction
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an archetypal autoimmune disease, involving multiple organ systems and with varying course and prognosis. Even though the survival rate among SLE patients has improved over the past few decades [1-3], there remain a host of factors that are associated with death in SLE... | 15987388 | PMC1175871 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:52 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Feb 25; 9(3):R177-R183 |
Introduction
Acute pancreatitis is a local inflammatory process that leads to a systemic inflammatory response in the majority of the cases [1-3]. Severe and life-threatening complications requiring intensive care occur in about 25% of patients with acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP) [4]. While the intra-acinar prema... | 15987389 | PMC1175873 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:53 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Mar 4; 9(3):R184-R190 |
Introduction
Aspergillus is a genus of mitosporic fungi, some species of which are known to cause infections in humans, particularly Aspergillus fumigatus (85% of cases) followed by A flavus and A niger [1]. Aspergillus spp. are responsible for a broad spectrum of illnesses, from saprophytic colonization of the bronchi... | 15987390 | PMC1175876 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:52 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Mar 11; 9(3):R191-R199 |
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