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Background
The anterior segment of the vertebrate eye is comprised of the cornea, lens, iris, ciliary body, and highly specialized tissue at the iridocorneal angle. Two main functions are ascribed to the ocular anterior segment. The first is to focus incoming light onto the neural retina and the second is to regulate i... | 15985175 | PMC1183199 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:31 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2005 Jun 28; 5:12 |
Background
Tuberculosis (TB) is rarely seen in western countries, but it is not an uncommon disease in the developing world [1]. Its reappearance has increased in association with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and immigration to the United States [2-4]. TB in its various forms remains an important cause... | 15969744 | PMC1183200 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:27 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2005 Jun 21; 5:21 |
Background
The global prevalence of gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), defined as heartburn once daily, is estimated to range from 5 to 7% but varies widely and depends on the definition used [1]. For example, 25% of the adult population in Belgium [2], nearly 18% in Australia [3], 20% in the United States and 9 ... | 16004616 | PMC1183201 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:27 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2005 Jul 10; 5:23 |
Background
Coat color dilution leads to the so-called blue pigmentation phenotype in black-and-tan Pinschers (Doberman Pinschers, German Pinschers, Miniature Pinschers), characterized by a silver-blue shade of the black fur areas (Figure 1). Similarly, coat color dilution is responsible for the Isabella fawn phenotype ... | 15960853 | PMC1183202 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:39 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Jun 16; 6:34 |
Background
The majority of heritable traits in humans and other species are complex in nature, determined by interactions among multiple genes and environmental factors. Mouse genetic models have been critical in identifying genes that determine complex behavioral traits (e.g., [1-3]). The standard inbred strains C57BL... | 15967025 | PMC1183203 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:38 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Jun 20; 6:36 |
Background
Current hybridization technologies allow assaying thousands of nucleic acid sequences in a single reaction on a solid substrate. Such massively parallel systems offer unprecedented opportunities for basic research and diagnostic applications, including gene sequencing [1], detection of genetic polymorphisms ... | 15963225 | PMC1183204 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:47 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Jun 17; 6:95 |
Background
A grave concern in the use of microarray technology is the apparently little agreement between different studies of the same phenomenon carried out in different laboratories, or even in the same lab using different platforms. Particularly evident is the "small intersection" problem: when several competing st... | 16042783 | PMC1183205 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:48 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Jul 22; 6:99 |
Background
A range of strategies exist to promote the uptake of clinical research findings into the routine care of patients. They seek to change the behaviour of healthcare professionals and thereby improve the quality of patient care (Table 1). For each of these strategies a number of trials of their effectiveness ha... | 16011811 | PMC1183206 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:52 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Jul 13; 5:50 |
Background
Malaria presents a diagnostic challenge in most tropical countries [1] and diagnosis of malaria still relies predominantly upon clinical presentation and the century old technique of microscopic examination of blood smears. Diagnosis by clinical symptoms alone is highly unreliable [2]. Microscopy is labour i... | 15969747 | PMC1183207 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:15 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Jun 21; 5:50 |
Background
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is prominent in many areas of the world [1-3]. In North America, infection rates have declined with better hygiene practice and public sanitation but remain heterogeneous across geographic and socioeconomic strata [4-6]. Further decline is possible with HAV vaccines which provide cons... | 16001978 | PMC1183208 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:14 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Jul 7; 5:56 |
Background
Studies have shown medical school training to be a source of significant stress. The expectations and responsibilities only increase during residency training [1]. Although today's residents no longer live in their respective training hospitals, the pressures of residency are still extremely high. Residents ... | 15972100 | PMC1183209 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:56 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2005 Jun 22; 5:21 |
Background
All living organisms adjust their metabolism and behavior in response to the changes in their environment. For unicellular microorganisms, knowing themselves, i.e. constantly monitoring a variety of environmental and intracellular parameters, is a necessary condition of survival. Mechanisms of some adjustmen... | 15955239 | PMC1183210 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:39 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Jun 14; 5:35 |
Background
During the epidemiological inquiry into a disease outbreak, investigators try to trace the outbreak strain back to the original source of infection. If a potential index strain is identified, the strains are compared to establish a genetic connection between them. To help in this endeavor, a variety of appro... | 15975142 | PMC1183211 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:40 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Jun 23; 5:37 |
Background
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the recessive genetic disorder of Caucasian race. CF in Asians and Indians was thought to be almost nonexistent in the past. However, recent reports have suggested CF to be more common in Indian population than previously thought. For proper management, it is important to diagnose the... | 16033658 | PMC1183212 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:39 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Jul 21; 5:43 |
Background
The Clinical Hedges Study was designed with the objective of developing optimal search strategies to improve the retrieval of clinically relevant and scientifically sound study reports from large, general purpose, biomedical research bibliographic databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO. Th... | 15969765 | PMC1183213 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:52:11 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2005 Jun 21; 5:20 |
Background
Literature searching for systematic reviews of interventions in health care has been largely based on finding all randomized controlled trials (RCTs), as this study design is considered the gold standard. However RCTs make up only a very small proportion of all the articles included in bibliographic database... | 16042789 | PMC1183214 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:51 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005 Jul 23; 5:23 |
Background
Parkinson's disease (PD), with a prevalence of nearly 2% in those older than 65 years of age, is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders [1]. The cause of its clinical features (bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremor, and postural instability) is the selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons ... | 15967032 | PMC1183215 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:53 | no | BMC Neurol. 2005 Jun 20; 5:11 |
Background
Afferent projections from skin to primary somatosensory cortex (SI) are well known to form a fine map of the body surface in SI. In this map, a skin locus provides afferent input to an extensive cortical region in SI [1,2]. In particular, the direct connectivity between somatosensory thalamus and SI cortex i... | 16029498 | PMC1183216 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:48 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Jul 19; 6:47 |
Background
The retina and lens form from the neural tube and head ectoderm respectively. Despite these different origins, the development of the mature eye requires mutually inductive interactions between these two cell layers [1]. Further, in many cases, the lens and retina express the same developmentally important t... | 15969763 | PMC1183217 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:32 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2005 Jun 21; 5:14 |
Background
Diabetes mellitus is the most common predisposing risk factor for cataracts in the developed world with a three to four fold increased prevalence in people under 65 [1]. It is an important cause of reduced vision [2] and it has been estimated that up to 20% of all cataract surgery is performed on diabetic pa... | 15972106 | PMC1183218 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:50 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2005 Jun 22; 5:15 |
Background
The Scottish Dental Practice Based Research Network's (SDPBRN) Vocational Dental Practitioner (VDP) Practice Based Research Programme is a new initiative in which VDPs are invited to take part in practice-based research studies [1]. A key aim of the programme is to encourage the development of an interest in... | 15975140 | PMC1183219 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:57 | no | BMC Oral Health. 2005 Jun 23; 5:3 |
Background
Pain is the most common symptom of diseased tooth pulp, often a result of coronal caries of the tooth, affecting up to 80% of the western population during their lives. The mature human dental pulp is densely innervated with over 900 axons entering the average human premolar tooth [1] that originate from the... | 16001984 | PMC1183220 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:57 | no | BMC Oral Health. 2005 Jul 7; 5:5 |
Background
Xylitol is a non-nutritive sweetener that has demonstrated effectiveness for preventing dental caries [1]. It has been introduced in different foods for children including gum, candies, gelatin, sorbets, syrups and other products including multivitamins, lozenges, toothpaste, and oral rinses. Studies have de... | 16042782 | PMC1183221 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:57 | no | BMC Oral Health. 2005 Jul 22; 5:6 |
Background
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends pre-discharge testing of cardio-respiratory function during placement in a car seat for all infants less than 37 weeks in order to identify the safe mode of home transportation [1]. Several studies have shown that cardio-respiratory function is compromised ... | 16042768 | PMC1183222 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:06 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 Jul 21; 5:28 |
Background
Stress-related disorders are major public health issues in many industrialized countries and are expected to become increasingly common in the coming decades [1,2]. Such disorders have a negative economic impact, disrupt work and home life and might even increase suicide risk [3]. Numerous web-based health s... | 16042796 | PMC1183223 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:54 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Jul 25; 5:78 |
Background
It is well-established that adenosine is an important physiological regulator for maintaining oxygen homeostasis in the heart (Berne, 1980; Ely & Berne, 1992). Adenosine formation increases when the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the oxygen supply, which leads to an increase in adenosine levels... | 15967042 | PMC1183224 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:51 | no | BMC Physiol. 2005 Jun 20; 5:10 |
Background
Norepinephrine (NE), a classic neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system, is released from adrenergic varicosities of stimulated postganglionic nerve terminals, activates postjunctional α-adrenoceptors and gives rise to a slow membrane depolarization (SMD) and contraction [1,29]. The NE-induced SMD ... | 15958164 | PMC1183225 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:51 | no | BMC Physiol. 2005 Jun 15; 5:9 |
Background
Although recent epidemiological studies have not demonstrated any differences in the prevalence rate of major depressive disorders in the Latino and Caucasian populations living in the United States [1], the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (Hispanic HANES), when compared to the Epidemiologic... | 15967039 | PMC1183226 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:03 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 Jun 20; 5:28 |
Background
Gastrobronchial fistula (GBF) following esophagectomy for malignant disease is a recognized complication. However benign GBF are rare and the literature on this complication is limited consisting of a handful of case reports. Their mode of presentation and management are varied and there is no single treatme... | 15989688 | PMC1183227 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:03 | no | BMC Surg. 2005 Jun 30; 5:16 |
Background
The acquisition of resistance to anticancer agents used in chemotherapy is the main cause of treatment failure in malignant disorders, provoking tumours to become resistant during treatment, although they initially respond to it [1-4]. Resistance of cancer cells to a single drug is usually accompanied by res... | 16042792 | PMC1183228 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:16 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2005 Jul 24; 5:22 |
Introduction
Chronic sub-clinical inflammation has been identified as an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of T2DM and associated cardiovascular complications [1]. Obesity, a major risk factor for T2DM and cardiovascular disease, is now also established as a state of chronic inflammation [2]. For this reason, adi... | 15998471 | PMC1183229 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:04 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2005 Jul 5; 4:10 |
Introduction
The diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) has been incorporated in the clinical practice as an important marker of cardiovascular disease. Its prevalence depends on classification criteria and specific population characteristics, ranging from 3% in normotensive community-based samples [1] to abou... | 15963236 | PMC1183230 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:31 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2005 Jun 17; 3:17 |
Background
Local disease mapping ("cluster") investigations are often desired by concerned communities, but many epidemiologists resist the pressure to search for environmental causes of clusters. Critics argue that such studies are unproductive and flawed because they often combine unrelated diseases, apply arbitrary ... | 15955253 | PMC1183231 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:32 | no | Environ Health. 2005 Jun 14; 4:11 |
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Setting of KPH program
The focus of this article is to present the success story of closing the information-utilization gap through community-based initiatives by specifically narrowing down to the Program-linked Information Management by Integrative-participatory Research Approach (PIMIRA) and its... | 15978130 | PMC1183232 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:32 | no | Int J Equity Health. 2005 Jun 24; 4:8 |
Introduction and recent events
Nepal is a Himalayan kingdom in south Asia, sandwiched between India and China. Serious human rights violations have escalated since the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoists) launched a "people's war," against the government forces in 1996. On February 1st of this year (2005), King Gyanendra... | 15985165 | PMC1183233 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:31 | no | Int J Equity Health. 2005 Jun 28; 4:9 |
Review
Introduction
Signals can contain information useful to conservation [1,2]. Until recently, communication behaviour had a limited role in conservation, being restricted to enhancing captive breeding programs [3] or use in species counts [4]. However, knowledge of how individuals within a population communicate an... | 15960848 | PMC1183234 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:34 | no | Front Zool. 2005 Jun 16; 2:10 |
Introduction
The design of clinical research trials deserves special caution, for such research is always at risk of crossing the fine line between regard for individual rights and potential exploitation of research subjects. Infamous experiments like the Tuskagee Syphilis Study have rendered evident the dangers for in... | 16045801 | PMC1183235 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:02 | no | Global Health. 2005 Jul 26; 1:11 |
Background
Acute uncomplicated cystitis is a common community acquired infection in women, causing an estimated 7 million episodes yearly in the United States [1]. On average, each episode is associated with 1.2 days of missed work or classes [1]. The cost of treating ambulatory patients with symptoms of dysuria is est... | 16048650 | PMC1183236 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:13 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Jul 27; 3:45 |
Background
Physical activity improves health and quality of life and reduces the risk for several leading causes of death [1]. Yet despite these documented benefits, many adults do not obtain the recommended amounts of physical activity [1]. Barriers to physical activity occur at multiple levels: individual, interperso... | 15958168 | PMC1183237 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:04 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2005 Jun 15; 2:7 |
Background
Osteoporosis currently affects over 25 million people in the United States [1,2] and low bone mineral density (BMD) is a major factor involved in bone fractures in postmenopausal women and the elderly. [3,4] Variation in bone mass accumulation during childhood and adolescence may be an important determinant ... | 16029507 | PMC1183238 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:04 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2005 Jul 19; 2:8 |
Background
TNF is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in a broad spectrum of inflammatory and immune responses including proliferation and cytotoxicity in a variety of different cell types [1]. Two distinct receptor molecules with an apparent molecular mass of 55 kDa (p55TNFR, TNFR type 1) and 75 kDa (p75TNFR, TNFR type 2)... | 15996269 | PMC1183239 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:23 | no | J Inflamm (Lond). 2005 Jul 4; 2:7 |
Background
Maintaining balance is a complex task accomplished by the brain through the fusion and interpretation of sensory information. When sensory information from vestibular, somatosensory, and visual systems [1-3] are not accurate and/or adequate, balance will be compromised. Although, in many cases, the loss of p... | 15927058 | PMC1183240 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:40 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2005 May 31; 2:13 |
Introduction
In rehabilitation engineering and health promotion, personally customized control of machine-based exercise should be introduced to reflect gradual changes in individual physical work capacity [1]. Biosignal-based workload control systems show great promise as an effective approach to regulate exercise lev... | 15982425 | PMC1183241 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:40 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2005 Jun 28; 2:14 |
Background
American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) a protozoan disease caused by Leishmania chagasi parasites, constitutes a major health problem in Brazil. In the last few years the number of human cases of AVL in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte (MRBH), state of Minas Gerais, Brazil has increased, indicating a... | 15955248 | PMC1183242 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:32 | no | Kinetoplastid Biol Dis. 2005 Jun 14; 4:4 |
Review
Introduction
On the last two decades the development of recombinant DNA techniques has extended the use of microbial organisms to produce target proteins. The enteric bacterium Escherichia coli is one of the most extensively used prokaryotic organisms for genetic manipulations and for industrial production of pr... | 15989691 | PMC1183243 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:35 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2005 Jun 30; 4:20 |
Most neuroscientists measure neuronal activity in the brain to predict or explore the contribution of neurons to physiological/pathological functions of the brain. For example, if an increase in neuronal activity is detected in one brain region by peripheral noxious stimuli, we call this area the pain region or pain ma... | 15989689 | PMC1183244 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:08 | no | Mol Pain. 2005 Jun 30; 1:21 |
Background
According to results and concepts from Zemel et al. [1] and epidemiologic studies [2-4], dietary calcium plays a role in regulating body composition. The epidemiological data demonstrate an inverse association between calcium intake and body weight and body fat mass [2,3,5]. Davies et al. [2] derived a predi... | 15969759 | PMC1183245 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:31 | no | Nutr J. 2005 Jun 21; 4:21 |
1. Background
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is an incapacitating illness defined by disabling chronic fatigue and characteristic accompanying symptoms [1]. CFS has no confirmatory physical signs or characteristic laboratory abnormalities and its etiology and pathophysiology remain unknown [2]. Many of the problems sea... | 16042777 | PMC1183246 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:42 | no | Popul Health Metr. 2005 Jul 22; 3:8 |
Background
Conventional approaches to elucidate peptide protein interactions include the screening of synthetic sequentially overlapping peptides [1,2], peptide fragments created by enzymatic digestion [3] or expressed gene fragments created by recombinant DNA technologies [4]. For more than a decade, phage display tec... | 15963231 | PMC1183247 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:15 | no | Proteome Sci. 2005 Jun 17; 3:7 |
Background
The positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) composed by CDK9/CyclinT1, has emerged as a significant co-factor of the HIV Tat protein. P-TEFb complex has been shown to associate with and phosphorylate the carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA pol II, thereby enhancing elongation of transcription [... | 15992410 | PMC1183248 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:39 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Jul 2; 2:42 |
Background
Growth factors have been reported to be involved in proliferation and differentiation of smooth muscle cells from a variety of tissues, including vasculature and airways [1,2]. In addition, several growth factors have been shown to induce contraction of vascular smooth muscle [3,4]. The mechanisms by which g... | 16048647 | PMC1183249 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:27 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jul 27; 6(1):85 |
As mentioned by the editors, the expectant readers of Thrombosis in Clinical Practice are physicians, general practitioners, nurse practitioners, and healthcare workers. With this in mind I browsed Thrombosis in Clinical Practice.
Thrombosis is a fast moving area and is not easy to give updated information of its path... | 16022732 | PMC1183250 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:24 | no | Thromb J. 2005 Jul 15; 3:7 |
Background
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is classified in the genus Pneumovirus, subfamily Pneumovirinae, family Paramixoviridae; and is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in young children and the elderly [1]. RSV LRTI is associated with increased risk of long-term recurrent wheezing [... | 15916706 | PMC1183251 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:00 | no | Virol J. 2005 May 25; 2:46 |
Findings
Introduction
Numerous isolates of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) have been completely sequenced [1-4]. In most cases, only synonymous or non-synonymous substitutions have been reported within the major viral genes, which include replicase 1a/1b gene products, spike, membrane, nucl... | 15963240 | PMC1183252 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:00 | no | Virol J. 2005 Jun 20; 2:51 |
Background
The resounding success of the routine papanicolaou smear in reducing the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer has been chronicled extensively [1-6]. However, epidemiological data from 2004 indicates that 10,520 new cases of invasive cervical cancer are still diagnosed annually in the United States, wit... | 15969753 | PMC1183253 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:04 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Jun 21; 3:38 |
Article
We received 50 ml of voided urine from a 84-year-old diabetic male who presented with hematuria. Routine urine cultures yielded no growth after 24 hours. A Papanicolaou-stained ThinPrep™ slide was prepared which revealed benign urothelial cells, neutrophils including "cannonballs" (i.e. neutrophils aggregated a... | 15985185 | PMC1183263 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:22 | no | Cytojournal. 2005 Jun 29; 2:11 |
Background
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) represents extreme anaplasia in astrocytic tumors. Similar to other CNS tumors, the extra-cranial metastasis of GBM is rare and is usually observed after the tumor has infiltrated the dural veins, the cranium, the extra-cranial soft tissue, or more frequently after the tumor deb... | 15967023 | PMC1183264 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:22 | no | Cytojournal. 2005 Jun 20; 2:9 |
pmcBackground
Freshwater anostracans usually inhabit ephemeral waterbodies, which periodically dry, especially during summer months. This condition forces them to adapt to a) mostly one population cycle, b) produce cysts that resist desiccation and c) survive under changing ionic composition of the ambient medium [1].... | 16176591 | PMC1183265 | CC BY | 2022-09-08 23:19:43 | no | Saline Syst. 2005 Jul 4; 1:4 |
Designing health monitoring systems is a complex task. This issue of Preventing Chronic Disease includes a report and commentary on measuring the burden of diabetes at the individual level in minority populations (1, 2) and a report on measuring heart disease and stroke indicators at the policy level (3).
To inspire s... | 15663877 | PMC1183493 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:39:57 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Mar 15; 1(2):A01 |
Introduction
An estimated 17 million people in this country have diabetes, and of these, nearly 6 million are not aware of their condition (1). According to the American Diabetes Association, diabetes costs nearly $100 billion in direct medical care costs and indirect costs such as lost productivity (2). Appropriate p... | 15663878 | PMC1183494 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:15:21 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Mar 15; 1(2):A02 |
Chronic diseases impose an enormous financial and societal burden on the United States. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), chronic diseases today account for 70% of the deaths of all Americans and 75% of this country’s annual health care costs. Unless we take steps now to deal effectivel... | 15663880 | PMC1183496 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:16:18 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Mar 15; 1(2):A04 |
Introduction
Beginning in 1998, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) received federal funding to support state heart disease and stroke prevention programs. The purpose of these state programs is to develop comprehensive programs emphasizing community-based policy and environmental strategies to reduce... | 15663881 | PMC1183497 | CC BY | 2022-01-26 23:15:43 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Mar 15; 1(2):A05 |
Introduction
The American Indian people and culture have sustained serious hardships throughout the last 2 centuries; their greatest struggle, however, may be impending. The rate of diabetes is disproportionately higher in minority populations, especially the American Indian population (1-4). Indian Health Service (IH... | 15663882 | PMC1183498 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:45:28 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Mar 15; 1(2):A06 |
Introduction
Asthma is one of the most common chronic conditions in the United States and is often cited as the most frequent reason for preventable hospital admissions among children (1-4). The United States Department of Health and Human Services' Healthy People 2010: Objectives for Improving Health established a go... | 15663883 | PMC1183499 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:22:34 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Mar 15; 1(2):A07 |
Great ventures are invariably a blend of tradition and innovation. Tradition is a cornerstone of identity, and without it, there is no clearly defined role, no unique character, no reliability. But in a constantly changing world, tradition without innovation is a cumbrous burden. Innovation allows a great venture to ke... | 0 | PMC1183500 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:22:56 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Mar 15; 1(2):A08 |
The purpose of our program was to create and test a community skin cancer prevention project for replication throughout the state of Maine. The project was a collaborative effort of the Maine Cancer Consortium, American Cancer Society (ACS), and the City of Portland, Health and Human Services Department, Public Health ... | 15663885 | PMC1183501 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:22:38 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Mar 15; 1(2):A10 |
Introduction
In part one of this 2-part series, we reviewed the important roles that laws have played in public health and provided examples of specific laws and their effectiveness in supporting public health interventions (1). We suggested that conceptual legal frameworks for systematically applying law to preventin... | 15663886 | PMC1183502 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:22:37 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Mar 15; 1(2):A11 |
In a relatively short amount of time, the term “evidence-based public health” has flooded dialogues on program planning, implementation, and evaluation. What is evidence-based public health? Abigail Adams reminded us that “[w]e have too many high sounding words, and too few actions that correspond with them” (1). In Ev... | 0 | PMC1183503 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:18:41 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Mar 15; 1(2):A12 |
To the Editor:
The recent essay by Dr Leonard Syme contributes constructively to the dialogue on disparities (1). It validates the idea that the traditional focus on the individual and risk factors is limited and underscores the importance of environment and community. The complexity of community, however, is not appa... | 15663887 | PMC1183504 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:35:53 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Mar 15; 1(2):A13 |
To the Editor:
The essay "Social Determinants of Health: The Community as an Empowered Partner" by Dr S. Leonard Syme addresses why, in spite of all the biomedical advances and clinical interventions, most clinical studies are designed simply to assess disease and not to assess disease in people, especially those at t... | 15688514 | PMC1183505 | CC BY | 2022-01-26 23:18:05 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Mar 15; 1(2):A14 |
In the book review of Community-Based Health Research: Issues and Methods, one of the editors, Daniel S. Blumenthal, was incorrectly identified as David S. Blumenthal. The information was corrected on our Web site on Monday, December 15, 2003, and the correct information appears below:
Community-Based Health Research:... | 0 | PMC1183506 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:31:30 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Mar 15; 1(2):A15 |
Introduction
Specific binding of transcription factors to cis-regulatory elements is a crucial component of transcriptional regulation. Previous studies have used both experimental and computational approaches to determine the relationships between transcription factors and their targets. In particular, probabilistic m... | 16103898 | PMC1183507 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:21 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Jun 24; 1(1):e1 |
Introduction
Ribosome-mediated attenuation of transcription [1] is commonly used for control of expression of amino acid biosynthetic operons in bacteria [2]. There are several other types of attenuation mechanisms [3], but “attenuation” in this paper specifically refers to its ribosome-mediated variant. By this mechan... | 16103903 | PMC1183508 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:35 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Jun 24; 1(1):e2 |
Introduction
Evidence that two or more traits co-evolve across a range of species can be used to test hypotheses about the common selective pressures acting on the traits, and about the functional or adaptive relationship between them. Correlated evolution is increasingly being applied at the genetic level on the premi... | 16103904 | PMC1183509 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:21 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Jun 24; 1(1):e3 |
Welcome to PLoS Computational Biology, a community journal from the Public Library of Science dedicated to reporting biological advances achieved through computation. The journal is published in partnership with the International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB). The importance of this partnership is described ... | 16103905 | PMC1183510 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:21 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Jun 24; 1(1):e4 |
It is my pleasure to welcome you to PLoS Computational Biology. The International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB) is proud to be, with the Public Library of Science, the co-sponsor of this journal. We believe that PLoS Computational Biology will rapidly become a leading journal in the area of computational bio... | 16103906 | PMC1183511 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:21 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Jun 24; 1(1):e5 |
“The scale and complexity of today's biomedical research problems demand that scientists move beyond the confines of their individual disciplines and explore new organizational models for team science. Advances in molecular imaging, for example, require collaborations among diverse groups—radiologists, cell biologists,... | 16103907 | PMC1183512 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:21 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Jun 24; 1(1):e6 |
Introduction
In eukaryotes, DNA replication is initiated at multiple origins. Potential sites in the genome of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that may serve this function are referred to as autonomously replicating sequences, or ARS elements [1]. ARS elements are more A+T-rich than the genomic average, and contain ... | 16103908 | PMC1183513 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:21 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Jun 24; 1(1):e7 |
Introduction
Understanding protein folding is one of the most challenging problems in molecular biology [2–7]. The interest is not only in obtaining the final fold (generally referred to as structure prediction) [8–10] but also in understanding the folding mechanism and folding kinetics involved in the actual folding p... | 16103909 | PMC1183514 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:21 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Jun 24; 1(1):e8 |
Introduction
Since the advent of biological data storage in digital format, researchers have struggled to define quantitative measures of comparison for sequence [1], structure [2], and function [3–5]. While proximity measures for sequence and structure are now well established, the problem of defining functional dista... | 16103910 | PMC1183515 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Jun 24; 1(1):e9 |
Introduction
Although many model organisms have now been completely sequenced, we are still very far from understanding cellular function from genome sequence. One complicating factor is the expression of multiple alternative mRNA transcripts from a single gene using different mechanisms. Alternative promoters that are... | 16103899 | PMC1183516 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:22 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Jun 24; 1(1):e10 |
Introduction
Unraveling intrinsic cortical circuitry—the pattern of synaptic connections between neurons within a local region—still is one of the most difficult challenges faced by researchers in neuroscience. The structure of intrinsic circuitry is the key to understanding cortical function and how neuronal functiona... | 16103900 | PMC1183517 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:22 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Jun 24; 1(1):e11 |
Introduction
During balanced growth in rich media, prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms selected to grow efficiently are enriched in “major” isoacceptor tRNAs cognate to “preferred” codons in the transcriptome [1,2]. This is explained as a growth-maximizing strategy: to achieve a high rate of growth, ribosomes mus... | 16103901 | PMC1183518 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Jun 24; 1(1):e12 |
Introduction
Recently, it has been discovered that the genomes of animals contain hundreds of microRNA genes. These small noncoding genes are typically transcribed by RNA polymerase II, processed into hairpins, and exported into the cytoplasm, where they are cleaved by the central enzyme of the RNAi pathway, Dicer, to ... | 16103902 | PMC1183519 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:22 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Jun 24; 1(1):e13 |
Introduction
Candida albicans is a commonly encountered fungal pathogen responsible for infections generally classed as either superficial (thrush and vaginitis) or systemic (such as life-threatening blood-borne candidiasis) [1,2]. Its life cycle has fascinating aspects that have generated great excitement over the la... | 16103911 | PMC1183520 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:24 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Jul 17; 1(1):e1 |
Introduction
Forward genetic screens have been traditionally utilized in model systems (e.g., Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, yeast, and Arabidopsis). More recently, large-scale screens have been undertaken in vertebrate systems such as zebrafish [1,2] and mouse [3–5]. Mutations isolated in genetic screens are typi... | 16103915 | PMC1183521 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:24 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Jul 25; 1(1):e2 |
Introduction
The domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus), of the family Felidae in the order Carnivora, is an obligate carnivore. Its sense of taste is distinguished by a lack of attraction to, or indifference toward, compounds that taste sweet to humans, such as sweet carbohydrates (sugars) and high-intensity sweeteners... | 16103917 | PMC1183522 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:24 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Jul 25; 1(1):e3 |
Introduction
Glaucoma is a common blinding disease affecting approximately 70 million people worldwide [1]. Glaucoma is often associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). IOP elevation and glaucoma are typically spontaneous, progressive, idiopathic processes and are most common in the elderly [2]. Although IOP-... | 16103918 | PMC1183523 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:57 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Jul 25; 1(1):e4 |
Introduction
Sensu strictu species of the genus Saccharomyces, as their scientific name implies, are yeast specialized for growth on sugar. In comparison to other yeasts, Saccharomyces favor aerobic fermentation over respiration in the presence of high concentrations of sugar [1]. Fermentation results in the production... | 16103919 | PMC1183524 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:24 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Jul 25; 1(1):e5 |
Introduction
Arabidopsis thaliana, a facultative long-day plant, occurs throughout the northern hemisphere, and wild accessions show extensive variation in several traits including flowering time [1]. The major environmental factors that control flowering time are light quantity (day length) and quality, ambient growt... | 16103920 | PMC1183525 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:57 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Jul 25; 1(1):e6 |
Introduction
Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) is a devastating autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of cholesterol and other lipids in viscera and the central nervous system. The clinical presentation typically includes progressive ataxia, dystonia, and dementia, first presenting in... | 16103921 | PMC1183526 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:57 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Jul 25; 1(1):e7 |
Introduction
Adrenal and extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas (also known as paragangliomas) are catecholamine-secreting tumors derived from chromaffin cells of neural crest origin [1]. Pheochromocytomas can arise as a result of mutations in the following disease-associated genes: RET in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 ... | 16103922 | PMC1183527 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:24 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Jul 25; 1(1):e8 |
Introduction
Repetitive DNA sequences can constitute large parts of many genomes (approximately 30% in human and fly genomes) and are involved in fundamental cellular processes [1–3]. For example, centromeres in higher eukaryotes consist of large, repetitive regions required for accurate chromosome segregation during e... | 16103923 | PMC1183528 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:24 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Jul 25; 1(1):e9 |
Introduction
Congenital diaphragmatic defects are a spectrum of relatively common birth defects. The Bochdalek or posterolateral hernias (often referred to as congenital diaphragmatic hernia [CDH]) occur in 1/3,000 live births [1], and although these are the most common type of diaphragmatic defect presenting at birth,... | 16103912 | PMC1183529 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:24 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Jul 17; 1(1):e10 |
Neil Risch is the Lamond Distinguished Professor in Human Genetics and Director of the Center for Human Genetics at the University of California, San Francisco, California, United States. He has held faculty appointments at Columbia, Yale, and Stanford Universities.
Trying to track down Neil Risch is the stuff of lege... | 17411332 | PMC1183530 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:36 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Jul 25; 1(1):e14 |
Introduction
A number of mutations and environmental conditions can extend the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans. Although the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, these perturbations appear to affect at least three distinct regulatory systems. The first is the insulin/IGF-1/FOXO system [1,56]. Inhibiting i... | 16103914 | PMC1183531 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:24 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Jul 25; 1(1):e17 |
On behalf of our editorial team, it is my pleasure to welcome you to PLoS Genetics, a new open-access journal from the Public Library of Science (PLoS). Led by an internationally recognized editorial board with broad knowledge and expertise, PLoS Genetics is a journal that celebrates the research of the greater genetic... | 17411333 | PMC1183532 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:36 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Jul 25; 1(1):e21 |
Background
The interpretation of microarray data is facilitated by combining the data, or results of data analysis, with prior contextual knowledge, e.g., ontologies [1-4], pathways [5-7] and other annotation groups of interest [8]. By using prior knowledge about pathways, we aim at inferring cellular signaling pathway... | 15987529 | PMC1184060 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:25 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jun 29; 6:163 |
Background
Zinc finger proteins are the largest family of transcription factors in the human genome. The EGR sub-family of C2H2 zinc finger proteins has been extensively studied to determine the basis of DNA-protein binding specificity. The structure of the DNA-protein complex has been determined for the wild-type EGR1... | 16014175 | PMC1184061 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jul 13; 6:176 |
Background
FAP is characterized by the development of hundreds to thousands of adenomas throughout the entire colon and rectum which, if left untreated, progress to colorectal cancer [1,2]. FAP, an inherited tumour predisposition, is caused by mutant alleles of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene and provides an ... | 15982419 | PMC1184062 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:06 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jun 27; 5:66 |
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