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Introduction
Most patients who require intensive care need effective analgesia and sedation to control potentially unpleasant symptoms such as pain and anxiety. Analgesics and sedatives are also used to allow patients to tolerate nursing procedures and tracheal intubation and to aid in mechanical ventilation. Most comm... | 15987391 | PMC1175879 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:53 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Mar 15; 9(3):R200-R210 |
Introduction
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) has been identified as the most potent vasoconstrictor peptide known so far [1,2]. Locally produced ET-1 acts on three types of G-protein-coupled receptor: ETA, ETB1, and ETB2 [3]. The ETA and ETB2 receptors are expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells, whereas ETB1 is localized mainly... | 15987392 | PMC1175881 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:53 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Mar 14; 9(3):R211-R217 |
Introduction
Accurate evaluation of cardiac performance and preload status, and assessment of fluid responsiveness are important goals in the treatment of critically ill patients. Despite the current controversy surrounding the usefulness of and risks associated with the pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) [1,2], the PAC r... | 15987394 | PMC1175882 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:53 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Apr 1; 9(3):R226-R233 |
Introduction
Protein energy malnutrition is a major problem in severely ill hypercatabolic patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) [1]. Early initiation of enteral nutrition has proved to be beneficial, with significant positive effects on septic complications, and has been shown to improve the outcome when compared ... | 15987393 | PMC1175883 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:52 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Mar 22; 9(3):R218-R225 |
Introduction
Nosocomial lower respiratory tract infections are the most common nosocomial infections in the intensive care unit (ICU) [1]. Although several studies have investigated nosocomial pneumonia, few evaluated ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis (VAT).
VAT is a common nosocomial infection among mechanicall... | 15987396 | PMC1175884 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:53 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Mar 31; 9(3):R238-R245 |
Introduction
Mucosal permeability is one of the few functions of the gastro-intestinal tract that can be quantified in the clinical setting. Increased intestinal permeability in critically ill patients has been associated with endotoxemia and remote organ failure [1]. Mucosal intestinal permeability can be assessed non... | 15987395 | PMC1175885 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:52 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Mar 21; 9(3):R234-R237 |
Introduction
Over the past four decades, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has spread throughout the world and become highly endemic in many geographic areas. This pathogen causes severe morbidity and mortality in hospitals worldwide [1-3]. In France, 30 to 40% of S. aureus strains are methicillin-resi... | 15987397 | PMC1175886 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:52 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Mar 31; 9(3):R246-R250 |
Introduction
Prone positioning (PP) improves arterial oxygenation in 50 to 75% of patients presenting with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [1]. Although this postural treatment is currently considered simple and safe [1], the restriction of abdominal movements during PP is associated with an increase in intr... | 15987398 | PMC1175887 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:52 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Mar 31; 9(3):R251-R257 |
Introduction
Critical care is an integral part of hospitals, consuming an important proportion of all beds and of the hospital budget. Critical care medicine is thought to account for 1% of the gross domestic product (GDP) in the USA and has been implicated in a disproportionate amount of the increase in hospital costs... | 15987399 | PMC1175888 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:52 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Apr 4; 9(3):R258-R265 |
Introduction
Acute renal failure (ARF), as a component of the multiple organ failure syndrome, affects morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients [1]. This is still the case even though several aspects of medical care and applied technology in ARF were improved. Much development in renal replacement therapy (RR... | 15987400 | PMC1175890 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:52 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Apr 7; 9(3):R266-R273 |
Introduction
High-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) is, from a theoretical point of view, an ideal method of ventilation to minimize ventilator-associated lung injury. HFOV avoids high peak inspiratory pressures, thus preventing end-inspiratory overdistension, and it avoids repetitive recruitment and de-recruitm... | 15987401 | PMC1175892 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:52 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Apr 8; 9(3):R274-R279 |
Introduction
In critical illness, the intestine has been indicted as a source of pathogens sustaining the inflammatory response initiating or maintaining multiple organ failure. Various interventions have therefore been proposed to limit the growth of putatively causative pathogens in the gut; for example, selective in... | 15987403 | PMC1175894 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:53 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Apr 28; 9(3):R285-R293 |
Introduction
Rotenone is a botanical pesticide derived from the roots of species of plants from the family Leguminosae. Most commercially available preparations are derived from the species Derris elliptica, Derris mallaccensis, Lonchocarpus utilis and Lonchocarpus urucu. It has pesticide activity against a wide variet... | 15987402 | PMC1175899 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:52 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Apr 29; 9(3):R280-R284 |
Introduction
Rapid resolution of tissue hypoxia is the cornerstone of the treatment of sepsis and septic shock [1]. Patients who spontaneously develop high oxygen transport have better outcomes [2]. In experimental models of sepsis, animals with spontaneous elevation of oxygen transport present improved survival [3]. I... | 15774052 | PMC1175914 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:51 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Jan 11; 9(2):R66-R73 |
Introduction
Infection of the urinary tract (UTI) is the most common hospital-acquired infection in North America and is among the most frequent nosocomial infections in critically ill patients [1-4]. Nosocomial UTIs have been associated with a threefold increased risk for mortality in hospital-based studies, with esti... | 15774051 | PMC1175915 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:51 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Jan 6; 9(2):R60-R65 |
Introduction
Severe sepsis is a common syndrome among hospitalized patients, occurring at a rate of 250,000–750,000 cases/year in the USA [1,2]. It is defined as pathologic infection accompanied by a spectrum of physiologic abnormalities, originally described as systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria in combi... | 15774053 | PMC1175916 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:52 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Jan 11; 9(2):R74-R82 |
Introduction
Patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) generally present an unexpected life-threatening condition, with the exception of those admitted after scheduled surgery. These patients will remain in their critical condition for various lengths of time and will need several types of life support, such as... | 15774056 | PMC1175917 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:51 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Jan 31; 9(2):R96-R109 |
Introduction
The duration of weaning from mechanical ventilation (MV) represents a large proportion of the overall ventilation period [1]. The time from initiation of weaning to successful endotracheal extubation may account for as much as 40% of the overall ventilatory time [1]. A great number of studies have demonstr... | 15774054 | PMC1175918 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:52 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Jan 17; 9(2):R83-R89 |
Introduction
Mortality from sudden cardiac death is up to 375,000 patients per year in Europe [1] and in the vast majority of cases it is caused by ventricular fibrillation [2]. To increase survival rates, the period between developing ventricular fibrillation and the first defibrillation must be as short as possible. ... | 15774042 | PMC1175919 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:50 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Jan 31; 9(2):R110-R116 |
Introduction
Rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria are responsible for approximately 5% of all causes of acute renal failure (ARF) in the USA [1]. The cause of rhabdomyolysis is often multifactorial [2], and approximately 8–20% of such patients develop myoglobinuric ARF [3]. The myoglobin released during rhabdomyolysis is t... | 15774055 | PMC1175920 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:50 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Jan 21; 9(2):R90-R95 |
Introduction
Critical care therapies such as ventilation, invasive procedures or other measures inducing pain or stress require analgesia and sedation of the patient. Adequate analgesia and sedation is supposed to prevent stress-induced reactions such as hypermetabolism, sodium and water retention, hypertension, tachyc... | 15774043 | PMC1175921 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:50 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Jan 26; 9(2):R117-R123 |
Introduction
Pulmonary capillary pressure (PCP) is the major force determining fluid filtration from pulmonary capillaries into the interstitium, and thus it is the major determinant of oedema formation [1,2]. Measurement of PCP is therefore of clinical importance. However, equally important is the methodological diffi... | 15774045 | PMC1175923 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:51 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Feb 11; 9(2):R132-R138 |
Introduction
Imbalance in autonomic cardiovascular function has been shown to increase the risk for ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and after myocardial infarction [1,2]. Under these conditions there is an increased sympathetic adrenergic tone and reduced parasymp... | 15774044 | PMC1175925 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:52 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Jan 26; 9(2):R124-R131 |
Introduction
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is considered the best marker of renal function, and serum creatinine is the most commonly used biochemical parameter to estimate GFR in routine practice. However, there are some shortcomings to the use of this parameter. Factors such as muscle mass and protein intake can i... | 15774046 | PMC1175926 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:51 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Feb 7; 9(2):R139-R143 |
Introduction
We previously proposed initial distribution volume of glucose (IDVG), determined using injection of a small amount of glucose (5 g), as a measure of central extracellular fluid volume status [1-3]. Neither the plasma glucose values present before glucose injection nor infusion of insulin and/or vasoactive ... | 15774047 | PMC1175927 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:51 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Feb 11; 9(2):R144-R149 |
Introduction
Sepsis is the leading cause of mortality in noncardiac intensive care units, resulting in an estimated mortality of 200,000 patients per year in the USA alone [1]. Sepsis is notably characterized by an increase in microvascular permeability, which accounts for the extravasation of macromolecules and fluid ... | 15774049 | PMC1175929 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:51 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Feb 21; 9(2):R157-R164 |
Introduction
Sepsis is the second leading cause of death among patients in noncoronary intensive care units (ICUs) and is the 10th leading cause of death overall in the USA [1]. Despite new and complex therapies, the incidence of sepsis has increased annually at a constant rate over the past 20 years, and there have be... | 15774048 | PMC1175932 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:52 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Feb 17; 9(2):R150-R156 |
Introduction
Decreased functional residual capacity (FRC) and increased pulmonary resistance are hallmarks of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [1]. Pathophysiological mechanisms include alveolar flooding and/or collapse, which contribute to shunting of blood and to hypoxaemia [2]. Whether true alveolar collap... | 15774050 | PMC1175934 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:52 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Feb 21; 9(2):R165-R171 |
Background
The past few years have seen a tremendous development of functional genomics technologies. In particular, the yeast proteome has been the subject of considerable effort, including genome-wide protein interaction assays using yeast two-hybrid technology [1,2], affinity chromatography/mass spectrometry [3,4], ... | 15892868 | PMC1175952 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:39 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Apr 15; 6(5):R40 |
Background
Understanding the evolution of the great diversity of life is a major goal in biology. Despite decades of effort by systematists, evolutionary relationships between major groups of animals still remain unresolved. The inability to cluster taxa in monophyletic groups was originally due to the lack of morpholo... | 15892869 | PMC1175953 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:38 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Apr 28; 6(5):R41 |
Background
Despite a ubiquitous distribution [1] and a diversity that may parallel that of the Bacteria (for a recent review see [2]), the Archaea still remain the most unexplored of life's domains. Whereas 21 different phyla are identified in the Bacteria (National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Taxonomy ... | 15892870 | PMC1175954 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:39 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Apr 14; 6(5):R42 |
Background
With completion of the sequencing of the human genome and those of many other organisms, research is shifting to functional genomics, that is, to gaining system-level understanding of the mechanisms by which gene products interact and regulate each other to produce coherent and coordinated physiological proc... | 15892871 | PMC1175955 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:39 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Apr 13; 6(5):R43 |
Background
Why a sequence ontology is needed
Genomic annotations are the focal point of sequencing, bioinformatics analysis, and molecular biology. They are the means by which we attach what we know about a genome to its sequence. Unfortunately, biological terminology is notoriously ambiguous; the same word is often us... | 15892872 | PMC1175956 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:39 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Apr 29; 6(5):R44 |
Background
Forward and reverse genetic screens in flies and worms indicate that most genes are not essential to the development or viability of the organism [1-4]. Two primary explanations for such phenotypic robustness to mutation have been offered: homologous gene products may directly compensate for one another's fu... | 15892873 | PMC1175957 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:39 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Apr 11; 6(5):R45 |
Background
Controlled vocabularies in bioinformatics
The background to this paper is the now widespread recognition that many existing biological and medical ontologies (or 'controlled vocabularies') can be improved by adopting tools and methods that bring a greater degree of logical and ontological rigor. We describe ... | 15892874 | PMC1175958 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:38 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Apr 28; 6(5):R46 |
Rationale
Biological microscopy has always required an 'imaging' capability: traditionally, the image of a sample was drawn on paper, or with the advent of light-sensitive film, recorded on media that conveniently allowed reproduction. The advent of digital detectors in microscopy has progressively expanded imaging cap... | 15892875 | PMC1175959 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:39 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 May 3; 6(5):R47 |
Background
Aging is defined by an increase in the probability of death over time associated with characteristic changes in phenotype [1]. Changes in the global control of transcription have been directly implicated in the aging process in yeast, and increased histone deacetylation activity (a process involved in chroma... | 15960800 | PMC1175968 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:39 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Jun 1; 6(6):R48 |
Background
The availability of annotated genomes and accumulated biochemical evidence for individual enzymes triggered the reconstruction of stoichiometric reaction models for network-based pathway analysis [1,2]. For many microbes, such network models are available at the genome scale, providing a largely comprehensiv... | 15960801 | PMC1175969 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:40 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 May 17; 6(6):R49 |
Background
How do genes with new functions originate? This remains one of the most intriguing open questions in evolutionary genetics. Three principal mechanisms can create genes of novel function: point mutations and small insertions or deletions in existing genes; duplication of entire genes or domains within genes, ... | 15960802 | PMC1175970 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:39 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 May 9; 6(6):R50 |
Background
Genome-wide searches in the genomes of several species have identified a surprisingly high proportion of overlapping gene pairs. Depending on the sample sizes analyzed and search criteria, the frequencies for overlapping gene pairs vary between 4% and 9% for the human genome, 1.7%-14% in the murine genome, a... | 15960803 | PMC1175971 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:35:47 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Jun 1; 6(6):R51 |
Background
As one of the most important crop species in the world and a model for the Gramineae family, rice (Oryza sativa) was selected as the first monocotyledonous plant to have its genome completely sequenced. Draft genome sequences of the two major subspecies of rice, indica and japonica, were made available in 20... | 15960804 | PMC1175972 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:39 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 May 27; 6(6):R52 |
Background
Unraveling complex traits requires an understanding of how genetic variation results in variation among transcript levels, proteins, and metabolites, and how this variation generates phenotypic variation. These distinct levels in the biological system are interdependent. The ability to model interactions amo... | 15960805 | PMC1175973 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:39 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Jun 1; 6(6):R53 |
Background
Whole-genome sequences of Arabidopsis and rice have provided a fundamental platform for the discovery of gene content and function in dicot and monocot plants. Research on the model species has provided a wealth of knowledge on universal biochemical and genetic processes, as well as the development of analyt... | 15960806 | PMC1175974 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:39 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 May 11; 6(6):R54 |
Rationale
Prenylation refers to the posttranslational modification of proteins with isoprenyl anchors [1-3]. These lipid moieties are typically involved in mediating not only protein-membrane but also protein-protein interactions. Three eukaryotic enzymes are known to catalyze the lipid transfer. The first two, farnesy... | 15960807 | PMC1175975 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:39 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 May 27; 6(6):R55 |
Background
Higher animals are characterized by differentiated tissue types, where each tissue has its own unique cellular composition and physiological function. Comparative genomic studies have shown that the evolution of the metazoan lineage involves the expansion of those specific protein families known to participa... | 15998445 | PMC1175987 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:40 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Jun 29; 6(7):R56 |
Background
Thirty years ago, King and Wilson [1] proposed that phenotypic differences between humans and chimpanzees are mainly caused by quantitative changes in gene expression rather than by structural changes in gene products. This idea is promoted also in some reviews [2] and seems to be supported by recent studies... | 15998446 | PMC1175988 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:35:47 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Jul 1; 6(7):R57 |
Background
Alternative splicing is an important post-transcriptional process and mainly contributes to the complexity of a transcriptome and proteome [1-3]. Alternative splicing often produces two or more proteins with functional differences from one gene [4] but can also downregulate the overall protein level by produ... | 15998447 | PMC1175989 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:40 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Jun 22; 6(7):R58 |
Background
Comprehensive high-throughput analytical techniques such as expression microarrays have brought about a rethinking of the possibility of understanding biology and disease at a global ('systems biology') level [1,2]. These techniques have been applied widely to the study of the time course of events in specif... | 15998448 | PMC1175990 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:40 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Jul 1; 6(7):R59 |
Background
The sequencing of genes and genomes has become a hallmark of modern molecular biology. The resulting wealth of nucleotide sequence information has fostered advances in gene discovery, the development of genome-based technologies to study gene expression and function, and a growing interest in comparative gen... | 15998449 | PMC1175991 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:35:49 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Jun 30; 6(7):R60 |
Background
One of the most tantalizing promises of gene-expression profiling technology has been to develop assays that measure expression of all genes in a given species [1]. This is especially important for the mouse, which is a standard model for various human diseases. The early and rapid development of murine bioi... | 15998450 | PMC1175992 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:40 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Jun 30; 6(7):R61 |
Background
Recent advances in genomics and computational biology are enabling construction of large-scale models of gene-regulatory networks. High-throughput technologies such as automated sequencing [1], gene-expression arrays [2], chromatin immunoprecipitation [3], and yeast two-hybrid assays [4], each probe differen... | 15998451 | PMC1175993 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:40 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Jul 1; 6(7):R62 |
Background
Chromatin immunoprecipitation or, more correctly, immunopurification (ChIP) has emerged as a valuable approach for identifying the in vivo binding sites of transcription factors [1-6]. Before the availability of complete genome sequence the use of this approach for identifying transcription targets on a geno... | 15998452 | PMC1175994 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:40 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Jun 10; 6(7):R63 |
Background
A cellular system can be described as a web of relationships amongst genes, proteins, and other macromolecules. Proteins can interact via direct or indirect physical contact (referred to as protein-protein interactions). They can also interact genetically; for example, if a combination of mutations in two ge... | 15982408 | PMC1175995 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:45 | no | J Biol. 2005 Jun 1; 4(2):6 |
Background
During the translation of protein, in every peptide elongation cycle, one aminoacyl-tRNA arrives at and binds to the A site of the ribosome. Then, peptidyl transfer brings the ribosome to its pre-translocation (preT) state, with a peptidyl-tRNA in the A site (Figure 1a,b). Subsequent translocation of the com... | 15985150 | PMC1175996 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:45 | no | J Biol. 2005 Jun 27; 4(2):9 |
Introduction
More than 35 million HIV-infected people live in developing countries with significant resource limitations. Although 6 million people living in developing countries are in urgent need of antiretroviral therapy, only 700,000 currently receive effective treatment [1]. Global treatment efforts, including the... | 16013921 | PMC1176233 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:14 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jul 19; 2(7):e182 |
Measurement of peripheral blood CD4 T lymphocytes is probably the most important laboratory assay for evaluation and monitoring of patients with HIV. The CD4 count is critical for determining the clinical stage of HIV infection, for deciding when to start antiretroviral therapy (ART), for evaluating the efficacy of tre... | 16008500 | PMC1176234 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jul 19; 2(7):e214 |
HIV/AIDS has reached alarming proportions in Southeast Asia [1]. The magnitude of the epidemic is projected to exceed that of sub-Saharan Africa in the 21st century [2]. More than 7 million South Asians are currently infected with HIV [3], nearly 5 million of whom are in India [3].
Nepal has had a comparatively lower ... | 16008505 | PMC1176235 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:39 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Aug 19; 2(8):e216 |
The Free by 5 declaration (http://www.ukzn.ac.za/heard/freeby5/freeby5.htm), launched in November 2004, is a campaign to achieve free access for all individuals with HIV to a comprehensive minimum medical package including antiretroviral treatment (ART). The declaration was developed in response to the World Health Org... | 16008506 | PMC1176236 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:39 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Aug 19; 2(8):e227 |
New approaches to HIV/AIDS prevention are urgently needed to stem the estimated 5 million new infections that occur worldwide each year. One such promising, novel intervention has been the proposed use of the oral antiretroviral drug tenofovir (Viread) as a pre-exposure prophylaxis (PREP) in high-risk groups (for examp... | 16008507 | PMC1176237 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:31 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Sep 19; 2(9):e234 |
It doesn't take a trained physician to know that a disease needs to be diagnosed to be treated. And it doesn't take an economist to know that a disease cannot be diagnosed if the required tools are unaffordable or impractical. The absence of early diagnosis and treatment is particularly problematic for infectious disea... | 0 | PMC1176238 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:40:16 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jul 19; 2(7):e242 |
Introduction
With an estimated 3.5 million people with HIV/AIDS, Nigeria is home to one of every 11 of the 40 million people with HIV/AIDS worldwide [1]. The HIV prevalence among adults in Nigeria has increased from 1.8% in 1991 to an estimated 5.8% in 2001 [1]. Prevalence ranges from 2% to 14.9% in the country's 36 st... | 16022564 | PMC1176239 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:22 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Aug 19; 2(8):e246 |
Jonathan Mann, founder of the World Health Organization's Global Program on AIDS and untiring advocate for justice for people with HIV/AIDS, addressed the United Nations General Assembly in 1987 [1]. His speech characterized the three major phases of an HIV/AIDS epidemic. After the initial silent spread of virus came t... | 16008508 | PMC1176240 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:32 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Aug 19; 2(8):e247 |
One of the great tragedies of our times is the extent to which HIV prevention efforts are falling short. In 2004, more new HIV infections occurred than in any previous year: close to 14,000 a day, 570 per hour, almost ten per minute. The greater part of new infections occurs in young people, over half in persons betwee... | 16008501 | PMC1176241 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:32 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Sep 19; 2(9):e248 |
Introduction
Worldwide approximately 40 million people are infected with HIV, and more than 3 million people died of AIDS last year alone [1]. Unfortunately, numerous obstacles to providing effective antiretroviral treatment to the majority of infected individuals in resource-poor countries exist. The development of a ... | 16018721 | PMC1176242 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:30 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Aug 19; 2(8):e249 |
People living with HIV/AIDS (PLWA) face many forms of stigma and discrimination. This is the case in whichever country they may live, as has been shown in a number of previous research studies. In addition to experiencing unfair treatment in their families, communities, and places of work, PLWA may encounter discrimina... | 0 | PMC1176243 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:40:31 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Aug 19; 2(8):e257 |
Animal models can play an essential role in guiding preclinical vaccine development, including in studies of preclinical vaccine safety, vaccine toxicity, and vaccine immunogenicity. Appropriate pathogen challenge models can also provide the opportunity to perform preclinical tests of vaccine efficacy. Preclinical test... | 0 | PMC1176244 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 11:13:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Aug 19; 2(8):e258 |
Chen Reis and colleagues' study in this month's PLoS Medicine showed that most Nigerian physicians commendably appeared to be providing appropriate care for HIV/AIDS patients [1]. However, 9% refused to care for such patients, 9% admitted they had refused a patient with HIV/AIDS admission to hospital, and 20% felt that... | 16022555 | PMC1176245 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:31 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Aug 19; 2(8):e260 |
Anecdotal evidence suggests that health-care professionals in Nigeria may discriminate against and stigmatise people living with HIV/AIDS(PLWA). In a study in the August issue of PLoS Medicine, Reis and colleagues set out to characterise the nature and extent of discriminatory practices and attitudes in the health sect... | 16022556 | PMC1176246 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:30 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Aug 19; 2(8):e261 |
Background
Growing popularity of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in the public sector is reflected in the scientific community by an increased number of research articles assessing efficacy and therapeutic effects. At the same time, there is increasing concern about how research results are disseminated an... | 15955254 | PMC1177924 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:45 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2005 Jun 14; 5:12 |
Background
High-throughput technologies, including genome sequencing, expression profiling, and large-scale interaction and localization assays, have provided a wealth of data about proteins and their properties, particularly for the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae [1-5]. The process of inferring functional inf... | 15929793 | PMC1177925 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jun 1; 6:136 |
Background
Trees have a long history as models for the evolutionary history of organisms [1,2]. Lineage sorting and reticulate evolution have long been recognized as processes that make it difficult to infer species evolution from gene trees [3,4]. However, the extent of gene transfer between divergent species, particu... | 15938752 | PMC1177926 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jun 6; 6:139 |
Background
Macroarray and microarray experiments are powerful technologies to simultaneously study thousands of genes. These technologies are efficient to identify differentially expressed genes between two or more samples (conditions). However the complexity of experiments may require an experimental design including ... | 15960854 | PMC1177927 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jun 16; 6:150 |
Background
DNA and protein microarrays have enabled the measurement of gene expression and biomarkers on an unprecedented scale, and have greatly affected fields ranging from oncology to medical diagnostics. However, assaying biological events occurring on cell membranes, including signal transduction and intercellular... | 15960850 | PMC1177928 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:57 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2005 Jun 16; 5:18 |
Background
Historically, the classification of Renal Cell Cancer (RCC) was based on morphological features. The majority of RCC are of the clear cell type (~80%); other subtypes are papillary RCC (10%), chromophobe RRC (5%), collecting-duct carcinoma (1%) and unclassified RCC (3–5%). Based on the work of numerous inves... | 15932632 | PMC1177929 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:05 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jun 2; 5:57 |
Background
Acute radiation (RT) induced lung toxicity and subsequently occurring pulmonary fibrosis are considered to be critical, dose-limiting factors for radiation therapy of thoracic malignancies [1]. Subclinical molecular and cellular events commence during RT therapy, but the clinical features and histological fi... | 15949035 | PMC1177930 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:04 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jun 10; 5:59 |
Background
The symptoms of lung cancer are a burden to patients, and a major detriment to their quality of life (QoL) and ability to function. Several different instruments have been developed to assess QoL of lung cancer patients, with recognized reliability and validity [1,2], yet their use is not widespread. Medical... | 16000170 | PMC1177931 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:05 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jul 6; 5:72 |
Background
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a cytokine initially isolated based upon its ability to halt the in vitro random migration of macrophages [1,2]. Subsequently, it was defined as a proinflammatory cytokine with a key regulatory role in inflammation and both specific and nonspecific immunity [3]... | 16000172 | PMC1177932 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:04 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jul 6; 5:73 |
Background
One of the most challenging ongoing efforts in radiotherapy is the search for agents that target tumor-specific characteristics to cause radiosensitization without increasing normal tissue complications. The malignant phenotype is normally associated with acquisition of mutations in genes encoding signal tra... | 16001975 | PMC1177933 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:04 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jul 7; 5:76 |
Background
The biogenesis of most spliceosomal small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) is complicated and requires both cytoplasmic and nuclear maturation steps [1-3]. For example, the spliceosomal small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) of Ul, U2, U4 and U5 snRNPs are synthesized by RNA polymerase II and may traffic through spe... | 16008839 | PMC1177934 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:30 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 Jul 11; 6:29 |
Background
Diphtheria, caused by corynebacterium diiphtheriae, is acquired by contact with either a carrier or a person with the disease. Before the discovery of antitoxin at the turn of the 20th century, the "straggling angel of children", as diphtheria once was called, was a significant cause of mortality in children... | 15941482 | PMC1177935 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:55 | no | BMC Clin Pathol. 2005 Jun 7; 5:5 |
Background
Research has shown that the space environment can alter gene expression, cell structure and function, organ systems and the behavior of organisms. While some of these changes may constitute adaptation to the space environment, we do not have a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms driving these chang... | 15927051 | PMC1177936 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:17 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2005 May 31; 5:10 |
Background
Dermatosis of the scalp such as alopecia areata (AA) are a burden for many patients and often resistant, even to extensive therapy [1-4]. Furthermore, treatment results can be difficult to interpret because of spontaneous remissions and recurrences, as well as the use of several therapies simultaneously, suc... | 15918897 | PMC1177937 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:46 | no | BMC Dermatol. 2005 May 26; 5:6 |
Background
The incidence of melanoma is much lower in Asia than in western countries [1]. Clinicians sometimes misdiagnose early melanoma especially in areas with lower incidence of disease [2]. Because advanced cutaneous melanoma is still incurable, early detection by means of accurate screening is an important step t... | 16000171 | PMC1177938 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:46 | no | BMC Dermatol. 2005 Jul 6; 5:8 |
Background
The discovery that Lateral Gene Transfers (LGT) play a major role in the evolution of prokaryotic organisms has raised concerns about the possibility of reconstructing species phylogenies [1]. Some biologists even believe that LGT have obscured the phylogenetic record to such an extent that the task may be i... | 15932645 | PMC1177939 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:17 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Jun 2; 5:36 |
Background
Down syndrome (DS) is a common chromosomal disorder, affecting 1 per 700 live births [1]. Life expectancy has increased in the last decades, due to the improvement of the scientific knowledge about the syndrome and its acquired complications, and also, due to the easier access and the more recent diagnostic ... | 15963228 | PMC1177940 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:55 | no | BMC Endocr Disord. 2005 Jun 17; 5:6 |
Background
Health literacy is the ability to read, comprehend, and act on health-related materials such as consent forms, prescription drug labels, and medical instructions [1]. Approximately 44 million Americans are functionally illiterate and another 50 million have marginal literacy skills [2]. In a study conducted ... | 15960849 | PMC1177941 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:13 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Jun 16; 6:26 |
Background
Ileus is a common post-surgical occurrence characterized by transient impairment of gastrointestinal function. In addition to abdominal surgery, sepsis, trauma, pancreatitis, anesthetic agents, and opioid analgesics are also associated with ileus. The mechanisms of ileus involve neural inhibitory signals and... | 15938756 | PMC1177942 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:27 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2005 Jun 6; 5:18 |
Background
The evolution of organisms with increasing complexity was significantly facilitated by duplication of genes and genomes followed by diversification [1,2]. Gene duplication per se produces two identical copies. Subsequently, one of the copies may either accumulate beneficial changes to give rise to a function... | 15935094 | PMC1177943 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:46 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Jun 3; 6:83 |
Background
As Lovett and Segall [1] point out in their meeting report on the recently held "Keystone Symposium on Bacterial Chromosomes", we know a lot about the bacterial DNA replication, recombination, repair and other aspects of cell biology, but still rather little about the organisation of bacterial chromosome. Th... | 15938745 | PMC1177944 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:54 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Jun 6; 6:84 |
Background
"Doctors are unhappy.... The unhappiness has been illustrated in a plethora of surveys...", Richard Smith, the then editor of BMJ, concluded a few years ago [1]. "Anecdotes and an expanding body of empirical data suggest a widespread professional malaise", Abigail Zuger wrote in The New England Journal of Me... | 15943859 | PMC1177945 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:50 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Jun 8; 5:44 |
Following publication of this article [1], the study was included in the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN) Register and assigned the number ISRCTN85147255.
Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/5... | 15949037 | PMC1177946 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 20:47:05 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Jun 10; 5:46 |
Background
Pertussis is a highly communicable, vaccine-preventable respiratory disease. The incidence of pertussis has been greatly reduced by massive vaccination. Nevertheless, there is a significant increase in pertussis cases in older children, adolescents and adult people [1-4]. Improved diagnosis, awareness of per... | 15918913 | PMC1177947 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:14 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 May 27; 5:40 |
Background
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. In the USA alone, an estimated 3–4 million cases of CAP account for approximately 10 million physician visits, 500,000 hospitalizations, and 45,000 deaths each year [1,2]. Common bacterial pathogens in C... | 15927060 | PMC1177948 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:16 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 May 31; 5:43 |
Background
Mycoplasmas are phylogenetically related to gram-positive bacteria with low GC-content and belong to the class of the Mollicutes. They form a unique group of bacteria that lack a cell-wall and that contain sterols in their cytoplasmatic membrane. They are of great importance, since several species are pathog... | 15955250 | PMC1177949 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:15 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Jun 14; 5:46 |
Background
The spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs), a group of autosomal dominantly inherited human disorders with mainly adult age of onset, are caused by progressive neurodegeneration and significant cerebellar dysfunction, but also involve other regions of the central or peripheral nervous system. Clinically and even his... | 15989694 | PMC1177950 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:32 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2005 Jul 1; 6:27 |
Background
While there is now a range of effective methods for the treatment and management of various mental disorders, many people still receive no professional help or do not receive optimal help [1]. There are many factors that affect this unmet need for treatment. One of these is a lack of mental health literacy o... | 16004615 | PMC1177951 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:56 | no | BMC Med. 2005 Jul 9; 3:12 |
Background
It has been suggested that glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) infusion in acute myocardial infarction (MI) has clinical benefit [1-4]. Both animal studies and early studies in patients to investigate the influence of GIK on infarct size have shown conflicting results [5-14]. Experimental studies on the effect o... | 15932638 | PMC1177952 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:56 | no | BMC Med. 2005 Jun 2; 3:9 |
Background
The widespread use and release of natural and synthetic chemicals into the environment, singly or as complex domestic and industrial effluents, has necessitated the development of rapid and cost effective toxicity tests to protect humans and other biota [1,2]. Short-term and long-term bioassays exist utilisi... | 15992407 | PMC1177953 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:39 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Jul 2; 5:40 |
Background
In the United States of America, public policy makers recently established the goal of having electronic health records (EHRs) for the majority of Americans by 2014 [1]. This article presents recommendations regarding specific aspects of a conceptual and measurement framework that will help us to measure pro... | 15953388 | PMC1177954 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:52:11 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2005 Jun 13; 5:14 |
Background
Patellofemoral or anterior knee pain represents one of the most common problems during rehabilitation after total knee arthroplasty (TKA), with postoperative problems reported in 0,5–12% of patients [1-6]. Although the components of the prosthesis may have been implanted correctly, with postoperative radiogr... | 15958157 | PMC1177955 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:04 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Jun 15; 6:30 |
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