text string | pmid string | accession_id string | license string | last_updated string | retracted string | citation string |
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Background
Viruses as obligate intracellular parasites rely upon the host cell for different steps in their life cycle, including attachment, disassembly, transcription, translation, reassembly, and egress. Consequently, characterization of these cellular processes will be essential for any understanding of viral life ... | 15333144 | PMC517494 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:37 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2004 Aug 27; 5:32 |
Background
Kimura has argued that the majority of nucleotide substitutions that accumulate in genes over time are selectively neutral, and go to fixation purely by chance [1]. One major prediction of Kimura's neutral theory is that the substitution process should be a Poisson process, with the mean number of substituti... | 15333142 | PMC517495 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:34 | no | BMC Genet. 2004 Aug 27; 5:25 |
Background
In the sequential model of transcriptional regulation including viral trans-activation, coactivators CBP/p300 require concerted action of multiple protein factors provided the nucleosomal structures allow access to the DNA template [1-3]. The factors that interact with coactivators encompass sequence-specifi... | 15350211 | PMC517496 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:48:01 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2004 Sep 6; 5:16 |
Background
Green tea (leaves of Camellia sinensis, Theaceae) is a popular beverage in East Asia, and also used as a herbal remedy in Europe and North America. Green tea is considered to be antiinflammatory, antioxidative, antimutagenic, and anticarcinogenic [1,2], and can prevent cardiac disorders. Epidemiologically, i... | 15331020 | PMC517497 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:05 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2004 Aug 26; 4:18 |
Background
Human fascioliasis, a commonplace infection caused by a leaf-shaped Trematode Fasciolahepatica affects a human host by chance [1-4]. It seems that the rate of infection is increasing in many countries worldwide [1,5]. Human fascioliasis has to be differentially diagnosed from such hepatic and biliary disease... | 15294025 | PMC517498 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:54 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2004 Aug 4; 4:15 |
Backround
Oral pharyngeal dysphagia due to disordered swallowing has become increasingly recognized in children with cerebral palsy and other neurodevelopmental disorders. This has led to the increasing use of enteral tube feedings either for full or supplemental nutritional support. Symptoms of foregut dysmotility, su... | 15341670 | PMC517499 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:54 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2004 Sep 1; 4:19 |
Background
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common form of glomerulonephritis (GN) worldwide [1]. Approximately 20–30% of individuals with IgAN develop end-stage renal disease (ESRD) by 10–20 years following diagnosis [2]. Despite the increasing recognition of IgAN as a significant cause of chronic kidney disease (CK... | 15341669 | PMC517500 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:51 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2004 Sep 2; 5:10 |
Background
Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most frequent extra-cranial solid tumour in children, originating from immature neural crest cells of the sympathetic nervous system [1]. The tumours show remarkable differences in clinical presentation ranging from localized to highly metastatic. Although age and clinical stage are... | 15331017 | PMC517501 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:00 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Aug 24; 4:55 |
Background
Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder, characterized by reduction of bone mass, deterioration of bone structure, increasing bone fragility, and increasing fracture risk [1-4]. It is more frequent among women than among men [5,6]. The development of low bone mass is typically asymptomatic, with many wo... | 15329150 | PMC517502 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:42 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004 Aug 26; 5:29 |
Background
Liver transplantation (LT) remains the only treatment for end-stage liver disease. However the transplant procedure mandates cold perfusion, hypothermic storage, warm ischemia and warm reperfusion of the graft, resulting in Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R)-induced injury to the transplanted graft. Although the int... | 15347427 | PMC517503 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:03 | no | BMC Surg. 2004 Sep 3; 4:9 |
Background
RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which the introduction of dsRNAs into cells leads to inactivation of expression of genes containing homologous sequences by sequence-specific degradation of mRNA (for reviews see [1,2]). RNAi has been observed in a variety of organisms, including fruit fly, nematodes, ... | 15331016 | PMC517504 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:57 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2004 Aug 25; 4:18 |
Background
The development of the Internet has encouraged doctors to use computers and hospitals to use wireless communications [1], since wireless technology offers many benefits over its wired counterpart, including ease of installation and access to network information [2-6], and higher productivity and convenience ... | 15339336 | PMC517505 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:41 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2004 Aug 31; 4:12 |
Background
Much research has been carried out with the aim of influencing the performance of clinicians. The results have varied [1,2]. As with any human behaviour, clinical practice is difficult to change. Some strategies that have been evaluated, like passive dissemination of clinical practice guidelines, have had li... | 15347426 | PMC517506 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:28 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2004 Sep 3; 4:23 |
Background
Lymphatic filariasis affects approximately 120 million people worldwide. Ten percent of these infections are attributed to Brugia malayi and Brugia timori [1]. Thick blood smear examination is the routine parasitological method used for diagnosis and prevalence studies in the Brugia endemic countries of Mala... | 15307892 | PMC517507 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:24 | no | Filaria J. 2004 Aug 12; 3:8 |
Background
During the past 2 decades, tuberculosis -both pulmonary and extrapulmonary- has re-emerged as a major health problem worldwide. Hematologic abnormalities have been described in association with mycobacterial infections for almost 100 years. Patients with both pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB) ma... | 15350205 | PMC517508 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:17 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2004 Sep 6; 3:16 |
Background
The superfamily of nuclear hormone receptor comprises a group of transcription factors that play significant roles in response to a number of biological regulators. In addition to the pregnane X receptor (PXR, NR1I2), the constitutive androstane receptor [1] (CAR, NR1I3) plays a role in the transcriptional a... | 15333129 | PMC517509 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:42 | no | Nucl Recept. 2004 Aug 28; 2:6 |
Background
Fay, Pfeiffer, Cronin, Le, and Feuer [1] showed how to calculate the age-conditional probabilities of developing a disease (ACPDvD) from registry data. Throughout this paper we use "cancer" as our disease of interest, but the method applies to specific types of cancer as well as other diseases where informat... | 15279675 | PMC517510 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:41 | no | Popul Health Metr. 2004 Jul 27; 2:6 |
Introduction
The development of an effective vaccine against HIV has been hindered by a variety of problems. The high mutation rate of the virus itself is such that it represents a moving antigenic target during the course of an infection [1-4]. Furthermore, HLA-A and -B expression is directly downregulated by HIV (via... | 15324456 | PMC517511 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:08 | no | Genet Vaccines Ther. 2004 Aug 23; 2:10 |
Background
Vigorous exercise is considered one of the key-components of a healthy lifestyle and cardiovascular fitness. Higher levels of exercise are associated with lower risks of hypertension, diabetes, osteoporosis, colon cancer, coronary heart disease, depression, anxiety, and has been shown to enhance weight contr... | 15341656 | PMC517512 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:47 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2004 Sep 1; 1:13 |
Background
Ongoing genome sequencing and recent developments in cDNA sequencing projects have led to an exponential rise in the amount of sequence information. This has increased the need for acquiring knowledge from sequences as to their biological function. Annotating a single sequence is the gateway to interpreting ... | 15333146 | PMC517617 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:44 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Aug 26; 5:116 |
Background
Pulmonary surfactant is a phospholipid-protein complex that lines the inner surface of the lung and is essential for normal pulmonary function. Surfactant acts to promote lung stability by reducing surface tension within the lung, while also protecting against inhaled pathogens. Surfactant is composed of app... | 15357882 | PMC517704 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:22 | no | Respir Res. 2004 Jul 23; 5(1):8 |
Background
Respiratory diseases, infectious and non-infectious, are a prime cause of morbidity, mortality and health system utilization in many countries. Exposure to cigarette smoke is an important factor in causing as well as increasing complications in several pulmonary disorders. The mucociliary clearance constitut... | 15357881 | PMC517705 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:22 | no | Respir Res. 2004 Aug 20; 5(1):9 |
Background
Multiple alignments of protein sequences are important in many applications, including phylogenetic tree estimation, secondary structure prediction and critical residue identification. Many multiple sequence alignment (MSA) algorithms have been proposed; for a recent review, see [1]. Two attributes of MSA pr... | 15318951 | PMC517706 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Aug 19; 5:113 |
Background
An important challenge in Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) [1] analysis is the decision whether a gene is differentially expressed between two classes, for example tumoral vs. normal classes. In statistical terms, this essential step is to test the null hypothesis H0: "gene has no differential expre... | 15339345 | PMC517707 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Aug 31; 5:119 |
Background
DNA microarray technology is now playing an increasingly important role in biomedical research. Microarray technology gives one the opportunity to measure gene expression levels of thousands to tens of thousands of genes simultaneously, in order to study the differential gene expression pattern between diffe... | 15345033 | PMC517708 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Sep 2; 5:121 |
Background
A bioinformatic approach to identifying cis-regulatory elements controlling transcription has become feasible with the availability of complete genome sequences and large scale expression data using high-throughput methods such as microarrays [1,2] and SAGE [3]. The expression data provides a list of genes w... | 15331021 | PMC517709 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:42 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Aug 26; 5:59 |
Background
The variable domain of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) is encoded by the IGHV (variable), the IGHD (diversity) and the IGHJ (joining) genes. In developing B cells these genes are brought together via a process of recombination involving the selection of one of each gene type from sets of genes present w... | 15345030 | PMC517710 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:17 | no | BMC Immunol. 2004 Sep 2; 5:19 |
Background
The first somatotopic maps of the homuncular organisation of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) were established in 1937 by using intra-operative electrical stimulation of the brain surface [1]. Subsequent, non-invasive investigations in humans on the hand representation in S1 have described a somatotopic... | 15320953 | PMC517711 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:46 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2004 Aug 20; 5:28 |
Background
Scrapie is a contagious prion disease [1] of sheep and goat. In contrast to BSE, there is no evidence for a transmission to humans. Nevertheless, BSE is experimentally transmittable to sheep and the resulting disease can not be distinguished from scrapie [2,3]. Even though BSE has not been found in farmed sh... | 15345029 | PMC517712 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:30 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Sep 2; 4:30 |
Background
Hepatitis B is an important health problem and a major cause of acute and chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Approximately 30% of the world population (1.8 billion people) have the serologic evidence of HBV infection of whom 350 million are estimated to suffer from chronic HBV (hepati... | 15347430 | PMC517713 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:30 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Sep 4; 4:31 |
Background
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) was first reported in November 2002 and rapidly spread to a number of distant global regions by early 2003. A new coronavirus, the SARS-CoV, was identified to be the cause of SARS [1,2] and was rapidly sequenced and characterized [3,4]. SARS-CoV is an enveloped, p... | 15347429 | PMC517714 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:30 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Sep 6; 4:32 |
Background
Bile duct dilatation and increasing jaundice are often onset symptoms of a number of either malignant or benign pathological conditions.
In most cases, common cross-sectional imaging techniques such as ultrasonography (US) or spiral-CT or cholangio-pancreatico-biliary magnetic resonance (MRCP) are highly ca... | 15329152 | PMC517715 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:01 | no | BMC Med Imaging. 2004 Aug 25; 4:3 |
Background
Cervical cancer makes up about 10–12% of total women cancers [1,2] with the level of mortality in Russian population 5.0 per 100000 [1]. The tendency is being observed for the past decades towards reduction of both incidence and mortality. It is mainly due to the population-wide screening protocols in develo... | 15339339 | PMC517716 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:03 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Aug 31; 4:58 |
Background
Cervical carcinoma is a leading cause of death in women of reproductive age worldwide, particularly in developing countries. While curable in early stages, the treatment results of locally advanced disease are unsatisfactory. The current standard of treatment -cisplatin-based chemoradiation- fails to cure at... | 15341668 | PMC517717 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:00 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Sep 1; 4:59 |
Background
Enteral feeding of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants is a challenge, since metabolic demands are high and administration of enteral nutrition is limited by immaturity of the gastrointestinal tract. In particular, small for gestational age VLBW infants may have impaired gut function, as fetal blood flow to... | 15341667 | PMC517718 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:00 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2004 Sep 1; 4:17 |
Background
Diarrheal diseases in the developing world continue to cause significant morbidity and mortality, especially when associated with malnutrition [1]. Dehydration, potassium depletion and acidosis are the main life-threatening complications of the acute losses during watery diarrhea. More than 25 years of exten... | 15345099 | PMC517719 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:00 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2004 Sep 2; 4:18 |
Background
Vitamin D is an essential element for establishing and maintananing bone structure. Vitamin D deficiency results in rickets and osteomalacia. Even slight vitamin D deficiency results in secondary hyperparathyroidism and increased bone resorption [1,2]. In addition, there has been increased attention to the p... | 15327695 | PMC517720 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:47 | no | BMC Public Health. 2004 Aug 25; 4:38 |
Background
Bronchodilators are the primary agents used to manage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). They modestly improve forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and reduce dynamic hyperinflation; breathlessness may lessen and exercise tolerance increase despite little improvement in spirometric measur... | 15339337 | PMC517721 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:10 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2004 Aug 31; 4:7 |
Background
The demonstration of tissue-bound immunoreactants by direct immunofluorescence microscopy (DIF) is a valuable parameter in the diagnosis of various autoimmune skin diseases[1]. Reliable diagnosis by DIF not only requires an experienced observer, but first of all proper skin (or mucosal) biopsies with well-pr... | 15333135 | PMC517722 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:15 | no | BMC Dermatol. 2004 Aug 27; 4:10 |
Background
Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex Watson (Solanaceae) (synonymous with N. torreyana Nelson and Macbr.) is an annual native to the Great Basin Desert of California, Nevada, Idaho, and Utah (USA) [1-3] and primarily occurs in large ephemeral populations (typically for less than 3 growing seasons) after fire in sage... | 15350209 | PMC517723 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:14 | no | BMC Ecol. 2004 Sep 6; 4:12 |
Background
Depressive disorders are very common in clinical practice, with approximately 11.3% of all adults afflicted during any one year [1]. The majority of patients suffer from mild to moderate forms and are treated in primary care settings. Such patients are often reluctant to take synthetic antidepressants in the... | 15341662 | PMC517724 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:45 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2004 Sep 2; 4:12 |
Background
Recombinant DNA technology made available several simple techniques for transferring and efficiently expressing desired genes in a foreign cell. Thus, it was thought that unlimited and inexpensive sources of otherwise rare proteins would become accessible. It soon was observed that the host cell had a great ... | 15345063 | PMC517725 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:46 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2004 Sep 2; 3:11 |
Background
Arrhythmias, a significant direct cause of death in heart diseases, are emergent and evolvable events that come with little prior warnings and allow limited response time [1]. Although ECG waveforms – the mapping of body surface potentials of cardiac cells – have routinely been used to diagnose arrhythmias, ... | 15339335 | PMC517726 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:31 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2004 Aug 30; 3:29 |
Background
A number of previous reports have indicated an excess of leukaemia in Broome County, New York, particularly in the Town of Union [1-5]. The Broome County Health Department in conjunction with the New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) conducted a study of cancer incidence among residents of several com... | 15339334 | PMC517727 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:31 | no | Environ Health. 2004 Aug 30; 3:7 |
Background
Otitis media (OM) is an inflammation of the middle ear, often seen in children younger than six year of age. OM is caused by infection of nasopharyngeal cells by the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae (HI). Complications of OM include permanent hearing loss and perforation of the tympanic membrane.
Generally,... | 15347424 | PMC517728 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:18 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2004 Sep 3; 3:20 |
Background
Although dental problems are widespread in number and impose a large burden on society in terms of lost production, pain and suffering, and health expenditure there is a tendency to underestimate their importance due to the generally non-fatal nature of most oral diseases and complacency arising from acknowl... | 15345059 | PMC517729 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:41 | no | Popul Health Metr. 2004 Sep 3; 2:7 |
Background
Particle clearance in the airways is dependant on mucus and cilia [1]. The cilia beat frequency, mucus secretion rate and the properties of mucus are variables important in normal and effective mucociliary clearance [2]. However, the study of mucociliary clearance in intact mammalian airways in humans or sma... | 15357883 | PMC517808 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:22 | no | Respir Res. 2004 Aug 24; 5(1):10 |
Introduction
Sterols are essential in most eukaryotic cells and play a structural role in the architecture of their membranes. They influence the physicochemical properties of membranes, including fluidity and permeability for ions (Haines 2001). Cholesterol, together with glycosphingolipids, is also proposed to organi... | 15383841 | PMC517820 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:15 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Oct 21; 2(10):e280 |
Introduction
Methanotrophic bacteria such as Methylococcus capsulatus are responsible for the oxidation of biologically generated methane (Soehngen 1906), and they are therefore of great environmental importance in reducing the amount of this greenhouse gas released to the Earth's atmosphere. Atmospheric methane levels... | 15383840 | PMC517821 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:06 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Oct 21; 2(10):e303 |
Introduction
Text-mining tools have become indispensable for the biomedical sciences. The increasing wealth of literature in biology and medicine makes it difficult for the researcher to keep up to date with ongoing research. This problem is worsened by the fact that researchers in the biomedical sciences are turning t... | 15383839 | PMC517822 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:15 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 21; 2(11):e309 |
Introduction
GTPases comprise a superfamily of proteins that provide molecular switches to regulate many cellular processes, including translation, signal transduction, cytoskeletal organization, vesicle transport, nuclear transport, and spindle assembly (Gilman 1987; Bourne et al. 1991). In many cases, the GTPases exe... | 15383838 | PMC517823 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:06 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Oct 21; 2(10):e320 |
Introduction
Many proteins of diverse sequences, structures, and functions form morphologically similar β-sheet–rich fibrillar aggregates commonly referred to as amyloid (Kelly 1998; Dobson 2001). Amyloid formation is associated with a range of disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Par... | 15383837 | PMC517824 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:15 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Oct 21; 2(10):e321 |
Introduction
A fundamental challenge in the field of development is to understand the entire program of gene expression for a single differentiating cell type in terms of an underlying regulatory circuit. This challenge can be met in part through recent advances in transcriptional profiling, which have made it possible... | 15383836 | PMC517825 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:15 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Oct 21; 2(10):e328 |
Introduction
In real world situations we often have to choose between possible actions that lead to different outcomes. To provide a computational framework for such a decision process, the notion of a utility function is often used (Neumann and Morgenstern 1944). A utility function assigns to each possible action a nu... | 15383835 | PMC517826 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:15 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Oct 21; 2(10):e330 |
Anyone who has used a search engine quickly becomes familiar with both their power and limitations. A key-word search for “bush kerry butterfly county” turns up almost twenty-eight thousand documents, but a scant few of them are of any interest to the botanist studying the butterfly bush in County Kerry. The problem is... | 0 | PMC517827 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:14 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 21; 2(11):e343 |
Cholesterol has a bad rap for its association with human heart disease. But actually cholesterol and other sterols are essential for a wide variety of organisms. For most eukaryotes—organisms whose cells have nuclei—sterols reside in the cell membrane and play major structural roles. Sterols keep cell membranes flexibl... | 0 | PMC517828 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:14 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Oct 21; 2(10):e345 |
The global debate over access to primary research literature heated up this summer, fueled by a slew of congressional and parliamentary recommendations, claims of political victory by critics and proponents of open access, and redoubled lobbying efforts on every side of the issue. After months of often dizzying rhetori... | 15486586 | PMC517829 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:15 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Oct 21; 2(10):e353 |
Mention greenhouse gases to most people and they're apt to think of carbon dioxide, fossil fuels, and big cars. Though carbon dioxide emissions are the major source of greenhouse gases, methane is far more effective at trapping heat in the atmosphere. Like increasing carbon dioxide levels, rising levels of atmospheric ... | 0 | PMC517830 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:15 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Oct 21; 2(10):e358 |
Assembling a complex structure like an automobile requires the tight coordination of hundreds of independent entities—parts must be shipped and arrive on time, workers with the right skills must be in the right place on the assembly line, four (not three, not five) wheels must be bolted into place just so. Overseeing t... | 0 | PMC517831 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:15 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Oct 21; 2(10):e359 |
The key to any protein's function is its structure. Proteins first emerge as a linear strip of amino acids from the cellular protein-manufacturing machinery, and it is this primary sequence that determines a protein's ultimate conformation. Improperly folded proteins—which can gum up cells and, when secreted, tissues—a... | 0 | PMC517832 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Oct 21; 2(10):e360 |
To keep a cell healthy, proteins must go to the right places within a cell. To direct proteins to specific areas of the cell, they're marked with tags akin to zip codes on mail. These tags can direct one protein to the cell's nucleus, where it regulates gene expression, say, while another is sent to the hinterlands of ... | 0 | PMC517833 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Oct 21; 2(10):e361 |
A man in a suit and bowler hat walks awkwardly down the street, each convoluted step a labored movement. He lifts up one knee, then briefly stoops. Stepping forward, he swings the other leg out to the side then kicks high in the air. In this old Monty Python skit, the man works for the Ministry of Silly Walks. It's his... | 0 | PMC517834 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:15 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Oct 21; 2(10):e370 |
Background
As a group, the rheumatic diseases of childhood represent one of the most common chronic disease conditions in children [1]. These illnesses have global distribution [2-5], but little information exists regarding either prevalence or phenotypic expression of these diseases in children in any population other... | 15333136 | PMC517923 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:42 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004 Aug 27; 5:30 |
Background
This article describes the situation in a suburban area in Sweden, and concerns the comprehensive medical care of patients with primary-care home nursing, i.e. patients who require regular assistance from nurses in their homes in order to maintain their health and manage their health problems. This does not ... | 15333133 | PMC517924 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:28 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2004 Aug 26; 4:22 |
Background
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is among the most widely studied genetically-tractable experimental organisms. C. elegans is a soil-dwelling animal with a relatively simple and extremely well characterized anatomy; an adult hermaphrodite, for example, contains exactly 959 somatic cells, each with an iden... | 15331023 | PMC517925 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Aug 26; 5:115 |
Background
Predicting ancestral protein sequences from a multiple sequence alignment is a useful tool in bioinformatics [1]. Many evolutionary sequence analyses require such predictions in order to map substitutions to a particular lineage (e.g. [2,3]). In other situations, the predicted ancestral sequence alone may pr... | 15350199 | PMC517926 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Sep 6; 5:123 |
Background
Most proteins can be grouped, on the basis of similarities in their amino acid sequences, into a limited number of protein families. Proteins or protein domains that belong to a particular family usually share functional attributes and are derived from a common ancestor. Highly conserved sequences in protein... | 15357880 | PMC517927 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Sep 9; 5:127 |
Background
In the United States and temperate regions throughout the world, the family Rosaceae ranks third in economic importance. The most important fruit producing crops include apple (Malus), pear (Pyrus), raspberries/blackberries (Rubus), strawberries (Fragaria), and stone fruits (Prunus) such as peach/nectarine, ... | 15357877 | PMC517928 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:41 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Sep 9; 5:130 |
Background
There are several commercial microarray systems currently available on the market for genome-scale gene expression analysis. Different microarray manufacturers provide distinct underlying technologies, protocols and reagents specific to each system [1]. Despite the widespread use of microarrays, much ambigui... | 15345031 | PMC517929 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:43 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Sep 2; 5:61 |
Background
Insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and II) have a broad range of biological activities that include the stimulation of mitogenesis and differentiation, and insulin-like effects on glucose uptake and lipogenesis [1]. These activities are modulated by a family of six binding proteins, termed the IGF-binding pr... | 15350195 | PMC517930 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:48:01 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2004 Sep 6; 5:15 |
Background
Sounds are first converted into neuronal signals in the inner ear and then conveyed to the cerebral cortex via a number of discrete brain areas including the inferior colliculus. Each of these areas receives ascending pathways carrying signals from one or both ears and descending pathways from higher brain c... | 15353008 | PMC517931 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:46 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2004 Sep 7; 5:31 |
Background
In rat, deafferentation of one labyrinth (unilateral labyrinthectomy) results in a characteristic syndrome of ocular motor and postural disorders. These disorders have been divided into two categories : One category of symptoms, called static, includes head rotation in both the frontal and horizontal planes ... | 15361262 | PMC517932 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:46 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2004 Sep 10; 5:32 |
Background
Colorectal adenocarcinoma is a neoplasm in which prognosis is mainly determined by the histological stage. However, the prognosis of certain patient groups, especially those of intermediate stages, remains vague [1]. The main weakness of the currently used prognostic markers in colorectal adenocarcinoma, is ... | 15363095 | PMC517933 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:54 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2004 Sep 13; 4:20 |
Background
Brain Cell Membrane Protein 1 (BCMP1) cDNA was fortuitously isolated from a thyroid cDNA library [1]. It encodes a 181aa-long putative four-transmembrane domain protein which appears related to both Peripheral Myelin Protein 22 / Epithelial Membrane Proteins and Claudins protein families, and exhibits signif... | 15345028 | PMC517934 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:07 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2004 Sep 2; 5:22 |
Background
The H-Reflex evaluates S1 radiculopathy [1]. The measured latency, however, is neither specific nor sensitive for S1 spinal nerve disease, as it traverses a long pathway. Pease et al [2] were the first who described the central loop of the gastrocnemius-soleus H-Reflex latency (Central S1 loop latency or Tc)... | 15347428 | PMC517935 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:50 | no | BMC Neurol. 2004 Sep 3; 4:11 |
Background
Lung cancer causes approximately one million deaths each year worldwide [1]. Treatment of these patients is based on surgery, but at diagnosis approximately 80 % of NSCLC patients are inoperable [2]. These inoperable patients are treated with radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. Several studies have tried to im... | 15367333 | PMC517936 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:03 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Sep 14; 4:66 |
Background
Non-invasive monitoring of respiratory function is an area of increasing research interest, resulting in the appearance of new monitoring devices [1]. At present, the most utilised non-invasive method for continuous quantitative monitoring of breathing pattern is respiratory inductive plethysmography. This t... | 15355545 | PMC517937 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:10 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2004 Sep 8; 4:8 |
Background
Renal cancer accounts for 3% of adult malignancies. An estimated 35,710 new cases are expected to occur in the U.S. in the current year and 12,480 patients will die of this disease [1]. The majority of renal cancers arises from the proximal tubular epithelium, with a characteristic clear or granular cell app... | 15357873 | PMC517938 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:53 | no | BMC Urol. 2004 Sep 9; 4:11 |
Background
Molecular biological studies of plants require high-quality DNA. Several DNA extraction procedures for isolating genomic DNA from various plant sources have been described, including the salt extraction method and the cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) method [1] and its modifications [2,3]. The need for... | 15341663 | PMC517939 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:56 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2004 Sep 2; 4:20 |
Background
Osteoporosis has recently been recognized as a major public health problem by some governments and health care providers. In the European community, the number of men and women aged 65 years of older will increase steadily and the most dramatic changes will occur in the very elderly, in whom the incidence of... | 15350210 | PMC517940 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:59 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2004 Sep 6; 5:18 |
Background
At present, the prognosis of anaplastic thyroid carcinomas is very poor [1,2]. Since they are usually unable to concentrate radioiodine, the therapeutical approach is based on combination of aggressive surgery, external beam radiations and chemotherapy. Only rarely, however, this treatment results effective ... | 15363094 | PMC517941 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:03 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Sep 13; 4:63 |
Background
The use of chemical fertilizers has been responsible for dramatic increase in the stem wood production of forest trees [1-4]. In an 8-year-old stand of loblolly pine growing on an infertile site in Scotland County, North Carolina, for example, stem volume increment increased 152% after the fourth year of fer... | 15353004 | PMC517942 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:14 | no | BMC Ecol. 2004 Sep 7; 4:14 |
Background
Rapid clearance of parasitaemia following transfusion of IgG from malaria immune adults to clinically ill recipients illustrates that naturally acquired antibodies have a parasite clearing role in human malaria infection [1-3]. Neither the nature of the protective immune response nor the target antigens and ... | 15350207 | PMC517943 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:27 | no | Malar J. 2004 Sep 6; 3:31 |
Background
Malaria infections often consist of more than one parasite genotype [1-3]. Humans represent ecological niches for co-infecting malaria parasites, with shared predators (immune responses) and limited resources, so that competition between co-infecting malaria strains is likely to be intense [4]. Such competit... | 15367331 | PMC517944 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:27 | no | Malar J. 2004 Sep 14; 3:33 |
Background
Epidemiological evidence consistently shows a positive association between alcohol, even low to moderate intake, and breast cancer risk [1]. However, during the past two decades, it has become evident that moderate drinking is associated with longer life [2], reduced rates of heart disease [3] and stroke [4]... | 15353002 | PMC517945 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:29 | no | Nutr J. 2004 Sep 7; 3:11 |
Finding
Single-cell based analysis methods have become more and more important for understanding the cell-group effects such as how information is controlled and recorded in a cell group or a network shape. Early tissue culture studies of cardiac myocyte cells demonstrated that a single beating cell can influence the r... | 15357869 | PMC517946 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:48 | no | J Nanobiotechnology. 2004 Sep 9; 2:9 |
Background
The intrinsically fluorescent protein from the jellyfish Aequoria victoria, termed green fluorescent protein (GFP), can be used to visualize dynamic processes in live cells in real time [1]. A fusion between a molecule of interest and GFP is supposed to localize fluorescence to the normal intracellular local... | 15361253 | PMC517947 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:33 | no | J Negat Results Biomed. 2004 Sep 10; 3:2 |
Background
During cell cycle progression different functional protein complexes associate with and dissociate from chromosomal DNA [1,2]. We have taken a proteomic strategy to identify and then characterize proteins that are bound to chromatin at defined stages of the cell cycle in cell free extracts derived from Xenop... | 15357868 | PMC517948 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:14 | no | Proteome Sci. 2004 Sep 9; 2:6 |
Background
Dry eye is a common disorder of the ocular surface and tear film and is estimated to affect from 2% to over 15% of persons in surveyed populations, depending on the definition used [1-6]. Symptoms of dry eye are a major reason to seek ophthalmic care: a study by Nelson and co-workers found that 1.3% of Medic... | 15341657 | PMC517949 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:12 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004 Sep 1; 2:44 |
Background
Carcinoma of prostate is the most common cancer in males in America, ranking as the second most common leading cause of cancer-related deaths, just after carcinoma of the lung. In addition, the incidence and mortality of carcinoma of prostate are increasing in China. Although surgery and radiation therapy re... | 15357867 | PMC517950 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:24 | no | J Transl Med. 2004 Sep 9; 2:29 |
Introduction
The precise identification of HLA Class I and Class II alleles is critical for successful hematopoietic progenitor transplants, the development of peptide based viral and cancer vaccines, and investigating immune response [1,2]. DNA sequencing is one of the most comprehensive methods available for HLA typi... | 15363110 | PMC517951 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:24 | no | J Transl Med. 2004 Sep 13; 2:30 |
1. Background
The currently favoured explanation for the origin of Mendel's dominant and recessive traits is untenable [1]. The primary error in this current attempted explanation is the assumption that there is a direct, proportional, relationship in a diploid cell between a series of allegedly dominant and recessive ... | 15339331 | PMC517952 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:22 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2004 Aug 31; 1:6 |
Background
Transthyretin (TTR, formerly called prealbumin) belongs to a group of proteins including thyroxine-binding globulin and albumin which bind and transport thyroid hormones in the blood. It is a single polypeptide chain of 127 amino acids (14 kDa) and is present in the plasma as a tetramer of non-covalently bou... | 15341658 | PMC517953 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:15 | no | Proteome Sci. 2004 Sep 1; 2:5 |
Background
In recent years, the number of patients suffering from allergic asthma has increased [1], and allergic diseases including asthma have become a social problem affecting medical costs and quality of life. Allergic asthma is a complex disorder characterized by airway inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness ... | 15339344 | PMC518959 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:41 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Sep 1; 5:120 |
Background
Cancer is a leading cause of death in humans, and current studies in the clinical area focus on either the early detection of this disease or on the development of new selective treatment tools. New tumour markers can provide aid in cancer diagnosis and create novel treatment opportunities.
Ndrg1, also name... | 15341671 | PMC518960 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:33 | no | BMC Genet. 2004 Sep 2; 5:27 |
Background
The availability of complete genome sequences from different organisms makes it possible to identify, by similarity, potential homologs of genes that have been experimentally tested in other living beings, resulting in the recognition of putative functions for the proteins encoded by them. This research conc... | 15333143 | PMC518961 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:01 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2004 Aug 27; 4:29 |
Background
How actively do populations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cells undergo adaptive evolution on the spatial and temporal scales of individual infections? On the one hand, the long generation time and limited sequence diversity of this organism might suggest a slow pace of adaptive evolution. On the other hand,... | 15355550 | PMC518962 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:01 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2004 Sep 9; 4:31 |
Background
Mycoplasmas are the smallest living prokaryotes known, capable of self-replication. They belong to the class Mollicutes and are distinguished phenotypically from other bacteria by their minute size and lack of a cell wall. Genetically they differ by having a small genome size and low G+C content {1} [1]. Myc... | 15350196 | PMC518963 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:38 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2004 Sep 6; 4:35 |
Background
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most common and disabling of medical conditions [1]. The Canadian Community Health Survey recently reported a one-year prevalence rate of 4.5% for MDD, indicating that over 1.1 million Canadians suffer significant distress and impairment in function due to depres... | 15353006 | PMC518964 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:59 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2004 Sep 7; 5:19 |
Background
The causative agent for SARS has been identified as a novel coronavirus [1-3] with genome sequence revealing no strong homology to existing known coronaviruses [4-6]. Coronaviruses belong to the family of enveloped viruses called Coronaviridae, and have the largest known single-stranded viral RNA genomes (27... | 15357874 | PMC518965 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:30 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Sep 9; 4:34 |
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