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Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), commonly known as kala-azar, from the Hindu vernacular, is a human systemic disease caused by parasitic protozoan species of the genus Leishmania. Transmitted by the bite of the tiny and seemingly innocuous female phlebotomine sandfly (Figure 1), the parasite enters macrophages, where it mu... | 16033309 | PMC1181879 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:39 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jul 26; 2(7):e211 |
Research into the etiology of schizophrenia has never been as interesting or as provocative as in the past three years. There has been progress on several fronts, but particularly regarding the molecular genetics of this complex disorder of mind and brain. At the same time, a number of critically important and unresolv... | 16033310 | PMC1181880 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:39 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jul 26; 2(7):e212 |
Gary Schwitzer: The Agenda-Setting Role of Health Journalists
Some journalists say that their role and responsibility is no different in covering health information than it is in covering politics, business, or any other topic. These journalists say that their primary concern is accurate, clear reporting—they are less ... | 16033311 | PMC1181881 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:18 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jul 26; 2(7):e215 |
Sadly, I fully agree with Richard Smith's opinion [1] that many medical journals have become marketing offices of pharmaceutical companies. Even worse is that few people seem to realize this, and there are many respectable academics who would wholeheartedly dispute these views. The “psychology of gift” operates in ever... | 16033312 | PMC1181882 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jul 26; 2(7):e218 |
I agree with Richard Smith [1] that something needs to be done about the reporting of pharmaceutical industry trials. Like him, I believe that the solution should include compulsory publication on the Internet of trials [2]. However, I disagree that the problem has its origin with the pharmaceutical industry; it is inh... | 16033313 | PMC1181883 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:17 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jul 26; 2(7):e219 |
Smithereens are better than no Smith at all. It was grand to see Richard Smith in full flight again [1], a raptor this time, relegating the randomized controlled trials he previously championed in the BMJ to the ether, to be replaced by printed “commentaries.” In doing so, he laid three problematic eggs. First, he shov... | 16033314 | PMC1181884 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:20 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jul 26; 2(7):e220 |
One solution for fair-minded doctors not mentioned by Smith [1] might be to keep away from major high-impact journals and subscribe instead to those with a lower profile but that serve their specialty. I analysed all original papers published in the last 12 issues of Archives of Disease in Childhood. Of 198 such papers... | 16033315 | PMC1181885 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:22 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jul 26; 2(7):e221 |
Richard Smith has correctly highlighted the potential distortion of the evidence base caused by the publication of commercially sponsored trials [1]. However, his proposed solution could do with more thought.
First, let us be clear that the problem is possibly much wider than drug-company trials. There is the risk of ... | 16033316 | PMC1181886 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:18 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jul 26; 2(7):e222 |
We congratulate and acknowledge PLoS Medicine for initiating a students' forum [1] and for its efforts to encourage students' participation across the globe. There is really a need for medical students, especially from the developing world, to be actively conducting research, reading journals, publishing papers, and st... | 0 | PMC1181887 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:18 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jul 26; 2(7):e223 |
In response to Michael Makover's comments [1], the important point at issue here is evidence—and not whether there is room for both population approaches and high-risk approaches. We can certainly identify plaques using carotid ultrasound. We can use risk factor scoring schemes to identify those at high risk of sufferi... | 0 | PMC1181888 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jul 26; 2(7):e224 |
Steven Senn [1] raises several very important points about the publication of trials. In an attempt to improve transparency of reporting, we require authors to submit their protocol along with the trial so that it is available for reviewers and editors to compare with the journal article, and we encourage the protocol ... | 0 | PMC1181889 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:21 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jul 26; 2(7):e225 |
Richard Smith's key suggestion [1] is that medical journals “should stop publishing trials” and concentrate on “critically evaluating them.” This bold and radical suggestion deserves wide debate. It's obvious that many medical journals are losing relevance as vehicles for scientific information, but it's unclear what w... | 16033320 | PMC1181890 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:17 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jul 26; 2(7):e226 |
Twins' research is a favorite tool of the human geneticist, but it has a controversial history. Nazi doctor Josef Mengele, infamous for his work at Auschwitz, was fascinated by twins. He sought them out at the extermination camp and used them in violent experiments. Later, British psychologist Cyril Burt worked on the ... | 0 | PMC1181891 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:40:22 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jul 26; 2(7):e235 |
There are at least 300 million acute cases of malaria each year globally, resulting in more than a million deaths. Ninety percent of deaths due to malaria occur in Africa, south of the Sahara, mostly in young children. The number of deaths is increasing, and one key factor linked to this has been widespread drug resist... | 0 | PMC1181892 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:40:18 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jul 26; 2(7):e236 |
Hepatitis B is a serious global public health problem but is preventable with safe and effective vaccines that have been available since 1982. Despite these vaccines, about 2 billion people have been infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), and more than 350 million have lifelong infections. These chronically infected pe... | 0 | PMC1181893 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:40:22 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jul 26; 2(7):e237 |
Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is a chronically painful condition that is a complication of shingles (acute herpes zoster), a recurrence of the varicella-zoster virus, which initially causes chickenpox. Although shingles usually resolves within a month, some people continue to feel the pain of PHN long after the rash and... | 0 | PMC1181894 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 11:13:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jul 26; 2(7):e238 |
When the SARS epidemic showed the first signs of waning, the World Health Organization proclaimed that the turnaround was a testament to the efficient response of health systems worldwide and justified its decisive action in issuing a global alert.
That swift response was partly due to infectious disease experts being... | 0 | PMC1181895 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:40:23 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jul 26; 2(7):e239 |
The legal risks associated with health research involving human subjects have been highlighted recently by a number of lawsuits launched against those involved in conducting and evaluating the research [1]. Some of these cases have been fully addressed by the legal system, resulting in judgments that provide some guida... | 15953387 | PMC1182131 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:58 | no | BMC Med Ethics. 2005 Jun 13; 6:4 |
Published research findings are sometimes refuted by subsequent evidence, with ensuing confusion and disappointment. Refutation and controversy is seen across the range of research designs, from clinical trials and traditional epidemiological studies [1–3] to the most modern molecular research [4,5]. There is increasin... | 16060722 | PMC1182327 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:23 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Aug 30; 2(8):e124 |
As a neurologist subspecializing in epilepsy at a respected academic institution, I (DH) assumed that I knew everything I needed to know about epilepsy and patients with epilepsy. I was wrong.
In September of 1994, John Lester, my colleague in the Department of Neurology at Massachusetts General Hospital, showed me an... | 16060721 | PMC1182328 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:24 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Aug 9; 2(8):e206 |
We previously demonstrated the presence of delay-period activity in midbrain dopamine neurons, and provided evidence that this activity corresponds to uncertainty about reward. An alternative interpretation of our observations was recently put forth in which it was suggested that the delay-period activity corresponds n... | 15958162 | PMC1182345 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:21 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2005 Jun 15; 1:7 |
Background
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has a reputation for good value among health conscious consumers [1]. In the United States consumers spend over $34 billion per year on CAM therapies [2], dollars spent outside the conventional health care financing system. Such evidence on out-of-pocket expenditu... | 15932647 | PMC1182346 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:46 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2005 Jun 2; 5:11 |
Background
Although massage is one of the oldest healthcare practices in the world, with references to it found in ancient Chinese medical texts as well as in the writings of Hippocrates, medical doctors in the US have not practiced therapeutic massage for nearly 100 years [1]. In the 1930's and 1940's, massage fell ou... | 15955245 | PMC1182347 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:46 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2005 Jun 14; 5:13 |
Background
The use of complementary medicines in Australia has become commonplace. In 2002 it was estimated that 52% of the Australian population had used at least one non-physician-prescribed complementary medicine in the previous year[1]. These medicines are widely available from many sources including health food st... | 16004617 | PMC1182348 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:46 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2005 Jul 11; 5:15 |
Background
Automatic functional annotation is essential for high-throughput sequencing projects. Typically, large datasets undergo annotation by means of "annotation jamborees", where groups of experts are assigned to manually annotate a designated portion of an organism's genome. More recently, various tools have beco... | 15960857 | PMC1182349 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jun 16; 6:151 |
Background
One of the biggest challenges facing biologists today is the structural and functional classification and characterization of protein sequences. For example, in humans, the number of proteins for which the structures and functions are unknown makes up more than 40% of the total number of proteins. As a resul... | 15963230 | PMC1182350 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:25 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jun 17; 6:152 |
Background
Multiple sequence alignments are a crucial prerequisite for a diverse set of methods ranging from the reconstruction of phylogenies and the quantification of adaptive evolution, to the detection of conserved RNA secondary structures and protein motifs. In this contribution we present a novel alignment tool t... | 15985156 | PMC1182351 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jun 28; 6:160 |
Background
Here we describe PROMI, a system to discover group-specific conservation characteristics in the amino acid distribution of profiles. For this we understand the sequences forming a general profile to be associated with a user-defined biological classification label, where the number of labels should be much s... | 15987530 | PMC1182352 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jun 29; 6:164 |
Background
The Tat (Twin arginine translocation) pathway, which operates in parallel to the well characterized Sec export pathway, has recently been discovered in bacteria [1-3]. Substrates of the Tat pathway are often redox cofactor binding proteins which acquire their cofactors, and therefore fold in the cytoplasm. T... | 15992409 | PMC1182353 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jul 2; 6:167 |
Background
Plants can recognize microbial pathogens by a specific interaction system, which was historically named the gene-for-gene interaction, because particular matching genes must be present in the pathogen as well as in the plant. A successful recognition triggers a hypersensitive reaction of individual plant cel... | 16008837 | PMC1182354 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:25 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jul 11; 6:169 |
Background
Specific protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid interaction are in the focus of many biochemical studies. The exact nature of these interactions is not known. Some scientists argue that the macromolecular interactions are determined by long sequence domains that are involving many residues (amino acids and... | 16011796 | PMC1182355 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jul 12; 6:170 |
Background
Human artificial chromosomes are currently being developed as tools for functional annotation of the genome and as potential vectors for gene therapy and other biotechnological applications (reviewed in [1,2]). Strategies for the creation of artificial or engineered chromosomes can be broadly divided into tw... | 15998466 | PMC1182356 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:58 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2005 Jul 5; 5:21 |
Background
The search for molecular markers to predict response to treatment and prognosis in patients with cancer has always occupied a major role in cancer research. To date, glycoproteins, polypeptides, or other macromolecules such as CEA, CAI5-3, AFP, βHGC, etc. – that are determined by biochemical methods – have a... | 15982417 | PMC1182357 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:06 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jun 27; 5:65 |
Background
Most human cancers arise in epithelial cells, underlining the importance of understanding the molecular biology of cancer and the complex balance of proliferation and differentiation in this cell type. Increased knowledge of these processes may provide unique targets for the future development of pharmacothe... | 16001974 | PMC1182358 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:12 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jul 7; 5:75 |
Background
Gliomas are the most common subgroup of primary brain tumors. The majority of gliomas are classified on the basis of the histological appearance of the neoplastic cells: astrocytoma (WHO grades I to IV), oligodendroglioma (ODG; WHO grades II to III), and oligoastrocytoma (OAC; WHO grades II to III). ODG cons... | 16018821 | PMC1182359 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:55 | no | BMC Clin Pathol. 2005 Jul 15; 5:6 |
Background
Pax6 is expressed in the developing eye and brain, where it affects both progenitor cell production and neuronal differentiation [1-5]. The Pax6 protein contains two DNA binding domains, a paired domain (PD) and a paired-type homeodomain (HD) (Fig. 1A). The PD consists of two separate helix-turn-helix motifs... | 16029501 | PMC1182360 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:31 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2005 Jul 19; 5:13 |
Background
Ever since the isolation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in 1998 [1], the implications for their use in a number of disease therapies have been highly regarded. Additionally, these cells also find value as a model to study basic human development. However, in all aspects of ESC research, hESCs must fir... | 16033656 | PMC1182361 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:32 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2005 Jul 21; 5:15 |
Background
Molecular phylogenetics has expanded understanding of relationships among all major angiosperm groups and has thereby strongly impacted their classification [1]. More recently, such advances have also included some nonphotosynthetic holoparasites whose phylogenetic positions had previously been uncertain, su... | 15969755 | PMC1182362 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:15 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Jun 21; 5:38 |
Background
The vestibular system is the sensory mechanism of the inner ear (labyrinth) that helps the body maintain its postural equilibrium. There are two distinct sets of end organs in the labyrinth: the utricle and saccule within the vestibule, which respond to linear accelerations and changes in the position of the... | 15972096 | PMC1182363 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:26 | no | BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord. 2005 Jun 22; 5:5 |
Background
Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are approved for treating clinically significant anxiety and insomnia. They have a better safety profile in comparison to barbiturates – their predecessors, and many physicians have overestimated their safety. It is now widely accepted that BZD prescribing has many risks, including tol... | 15975145 | PMC1182364 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:12 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Jun 23; 6:27 |
Background
The α-proteobacteria comprise a large and extremely diverse group of Gram-negative bacteria which form a part of the largest known phyla within prokaryotes, namely the proteobacteria [1]. The vast diversity of the α-subdivision is clearly evident through the lifestyle differences among its members making the... | 15960851 | PMC1182365 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:48 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Jun 16; 6:94 |
Background
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) often cause persistent infection, leading to chronic liver diseases, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma [1,2]. Given the burden of these diseases and the current potential for cure, there is a compelling need for diagnosis of active HBV and HCV infe... | 15998472 | PMC1182366 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:13 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Jul 6; 5:53 |
Background
Numerous epidemiological studies conducted in different parts of the world have demonstrated a consistent association between levels of ambient air particles and various health outcomes, including mortality, cardiopulmonary disease, reduced lung function, and exacerbation of asthma and allergy-related sympto... | 15967044 | PMC1182367 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:31 | no | BMC Immunol. 2005 Jun 21; 6:11 |
Background
Tuberculosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, causing approximately 3 millions deaths annually [1]. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis is a successful pathogen due to its ability to down regulate host immune responses. The primary site of infection for M. tu... | 16001981 | PMC1182368 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:32 | no | BMC Immunol. 2005 Jul 7; 6:14 |
Background
Chemokine receptors are seven-transmembrane G-protein coupled receptors that direct the migration of various immune cells to the sites of inflammation in addition to their pivotal role in maintaining immune cell homeostasis in various lymphoid compartments [1,2]. Chemokines (8–14 kDa molecular weight), the l... | 16001983 | PMC1182369 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:31 | no | BMC Immunol. 2005 Jul 7; 6:15 |
Background
Proteases play key roles in the regulation of many cellular processes, such as signal transduction, apoptosis, and the activation of chromosome disjunction in mitosis [1-4]. Artificial proteolytic regulation is possible using TEV protease, which recognizes a highly specific sequence [5] and is not deleteriou... | 15941470 | PMC1182370 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:25 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2005 Jun 7; 6:13 |
Background
Photoreceptors are the highly specialized sensory receptors of the retina and express a unique array of genes that enable them to convert light energy into a neural signal. Many of these genes, including those encoding components of the phototransduction cascade [e.g. rhodopsin (Rho), transducin, arrestin, α... | 15963234 | PMC1182371 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:25 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2005 Jun 17; 6:15 |
Background
Every profession calls for a special level of knowledge, skills and personal characteristics. If the correspondence between the applicants' individual characteristics and their intended profession is not adequately taken into account, their job compatibility will be hampered [1].
Tests are nowadays used for... | 16011800 | PMC1182372 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:56 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2005 Jul 12; 5:25 |
Background
Surgeons are responsible for all activities related to patients' treatment and care in surgical units and it is therefore important for them to act in a the best and correct way towards patients, relatives, and colleagues. Studies have shown, however, that physicians often are in doubt about the best and cor... | 15996268 | PMC1182373 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:58 | no | BMC Med Ethics. 2005 Jul 4; 6:7 |
Background
The public health information infrastructure is yielding real-time access to health data, enabling new approaches to surveillance for infectious outbreaks. Prior to the laboratory confirmation or physician diagnosis of an infectious disease, ill persons may exhibit behavioral patterns, symptoms, signs, or la... | 16018815 | PMC1182374 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:52:11 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2005 Jul 14; 5:22 |
Background
Osteoporosis is a common disorder of aging characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD), deteriorating bone microarchitecture, and increased fracture rate. Osteoporosis and BMD are both complex traits with a strong genetic component [1,2]. Among the genes that have been associated with BMD are those encod... | 15955247 | PMC1182375 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:05 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Jun 14; 6:29 |
Background
Osteoporosis increases the risk of fragility fracture in both genders. In a population-based study of Canadians age 50 years by the Canadian Multicenter Osteoporosis Study Group, the prevalence of vertebral fractures was found to be 23.5% in men and 21.5% in women [1]. Alendronate, a potent oral bisphosphona... | 16008835 | PMC1182376 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:05 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Jul 11; 6:39 |
Background
It has been known for more than 80 years that cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) and isolated cleft palate (CP), collectively termed oral clefts (OCs), are frequently associated with congenital anomalies [1]. The prevalence of associated anomalies in subjects with OCs varies widely, ranging from 6... | 15985166 | PMC1182377 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:57 | no | BMC Oral Health. 2005 Jun 28; 5:4 |
Background
Hospital acquired (nosocomial) infection in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity, particularly in very low birth weight (VLBW, <1500 g) babies. VLBW infants when affected by these infections are at increased risk for death, have a longer hospital stay, and u... | 16004613 | PMC1182378 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:05 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 Jul 8; 5:22 |
Background
The history of public health in twentieth century America is replete with successes in the prevention of birth defects and childhood disabilities. Vaccines have virtually eliminated polio, congenital rubella syndrome, and Haemophilus influenzae meningitis [1-3]. Educational efforts aimed at preventing fetal ... | 15967030 | PMC1182379 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:54 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Jun 20; 5:70 |
Background
The higher plant body consists of functionally specialized organs such as leaves, stem, fruits, flowers, and roots. Because plants are immobile and have to cope with changes in their environment, interaction of different organs is essential to coordinate growth, development and defence reactions also between... | 15969751 | PMC1182380 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:52 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2005 Jun 21; 5:11 |
Background
Commercial strawberry has a value of 1.4 billion dollars in the United States, and represents a significant regional crop throughout the world. Despite its value, fewer than 100 annotated sequences existed in public databases in early 2004. The information discrepancy is a consequence of limited molecular st... | 15985176 | PMC1182381 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:52 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2005 Jun 28; 5:12 |
Background
The number of structures in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) [1] has grown to over 30,000. Many of the proteins in the PDB are homologous, i.e. have descended from a common ancestor, conserving significant aspects of their structure, function, and sequence. For purposes such as a statistical analysis of protein s... | 16011803 | PMC1182382 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:52 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2005 Jul 12; 5:12 |
Background
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is considered as the "golden standard" in the surgical management of symptomatic cholelithiasis. Short hospitalisation period and rapid return to normal activity, less post-operative pain, more acceptable cosmetic results and lesser morbidity and mortality rates, are the pri... | 15963227 | PMC1182383 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:04 | no | BMC Surg. 2005 Jun 17; 5:14 |
Background
When and for how long males produce sperm very likely depends on the mating system of the species in question. Long-lived species in which males can expect several matings probably continue to produce sperm throughout their lifetime. On the other hand, in species with a short reproductive time window or in s... | 15987506 | PMC1182384 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:34 | no | Front Zool. 2005 Jun 29; 2:12 |
Background
The efficacy of cell-based tumor vaccines in murine models of malignancy is well established. Using tumor cells lines transfected with soluble immune stimulatory molecules such as IL-2 or IL-12, or cell surface co-stimulatory antigens including CD80, and CD137L, or even allogeneic MHC results in profound imm... | 15969754 | PMC1182385 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:08 | no | Genet Vaccines Ther. 2005 Jun 21; 3:4 |
Background
Emerging wearable technologies are expected to constitute an important component of the vision of user-centered, 21st-century rehabilitative healthcare [1-4]. Indeed, the consensus recommendations of a workshop on future homecare technologies envisioned intelligent wearable sensors as one of the top trends [... | 15985181 | PMC1182386 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:40 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2005 Jun 28; 2:15 |
Background
The role of cholesterol in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is attracting increasing attention of researchers [1] and there are conflicting messages coming form a great deal of reports. Despite the fact that a wide-spread opinion about high levels of this lipid in the organism still remains negative, there is a grow... | 15949039 | PMC1182387 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:18 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2005 Jun 10; 4:13 |
Introduction
A current challenge that is facing many sub-Saharan African countries like Nigeria is how to achieve widespread distribution and use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) for the control of malaria. The Africa Malaria Report shows that many countries are quite far from reaching the target of 60% ITNs coverage... | 16026623 | PMC1182388 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:13 | no | Malar J. 2005 Jul 18; 4:29 |
Background
Drugs' retailers play an important role in the management of childhood fevers in Africa [1,2]. The extent of self-medication with proprietary drugs from retailers varies across the continent and has been reported to be as low as 19% in Guinea to as high as 94% in some parts of rural Ghana [3]. Reasons for re... | 16042815 | PMC1182389 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:13 | no | Malar J. 2005 Jul 26; 4:36 |
Background
Lactococcus lactis is a Gram-positive lactic acid bacterium that is widely used in food fermentations, such as in cheese and butter production. In the last two decades the physiology and genetics of this bacterium have been thoroughly studied [1,2]. At present the genome sequences of several strains of L. la... | 15921537 | PMC1182390 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:35 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2005 May 30; 4:16 |
Background
In the last decade, the revolution in computer technology and memory storage capability has made it possible to model grand challenge problems such as large scale sequencing of genomes and management of large integrated databases over the Internet. This vastly improved computational capability integrated wit... | 15985162 | PMC1182391 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:35 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2005 Jun 28; 4:19 |
Background
Nanostructures based on DNA have been reported previously. Generally it is a prerequisite to generate single stranded DNA (ssDNA) molecules to open the possibility of probing with oligonucleotides. However, the production of long ssDNA may not be an easy task. ssDNAs are more sensitive to physical handling, ... | 15985184 | PMC1182392 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:05 | no | J Nanobiotechnology. 2005 Jun 29; 3:5 |
Background
"...(animals) take up oxygen and complex compounds made by plants, discharge these compounds largely in the form of carbonic acid (CO2)and water as the products of combustion and partly as simpler reduced products, thus consuming a certain quantity of chemical potential energy, and generate thereby heat and ... | 15958171 | PMC1182393 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:46 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005 Jun 15; 2:14 |
Background
One of the challenges of the post-genome era is the development of technologies and methodologies for the complete characterization of a cell's proteome [1]. This task includes the determination of all protein identities, their amounts, the complexes that they form, their splice forms, and their post-transla... | 15941491 | PMC1182394 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:15 | no | Proteome Sci. 2005 Jun 8; 3:6 |
Background
In recent years, evidence has accumulated to suggest that cytokines are important regulators of the ovarian function. Interleukin-1 (IL-1), one major cytokine, as well as receptors (IL-1R1 and IL-1R2) and antagonist (IL-1RA) have been demonstrated to be produced in the ovary of several species [1, for review... | 15972098 | PMC1182395 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:11 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Jun 22; 3:26 |
Background
The transcription of genes is regulated by DNA binding proteins that attach to specific DNA promoter regions. These proteins are known as transcriptional regulators or transcription factors and recruit chromatin-modifying complexes and the transcription apparatus to initiate RNA synthesis [1,2].
In the last... | 15978125 | PMC1182396 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:26 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Jun 24; 2:23 |
Introduction
An estimated 22,220 new cases of and 16,210 deaths from epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) will occur in 2005 [1]. EOC is insidious: 75% of patients present at an advanced stage, in which metastasis to the peritoneal cavity lining is characteristic. Peritoneal and serosal involvement is associated overall wit... | 15969748 | PMC1182397 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:28 | no | J Transl Med. 2005 Jun 21; 3:25 |
Background
Cancer of the appendix is an uncommon disease [1]. Appendiceal carcinoids however are found in 1 out of every 300 appendectomies. Since more than 30 years ago, a new variant type of epithelial tumor of appendix has been recognized [2,3]. This tumor is reported under different names including goblet cell carc... | 15967038 | PMC1182398 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:04 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Jun 20; 3:36 |
Background
The adequate operative procedure for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus is currently being discussed with a great deal of controversy. The question is whether or not the prognosis can be improved through an extended lymph node dissection by the transthoracic approach as compared with the use of the transhiatal ... | 15978128 | PMC1182399 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:04 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Jun 24; 3:40 |
Background
Metastatic tumors of the intestinal tract from extra-abdominal sites are rare. In esophageal cancer, the liver, lung and the bones are the most common sites of metastases. Metastases to the small intestine are very rare. We describe the case of a 54-year-old man suffering from esophageal carcinoma, who under... | 16022736 | PMC1182400 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:04 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Jul 16; 3:44 |
Background
The gastrointestinal autonomic nerve tumours (GANTs) were first described and defined by Herrera et al, in 1984 [1]. GANTs are uncommon stromal tumours accounting for 0.1% of benign tumours of the gastrointestinal tract [2]. It is a subgroup of gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) with specific ultrastru... | 16026628 | PMC1182401 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:04 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Jul 19; 3:46 |
Introduction
Left-right asymmetry is an integral part of the establishment of a body plan that may ultimately be traced back to a much deeper molecular asymmetry [1,2]. Although substantial progress has been made recently towards understanding the establishment of asymmetry in several organisms [3–5], almost nothing is... | 16149849 | PMC1182688 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:25 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Sep 9; 3(9):e282 |
Introduction
Uncovering the genetic basis for reproductive isolation is a key to understanding how biological diversity is generated. Many researchers have used quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping experiments to find the number and size of regions involved in both pre- and post-mating isolation between species (e.g.... | 16076241 | PMC1182689 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:25 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Sep 9; 3(9):e285 |
Introduction
Malaria remains one of the most important causes of human mortality [1]. This epidemiological success of the parasite is at least partly due to its very high intensity of transmission, leading, on average, to several hundred infections per year in humans living in areas with the most intense transmission [... | 16076240 | PMC1182690 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:26 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Sep 9; 3(9):e298 |
Malaria is a misnomer. People used to believe that poisoned or “bad air,” the translation of the Italian phrase “mal aria,” caused disease. In the 19th century, when parasitologists figured out that single-celled parasites cause malaria, they didn't bother to change the disease's name. Experimenters proved that these p... | 0 | PMC1182691 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:25 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Sep 9; 3(9):e306 |
Have you ever wondered how the myriad insect forms—beetles, flies, dragonflies, mosquitoes, grasshoppers, ants, wasps, bees, and countless others—evolved? Insects make up 75% of all species known. The large number of insect species is probably a result of a combination of one or more factors: a high rate of formation o... | 0 | PMC1182692 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:26 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Sep 9; 3(9):e318 |
Introduction
Since the start of the Industrial Revolution, human activities have changed the composition of the atmosphere at an accelerating rate, with increasingly recognized consequences for Earth's climate and biogeochemical cycles [1–3]. Ecosystem responses to these changes may further affect climate and biogeoche... | 16076244 | PMC1182693 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:26 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Oct 9; 3(10):e319 |
Serious gardeners know a healthy harvest depends on the right mix of ingredients at the right time. Nitrogen, which spurs leafy growth at the expense of flowers, works best soon after plants emerge. Phosphate, which promotes blossoms, should come later. Indoor growers often gas their plants with CO2 to boost growth, de... | 0 | PMC1182694 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:25 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Oct 9; 3(10):e329 |
The coil of a snail shell can be either right-handed (dextral) or left-handed (sinistral), based on whether the shell spirals out clockwise or counterclockwise when viewed from above. Most species are composed entirely of individuals that are one or the other type; in exceptional cases, populations may differ in their ... | 0 | PMC1182695 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:26 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Sep 9; 3(9):e330 |
Introduction
Specific causes for acute back pain, such as infections, tumours, osteoporosis, spondyloarthropathies, and trauma actually represent a minority of pain syndromes requiring specific therapeutic approaches [1]. Chronic pain, by definition is pain "that persists for a month beyond that usual course of an acut... | 15972104 | PMC1182702 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:23 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2005 Jun 22; 13:8 |
Background
ACSR
The National Cancer Institute's (NCI) Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (DCTD) founded the AIDS Malignancy Bank (AMB) in 1994. Now funded as the AIDS and Cancer Specimen Resource (ACSR), a wide variety of biological samples from HIV/AIDS related malignancies are offered to approved researchers ... | 15871741 | PMC1183103 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:52:11 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2005 May 4; 5:12 |
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD; [1]) is a disorder of childhood and adolescence characterised by a pattern of extreme, pervasive, persistent and debilitating inattention, overactivity and impulsiveness. Children with ADHD are more likely than their peers to experience educational under-achievement, soci... | 16033644 | PMC1183186 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:21 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2005 Jul 20; 1:10 |
Background
Individuals with Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are more likely than their peers to make poor real-life decisions, as these individuals are described as impulsive [1], engage in more risky activities than controls [2,3], and tend to exhibit a preference for immediate rather than delayed rewa... | 15982413 | PMC1183187 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:21 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2005 Jun 27; 1:8 |
Background
Diabetes mellitus is syndrome, initially characterized by a loss of glucose homeostasis resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action both resulting impaired metabolism of glucose and other energy- yielding fuels such as lipids and protein [1]. Experimental diabetes in animals has provided cons... | 15969768 | PMC1183188 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:46 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2005 Jun 22; 5:14 |
Background
High-throughput technologies such as DNA microarrays and proteomics are revolutionizing biology and medicine. Global gene expression profiling using microarrays monitors changes in expression of thousands of genes simultaneously. At the data acquisition level, gene expression profiles from a given system sho... | 15941488 | PMC1183189 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:24 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jun 8; 6:144 |
Background
The amount of information in the life sciences is staggering and growing exponentially. One of the largest biomedical resources of textual scientific information, the Medline database, currently contains over 14 million abstracts, with an estimated increase in size of more than one article per minute. Scient... | 15958172 | PMC1183190 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:24 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jun 16; 6:149 |
Background
CGH (comparative genomic hybridisation) is a molecular cytogenetic method to detect chromosomal imbalances [1,2]. This technology has been widely used to study genomic imbalances with prognostic and therapeutic relevance in a variety of different diseases including cancer and mental disorders (e.g., [3,4]).
... | 16042799 | PMC1183191 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:24 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jul 25; 6:188 |
Background
PCR technique is widely used in the molecular biology laboratory. The key step to successful PCR is primer design. Usually, software for PCR primer design only gives a subset of candidates, and we must choose the workable primers empirically. With more organisms' genomes sequenced and data freely available, ... | 16042814 | PMC1183192 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jul 26; 6:190 |
Background
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer related deaths all around the world. About 80% of all lung cancer patients are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and 20–30% of these patients present with locally advanced disease. Although 1-year survival rate of patients with local disease is more than 70%, this ... | 16000167 | PMC1183193 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:07 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jul 6; 5:71 |
Background
With only 1% of all solid malignancies and more than 50 sub entities soft tissue sarcomas are rare and heterogeneous [1,2]. Adequate complete surgical resection in combination with radiotherapy is the mainstay of therapy resulting in a 50% to 80% 5-year survival rate. Recent chemotherapy studies revealed a h... | 16001973 | PMC1183194 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:06 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jul 7; 5:74 |
Background
Lung cancer is, at present, the most common malignancy in the world and its overall 5-year survival rate is only 14% [1]. The poor prognosis is due largely to lack of sufficient screening and early diagnostic tools to physicians. Currently in clinic the screening and early diagnosis of lung cancer relies mai... | 16029516 | PMC1183195 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:07 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jul 20; 5:83 |
Background
Gastric cancer remains the most common cause of cancer-related death in Korea [1]. For patients with unresectable, locally advanced, or metastatic disease, chemotherapy can provide significant palliation of symptoms [2,3]. When used as single agents, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), doxorubicin, cisplatin, and mitomyc... | 16042786 | PMC1183196 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:05 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jul 22; 5:87 |
Background
Atherothrombosis is a chronic affliction of the arterial vascular tree. While its coronary and intracerebral manifestations are well recognized, its effects on the peripheral vasculature and the ensuing complications are less so. This condition, peripheral arterial disease, is best known for the ischemic pai... | 15972099 | PMC1183197 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:06 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2005 Jun 22; 5:14 |
Background
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS, OMIM 176670) is a rare sporadic disorder with an incidence of 1 per 8 million live births. Birth weight and appearance are usually normal, but growth typically becomes retarded at the age of 1 year. Phenotypic features include short stature, sculptured nose, alopec... | 15982412 | PMC1183198 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:30 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 Jun 27; 6:27 |
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