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Background
The issue of familial breast cancer has raised much attention in recent years due to its numerous medical and social implications. Following to the identification of the tumour suppressor genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 and of the increase in breast cancer risk associated with mutations of these genes, several studies... | 15996267 | PMC1184063 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:06 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jul 4; 5:70 |
Background
Randomised controlled studies have consistently demonstrated that the skeletal complications of metastatic breast cancer can be reduced by the regular administration of intravenous bisphosphonates [1-7]. Given the potential impact of a pathological fracture, it is not surprising that bisphosphonate therapy h... | 16048654 | PMC1184064 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:05 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jul 28; 5:89 |
Background
Mouse submandibular gland (SMG) development is initiated with a thickening of the oral epithelium of the mandibular arch around embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5) and is best conceptualized in stages[1,2]. In the PreBud Stage, SMG development begins as thickening of the oral epithelium adjacent to the tongue. During... | 15972105 | PMC1184065 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:32 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2005 Jun 22; 5:11 |
Background
Pruritus often constitutes a major problem for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Unfortunately, dialysis has only a slight impact on pruritus. Therefore it is quite frustrating that an ever-increasing number of ESRD patients on HD, are waiting for transplantation, while they suffer from this torm... | 15975150 | PMC1184066 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:46 | no | BMC Dermatol. 2005 Jun 24; 5:7 |
Background
Appropriate preconception care provided by family physician/general practitioners (FP/GPs) can provide great benefits to mothers and infants. [1-4] In spite of many potentially helpful interventions prior to conception, there is little literature illustrating the effectiveness of preconception services deliv... | 16050958 | PMC1184067 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:13 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Jul 28; 6:31 |
Background
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is an important threat to older adults. The majority of excess deaths and hospitalizations due to CAP occur in older adults, as reflected by over 44,000 hospitalizations for pneumonia and influenza annually in people aged 65 and older in Canada. The incidence of pneumonia i... | 16076387 | PMC1184068 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:12 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Aug 2; 6:32 |
Background
Distinction between benign and malignant pancreatic tumours is still difficult, despite significant progress in imaging techniques. Patients with chronic pancreatitis are at increased risk to develop pancreatic cancer [1]. Pancreatic inflammation, as observed in chronic pancreatitis, can be mistaken on imagi... | 15969757 | PMC1184069 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:27 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2005 Jun 21; 5:20 |
Background
Our understanding of biology has been greatly improved by studying genome structure and gene function of a broad sampling of model organisms such as Mus musculus (mouse), Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly), Danio rerio (zebrafish), Caenorhabditis elegans (nematode), and Arabidopsis thaliana [1-5]. Comparati... | 15938755 | PMC1184070 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:49 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Jun 6; 6:85 |
Background
The cytochrome P450 monooxygenases ("P450s") constitute a large superfamily of heme-thiolate proteins widely distributed in different life forms including prokaryotes (archaea, bacteria), lower eukaryotes (fungi, insects), and higher eukaryotes (plants and animals). P450s play an important role in the metabo... | 15955240 | PMC1184071 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:49 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Jun 14; 6:92 |
Background
During sporulation, B. thuringiensis (Bt) produces a crystal composed of one or more Cry proteins with toxicity against insects. The mode of action of the largest group of Cry proteins has been extensively studied and can be divided into four main steps: (i) Solubilization of the inclusion body to release th... | 15978131 | PMC1184072 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:48 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Jun 24; 6:96 |
Case presentation
A 29-year-old woman from Kumba, Cameroon, was admitted in January 2004 to St. John's Hospital and Maternity, Kumba, with a five-day history of fever, emesis, poorly localized abdominal discomfort, myalgias and hepatosplenomegaly. Her total leukocyte count was 1.7 × 109/l, (neutrophils 51%, lymphocytes... | 15969764 | PMC1184073 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:15 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Jun 21; 5:49 |
Background
Rabies is not high on the list of the World Heath Organization's list of important infectious diseases, and is also often overlooked by regional, national, and local public-health professionals. The dog is the primary reservoir and vector of rabies transmission in Thailand and developing countries [1].
To d... | 15985183 | PMC1184074 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:13 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Jun 29; 5:52 |
Background
Bordetella pertussis is a highly contagious respiratory illness that can have serious clinical consequences. It is endemic in the United States (US) and every 3 – 5 years an outbreak occurs [1]. It is most commonly thought of as a childhood disease, not ranking high on the list of differential diagnoses for ... | 16008838 | PMC1184075 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:15 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Jul 11; 5:57 |
Background
In this work we present evidence that the p53 tumor suppressor and NF-κB transcription factors could be related through common descent from a family of ancestral transcription factors regulating cellular proliferation and apoptosis. P53 and related proteins are transcription factors that regulate DNA repair ... | 15969767 | PMC1184076 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:32 | no | BMC Immunol. 2005 Jun 21; 6:12 |
Background
Enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) and cytokine flow cytometry (CFC) (or more specifically, intracellular cytokine staining (ICS)) are popular methods for single-cell analysis of antigen-specific T cell cytokine production. T cell production of IFNγ, and increasingly also IL-2, is taken as a measure of vacci... | 15978127 | PMC1184077 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:32 | no | BMC Immunol. 2005 Jun 24; 6:13 |
Background
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is the most unsaturated fatty acid in mammalian tissue. It is found at particularly high concentration in retina [1] and cerebral cortex [2], concentrated mainly in serine and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides [3]. Early observations led to studies showing that low tissue DHA induced ... | 15975147 | PMC1184078 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:56 | no | BMC Med. 2005 Jun 23; 3:11 |
Background
Medicine has become increasingly complex and the challenges faced by the medical education system are becoming even greater. Higher levels of technical and scientific knowledge are required as well as effective communication and management skills. Acquisition of this knowledge must be achieved within a finit... | 15987526 | PMC1184079 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:56 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2005 Jun 29; 5:23 |
Background
The primary goal of medical teaching programs is the acquisition of clinical competence. Although a sound knowledge base, clinical and interpersonal skills are vital for a doctor; clinical reasoning represents a major component of clinical competence. Reasoning in the medical profession is much more than sim... | 15967034 | PMC1184080 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:52:11 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2005 Jun 20; 5:18 |
Background
Biomedical information is often very complex. Deciphering the roles of genes in human health and disease is a grand challenge for many reasons, including impediments to defining phenotypes, difficulties in identifying and quantifying environmental effects, technical problems in generating genotypic informati... | 15978138 | PMC1184081 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:52:11 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2005 Jun 26; 5:21 |
Background
Quality assessment is as important in systematic reviews of diagnostic accuracy studies as it is for any other systematic review. One method of incorporating quality into a review is to use a quality score. Quality scores combine the individual items from a quality assessment tool to provide an overall singl... | 15918898 | PMC1184082 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:51 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005 May 26; 5:19 |
Background
Different pathoanatomic conditions and mechanisms in the lumbar spine and pelvis region may produce low back pain (LBP), pelvic or lower extremity symptoms. The most frequent tissue sources of lumbopelvic and referred pain are the intervertebral discs, zygapophysial (facet) and sacroiliac joints [1]. Nerve r... | 15943873 | PMC1184083 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:04 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Jun 9; 6:28 |
Background
Osteoporosis is a common disorder in the elderly population, and represents one of the most significant public health problems in the world, predisposing to fractures with minimal or no antecedent trauma. These fractures are, in turn, associated with increased morbidity [1], reduced quality of life [2], mort... | 15975151 | PMC1184084 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:04 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Jun 24; 6:34 |
Background
There are various methods for repairing cartilage defects in patients with osteoarthritis or other degenerative joint disease. One such method is mosaicplasty, which consists of the use of osteochondral grafting with autogenous [1-3] or allogeneic [4-6] implants. Concerns exist, however, with the use of both... | 15987525 | PMC1184085 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:05 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Jun 29; 6:36 |
Background
Integrins are a family of heterodimeric, non-covalently bound cell surface receptors, which mediate cell-cell and cell to extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion. They are transmembrane glycoproteins consisting of a larger α and a smaller β subunit. In mammals, 18 α- and 8 β integrin genes encode polypeptides th... | 15987521 | PMC1184086 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:50 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2005 Jun 29; 5:16 |
Background
Despite billions of dollars spent on childhood immunisation, some countries have never reached universal childhood immunisation (UCI), and many more have been unable to sustain it. An estimated 1.5 million deaths under 5 years of age can be prevented by vaccination each year, measles making up 37% H. influen... | 15985160 | PMC1184087 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:57 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Jun 28; 5:72 |
Background
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is characterized by difficulties concentrating, completing assigned tasks, keeping track of things, waiting one's turn or sitting still. Three subtypes are classified in the DSM IV [1] ADHD of the predominantly inattentive type, ADHD of the predominantly hypera... | 16042816 | PMC1184088 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:03 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 Jul 26; 5:29 |
Introduction
Somatostatin (SST) is a regulatory neuropeptide produced and secreted by neuroendocrine and inflammatory cells [1]. It inhibits secretory and proliferative responses in a number of target cells. In tumors, SST not only blocks hormone hypersecretion but also causes variable degrees of tumor shrinkage. This ... | 16018813 | PMC1184089 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:20 | no | J Carcinog. 2005 Jul 14; 4:10 |
Background
Macrovascular disease is the predominant contributor to morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes [1]. Non-invasive assessment of arterial morphology using carotid ultrasound (US) represents an attractive tool to monitor progression and/or response to treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes... | 15958169 | PMC1184090 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:31 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2005 Jun 15; 3:15 |
Background
MCE is an emerging technique for non-invasive evaluation of myocardial perfusion and coronary heart disease (CAD) [1-11]. Recent advances in multipulse technology have made real-time MCE feasible with low acoustic power [12-17], giving minimal contrast destruction and frame rates that facilitate evaluation o... | 15958173 | PMC1184091 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:31 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2005 Jun 16; 3:16 |
Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) for cytologic evaluation of thyroid cancer was originally used by Martin and Ellis at New York Memorial Hospital for Cancer and Allied Diseases in 1930 [1]. However, this diagnostic procedure was subsequently found to have a limited value, and it was then discontinued at the above-mentioned... | 15987502 | PMC1184092 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:22 | no | Cytojournal. 2005 Jun 29; 2:12 |
Background
Granular cell tumors are uncommon generally benign soft tissue neoplasms first described in 1926 by Abrikossoff [1]. Granular cell tumors commonly occur in the tongue, gastrointestinal tract, mediastinum, skin, breast, as well as other sites [2-5]. Mediastinal granular cell tumors are, however, exceptionally... | 15943858 | PMC1184093 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:22 | no | Cytojournal. 2005 Jun 8; 2:8 |
Background
A diagnosis of breast cancer is often accompanied by a significant and profound experience of psychological distress, the most commonly presenting symptoms being those of anxiety and depression [1]. Indeed, prevalence rates of clinically relevant levels of anxiety and depression in cancer patients have been ... | 16018801 | PMC1184094 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:13 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Jul 14; 3:41 |
Background
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major human pathogen responsible for serious infections in all age groups worldwide. Pneumococcal infections are estimated to cause around 40,000 deaths per year [1], and are a leading causes of death in the United States [2]. The highest incidence of pneumococcal infections occ... | 15982420 | PMC1184095 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:31 | no | Immun Ageing. 2005 Jun 27; 2:10 |
Background
DNA microarrays have rapidly evolved to become one of the essential tools to investigate expression or mutation of thousands of genes simultaneously. Two main technology platforms for manufacturing DNA chips have emerged. The first platform uses the immobilization of prefabricated DNA or oligonucleotides by ... | 15992404 | PMC1184096 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:05 | no | J Nanobiotechnology. 2005 Jul 1; 3:7 |
Background
Historically, the proteomic analysis of hydrophobic membrane proteins has been considered to be difficult within the bounds of conventional protocols for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). The nature of first dimension isoelectric focusing (IEF) requires that proteins be thoroughly solubilized as th... | 15941475 | PMC1184097 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:15 | no | Proteome Sci. 2005 Jun 7; 3:5 |
Background
Dynamic fetal growth observed between 20th and 28th week of pregnancy is accompanied by fetal maturation which enables further uncomplicated extra-uterine growth. The fetal development is possible due to the phenomenon of maternal immunological tolerance to fetal antigens. Severe disturbances of the fetal gr... | 15963226 | PMC1184098 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:12 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Jun 17; 3:24 |
Earlier this year, I announced that Retrovirology would inaugurate an annual prize to recognize the achievements of a deserving mid-career retrovirologist [1]. There are two reasons why we feel such an award is timely. First, retrovirology is an increasingly robust and important field of science. It seems wanting that ... | 16000174 | PMC1184099 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:39 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Jul 6; 2:43 |
Background
We previously demonstrated that expression of the HTLV-I Tax oncoprotein rapidly induces cytogenetic damage which is reflected in a significant increase in the prevalence of micronuclei (MN) in cells [1-4]. To further characterize the phenomenon of Tax associated clastogenic DNA-damage, we wished to examine ... | 16014171 | PMC1184100 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:38 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Jul 13; 2:45 |
Background
Beta2 integrins, which are restricted to leukocytes, consist of a common β-chain (CD18) and the distinct α-chains CD11a (LFA-1), CD11b (Mac-1/ CR3) or CD11c (p150,95/ CR4) [1]. While CD11a is expressed widely on leukocytes, expression of CD11b and CD11c was thought to be confined to cells of myeloid origin a... | 16011799 | PMC1184101 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:27 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jul 12; 6(1):70 |
Background
Lung emphysema and fibrosis are generally considered to be two diseases that totally differ in their morphological aspects and pathogenic mechanisms.
However, both these pathologies may be present at the same time in lungs of mice after cigarette-smoke exposure [1], in animals instilled intratracheally with... | 16045796 | PMC1184102 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:24 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jul 26; 6(1):83 |
Background
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in biological systems. While it is largely accepted that ROS-mediated oxidative damage occurs under pathophysiological conditions, recent evidence also favors a role for ROS as signaling molecules in physiological processes [1-6]. In the respiratory system... | 16053530 | PMC1184103 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:27 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jul 31; 6(1):86 |
Background
SC of the breast is one of the rarest types of breast cancer accounting for less than 1% of all breast cancers. This entity was initially termed "Juvenile breast cancer" by McDivitt and Stewart, based on the fact that the average age of the seven patients described in their series was nine year-old with rang... | 15963235 | PMC1184104 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:04 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Jun 17; 3:35 |
Introduction
Type 2 diabetes affects about 171 million people worldwide, and the number of people likely to be affected by diabetes is expected to double by 2030 [1,2]. Diabetes develops when resistance to insulin action combines with impaired insulin secretion, resulting in hyperglycemia. Cross-sectional studies have ... | 16089501 | PMC1184227 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:31 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Sep 16; 2(9):e233 |
The role of insulin resistance (IR) in type 2 diabetes, the most frequently encountered metabolic disorder in the world, has attracted much attention in recent years. Virtually all patients with type 2 diabetes have IR, which usually appears some 10–20 years before the disease itself. Although the existence of the rela... | 0 | PMC1184228 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:40:31 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Sep 16; 2(9):e292 |
Introduction
Phosphoryl transfer reactions occur ubiquitously in biology, playing roles in gene replication, recombination, and expression. To orchestrate these central biological processes, biomacromolecules have harnessed the catalytic power of divalent metal ions [1–10]. The chemistry underlying these cellular event... | 16092891 | PMC1184590 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:26 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Sep 16; 3(9):e277 |
Introduction
Stem cells are capable of generating identical progeny through unlimited numbers of cell divisions whilst retaining the ability to respond to physiological demands by producing daughters committed to differentiate. In vivo, stem cells are thought to reside in specific cellular microenvironments, or niches,... | 16086633 | PMC1184591 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:27 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Sep 16; 3(9):e283 |
Introduction
Development in multicellular animals is a process that involves both tight control and flexibility in the regulation of cell size and cell number. Tight control is necessary to produce an animal in which each organ is of an appropriate size relative to the whole body. Flexibility is necessary to produce an... | 16086608 | PMC1184592 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:25 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Sep 16; 3(9):e289 |
In all the hullabaloo about stem cells, nobody has noted their uncanny similarity to pizza dough. You can divide either into two or four or eight identical pieces, but that doesn't determine what kind of cell or pizza you're going to make. But once you let a cell grow hundreds of nuclei, or you pile on the pepperoni, y... | 0 | PMC1184593 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:26 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Sep 16; 3(9):e307 |
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a dogma breaker. The “central dogma” of cellular biochemistry mandates that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) stores information, and RNA copies this information and uses it to direct the assembly of amino acid building blocks into proteins, such as enzymes. Enzymes catalyze important chemical react... | 0 | PMC1184594 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:25 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Sep 16; 3(9):e310 |
Insulin or insulin-like proteins signal developing animals to grow. After a meal, the body creates insulin, allowing an organism to grow and compete with other organisms for available food. When food is scarce, insulin levels remain low. Only small organisms with low metabolic needs will survive the potential famine. S... | 0 | PMC1184595 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:25 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Sep 16; 3(9):e320 |
Background
Leptospirosis, is the zoonotic disease caused by the spirochete Leptospira. Leptospirosis is characterised either as a febrile illness with sudden onset, or a 'flu like' illness. Patients present with chills, headaches, myalgia, and abdominal pain. In addition, patients may present with renal and pulmonary c... | 15987533 | PMC1185519 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:21 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2005 Jun 30; 4:10 |
Background
Epitestosterone (17α-hydroxy-4-androstene-3-one) is an epimer of testosterone (T). Its concentration in the urine is used as reference substance in the control of T abuse [1]. EpiT was identified for the first time as an androgen metabolite produced by rabbit liver slices [2]. It has been also observed that ... | 16018803 | PMC1185520 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:24 | no | BMC Biochem. 2005 Jul 14; 6:12 |
Background
In patients with rectal carcinoma, pelvic recurrence is a major source of morbidity and mortality. Despite improvements in surgical approaches, local recurrence may occur in up to 30% of patients treated with surgery including total mesorectal excision [1]. Since 2001, the Dutch Colorectal Cancer Group Trial... | 15967033 | PMC1185521 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:05 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jun 20; 5:62 |
Background
Invasive OSCC, in spite of improved therapeutic procedures, actually show a generally poor prognosis since its local aggressiveness and metastases. In particular, the incidence of lymph node metastases has been found to be significantly associated with several factors; among these, not only macroscopic param... | 15967043 | PMC1185522 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:05 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jun 21; 5:63 |
Background
Breast and ovarian cancer are two of the most common causes of cancer in women in the United Kingdom (Office for National Statistics). Together, they account for about a third of all new cancer cases and a quarter of cancer deaths. Positive family history is a well-established risk factor for both diseases: ... | 16029503 | PMC1185523 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:06 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jul 19; 5:81 |
Background
Excessive peri-operative bleeding during cardiac surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass contributes to overall morbidity and mortality [1-6]. Blood loss frequently leads to transfusion of allogeneic blood products, which expose patients to the risk of transfusion-related adverse effects such as febrile non... | 15992412 | PMC1185524 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:06 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2005 Jul 4; 5:19 |
Background
The incidence and natural history of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) have not been well studied[1]. Paroxysmal AF is usually defined temporally as intermittent periods of AF intertwined with episodes of normal sinus rhythm, normally lasting less than a week [2,3]. It could be a unique self-terminating ep... | 16008832 | PMC1185525 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:06 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2005 Jul 11; 5:20 |
Background
How the amino acid sequence of a protein determines its native tertiary structure is one of the most perplexing questions in biology. The formation of secondary structure (α-helices, β-strands and coils/turns) is an intermediate step in this process, although, in some cases, this may occur very late in foldi... | 16078995 | PMC1185526 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:50 | no | BMC Chem Biol. 2005 Aug 3; 5:2 |
Background
In tandemly repeated gene families, in which all members share a common function, there is a tendency for concerted evolution that is characterised by homogenisation of gene sequences [1]. Classical examples include the histone and ribosomal RNA genes. In such cases the expansion of gene families is driven b... | 15987510 | PMC1185527 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Jun 29; 5:39 |
Background
Parthenogenetic females have a two-fold advantage over sexual females because they produce only the fecund sex while sexual females produce also males. The elimination of sex is predicted whenever the two strategies compete unless there are factors that overcome this disadvantage. Nevertheless, most of the h... | 15987507 | PMC1185528 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:15 | no | BMC Ecol. 2005 Jun 29; 5:5 |
Background
Since their introduction in 1987, the use of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) has increased dramatically [1]. They clearly have a more favorable safety profile compared to tricyclic antidepressants [2], although prolongation of the QT interval has been reported as a side effect [3]. This is an... | 16029494 | PMC1185529 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:03 | no | BMC Emerg Med. 2005 Jul 19; 5:5 |
Background
Diabetes is now a major public health problem. The number of people with diabetes is estimated to reach 330 million by 2030 [1]. There is a high burden from the disease: people with diabetes have an increased two to four fold risk of stroke and heart disease compared to the general population, and increased ... | 15960852 | PMC1185530 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:12 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Jun 16; 6:25 |
Background
The percent HbA1c of glycated hemoglobin provides an estimate of blood glucose levels over a 3–4 month period. The HbA1c level is used for patient education and counseling, for feedback about diabetic control, to improve patient motivation, and to monitor management; thus its measurement should be optimally ... | 16014170 | PMC1185531 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:13 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Jul 13; 6:28 |
Background
Pancreatic cancer is a malignant neoplasm in the digestive tract the etiology of which is not known fully as yet. Recent advances in molecular oncology have provided explanations at the DNA level that multiple genetic changes contribute to pancreatic cancer development in which the p16 locus of tumor tissue ... | 15985168 | PMC1185532 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:27 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2005 Jun 28; 5:22 |
Background
Time-structured genetic samples
Genetic samples obtained over several points in time are a valuable source of information in population genetics because they provide several correlated observations of the underlying evolutionary processes.
These time-structured samples can be separated into two qualitativel... | 15960847 | PMC1185533 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:39 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Jun 16; 6:35 |
Background
In addition to the well known group of high stage neuroblastomas with MYCN amplification and 1p-deletion, a second genetic subgroup of aggressive neuroblastomas has been delineated. This subgroup is characterised by the presence of 11q-deletions, often in association with 3p-deletions [1-5]. Both subgroups t... | 16000168 | PMC1185534 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:49 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Jul 6; 6:97 |
Background
The annual drug expenditures at Vancouver Hospital are approximately $13 million (in Canadian dollars). At the Vancouver General Hospital (VGH) site, anti-infectives accounted for an expenditure of $3.39 million or 25% of the 2002–03 fiscal year total drug costs. Ciprofloxacin ranked third among all drugs by... | 15987523 | PMC1185535 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:52 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Jun 29; 5:48 |
Background
Patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD), with intermittent claudicationas the predominant clinical symptom, experience muscle aching or cramp during walking, secondary to muscle ischemia in the calf, thigh or buttocks. PAD is a manifestation of systemic atherosclerosis. The treatment of patients with... | 16011806 | PMC1185536 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:53 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Jul 12; 5:49 |
Background
Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pnc) frequently colonises mucosal epithelium at nasopharynx without causing any symptoms [1]. The carriage rate varies depending on the age, being highest in children under two years of age [2]. Further, the prevalence of pneumococcal carriage is higher in developing than developed ... | 15921511 | PMC1185537 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:13 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 May 27; 5:41 |
Background
Nosocomial infections are commonly caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens. Management of these infections is difficult due to the lack of potent antimicrobial agents; thus a target for immunomodulatory intervention is created [1]. Thalidomide is an old regimen that has been proved potent in re... | 15978135 | PMC1185538 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:13 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Jun 26; 5:51 |
Background
Q fever is a globally distributed, common, zoonotic infection caused by the bacteria Coxiella burnetii. A large proportion of cases of C. burnetii infection are asymptomatic. Where symptomatic infection occurs, typical signs and associated symptoms are headache, pyrexia, and respiratory tract infection inclu... | 16033641 | PMC1185539 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:15 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Jul 20; 5:61 |
Background
Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a major public health problem, particularly in developing countries. The WHO estimates that one third of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of TB. There were an estimated 8.3 million new active cases and 1.8 million deaths... | 16050959 | PMC1185540 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:14 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Jul 28; 5:62 |
Background
The role of postgraduate medical examinations is to set standards of practice and thus to assure the public and the medical profession that doctors have the knowledge and expertise required to diagnose and treat patients, and to progress in their medical careers. An important part of running "high-stakes" qu... | 16026607 | PMC1185541 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:56 | no | BMC Med. 2005 Jul 18; 3:13 |
Background
Clinical teachers are central to the successful education of medical graduates. They are a precious resource with a range of competing activities like clinical care and research. In order to better recruit and retain clinical teachers, medical schools must be cognisant of the variety of factors that may moti... | 16022738 | PMC1185542 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:56 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2005 Jul 18; 5:27 |
Background
With the globalization of medical science, there is a concomitant need to better understand cross-cultural differences [1]. This ethical imperative is perhaps most critical during life's final chapter when diverse populations invoke their religious traditions and doctrines to questions of death and dying [2,... | 15992401 | PMC1185543 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:58 | no | BMC Med Ethics. 2005 Jul 1; 6:6 |
Background
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are a heterogeneous group of microorganisms able to convert carbohydrates into lactic acid. They are applied worldwide in the industrial manufacture of fermented food products, mainly in the dairy industry. During fermentation LAB primarily produce lactic acid from the available ca... | 15982422 | PMC1185544 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:39 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Jun 27; 5:39 |
Background
Public health departments in the United States are beginning to gain timely access to health data, often as soon as one day after a visit to a health care facility [1-3]. Consequently, new approaches to surveillance for disease outbreaks are being developed. These methods require models for baseline patterns... | 15969749 | PMC1185545 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:52:11 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2005 Jun 21; 5:19 |
Background
Epidemiological studies have identified associations between work related psychosocial stressors and low back disorders [1,2]. The physiological mechanisms and pathways linking work stressors to low back disorders are uncertain.
In laboratory studies arousal or mental stress impaired the performance of diff... | 15992402 | PMC1185546 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:05 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Jul 1; 6:37 |
Background
It has now been unambiguously established that cigarette smoking causes lung and other cancers, and that exposure to secondary tobacco smoke exhaled by smokers also has a causal role in carcinogenesis [1,2]. Carcinogenic smoke metabolites act primarily as genotoxicants by direct DNA adduction as well as by p... | 15987524 | PMC1185547 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:06 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 Jun 29; 5:20 |
Background
Thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer occur more frequently in people exposed to radiation for therapeutic purposes, and to nuclear fallout. Furthermore, it is known that a moderate degree of iodine deficiency may be responsible for an increased prevalence of thyroid nodules [8,13,14,20] and it is also suspecte... | 16000179 | PMC1185548 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:54 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Jul 7; 5:73 |
Background
A fundamental belief of addiction treatment is that therapy is effective. Addiction counselors are encouraged to use methods that have been shown to be effective in high quality clinical trials [1]. Three of the best of those methods were selected for Project MATCH, a large multicenter US trial designed to m... | 16018798 | PMC1185549 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:58 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Jul 14; 5:75 |
Background
Western populations currently enjoy unprecedented wealth and longevity [1]. It is held that medical care – or more broadly healthcare including public health – contributed immensely to the increased longevity. However, McKeown [2], McKinlay et al [3,4], Illich [5] and others have questioned the role of medic... | 16076396 | PMC1185550 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:58 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Aug 2; 5:81 |
Background
The largest evolutionary superfamilies of proteins cover such a large range of sequence space that the relationships shared by members may not be apparent by standard means of sequence comparison, and hence are often only recognized after structural determinations. Such has frequently been the case for the P... | 15985153 | PMC1185551 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:52 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2005 Jun 28; 5:9 |
Introduction
Gene therapy is a breakthrough in the modern medicine, which promises to cure diseases by modifying gene expression. A key for development of gene therapy is to monitor the in vivo gene transfer and its efficacy in the mouse model. Traditional biopsy methods are invasive, insensitive, inaccurate, inefficie... | 15955235 | PMC1185552 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:35 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Jun 14; 4:36 |
Background
Multidrug resistance to chemotherapy is one of the biggest problems in the treatment of cancer. Currently, the best understood mechanism of multidrug resistance (MDR) is associated with the overexpression of protein efflux-pump known as P-glycoprotein (P-gp), but other non-Ppg mechanisms are also involved (i... | 16001980 | PMC1185553 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:16 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2005 Jul 7; 5:20 |
It is now almost half a century since the overthrow of Ehrlich's doctrine of "horror autotoxicus" and the general acceptance of the contrary idea that animals can indeed be immunized against the growth of a transplanted syngeneic cancer. Why then is it that, despite nearly 50 years of intense investigation, attempts to... | 16060965 | PMC1185554 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:16 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2005 Aug 1; 5:25 |
Background
The pancreatic ductal carcinoma (PDC) is fatal, even if its size is very small [1,2]. Therefore, it is very important to know the characteristics of pre-cancerous lesion of PDC for the preventive medicine and the early detection of PDC.
It has been well known that the mucous gland hyperplasia (MGH) (goblet ... | 16018800 | PMC1185555 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:20 | no | J Carcinog. 2005 Jul 14; 4:9 |
Introduction
Fetal hydrocephalus occurs in humans from causes such as intraventricular hemorrhage and intrauterine infections, but in other cases the cause cannot be identified with certainty. Epidemiological studies provide evidence that hydrocephalus has a genetic component [1-3], although only one inherited form, X-... | 15953386 | PMC1185556 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:38 | no | Cerebrospinal Fluid Res. 2005 Jun 12; 2:2 |
Background
Effective cervical injury management requires an understanding of the pathomechanics of injury [1]. There are numerous reports in the literature on cervical injuries in full contact collision sports such as rugby (United Kingdom), rugby league/union (Australia) and American football (United States) [2-7]. Ho... | 16078999 | PMC1185557 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:23 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2005 Aug 3; 13:15 |
Background
It is always fashionable to speak of an issue or controversy as reaching a "crisis point," or of an organization or profession reaching a "crossroads" in its development. However such exhortations are often merely hyperbole. At the risk of committing this offense, we believe that the chiropractic profession ... | 16000175 | PMC1185558 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:23 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2005 Jul 6; 13:9 |
Background
Parthenolide, the major sesquiterpene lactone derived from the feverfew extract (Tanacetum parthenium), has been studied for its inhibitory effects on inflammation in cell culture and, to a limited extent, in live animals. This constituent has been shown to attenuate a variety of inflammatory endpoints [1-12... | 15987517 | PMC1185559 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:23 | no | J Inflamm (Lond). 2005 Jun 29; 2:6 |
Introduction
Like most physiologic signals, measures of gait are not constants but rather fluctuate with time and change from one stride to the next, even when environmental and external conditions are fixed (Figure 1). In healthy adults, these stride-to-stride fluctuations are relatively small and the coefficient of v... | 16033650 | PMC1185560 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:40 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2005 Jul 20; 2:19 |
Background
The purpose of this research was to test the hypothesis that polyunsaturated fatty acids can alter collagen formation during in-vitro healing by changing iNOS expression and NO production, which have cross-interaction with the nuclear transcription factor kappaB (NF-κB) pathway and PGE2. The control of colla... | 16011805 | PMC1185561 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:18 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2005 Jul 12; 4:14 |
Background
Cell cycle homeostasis in normal human bronchial epithelial cells (BEC) is highly regulated at the G1/S transition. In G1 phase of the cell cycle, formation of a heterodimeric complex between cyclin D and cyclin dependent kinases 4 or 6 (cdk 4,6) leads to the phosphorylation of the tumor suppressor retinobla... | 16014176 | PMC1185562 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:35 | no | Mol Cancer. 2005 Jul 13; 4:23 |
Feedback/feed-forward inhibitory modulation driven by glutamate has been well studied in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord [1-3]. Little is know whether feedback/feed-forward inhibitory active may be driven in a glutamate-independent manner. A number of neuropeptides including substance P (SP) are also released from n... | 15987503 | PMC1185563 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:08 | no | Mol Pain. 2005 Jun 29; 1:20 |
One of the central features of Spumaretrovirinae, which distinguishes them from Orthoretrovirinae, is the expression of a Pol precursor protein independently of the Gag protein from a spliced mRNA [1-3]. This mechanism of Pol generation raises several interesting questions: (i) How is Pol expression regulated? (ii) How... | 16004609 | PMC1185564 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:39 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Jul 8; 2:44 |
Background
Breath analysis seems to be a promising approach to identify new biomarkers of inflammatory and oxidative lung processes, and different volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of endogenous or exogenous origin have been analyzed to study lung diseases [1] and characterize environmental and occupational exposure to... | 16018807 | PMC1185565 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jul 14; 6(1):71 |
Introduction
Gastroesophageal reflux (GOR) is very common and defined as the passage of gastric contents into the oesophagus. GOR disease (GORD) is defined as symptoms or complications of GOR [1]. GORD includes the presence of oesophagitis, histologically defined on oesophageal biopsy, and increased reflux index on pHm... | 16022729 | PMC1185566 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:27 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jul 15; 6(1):72 |
Background
Many pulmonary disorders are characterized by accumulation and activation of inflammatory cells within the lung, followed by the release of regulatory mediators, resulting in macrophage/lymphocyte alveolitis. Sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, eosinophilic pneumonia, and usual interstit... | 16033640 | PMC1185567 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:25 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jul 20; 6(1):75 |
Background
While the definitive characterization of murine embryonic stem cells was first reported in 1981, embryonic stem cells (ESC) were not isolated and fully described in humans until much later [1]. Without question, the scarce supply of human ESCs combined with the technical challenges associated with interspeci... | 16026616 | PMC1185568 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:26 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Jul 18; 2:25 |
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