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Background
Musculoskeletal conditions account for roughly 25% of patient complaints in the primary care setting[1]. However, physicians have been shown to lack confidence in their evaluation and treatment skills of these patients [2-6]. Although its de-emphasis in medical school curricula has been repeatedly implicated... | 15963232 | PMC1177956 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:04 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Jun 17; 6:32 |
Background
The H-reflex was first described by Hoffmann in 1918 [1]. The major clinical application is evaluating the status of the peripheral nervous system with respect to proximal peripheral nerve conduction and potential entrapment of the S1 nerve root. The traditionally performed H-reflex has a very long pathway, ... | 16011802 | PMC1177957 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:53 | no | BMC Neurol. 2005 Jul 12; 5:13 |
Background
Animals often need to choose between different courses of action on the basis of the eventual rewarding or reinforcing outcomes of those actions. However, the relationship between an action and an outcome is frequently uncertain: animals do not always obtain that for which they work. Therefore, animals must ... | 15921529 | PMC1177958 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:48 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 May 28; 6:37 |
Background
A particularly devastating complication of HIV infection is a pervasive form of damage to the brain, HAD [1]. The overall incidence of severe HAD is estimated at about 30% of the HIV infected population [2]. However, HAD occurs more often in HIV-positive IV drug users than HIV-positive non-drug users [3-5]. ... | 15943860 | PMC1177959 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:47 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Jun 8; 6:40 |
Background
Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) is a common retinal vascular disorder with potentially complications like reduced vision resulting from extensive intraretinal hemorrhage, retinal ischemia and persistent macular edema and neovascular glaucoma secondary to iris neovascularization. Severe visual loss may ... | 15943889 | PMC1177960 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:49 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2005 May 20; 5:10 |
Background
Growth-enhancing hormone treatment is considered a possible intervention in short but otherwise healthy adolescents. Although height gain is an obvious measure for evaluating hormone treatment, this may not be the ultimate goal of the person, but rather a means to reach other goals such as to ameliorate curr... | 15943869 | PMC1177961 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:07 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 Jun 8; 5:15 |
Background
Today, the majority of episodes of acute otitis media (AOM) in developed countries will resolve even if they are not treated with antibiotics. This conclusion is based on the findings of randomised placebo-controlled trials, longitudinal studies of initially withholding antibiotic treatment, and meta-analyse... | 15955251 | PMC1177962 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 22:25:38 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 Jun 14; 5:16 |
Background
Despite the existence of a safe, effective, and inexpensive vaccine, measles is still not being controlled in many parts of the world. The use of measles vaccine over the last 30 years has reduced global measles morbidity and mortality by 74 and 85%, respectively, compared with the prevaccine era. Regional e... | 15935101 | PMC1177963 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:56 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Jun 4; 5:59 |
Background
Over the last two decades, significant downward trends in overall suicide rates have been observed in North America and in most countries of Europe [1-4]. Chishti et al. on behalf of the EUROSAVE working group [1] analysed data from 15 countries in the European Union (EU) and revealed downward trends in most... | 15938747 | PMC1177964 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:56 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Jun 6; 5:61 |
Background
The ageing of the population has been progressing throughout the world, and Japan is the leading country with population ageing: the proportion of elderly (aged 65 years or over) was 17.4% in 2000 and is estimated to be over 35% in 2050 [1]. The quality of the years lived and well-being in an ageing society ... | 15955249 | PMC1177965 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:56 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Jun 14; 5:65 |
Background
Toxoplasma gondii (T.gondii), an obligate intracellular parasite found in many species throughout the world, causes a variety of clinical syndromes in human and animals [1]. Toxoplasmosis during pregnancy can cause congenital infection and manifest as mental retardation and blindness in the infant. The sever... | 15958156 | PMC1177966 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:56 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Jun 15; 5:66 |
Background
Instability of employment, rapid change of demands and intensification of work pressure are widely prevalent consequences of economic globalization and technological change [1]. Even in established sectors of industrial production, administration and services of advanced societies experiences of downsizing, ... | 15958170 | PMC1177967 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:56 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Jun 15; 5:67 |
Background
Prior to the licensure of varicella vaccine in the U.S. in 1995, varicella (chickenpox) was a highly prevalent disease of childhood, resulting in approximately four million cases and an average of 10,630–13,500 hospitalizations and 90 deaths in the U.S. each year [1-4]. After primary infection, the varicella... | 15960856 | PMC1177968 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:56 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Jun 16; 5:68 |
Background
Despite reductions in smoking rates over the past 20 years, tobacco use remains a key public health concern. According to recent estimates from the Centers for Disease Control, smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States [1]. Cigarette use among college students is of particular co... | 16001977 | PMC1177969 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:55 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Jul 7; 5:74 |
Background
The lycophytes (class Lycopsida) are an ancient group of vascular plants that dominated the earth's flora during the Carboniferous period. The three orders of lycophytes that remain from this period include the homosporous Lycopodiales, the heterosporous Selaginellales and the heterosporous Isoetales. All of... | 15955246 | PMC1177970 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:52 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2005 Jun 14; 5:10 |
Background
Anthocyanins, the coloured end product of the flavonoid pathway, play an important role in attracting insects or animals for pollination and seed dispersal. In addition, they play roles as anti-oxidants and in protecting DNA and the photosynthetic apparatus from high radiation fluxes [1]. Other possible func... | 15907203 | PMC1177971 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:14 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2005 May 20; 5:7 |
Background
Male chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS Type III) is a new term for disease entities previously known as chronic abacterial prostatitis (CPPS Type IIIa) and prostatodynia (CPPS Type IIIb) [1]. The syndrome is characterized by chronic pain of the perineum, lower back, inguinal, scrotal and suprapubic region w... | 15949041 | PMC1177972 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:02 | no | BMC Urol. 2005 Jun 10; 5:11 |
Introduction
Allergy prevalence has been on the rise worldwide and nearly hundred years after coining "Allergie" in the "Münchner Medizinische Wochenschrift" [1] the causal risk factors are still unknown.
At the end of the 1980s, air pollution related effects were thought to be responsible for the allergy epidemic. It... | 15935102 | PMC1177973 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:25 | no | Clin Mol Allergy. 2005 Jun 5; 3:7 |
Review
Until recently, guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) was accepted as a safe procedure to procure tissue diagnosis in the management of patients with focal liver lesions. However, the role of FNAB in the evaluation of such lesions, especially hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and the diagnostic challenges it... | 15941489 | PMC1177974 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:23 | no | Cytojournal. 2005 Jun 8; 2:7 |
Background
The use of physioballs/Swiss balls in strength and conditioning programs has become ubiquitous. Swiss balls have been incorporated into strength training regimes and touted as a means to more effectively train the musculoskeletal system. Performing strength exercises on Swiss balls has been advocated on the ... | 15935097 | PMC1177975 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:29 | no | Dyn Med. 2005 Jun 3; 4:6 |
Findings
Effective protection induced by vaccination with irradiated larvae has been assessed in all filarial systems studied [1-3]. Previous studies have also shown that a characteristic feature of the immune response generated by irradiated larvae vaccines is a strong Th2 polarization [4-8]. With the model Litomosoid... | 15916708 | PMC1177976 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:24 | no | Filaria J. 2005 May 25; 4:3 |
Background
Studies of host-parasite interactions can be seen as split between two different approaches [1,2]. One approach tends to emphasize the induction and cost of defense against parasites, while the other approach tends to emphasize the genetic basis and specificity required for successful infection. Both avenues... | 15927050 | PMC1177977 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:34 | no | Front Zool. 2005 May 31; 2:8 |
Background
A current major focus for science is the prospect of global climate change. It is now internationally accepted that we are in a period of global change, that for some measures such as atmospheric carbon dioxide content, is faster than at any time in recent geological history [1,2]. Much effort has been put i... | 15938749 | PMC1177978 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:34 | no | Front Zool. 2005 Jun 6; 2:9 |
1. Background
Primary immunodeficiency diseases represent a heterogeneous group of rare disorders characterized by an increased susceptibility to infections and autoimmune diseases. Primary antibody deficiencies (PAD) constitute the largest subgroup and include: Common Variable Immunodeficiency, X-linked (Brutons) Agam... | 15871746 | PMC1177979 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:14 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 May 4; 3:31 |
Background
The consideration of "quality of life" (QoL) in clinical studies and various attempts to make this construct measurable to determine therapeutic success is an ongoing process. This is particularly the case in those therapeutic attempts that focus on integrative aspects of disease management that in turn offe... | 16004612 | PMC1177980 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:13 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Jul 8; 3:40 |
Background
Vector borne diseases are the most common worldwide health hazard and represent a constant and serious risk to a large part of the world's population. Among these, dengue fever especially is sweeping the world in majority of the tropical and arid zones. It is transmitted to the man by the mosquito of the gen... | 15943863 | PMC1177981 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:06 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2005 Jun 8; 4:13 |
Background
Health levels vary substantially between different regions, and it is essential to characterise these regional variations and identify areas with an accumulation of health problems for epidemiologic research and to allow appropriate public health policy decisions [1,2]. Recent advancements in technologies, s... | 15953394 | PMC1177982 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:06 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2005 Jun 14; 4:16 |
Background
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is defined as persistent or relapsing fatigue that has occurred for at least 6 months, is not alleviated by rest, and causes substantial reduction in activities. The fatigue cannot be explained by medical or psychiatric conditions and must be accompanied by at least 4 of 8 spec... | 15916704 | PMC1177983 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:03 | no | J Autoimmune Dis. 2005 May 25; 2:5 |
Background
In acute inflammation huge numbers of neutrophils are recruited to sites of tissue injury where they die by undergoing apoptosis [1]. Macrophage clearance of apoptotic neutrophils has been studied extensively under serum-free conditions in vitro, but the presence of opsonins in the inflammatory milieu means ... | 15927062 | PMC1177984 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:23 | no | J Inflamm (Lond). 2005 May 31; 2:5 |
Introduction
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder with the cardinal clinical features of tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia and loss of postural reflexes. Neuropathologically, the disease is characterized by a marked loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SN) and the ... | 15935098 | PMC1177985 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:22 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2005 Jun 3; 2:14 |
Background
The c-fos proto-oncogene encodes an immediate-early transcription factor that is rapidly and transiently induced by a variety of extracellular stimuli associated with cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and neuronal signalling [1]. The c-Fos protein functions by forming leuci... | 15918904 | PMC1177986 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:35 | no | Mol Cancer. 2005 May 26; 4:19 |
Introduction
Functional foods are becoming increasingly available to consumers worldwide. A food can be regarded as "functional" if it has beneficial effects on one or more target functions in the body, beyond obvious nutritional effects, that are related to either an improved state of health and well-being and/or a re... | 15929790 | PMC1177987 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:31 | no | Nutr J. 2005 Jun 1; 4:20 |
Background
BOFC is one of the most frequently diagnosed gynecological findings in cattle, and is a major reproductive problem in cows, causing infertility [1-3]. BOFC is generally defined as follicle-like structures of greater than 25 mm in diameter without a corpus luteum in both ovaries [1,4]. There have been several... | 15941490 | PMC1177988 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:13 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Jun 8; 3:23 |
Background
Cigarette smoking is the most well known risk factor for accelerating lung function decline in adults [1]. Until recently, smoking prevalence and intensity was greater in men than in women; but there is now evidence that women are starting to smoke as much as men [1,2]. At present, there is no consensus whet... | 15918902 | PMC1177989 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 May 26; 6(1):45 |
Introduction
The Microbiological analysis of clinical specimens has relied traditionally on cultivation prior to identification. However, recent genetic innovations promise to provide dramatic advances in diagnosis and fresh insights into infections that have previously been considered well characterised. The use of mo... | 15929792 | PMC1177990 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jun 1; 6(1):49 |
Background
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), the most common pulmonary fibrotic disorder, is a progressive and lethal disease of unknown etiology whose pathogenesis uniquely features the presence of fibroblastic foci in the parenchyma of the lungs [1]. These are comprised of aggregates of mesenchymal cells including... | 15946381 | PMC1177991 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jun 9; 6(1):56 |
Background
Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology. Pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration, fibroblast proliferation, and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins in the lung parenchyma [1,2]. The disease most commonly affects middle-... | 15955252 | PMC1177992 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jun 14; 6(1):58 |
Introduction
The role of oxyradical formation in various forms of inflammation is well established [1] Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are associated with the inflammatory response and frequently they contribute to the tissue damaging effects of inflammatory reactions [2-4]. ROS formation and degradation are key componen... | 15987519 | PMC1177993 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jun 29; 6(1):66 |
Background
Chronic infection of the lung with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the inflammatory response it stimulates cause much of the morbidity and nearly all the mortality in CF patients. Since the inflammatory response can be reduced pharmacologically in CF patients without allowing infection to increase and with benefi... | 16008840 | PMC1177994 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jul 11; 6(1):69 |
Introduction
Enveloped viruses utilize membrane-bound fusion proteins to mediate attachment and entry into specific target host cells. During the virion assembly process, newly synthesized envelope proteins are targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus where initial folding and post-transcriptional proc... | 15927084 | PMC1177995 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:59 | no | Virol J. 2005 Jun 1; 2:49 |
Background
Hypothermia is defined as a core body temperature of less than 35°C and may be classified as mild (32°C – 35°C), moderate (28°C – 32°C) and severe (<28°C) [1-4].
Hypothermia promotes impairment and abnormalities in various organs and systems that can lead to a decrease in oxygen release into the tissues [5]... | 15938757 | PMC1180426 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:05 | no | BMC Anesthesiol. 2005 Jun 6; 5:7 |
Background
Adenocarcinomas of the gallbladder and the biliary tract are relatively uncommon in the western world, with approximately 5,000 cases of gallbladder carcinoma and 2,500 cases of cholangiocarcinoma annually in the USA [1,2]. Worldwide, the highest prevalence of gallbladder cancer is seen in Israel, Mexico, Ch... | 15949047 | PMC1180427 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:05 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jun 12; 5:61 |
Background
Ukrain (NSC-631570) is a semi-synthetic compound derived from the common weed, greater celandine (Chelidonium majus L.). This plant contains a range of alkaloids, most notably chelidonine, also known as benzophenanthridine alkaloid. A leaflet distributed to patients at the Bristol Cancer Help Centre, United ... | 15992405 | PMC1180428 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:05 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jul 1; 5:69 |
Background
Traditional methods for studying signal transduction cascades have been based solely on biochemical analysis of whole cell populations and homogenized tissues (e.g. radioassays, western blots, etc.). In addition, in vitro studies have required the use of radioactive isotopes for biochemical characterization ... | 15998468 | PMC1180429 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:50 | no | BMC Chem Biol. 2005 Jul 5; 5:1 |
Background
Adenoid cystic carcinomas (cylindromas) of the trachea are very rare slow growing tumors and cause symptoms by virtue of their location and size. They are usually treated for many years as asthma unless some enthusiastic surgeon advises CT scan or performs endoscopy and surprisingly finds an intraluminal tra... | 15941480 | PMC1180430 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:26 | no | BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord. 2005 Jun 7; 5:4 |
Background
The increasing incidence of and mortality from prostate cancer has led to widespread calls for prostate cancer screening. However, the subject is controversial [1-3]. PSA testing has high false positive rates and there is the potential for over-diagnosis of slow growing prostate cancers that may never presen... | 15946386 | PMC1180431 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:13 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Jun 9; 6:24 |
Background
Low back pain (LBP) is a common and costly condition in primary care practices[1]. Managing patients with LBP is complicated by many factors, including the inability to identify a pathological cause for the majority of patients[2,3]. The fact that a specific diagnosis based on pathoanatomy can be made in onl... | 16018809 | PMC1180432 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:13 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Jul 14; 6:29 |
Background
Africa is inhabited by populations that show high levels of genetic diversity compared to most other continental populations today and it is thought to be the ancestral home of modern humans. African populations have the largest number of population specific autosomal, X-chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA hap... | 15978124 | PMC1180433 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:39 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Jun 24; 6:38 |
Background
Like the chicken, the Japanese quail belongs to the Phasianidae family [1]. In the wild, it is a small migratory bird originating from the Far East which was first raised in bird cages in Japan and China around the 15th century because of its singing abilities, and later became to be known in Japan as a good... | 15941487 | PMC1180434 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:46 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Jun 8; 6:87 |
Background
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an abundant evolutionarily conserved class of small (~22 nts) RNAs which play a substantial gene regulatory role in plants and animals [1]. The first miRNA discovered, lin-4, was identified in a genetic screen focused on identifying genes involved in the heterochronic pathway in C. ele... | 15943864 | PMC1180435 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:46 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Jun 8; 6:88 |
Background
The prognosis of patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was so limited until recently, that the medical interest in other long term health problems was irrelevant. The potency and sustained efficacy of the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for treating these patients brought a pr... | 15955243 | PMC1180436 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:16 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Jun 14; 5:47 |
Background
The immune system uses several strategies to modify genetic material to generate various types of high affinity antibodies [1]. These strategies enable production of multiple antibody variants to a wide range of different antigens [2]. Initially, antigen receptors are generated by a site-specific recombinati... | 15949042 | PMC1180437 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:32 | no | BMC Immunol. 2005 Jun 10; 6:10 |
Background
Although problem-based learning has been at the forefront of reforms to medical curricula since its inception more than thirty years ago, conclusive evidence about its effectiveness as an educational approach remains elusive. In addition to research-related issues, such as non-randomised groups and small sam... | 15938758 | PMC1180438 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:56 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2005 Jun 7; 5:20 |
Background
The last ten years have seen a global change in the methods used for the education and training of medical students [1-3]. In part, this has been due to the concurrent change in the operations of the tertiary level hospital system, traditionally the key learning site for the medical student. Hospitals are in... | 15982418 | PMC1180439 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:56 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2005 Jun 27; 5:22 |
Background
In the modern teaching environment, the small group tutorial is favoured over lectures. A well run tutorial is stimulating and involves frequent participation from all members within the class in a non-threatening environment. Perhaps the main advantage of a small class size is the ability to incorporate a n... | 16000178 | PMC1180440 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:56 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2005 Jul 7; 5:24 |
Text
With curriculum reform, whether we admit it or not, the first cohort of students will be 'test-driving' the new programme. Not only are they the pioneers of a new curriculum, but as they progress through their studies, they experience each year of the innovation for the first time. As curriculum designers, we lear... | 16018820 | PMC1180441 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:56 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2005 Jul 15; 5:26 |
Background
It is not uncommon for health care professionals to clash with the family of the patients for whom they care over treatment decisions. Some patients will inevitably suffer the consequences of an error made during their care or hospitalization. Many people in need of diagnostic tests or surgical procedures ar... | 15978136 | PMC1180442 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:58 | no | BMC Med Ethics. 2005 Jun 26; 6:5 |
Background
Infection of the gastric mucosa with H. pylori results in a number of disease outcomes including gastritis, which precedes the development of peptic ulcer disease, gastric cancer and lymphomas of the MALT [1-3]. These diseases caused by H. pylori and their prevalence rates differ in different geographic coun... | 15916705 | PMC1180443 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:39 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 May 25; 5:32 |
Background
The use of systematic literature review to inform evidence-based practice in diagnostics is rapidly expanding. Although the primary diagnostic literature is extensive, there remain a number of problems for systematic reviews of diagnostic tests. Appropriate methods for rigorous evaluation of diagnostic techn... | 15943861 | PMC1180444 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:51 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005 Jun 8; 5:20 |
Background
Prediction of cancer incidence is of great interest for both health authorities and the scientific community [1]. Estimates of the future cancer burden should indicate the appropriate amounts of resources that will be needed for diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation. Since quantification of future cancer i... | 15949034 | PMC1180445 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:51 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005 Jun 10; 5:21 |
Background
Mechanical or chemical changes in degenerative intervertebral discs comprise a hypothesized cause of low back pain without sciatica or neurological deficits. This is commonly referred to as "discogenic" low back pain, and is distinct from a herniated disc causing sciatica. The diagnosis often leads to spinal... | 15913458 | PMC1180446 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:04 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 May 24; 6:24 |
Background
Posture reflects the relationship between spinal segments, and the influence of the environment on spinal segments [1]. Correct upright posture is considered to be an important indicator of musculoskeletal health. Costs associated with musculoskeletal impairments in health and loss of work, have contributed ... | 15985186 | PMC1180447 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:03 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Jun 29; 6:35 |
Background
Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic disease of bone which is known by deficit in bone mineral density and skeletal micro destruction that increases risk of bone fracture [1-3]. The importance of BMD is, in diagnosis of osteoporosis and prevention of bone fractures and its consequent disability [1,2]. B... | 15992408 | PMC1180448 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:03 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Jul 2; 6:38 |
Background
Headache complicates approximately 10 to 40% of dural punctures [1]. This postdural puncture headache (PDPH) is typically orthostatic; provoked or aggravated by a vertical or upright position and relieved by a horizontal position. PDPH is probably caused by cerebral spinal fluid leakage through the dural ren... | 15998467 | PMC1180449 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:53 | no | BMC Neurol. 2005 Jul 5; 5:12 |
Background
The dentate gyrus (Dt) may be known best for its input from the entorhinal cortex and its mossy fiber projection to the CA3 [1-3]. In addition, the Dt has extensive associational and commissural connections [4-8] considered crucial for the generation of gamma frequency oscillations and learning (e.g. [9-11])... | 15927048 | PMC1180450 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:47 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 May 31; 6:38 |
Background
The critical role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the orchestration of circadian rhythms represents one of the most successful brain-behavior relationships established in mammalian neurobiology [1]. The cellular and molecular bases of circadian rhythmicity are similarly well characterized [2,3]. Desp... | 15967036 | PMC1180451 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:48 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Jun 20; 6:41 |
Background
Neurotrophins have been considered to play roles in the differentiation, neurite outgrowth and survival of a certain group of neurons [1-4]. In addition to these well-known functions, most neurotrophins are involved in rapid changes in the function of neural circuits [5,6]. In particular, brain-derived neuro... | 15969745 | PMC1180452 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:09 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Jun 21; 6:42 |
Background
The combined use of morphological and functional information has been shown to improve diagnostic accuracy in many clinical disciplines [1-3]. In the management of patients with malignancies, coronary heart disease and diseases of the brain, fusion of different image modalities, such as CT, MRI, PET and vari... | 15953392 | PMC1180453 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:32 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2005 Jun 13; 5:12 |
Background
Ophthalmic Viscosurgical Devices (OVDs) have played a key role in the success of phacoemulsification. An ideal OVD is one which is able to maintain the anterior chamber during the procedure particularly capsulorhexis, phaco probe entry and initial phacoemulsification and during intraocular lens implantation,... | 16018819 | PMC1180454 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:50 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2005 Jul 15; 5:17 |
Background
Interpersonal communication problems are present throughout the health care system. These problems take on greater significance when compounded by language and cultural barriers. The Deaf community, whose predominant language is American Sign Language (ASL), faces the same barriers to accessing health inform... | 15938751 | PMC1180455 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:56 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Jun 6; 5:63 |
Background
At the turn of the 21st century, social inequalities in health continue to be a key public health problem in advanced societies, including European countries [1]. With regard to mortality, mean difference in life expectancy between those at the top and at the bottom of a society, as defined by education, inc... | 15943868 | PMC1180456 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:55 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Jun 8; 5:64 |
Background
Tetrandrine (TET), a bisbenzylisoquinoline (Fig. 1a), isolated from the root of the plant Stephania tetrandra has a number of potential medicinal properties. These include blockage of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels [1], large-conductance Ca2+ activated K+ (BK) channels, and intracellular Ca2+ pumps [1-6]. TET a... | 15978132 | PMC1180457 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:59 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2005 Jun 24; 5:12 |
Background
Vasectomy is recognized as a simple, safe, and effective contraception method. However, the occlusive and contraceptive effectiveness of the procedure varies widely according to the surgical technique used to occlude the vas deferens.[1] Ligation with suture material and excision of a small vas segment is be... | 15916711 | PMC1180458 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:02 | no | BMC Urol. 2005 May 25; 5:10 |
I. Background
Acupuncture is an essential component of Traditional Chinese Medicine and is finding increased application in therapeutic concepts for treating various illnesses. The most important effective structural elements are acupoints which are divided topographically into specific meridians. Many references regar... | 15958163 | PMC1180459 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:37 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Jun 15; 4:38 |
Background
Radio-frequency (RF) ablation has become of considerable interest as a minimally invasive treatment for primary and metastatic liver tumors. Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common malignancies, worldwide with an estimated annual number of 500,000 deaths [1]. Surgical resection offers the best cha... | 16018811 | PMC1180460 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:37 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Jul 14; 4:42 |
Introduction
Lung cancer is the most common malignancy both in terms of incidence and mortality in the world. In 1999, there were 1.04 million new cases (12.8%) and 921,000 deaths (17.8%) due to lung cancer all over the world [1]. It is expected that in 2004, there will be 173,770 new cases of lung cancer diagnosed and... | 15946380 | PMC1180461 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:19 | no | J Carcinog. 2005 Jun 9; 4:8 |
Introduction
Recently there has been a great fervor in the health field around the inclusions of non-traditional disciplines [1]. For example, eastern medicines, naturopathy and healing have become popular and were recently introduced into medical school curricula. These changes have made Chinese medicine [2,3] attaina... | 15904530 | PMC1180462 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:15 | no | Cell Commun Signal. 2005 May 18; 3:8 |
The delivery of treatments for diseases has always been the central mission of medicine as the delivery of preventative or control measures has always been the mission of public health. This capacity to deliver interventions has been present over the history of both disciplines, independent of the degree of knowledge o... | 15913457 | PMC1180463 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:27 | no | Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2005 May 24; 2:3 |
Background
Skin disease has long been recognized as having an adverse psychosocial impact on patients [1-3]. During the past decade, the formal assessment of patient health-related quality of life (HRQL) has been included in studies to assess the management of chronic skin disease and evaluate new treatments. The Derma... | 15907211 | PMC1180464 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:14 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 May 20; 3:36 |
Introduction
Asthma is a growing public health problem within the United States. It affects approximately 15 million people and results in at least 2 million emergency room visits and more than 5,000 deaths each year [1], with an estimated 6.7% prevalence of childhood asthma [2]. Moreover, there is mounting evidence sh... | 15943870 | PMC1180465 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:06 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2005 Jun 8; 4:14 |
Background
Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer related death in both men and women in Western countries. More than 25% of all cancer deaths are attributable to lung cancer [1,2]. Intraabdominal metastases are not exceptional, but their clinical manifestations are rare [3]. We report such a case presenting wi... | 15938753 | PMC1180466 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:36 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2005 Jun 6; 2:13 |
Introduction
During the last several decades a great deal of work has been undertaken for developing devices to accelerate recovery from injuries, operations and other complications. Many successful devices and methods have come out of this work. This included a general division of the recovery process into several pha... | 16011801 | PMC1180467 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:40 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2005 Jul 12; 2:18 |
Background
Recent developments in cell-free systems offer new and promising possibilities for producing recombinant proteins [1]. The RTS, commercialized by Roche, is an exchange cell-free system with improved productivity [2]. The continuous supply of consumable substrates and removal of reaction products provide a yi... | 15932643 | PMC1180468 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:35 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2005 Jun 2; 4:18 |
Background
Clinical studies have established that individuals with diabetes have a two- to six-fold increased risk for various manifestations of cardiovascular disease (CVD), compared to age matched nondiabetic subjects [1-3]. Although individuals with diabetes have a higher prevalence of traditional CVD risk factors (... | 15918903 | PMC1180469 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:46 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005 May 26; 2:13 |
Introduction
Epidemiological studies have demonstrated an increased morbidity and mortality by particulate air pollution [1,2]. The highest relative risk for mortality and hospital admissions were observed in subjects with existing pulmonary disease including asthma and COPD [1,2]. The exact mechanism by which PM can a... | 15982423 | PMC1180470 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:30 | no | Part Fibre Toxicol. 2005 Jun 27; 2:3 |
Background
The cytoplasmic expression of unspliced and incompletely spliced HIV-1 mRNAs encoding the HIV-1 structural proteins and enzymes is dependent upon the Rev protein [1]. Rev-dependent mRNAs are characterized by two types of cis-acting sequences, a single Rev response element (RRE) [2,3] and several cis-acting r... | 15949040 | PMC1180471 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:40 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Jun 10; 2:39 |
Background
Bronchial asthma is a chronic disorder characterized as reversible airway obstruction, eosinophilic airway inflammation, mucus hypersecretion, and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) [1]. In the process of airway inflammation, various types of cells, such as eosinophils, mast cells, T lymphocytes, and dendritic... | 15921525 | PMC1180472 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 May 28; 6(1):46 |
Background
The lung represents a site for the invasion of various bacteria or bacterial products. Along with alveolar macrophages, pulmonary epithelial cells are the first cells to be challenged by pathogenic microorganisms. The gram-negative bacterium Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae) is an obligate... | 15935092 | PMC1180473 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jun 3; 6(1):51 |
Background
It is recognized that genetic factors influence lung function [1,2]. The identification of genetic variants that determine either lung function development or decline is particularly important for diseases in which low lung function is a feature, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, sinc... | 15935090 | PMC1180474 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jun 3; 6(1):52 |
Background
We have recently demonstrated that the ability of deep inspirations to dilate constricted airways is impaired in subjects with COPD [1]. We have suggested that the lack of deep inspiration-induced bronchodilation may be one of the major factors that contribute to persistent airway narrowing in chronic obstru... | 15943872 | PMC1180475 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jun 8; 6(1):55 |
Background
Signaling networks and metabolic pathways in living cells are regulated through a complex web of enzyme cascades. The regulatory architecture of these covalent modification cascades in combination with allosteric interactions determines the control of cellular processes [1,2]. A prototypical example of such ... | 15907212 | PMC1180476 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:25 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 May 20; 2:19 |
Background
Mammalian reoviruses are the prototypic members of the Reoviridae family, which also includes the pathogenic rotaviruses, coltiviruses, seadornaviruses and orbiviruses. These viruses share elements of their replication cycle as well as structural features, including a non-enveloped multi-layered capsid that ... | 15927073 | PMC1180477 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:58 | no | Virol J. 2005 May 31; 2:48 |
Findings
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a ubiquitous sexually transmitted DNA virus. A subset of mucosal HPVs are termed "high-risk" (for example, types 16, 18 and 31) because of an increased association with cervical cancer (review[1]). Among this group, HPV16 is the most common type, being found in about fifty percent... | 15960845 | PMC1180478 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:58 | no | Virol J. 2005 Jun 16; 2:50 |
Background
Bladder cancer is the second most common tumor of the urogenital tract with transitional cell carcinoma comprising of about 90% of all primary bladder malignancies [1]. Most of these tumors are superficial at initial presentation, limited to the mucosa, sub-mucosa or lamina propria. In superficial cancers, r... | 16022725 | PMC1180479 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:03 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Jul 15; 3:43 |
Introduction
Genetic linkage analysis has traditionally been applied to one or very few traits at a time. It is now possible to simultaneously measure thousands of related “traits” from high-throughput technologies such as DNA [1,2] and protein microarrays [3]. It is therefore necessary to extend linkage analysis techn... | 16035920 | PMC1180512 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:15 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Aug 26; 3(8):e267 |
Introduction
The first known left–right (L-R) symmetry-breaking event in mouse development occurs at the ventral surface of the node at embryonic day 8.0 (E8.0) [1]. Previous studies showed that hundreds of monocilia on the node rotate in a clockwise direction and generate leftward flow of extraembryonic fluid, referre... | 16035921 | PMC1180513 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:25 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Aug 26; 3(8):e268 |
Introduction
In the developing mammalian brain, axons elaborate to form complex arbors that innervate specific target cells. In the peripheral and central nervous systems, axons have an early phase of rapid growth, followed by a period of activity-dependent pruning [1–8]. But the notion that axons develop through seque... | 16026180 | PMC1180514 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:25 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Aug 26; 3(8):e272 |
On the outside, humans and other vertebrates seem to be bilaterally symmetrical. Draw a line down your body from the top of your head to your feet, and what is to the left of the line is pretty much the mirror image of what is to the right. But think about your internal organs. Your heart is on the left of your body, w... | 0 | PMC1180515 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:25 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Aug 26; 3(8):e291 |
Using traditional statistical tools to analyze the modern wealth of biological data is a bit like trying to move a muscle car with a buggy whip—you're not likely to get anywhere very fast. The problem is perhaps most acute in the quest to understand how genes interact to regulate one another's expression. The amount of... | 0 | PMC1180516 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:25 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Aug 26; 3(8):e294 |
Introduction
Influenza A viruses are negative-strand RNA viruses of the Family Orthomyxoviridae that infect a wide variety of warm-blooded animals, including domestic and wild birds and mammals (e.g., humans, pigs, and horses). The natural reservoir for influenza virus is thought to be wild waterfowl, and genetic mater... | 16026181 | PMC1180517 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 08:21:25 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Sep 26; 3(9):e300 |
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