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Soon after a human baby emerges from the womb, its brain churns out new cells at an unbelievable rate of 250,000 neurons per minute. Each neuron typically acquires multiple dendrites to pick up electrical signals from other cells, and just one axon to transmit those signals to other cells. An axon can grow several feet... | 0 | PMC1180518 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:25 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Aug 26; 3(8):e301 |
Last October, as Americans started lining up for flu shots, news broke that 48 million vaccine doses had been contaminated. With 100 million people considered at high risk and fears of a potentially deadly avian flu epidemic on the horizon, the shortage caused long lines, allegations of price gouging, and a new bill to... | 0 | PMC1180519 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:25 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Sep 26; 3(9):e302 |
Background
Mood disturbances are widespread in western societies and general practitioners (GPs) see many patients with depressive disorders[1,2]. Only a minority of these patients consult directly for psychological problems. More often they consult their doctors because of bodily symptoms[3]. In addition, depressive d... | 15904500 | PMC1180707 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:12 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 May 16; 6:21 |
Background
Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is a common genetic disorder of iron metabolism that is usually inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern and associated with missense mutations in the HFE gene. This pathology displays a large genetic heterogeneity because several other types of hemochromatosis, associated ... | 15929798 | PMC1180708 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2005 Jun 1; 6:24 |
Background
Treatment of acute psychiatric illness in resident settings is expensive, albeit less so than in intensive medical care units [1-3]. The costs are to a great extent indispensable, but not of the same magnitude in all elements of the treatment chain. Allocation of patients in a treatment and cost-efficient wa... | 15921516 | PMC1180817 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:07 | no | Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2005 May 27; 4:11 |
Background
Epidemiological child health data are an essential driver for policy, advocacy, service design, health promotion and prevention programs. Such data can make population health strengths, deficits and inequalities explicit, provide evidence of the influence that the social and political contexts have on health... | 16029511 | PMC1180818 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:28 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2005 Jul 20; 2:16 |
Introduction
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly diagnosed psychiatric disorder of childhood [1,2]. Children with ADHD are characterized by an inability to sit still, they have difficulty organizing tasks, they are forgetful, have a tendency to be easily distracted, fidget, they have di... | 16022733 | PMC1180819 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:21 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2005 Jul 15; 1:9 |
Background
The amount of scientific biomedical literature readable by computer programs is overwhelming. For example, PubMed [1] contains about 7.5 million article abstracts. Therefore automatic literature-mining methods can be exploited in order to retrieve relevant information (for recent thorough reviews of related ... | 15972097 | PMC1180820 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jun 22; 6:157 |
Background
Thyroid tumours show a good long-term survival, but, when we consider the poorly differentiated histotypes and in particular the anaplastic carcinoma, the prognosis is very poor [1,2]. A major determinant of such an opposite behaviour is the lost ability to concentrate the radioiodine, used as very effective... | 16029487 | PMC1180821 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:07 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jul 19; 5:80 |
Background
There is a considerable body of evidence that reproductive organ size contributes to male reproductive success. This mainly derives from interspecific comparisons that have found positive relationships between testis size and the risk of sperm competition [1-5]. In addition, the direct manipulation of sperm ... | 15946387 | PMC1180822 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Jun 9; 5:37 |
We recently received a query from a reader of our article [1], about the ICD-10-based definitions used to define the "chronic obstructive pulmonary disease / asthma" group of index admissions. Prompted by the query, we detected an error in the way the definition of this group, as well as the "acute coronary syndrome" g... | 16026619 | PMC1180823 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 20:48:33 | no | BMC Emerg Med. 2005 Jul 18; 5:4 |
Background
Canine mtDNA sequence comparisons have been used to clarify the origins of the domestic dog [1,2], assess hybridisation with wild species [3,4], and forensic analysis [5,6]. Savolainen et al [1] and a recent revision aiming at nomenclature standardisation necessary for efficient data-basing [7], provided a g... | 15972107 | PMC1180824 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:38 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Jun 22; 6:37 |
Background
Upon completion and annotation of the nucleotide sequence of a bacterial genome, a great scientific challenge is to elucidate the regulation of expression of all the predicted genes and to deduce thereof the entirety of regulatory networks present in the respective microorganism. An important prerequisite in... | 15938759 | PMC1180825 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:48 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Jun 7; 6:86 |
Background
The family Cichlidae is one of the most species-rich families of vertebrates [1]. More than 3,000 species of cichlid fishes are distributed from Central and South America, through Africa and Madagascar, to southern India [2]. Although cichlids are diverse and dominant components of the freshwater fauna of bo... | 15946383 | PMC1180826 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:48 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Jun 9; 6:89 |
Background
Transcription factor activities (TFAs) rather than levels of transcription factor expression mediate transcriptional regulations. Various post-transcriptional and post-translational modifications abolish significant correlations between TFAs and the level of transcription factor expression. Therefore, a stra... | 15949038 | PMC1180827 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:48 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Jun 10; 6:90 |
Background
Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, about one-third of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and about 8 million new cases of TB occur each year. Despite this large burden and intensive control ef... | 16022735 | PMC1180828 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:14 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Jul 16; 5:59 |
Background
Any reader of the scientific medical literature knows that research prose is a very specialized use of language, distant from the general intellectual prose. Unlike writing in the humanities, the single most important function of scientific writing is the transfer of exact information and explicitly stated i... | 15960855 | PMC1180829 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:52:11 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2005 Jun 16; 5:15 |
Background
Low back pain (LBP) is a very common ailment in the Western World and musculoskeletal disorders are leading causes of long-term sick leave [1]. Thus, it has a major social and economic impact on society. Although elimination of LBP is only wishful thinking, prevention of chronicity may be within the scope of... | 15918894 | PMC1180830 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:04 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 May 26; 6:25 |
Background
Diabetic nephropathy is the most common cause of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in the United States and worldwide. Most diabetic patients with ESKD have type 2 diabetes. Since only a minority of type 2 diabetic patients develop kidney disease, predisposing factors for development of the disease are operati... | 15985177 | PMC1180831 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:43 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2005 Jun 28; 6:8 |
Background
Quality of life (QOL) issues have historically played an important part in the nursing role of patient advocacy. Ropka et al. found in the Year 2000 ONS Research Priorities Survey that quality of life ranked second among the top 20 research priorities of sampled nurses [1]. Other priorities included neutrope... | 16004611 | PMC1180832 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:31 | no | BMC Nurs. 2005 Jul 8; 4:4 |
Background
Bisdioxopiperazines, including ICRF-154, razoxane (ICRF-159, Raz); ICRF-186 and ICRF-187), two stereo-isomers of Raz, and ICRF-193, developed in the UK, were some of the earliest agents found against a murine spontaneous metastatic model (Lewis lung carcinoma) in 1969 [1]. Many papers and projects have dealt... | 15963241 | PMC1180833 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:59 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2005 Jun 20; 5:11 |
Background
The completion of human and rodent genome sequences [1-3] has brought the post-genomic era to the field of endocrine research. Detailed genetic maps of the main endocrine models can now be used to study the molecular basis of endocrine disease and the molecular mechanisms of hormone actions. The possibility ... | 15953391 | PMC1180834 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:51 | no | BMC Physiol. 2005 Jun 13; 5:8 |
Background
The dimensional structure of personality disorders is a growing area of research. Several studies have presented factor models over the past decade [1-4]. Advanced statistical methods have been applied, but a serious limitation is that it is impossible to disentangle the effects of the instrument used, sampl... | 15910688 | PMC1180835 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:03 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 May 24; 5:24 |
This book by Leah Edelstein-Keshet, "Mathematical Models in Biology," is a discovery that delighted me at once. It is simple to read and well organized, with basics of mathematics given in chapters separated from applications and examples. At first glance it might be taken more as a book for researchers already involve... | 0 | PMC1180836 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:35 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Jun 7; 4:35 |
The popular book by Drs. Enderle, Blanchard and Bronzino was now published in a second edition. The first edition, published on 1999, became the major textbook in many introductory courses given in the first or second year of Biomedical Engineering (BME) undergraduate programs. The second edition is aimed at serving th... | 0 | PMC1180837 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:35 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Jul 19; 4:44 |
The health of the central nervous system (CNS) is a subject that impacts on all people and especially on those who have the misfortune to be afflicted by CNS injury or disease. The cerebrovascular barriers at the CNS capillaries and the choroid plexus play a vital role in maintaining the microenvironment of the cells i... | 0 | PMC1180838 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:38 | no | Cerebrospinal Fluid Res. 2005 Jun 12; 2:1 |
Introduction
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by a persistent and developmentally inappropriate pattern of inattention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity [1]. Children with ADHD tend to have difficulty organizing tasks and sustaining attention during schoolwork or play activities. Typica... | 15946385 | PMC1180839 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:14 | no | Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2005 Jun 9; 3:5 |
Background
Tuberculosis (TB) is among the top ten causes of global mortality and morbidity accounting for about 26% of all preventable deaths [1,2]. In Tanzania, more than 60,000 new TB patients are notified annually and TB is the third leading killer of adults behind Malaria and Acquired Immune-deficiency syndrome (AI... | 16018806 | PMC1180840 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:14 | no | Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2005 Jul 14; 3:6 |
Introduction
I had two great teachers in epidemiology: Len Syme and Geoffrey Rose. One had his thinking shaped by the insights of Durkheim, a great sociologist; the other by Pickering, a great hypertension specialist. One helped lay the foundations for social epidemiology; the other, if heeded, could change the way we ... | 15932640 | PMC1180841 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:38 | no | Epidemiol Perspect Innov. 2005 Jun 2; 2:4 |
Background
A growing literature on the social determinants of health, suggests explanations for many population and individual level health outcomes are not attributable to biology. Income, income inequality, social connectedness, and social capital all show some association with health and illness [1-6]. This paper ex... | 16014164 | PMC1180842 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:32 | no | Int J Equity Health. 2005 Jul 13; 4:11 |
Introduction
This paper describes a set of fundamental concepts from causality theory that can be used to critically analyze summary measures of population health. It then uses these concepts to argue that health measures based on hypothetical outcome removal [1,2] are ambiguous and potentially misleading. Thorough ana... | 15921514 | PMC1180843 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:27 | no | Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2005 May 27; 2:5 |
Background
Diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood. Adjustment to the disease and the demands of its complex regimen are formidable tasks even for adults. Children face these demands in the context of already challenging normative developmental tasks. Understanding children's diabetes-related p... | 15955236 | PMC1180844 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:15 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Jun 14; 3:38 |
Background
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common conditions seen by general practitioners, representing a significant healthcare cost burden [1]. In the USA alone there are an estimated seven million physician visits and one million emergency department visits each year specifically for UTIs [2,3].... | 16022727 | PMC1180845 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:13 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Jul 15; 3:42 |
Background
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women (excluding non-melanoma skin cancers). Early detection is the primary way to control breast cancer since survival drops sharply for late stage diagnoses[1] Since the proportion of late stage diagnoses in a geographic area can be viewed as a proxy for screen... | 15943865 | PMC1180846 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:06 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2005 Jun 8; 4:15 |
Background
Cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a malignant expansion of mature, clonal CD4 T cells with an affinity for epidermal localization [1]. The tumor cells proliferate in the epidermis around a central Langerhans cell (LC) and previous studies have demonstrated that immature DC play a crucial role in the life c... | 16029505 | PMC1180847 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:45 | no | J Immune Based Ther Vaccines. 2005 Jul 19; 3:4 |
Background
The human major histocompatibility antigens, HLA, are generally cell bound, but trace amounts exist in soluble form [1-3]. These soluble HLA (sHLA) molecules may have an immunomodulatory function [4-6]. The known linkage dysequilibrium between class I and class II antigens at the cell surface may have pathop... | 15932635 | PMC1180848 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:21 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2005 Jun 2; 2:13 |
Introduction
Balance and postural control in humans is often studied by measuring the sway and/or muscle EMG response to a controlled mechanical perturbation, mainly taking the form of forward and backward or side-to-side platform translations, and foot dorsi- and plantar-flexing rotations [1-7]. Perturbations have als... | 15921515 | PMC1180849 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:40 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2005 May 27; 2:9 |
The National Institutes of Health has issued a new policy for open access to all NIH-funded research, whereby NIH grantees are strongly encouraged to deposit their complete manuscripts and supplementary material to an Internet repository, thereby enabling the rapid dissemination of research results and the long-term ar... | 15932651 | PMC1180850 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:35 | no | Mol Cancer. 2005 Jun 2; 4:20 |
Background
The dissimilatory ferric reductase, which are found in bacteria are an essential part of the iron cycles [1] and are essentially intracellular, but one extracellular one was isolated from Mycobacterium paratuberculosis [2]. Another possible mechanism could be active in this process since it was discovered th... | 16014167 | PMC1180851 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:05 | no | J Nanobiotechnology. 2005 Jul 13; 3:8 |
Background
Integration of viral genomes into host cell DNA is a key element of the life cycle and pathogenesis of many viruses. DNA viruses integrate by relying solely on cell machinery. In contrast, retroviruses possess a specialized endonuclease, also designated integrase (IN), which is essential for their replicatio... | 15904533 | PMC1180852 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:39 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 May 18; 2:31 |
Background
From a genome of only 9000 nt in length, HIV-1 directs the synthesis of 15 proteins essential for its replication and dissemination (for review see ref. [1]). In order to generate mRNAs required for the synthesis of these proteins, HIV-1 uses the cellular splicing machinery. Through alternative splicing of i... | 15907217 | PMC1180853 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:39 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 May 22; 2:33 |
Background
The use of cytology brushes for the purpose of obtaining respiratory cells from adults for clinical and research purposes is well established. This technique is generally reported to be safe, both in adults with pulmonary disease and in healthy volunteers [1]. Samples are usually obtained under direct vision... | 15943866 | PMC1180854 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:27 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jun 8; 6(1):53 |
Introduction
Individuals may develop tolerance to adverse health effects elicited from repeated exposure to inhaled toxicants in several different occupational and environmental situations. Pulmonary tolerance can be defined as the lung's ability to withstand the detrimental effects of a toxic compound following multip... | 16026622 | PMC1180855 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:25 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jul 18; 6(1):73 |
Introduction
Severe pulmonary hypertension is a fatal disease with short life expectancy [1,2]. Continuous intravenous administration of prostacyclin was documented to improve exercise capacity and survival in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH, formerly primary pulmonary hypertension, PPH) ... | 16033645 | PMC1180856 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:27 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jul 20; 6(1):76 |
Background
Since the early 1950s, the concept of spatial conformation in general inorganic, organic and particularly biological chemistry has assumed a fundamental role in the study of the various properties of biological macromolecules (nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids) [1]. Because of the technologies o... | 16029490 | PMC1180857 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:26 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Jul 19; 2:26 |
Background
The viral pathogens that infect crop plants constrain food production and economic development throughout the world's agricultural regions. Viral diseases are difficult to prevent, and once established few means are available to counter their impact on yield. As a result, development and deployment of resist... | 15904535 | PMC1180858 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:00 | no | Virol J. 2005 May 18; 2:45 |
Background
Most of gastric adenocarcinoma can be simply diagnosed by microscopic examination of biopsy specimen. Extremely well differentiated adenocarcinoma (EWDA) of the stomach is histologically too bland and too similar to benign foveolar epithelium to make a diagnosis as malignancy. Till date, several cases of EWD... | 15907218 | PMC1180859 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:05 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 May 23; 3:28 |
Background
Inflammatory fibroid polyp (IFP) is a benign, nonmetastasing tumour of the digestive tract. It has been described to occur commonly in the stomach and intestines. Cases have been reported in rectum [1], duodenum [2] and oesophagus, though rare. It is a slowly growing tumour unlike this case which had rapidly... | 15924624 | PMC1180860 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:05 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 May 30; 3:30 |
Background
Cardiovascular events represent a major health burden for modern societies and the acute coronary syndrome (ACS), defined as myocardial infarction or unstable angina, accounts for a large percentage of them [1]. Practice guidelines regarding ACS management have been widely published [2-4]. However, gaps have... | 16008836 | PMC1181243 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:06 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2005 Jul 11; 5:21 |
Brewster Kahle, creator of the Internet Archive (www.archive.org)—a digital library of Internet sites and other cultural artifacts in digital form—has been inspirational in discussing the Internet's potential to become a modern Library of Alexandria. He campaigns for a resource that makes all of humanity's knowledge av... | 16022563 | PMC1181536 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:40:30 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Sep 2; 2(9):e228 |
Britain's House of Commons Health Committee has recently recommended a fundamental realignment of the relationships between the pharmaceutical industry and government, regulators, doctors, the health service, and patients [1]. The committee said that the industry has interdigitated itself into every aspect of health ca... | 16076242 | PMC1181537 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:31 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Sep 2; 2(9):e241 |
Increasingly, the question of whether some forms of research, such as human cloning, infringe notions of human dignity has been proposed as a primary justification for the development of science policy. This is understandable. A commitment to human dignity is a widely shared value and the foundation for our understandi... | 16042507 | PMC1181538 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:30 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Aug 2; 2(8):e244 |
Introduction
The phenylethylamine derivative dopamine (DA) is critically involved in a wide variety of vital functions such as locomotion, feeding, emotion, and reward [1–3]. Major DA systems in the brain originate from brainstem DA neurons located in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and the ventral tegmental a... | 16050778 | PMC1181539 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:26 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Aug 2; 3(8):e271 |
Introduction
Despite its ubiquity and importance, aging remains a poorly understood process. This lack of understanding is due in part to the complexity of aging, which is characterized by the gradual and progressive decline of numerous physiological processes and homeostasis, eventually leading to death [1–6]. However... | 16048372 | PMC1181540 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:26 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Sep 2; 3(9):e274 |
The debilitating effects of Parkinson disease are well known: muscle rigidity, impaired movement, and the uncontrollable shaking that makes even the most mundane activity a challenge. The symptoms result from a progressive deterioration of the nervous system and degeneration of neurons that control motor function and c... | 0 | PMC1181541 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:25 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Aug 2; 3(8):e303 |
No matter how healthy a life one leads, no person has managed to live much longer than a century. Even though the advances of the modern age may have extended the average human life span, it is clear there are genetic limits to longevity. One prominent theory of aging lays the blame on the accumulation of damage done t... | 0 | PMC1181542 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:26 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Sep 2; 3(9):e313 |
Depression in OSA
Definition and prevalence of OSA
OSA is by far the most common form of sleep disordered breathing and is defined by frequent episodes of obstructed breathing during sleep. Specifically, it is characterized by sleep-related decreases (hypopneas) or pauses (apneas) in respiration. An obstructive apnea i... | 15982424 | PMC1181621 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:07 | no | Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Jun 27; 4:13 |
Background
Eukaryotic genomes have many genes that fall within well-defined gene or super-gene families [1]. Both orthologuous and paraloguous genes within the same gene family may vary in functions at levels from subtle changes in regulation or catalytic efficiency to substantial evolution of new function. While funct... | 15929795 | PMC1181622 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:24 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jun 1; 6:137 |
Background
Aneuploidies (chromosomal copy number changes) constitute a key mechanism in cancer progression [1,2] and play important evolutionary roles in speciation [3] and adaptive mutation in yeast and microbial populations [4,5]. Array-based comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) has enabled fast genome-wide ... | 15953389 | PMC1181623 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:24 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jun 13; 6:146 |
Background
Recently the number of research groups generating sequence data such as expressed sequence tags (EST) and bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) ends has increased dramatically due to dropping costs of obtaining DNA sequence. The size of groups involved in such projects ranges from members of sequencing cente... | 15958161 | PMC1181624 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:25 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jun 15; 6:147 |
Background
Microarray technology has provided biologists with the ability to measure the expression levels of thousands of genes in a single experiment. The vast amount of raw gene expression data leads to statistical and analytical challenges including the classification of the dataset into correct classes. The goal o... | 15958165 | PMC1181625 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:24 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jun 15; 6:148 |
Background
DNA microarrays have been applied with much success to study genomic patterns of gene expression across many organisms. It has become widely acknowledged that to extract hypotheses from these data, there are advantages to the integration of orthogonal sources of information, notably, molecular-interaction da... | 15967031 | PMC1181626 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jun 20; 6:154 |
Background
Differentially expressed genes between two or more samples may be of interest to researchers for different reasons, for example, looking at causes of or treatments for diseases such as cancer. Given appropriately processed data, the researcher needs a methodology for assessing the genes in order to separate ... | 16011807 | PMC1181627 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jul 12; 6:173 |
Background
The chiropractic educational system in North America is currently in a state of flux. Proposed programs such as the Florida State University School of Chiropractic and the conversion of some chiropractic schools into "universities," suggests that we are searching for a better alternative to the status quo.
... | 16001976 | PMC1181629 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:23 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2005 Jul 7; 13:10 |
Background
The advent of the Internet has changed the way both professionals and consumers look for health information [1]. Abbott [2] found that the existing general public search engines have a high penetration into even restricted-access data repositories, yielding quality information alternative to traditional prim... | 16029513 | PMC1181804 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:25 | no | Biomed Digit Libr. 2005 Jul 20; 2:6 |
Background
Anticipation is a medical observation that refers to the progressive worsening of a disease's symptoms and/or an earlier age of onset over successive generations of affected family members [1]. Although historically controversial, the concept gained widespread scientific acceptance with the identification in... | 15949044 | PMC1181805 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jun 10; 6:145 |
Background
Eukaryotes need to distinguish their individual chromosomes in several essential processes. For example, homologous chromosomes must be aligned during meiosis and the nuclear positioning of specific chromosomes in interphase is conserved, controlled and important for correct gene expression [1,2]. Therefore,... | 15975141 | PMC1181806 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jun 23; 6:158 |
Background
The production of recombinant proteins in eukaryotic cells requires the fusion of the target genes to promoter sequences functional in the eukaryotic cells and exhibiting the desired expression pattern. The molecular cloning procedures necessary for the construction of these fusions are usually performed in ... | 15967027 | PMC1181807 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:58 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2005 Jun 20; 5:19 |
Background
Success in the management of soft tissue sarcomas (STS) is often limited by the extension of lesions to neurovascular structures, because of the difficulty in dissecting the neurovascular bundle from the tumor without compromising the function and local recurrence of residual lesions. Patients with STS invol... | 16026629 | PMC1181808 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:05 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jul 19; 5:79 |
Background
Data concerning incidence and prevalence of cancer in the Soviet Union (USSR) and Russia have traditionally not been provided on a basis that facilitated comparison with data from countries in western parts of Europe [1]. This was due to differences in routines and procedures for reporting, registration and ... | 16029510 | PMC1181809 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:06 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jul 19; 5:82 |
Background
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant neurocutaneous disorder with an estimated prevalence of 2 to 3 cases per 10,000 population [1]. NF1 is characterized by neurocutaneous signs such as café-au-lait spots, axillary freckling, and cutaneous neurofibromas. Cognitive deficits and academic lea... | 16042772 | PMC1181810 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:06 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jul 21; 5:85 |
Background
Animals use the gustatory system to provide information about food quality. For example, sweet-tasting foods may have a high caloric content and are preferred, while bitter-tasting foods often contain toxic substances, and are generally avoided. Two families of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) expressed i... | 15938754 | PMC1181811 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:38 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Jun 6; 6:32 |
Background
The modern day cultivars of rice, in spite of all their high yielding potential and other desirable features are handicapped with narrow genetic base for most of the agronomically important traits including the dwarf habit, which is the major yield enhancing trait. Recent study of high yielding Indian rice v... | 15949048 | PMC1181812 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:38 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Jun 13; 6:33 |
Background
Recent systematic searches for transcribed regions have yielded growing evidence suggesting that the fraction of the genome being transcribed is much larger than previously thought [1-4]. In particular, it is becoming clear that a significant fraction of the expressed DNA comes from non-coding regions [2]. T... | 15960846 | PMC1181813 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:49 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Jun 16; 6:93 |
Background
After publication of the new CDC guideline on hand hygiene, hospital hygiene practices are currently changing in many countries [1]. For the post-contamination treatment of healthcare workers' hands, it has been suggested to use alcohol-based hand rubs instead of soap and water [1]. This recommendation is ba... | 15963239 | PMC1181814 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:14 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Jun 20; 5:48 |
Background
Kocuria is a member of the Micrococcaceae family and consists of nine species. It was previously classified into the genus of Micrococcus, but was dissected from Micrococcus based on phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic analysis [1]. The organism is widespread in nature and is frequently found as normal skin flor... | 16029488 | PMC1181815 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:14 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Jul 19; 5:60 |
Background
Enteric bacteria classified as Salmonella are responsible for a wide variety of illnesses, including typhoid fever, food poisoning, gastroenteritis and septicaemia. The genus Salmonella comprises two species, namely Salmonella enterica which can be subdivided into more than 2 300 serovars, and Salmonella bon... | 16026608 | PMC1181816 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:39 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Jul 18; 5:42 |
Background
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a slowly developing articular disease, characterized mainly by cartilage degeneration, which is reflected clinically by a gradual development of joint pain, stiffness, and loss of full range of movement. OA is the most common disease to affect synovial joints, being a major cause of mu... | 15958159 | PMC1181817 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:05 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Jun 15; 6:31 |
Background
Obesity is a major health problem in the western world. Nearly two-thirds of the U.S. adults are overweight (BMI > 25) and of these one-half are obese (BMI >30) [1]. Obesity is not only associated with increase in morbidity, mortality and reduction in life expectancy [2], but also leads to increase in the in... | 15955257 | PMC1181818 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:43 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2005 Jun 15; 6:7 |
Background
The conserved Notch signaling pathway has well established roles in cell fate determination during development. Transmembrane Notch receptors are activated by transmembrane DSL (Delta/Serrate/LAG-2) family ligands [1-6]. The intracellular (IC) domain of Notch is proteolytically released by presenilins and tr... | 16011804 | PMC1181819 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:47 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Jul 12; 6:45 |
Background
In 1937, Hulusi Behçet, a Turkish dermatologist, first described a chronic autoimmune disease bearing his name with characteristic orogenital aphtous ulceration and uveitis [1]. The etiology of Behçet's disease, which is most commonly seen in Asia and Mediterranean area, is still unknown. The primary patholo... | 15955242 | PMC1181820 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:04 | no | BMC Surg. 2005 Jun 14; 5:13 |
Background
In recent years, isoflavones have increased in popularity as an alternative to conventional hormone replacement therapy for the relief of hot flashes and other symptoms associated with menopause. Currently, isoflavones are available as tablets, capsules, powders (particularly soy protein powders), drinks and... | 15975148 | PMC1181821 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:36 | no | BMC Womens Health. 2005 Jun 23; 5:9 |
Probably, most of the students who have taken (or will take) undergraduate courses based on the so-called exact sciences have faced (or will face at some point) the terror of being unable to solve some of the proposed problems or exercises, despite having a good theoretical knowledge of the topic. Basically, you may kn... | 0 | PMC1181822 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:35 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Jul 24; 4:45 |
Introduction
Thailand is one of the countries having most success fighting the epidemic of HIV/AIDS infection [1,2]. Two randomised clinical trials conducted in Thailand have provided substantial impact on prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV/AIDS (PMTCT). The first demonstrated in 1999 that a short course... | 16026626 | PMC1181823 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:14 | no | Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2005 Jul 18; 3:7 |
Background
Public health recommendations for physical activity (PA) state that all individuals should minimally accumulate 30 minutes or more of daily moderate intensity activity, such as brisk walking [1-3]. Regular walking for exercise has been associated with numerous health benefits including reduced risk of corona... | 15904531 | PMC1181824 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:04 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2005 May 17; 2:5 |
Background
Globally, there are more than 1 billion overweight adults, at least 300 million of them obese. These alarming facts published by the World Health Organisation (WHO) [1] demonstrate that obesity has reached epidemic dimension in developed as well as in developing countries. Consequences on health range from s... | 15943862 | PMC1181825 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:04 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2005 Jun 8; 2:6 |
Introduction
Cisplatin and its analog carboplatin have significant antitumor activity against a wide variety of solid tumors[1]. Furthermore, cisplatin also showed synergistic effect with other chemotherapeutic agents and therefore has been incorporated in many treatment regimens for solid tumors [1]. Like other chemot... | 16033649 | PMC1181826 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:35 | no | Mol Cancer. 2005 Jul 20; 4:25 |
Background
Long-term, community-based cohort studies designed to evaluate or compare both the risk of inherited and acquired risk factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE) in young women are lacking, only one Danish cohort study designed and conducted to examine cardiovascular risk factors and the relation with factor V... | 16029515 | PMC1181827 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:24 | no | Thromb J. 2005 Jul 20; 3:8 |
Background
Colorectal cancer kills approximately 500 000 people worldwide each year [1], thus treatments which produce only modest improvements in survival may have an enormous health impact. Current practice is to base therapeutic decisions and prognostic advice on clinico-pathological data, however within conventiona... | 16029489 | PMC1181828 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:04 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Jul 19; 3:47 |
The stigma attached to mental illness is the greatest obstacle to the improvement of the lives of people with mental illness and their families [1]. Such stigma results in (1) a lower priority for mental health services, (2) difficulty getting staff of good quality to work in these services, (3) continuing problems in ... | 16033301 | PMC1181868 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:17 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jul 26; 2(7):e136 |
Although the 20th century saw a major expansion of the world economy, impressive military/security advances, and spectacular progress in science and technology, the grim reality in the first decade of the new millennium is that human life, health, and security remain under severe threat—but now from the adverse effects... | 16033302 | PMC1181869 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:17 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jul 26; 2(7):e143 |
Introduction
Twins have long provided a unique opportunity to study how health is shaped from conception to death by biological and social factors [1–5]. At issue are the contributions, singly and combined, of genetic inheritance, in utero postzygotic events before and after twinning, and familial plus societal context... | 16033303 | PMC1181870 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:19 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jul 26; 2(7):e162 |
Introduction
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious public health problem in many parts of Asia and Africa that results in complications such as cirrhosis and cancer of the liver [1]. Globally, despite effective vaccination against HBV and available antiviral treatments [2–7], there remain an estimated 350 mill... | 16033304 | PMC1181871 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:14 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jul 26; 2(7):e163 |
Introduction
Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is a chronic neuropathic pain syndrome that may complicate recovery from an acute attack of herpes zoster. Despite advances in antiviral therapy during acute herpes zoster and the more recent introduction of vaccination against varicella zoster, PHN continues to be a significan... | 16013891 | PMC1181872 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:39 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jul 26; 2(7):e164 |
Introduction
The past decade has seen a dramatic increase in the significance attached to infectious diseases from the public health perspective. This trend is due in part to the emergence of new and highly pathogenic infections such as Ebola [1], West Nile virus [2], and SARS [3]. There are also well-publicized concer... | 16013892 | PMC1181873 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:39 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jul 26; 2(7):e174 |
I appreciate Zlotkin and colleagues' years of work on the Sprinkle product, and it sounds like the product is much improved from the pill form of micronutrient treatments [1]. I'm not at all opposed to Sprinkle-type products or other nutrient pills for treatment (or in other special situations), but as ten years of int... | 16033305 | PMC1181874 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:39 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jul 26; 2(7):e188 |
Shah Ebrahim says, in his answer to my statement in our debate [1], that plaque is so common that it makes sense to treat only those likely to have an acute event in the near future. Not everyone has a heart attack but everyone ages, nor can we be sure who will be lucky as they age and who will not. Anyone with a low-d... | 16033306 | PMC1181875 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:15 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jul 26; 2(7):e189 |
Introduction
Malaria remains one of the most serious global health problems and a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality, especially in Africa [1]. Efforts to control malaria in Africa have been severely compromised by the emergence of resistance in Plasmodium falciparum to the inexpensive and widely used d... | 16033307 | PMC1181876 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:17 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jul 26; 2(7):e190 |
PRESENTATION of CASE
A 25-y-old woman presented with pulmonary embolism. She had been taking, without apparent complication, norgestimate/ethynil estradiol (Ortho Tri-Cyclen; 0.180, 0.215, and 0.250 mg norgestimate cycles and 35 μg ethinyl estradiol) for 2 y, followed by the same drug combination but with a lower dose ... | 16013893 | PMC1181877 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:19 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jul 26; 2(7):e197 |
We are writing in response to the letter by Stacia Nordin [1]. Independent of where a child is born in the world, the most appropriate feeding regimen is breast milk until six months of age, followed by a weaning or complementary food [2]. It is known that breast milk provides all the essential nutrients for a growing ... | 0 | PMC1181878 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:39 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jul 26; 2(7):e202 |
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