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Background
Parvoviral DNA replication is a complex process that proceeds by a rolling hairpin mechanism [1-3]. Autonomous parvovirus replication and assembly occurs in the nucleus and is dependent upon host enzymes and cellular functions occurring during the S phase of the cell cycle [4-6]. MVM has been studied as a mo... | 15927068 | PMC1185569 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:00 | no | Virol J. 2005 May 31; 2:47 |
Background
The enzymatic removal of uracil from DNA occurs in all free-living organisms. Both the misincorporation of dUTP by DNA polymerase and the spontaneous deamination of cytosine are relatively frequent events and give rise to uracil residues covalently linked to the genome, with the latter resolving into A:T tra... | 16022730 | PMC1185570 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:00 | no | Virol J. 2005 Jul 15; 2:55 |
Background
Nearly 20–25% of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have distant metastasis at presentation. Another 50% develop metastasis or local recurrence during follow-up after the treatment of the primary [1]. RCC can recur at any time after nephrectomy and usually metastasizes via venous and lymphatic routes. ... | 16029517 | PMC1185571 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:04 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Jul 20; 3:48 |
Introduction
Almost all protein-coding genes of humans and other mammals have a split structure with several exons and introns. Intronic sequences are removed from the primary transcript by the process of pre-mRNA splicing [1], an essential step in eukaryotic gene expression. The number of functional variants generated... | 16110330 | PMC1185642 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:22 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Jul 8; 1(2):e15 |
Introduction
Electroreceptive fish detect nearby objects by processing the information contained in the pattern of electric currents through the skin. In weakly electric fish, these currents result from a self-generated field, produced by the electric organ discharge (EOD). Local transepidermal voltage or current densi... | 16110331 | PMC1185643 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:22 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Jul 15; 1(2):e16 |
In 1958, when ecology was a young science and mathematical models for ecological systems were in their infancy, Elton [1] wrote of the “neolithic days of animal ecology, that is to say about twenty-five years ago.” Acknowledging the influence of Lotka and Volterra, he noted, “Being mathematicians, they did not attempt ... | 16110332 | PMC1185644 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:22 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Jul 29; 1(2):e18 |
Introduction
In most mammals, pregnancy is maintained by high maternal plasma concentrations of progesterone, and labour occurs when progesterone concentrations fall. However, parturition in humans is unusual, as maternal progesterone levels remain high until delivery. The mechanisms regulating human parturition remain... | 16110333 | PMC1185645 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:22 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Jul 22; 1(2):e19 |
Introduction
Long-term storage of neuronal information is believed to occur through alterations in synaptic efficacy. Many mechanisms have been identified for changes in synaptic strength, including modulation of neurotransmitter release, conductivity changes in receptors, changes in numbers of receptors or active syna... | 16110334 | PMC1185646 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:22 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Jul 29; 1(2):e20 |
Introduction
RNA silencing protects the eukaryotic cell against viruses and transposons. Viruses produce double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) during reproduction, which can trigger the silencing of viral RNA [1,2]. RNA silencing can also be triggered by a sufficiently high expression of transgenes, a mechanism known as co-suppr... | 16110335 | PMC1185647 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:22 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Jul 29; 1(2):e21 |
Introduction
Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile, repetitive DNA sequences that constitute a structurally dynamic component of genomes. The taxonomic distribution of TEs is virtually ubiquitous: they have been found in nearly all eukaryotic organisms studied, with few exceptions. TEs represent quantitatively importa... | 16110336 | PMC1185648 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Jul 29; 1(2):e22 |
Introduction
Metagenomics is the application of modern genomics techniques to the study of communities of microbial organisms directly in their natural environments, bypassing the need for isolation and lab cultivation of individual species [1–6]. The field has its roots in the culture-independent retrieval of 16S rRNA... | 16110337 | PMC1185649 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:22 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Jul 12; 1(2):e24 |
Background
Mycorrhiza is the term used to denote the root-associated symbiosis between fungus and plant where resources otherwise unattainable or very costly (chiefly carbohydrates and mineral nutrients, respectively) are exchanged. Whereas the identification of the plant partner of the symbiosis often is comparatively... | 16022740 | PMC1186019 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:25 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jul 18; 6:178 |
Background
Uterine cervix carcinoma (UCC) represents the second cause of death among the female population worldwide. The fact that more than 99% of all the cervical invasive tumors are positive for infection with high risk human papillomavirus (HPV) suggests that this is one of the most important factors for the devel... | 16004614 | PMC1186020 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:05 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jul 9; 5:77 |
Background
Methods for the analysis of gene expression profiles have gone through progressive development over recent years. Traditionally, the level of transcribed mRNA has been analyzed using methods such as Northern blots, quantitative RT-PCR, differential display [1,2], representational difference analysis [3], tot... | 15955238 | PMC1186021 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:48 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Jun 14; 6:91 |
Background
Fe (III) oxide is the most abundant metal electron acceptor in most soils and sediments and its microbial reduction greatly contributes to the degradation of organic matter in many sedimentary environments as well as to the degradation of organic contaminants in polluted groundwater [1,2]. Fe (III) also is t... | 16000176 | PMC1186022 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:40 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Jul 6; 5:41 |
Background
Animals possess a number of chemosensory systems that enable them to perceive diverse stimuli in the environment. One such system is the olfactory system, which detects chemicals by a large number of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in the nose. In mammals, each OSN expresses a single allele of one odorant r... | 16018818 | PMC1186023 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:09 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Jul 15; 6:46 |
Introduction
Enhanced S-cone syndrome (ESCS) is an unusual disease of photoreceptors that includes night blindness (suggestive of rod dysfunction), an abnormal electroretinogram (ERG) with a waveform that is nearly identical under both light and dark adaptation, and an increased sensitivity of the ERG to short-waveleng... | 16110338 | PMC1186732 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:24 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Aug 5; 1(2):e11 |
Introduction
Selection for efficiency has been proposed to explain the reduced intron lengths of broadly or highly expressed genes in several animal systems [1–5]. Because of the energetic cost of transcription [4–6], which is proportional to the length of the transcript and the amount of the transcript that is produce... | 16110339 | PMC1186733 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:24 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Aug 5; 1(2):e13 |
Introduction
Glucocorticoids are essential steroid hormones that are secreted by the adrenal cortex and affect multiple organ systems. Among these effects are the ability to depress the immune system, repress inflammation, and help mobilize glucose in the fasting state. Glucocorticoids and their synthetic analogs are w... | 16110340 | PMC1186734 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:24 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Aug 5; 1(2):e16 |
Introduction
The GNAS1 locus encodes the stimulatory G-protein subunit α, a key element of the classical signal transduction pathway linking receptor–ligand interactions with the activation of adenylyl cyclase and a variety of cellular responses [1–3]. The gene is subject to complex imprinting, producing a spectrum of ... | 16110341 | PMC1186735 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:24 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Aug 12; 1(2):e18 |
I read the article “Recent Origin and Cultural Reversion of a Hunter–Gatherer Group” [1] with interest. The article raises questions about the nature of contemporary hunter–gatherer groups like the Mlabri of Thailand that are important. But I am concerned that the authors, in demonstrating the elegance of their genetic... | 16089504 | PMC1187857 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:25 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Aug 16; 3(8):e269 |
Martin Reese proved that he was more than a fly on the wall in the Drosophila Genome Center at the University of California at Berkeley when, as a young PhD student, he encouraged colleagues to approach their work in an entirely new way. The goal was to develop efficient computational tools to predict individual genes ... | 16089506 | PMC1187858 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:26 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Aug 16; 3(8):e288 |
Whenever symmetry is broken in nature to yield only one of two equally probable outcomes, whether in physics, chemistry, or biology, there is an intriguing problem to be solved. Physicists from M. and P. Curie to T.-S. Lee and C.-D. Yang puzzled over such phenomena at the atomic level. Organic chemists puzzled over the... | 16089507 | PMC1187859 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:26 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Aug 16; 3(8):e292 |
As concerns over pollution and climate change increase, understanding the impact of environmental change on living organisms is coming to the fore as never before. Research in the area of environmental genomics, through the application of genomic technologies, is shedding light on fundamental processes by which organis... | 16089508 | PMC1187860 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:26 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Aug 16; 3(8):e297 |
Waters [1] makes a number of points concerning our article [2], which, in our view, require clarification. First, Waters states that classifying Southeast Asian highland groups as either strictly horticultural or strictly foraging is overly simplistic, as most groups practice horticulture supplemented with some degree ... | 0 | PMC1187861 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:26 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Aug 16; 3(8):e270 |
Introduction
Since the sequencing of the first bacterial genome, the proteobacterium Haemophilus influenzae [1], the complete genomes of 213 microbial organisms have been sequenced, while the sequencing of many more microbial genomes is under way. The availability of these microbial genomes allows us to predict the fun... | 16110342 | PMC1187862 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:22 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Aug 12; 1(3):e25 |
Introduction
Important advances have been made in using computational methods to mine the ever-growing quantity of experimental results in order to derive predictions of protein–protein interactions. For such interactions there are methods that explore sequence and structure analysis, like gene fusion [1,2], gene order... | 16110343 | PMC1187863 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:22 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Aug 12; 1(3):e26 |
Introduction
Lipases are enzymes that catalyze both the formation and cleavage of long-chain acylglycerols [1]. In recent years, crystal structures of several lipases—bacterial, fungal and mammalian—have been determined [2–8]. Industrially, lipases—especially those of bacterial and fungal origins—are seemingly attracti... | 16110344 | PMC1187864 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:22 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Aug 12; 1(3):e28 |
Background
The seemingly entrenched poor health status of Australian Aboriginal peoples is for the Commonwealth Government 'a glaring and intractable problem' [1:90]. Since the 1970s, the concept of holism is advocated as providing 'a new way of thinking in Aboriginal health' [2]. The concept is often acknowledged as t... | 16014165 | PMC1187865 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:28 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2005 Jul 13; 2:15 |
Background
The mainstream realm of biosciences research is comprised, from the bibliographic point of view, within the accumulated indexing efforts of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM). The PubMed [1] database currently maintained by NLM indexes 4571 journals with over 13 million articles [2] (verifi... | 15982415 | PMC1187866 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:25 | no | Biomed Digit Libr. 2005 Jun 27; 2:4 |
Overview
For the last forty years, the Brandon / Hill Selected Lists of medical and nursing and allied health books have served as indispensable collection development tools in the medical library community. Following the announcement in April 2004 that the Brandon / Hill Selected Lists would no longer be updated, Dood... | 15987527 | PMC1187867 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:25 | no | Biomed Digit Libr. 2005 Jun 29; 2:5 |
Background
Nutmeg is the dried kernel of broadly ovoid seed of Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Myristicaceae), a bushy evergreen tree 10–20 m high, indigenous to India, Indonesia and Srilanka [1,2]. It is now cultivated in many tropical countries of both the hemispheres [3]. M. fragrans commonly known as nutmeg is widely us... | 16033651 | PMC1187868 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:46 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2005 Jul 20; 5:16 |
Background
Postoperative epidural fibrosis, the formation of dense scar tissue adjacent to the dura mater following surgical laminectomy, may play a role in up to 60% of the poor surgical outcomes following decompressive surgery [1-3]. A correlation between peridural scarring and radicular pain [4-7], and poor clinical... | 16000173 | PMC1187869 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:05 | no | BMC Anesthesiol. 2005 Jul 6; 5:10 |
Background
In spite of considerable progress in postoperative analgesia, recent studies show that adequate pain relief remains elusive for a significant fraction of hospitalized surgical patients [1-3]. Continuous awareness of this problem and further efforts to improve treatment are required despite the availability o... | 15982414 | PMC1187870 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:05 | no | BMC Anesthesiol. 2005 Jun 27; 5:9 |
Background
Systematic genome comparisons play an increasingly important role in genome analysis and annotation. There are mainly two kinds of approaches used for whole genome comparisons: whole proteome comparison studies and whole genomic sequence alignment studies. Both approaches are powerful tools to study genome o... | 16011797 | PMC1187871 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jul 12; 6:171 |
Background
Recent advances in DNA sequencing technologies have resulted in the availability of the assembly of a number of genomes at various stages. As of December 24, 2004, the Genomes OnLine Database [1] lists 1,245 on-going or completed genome projects. Included are the genomes of human [2,3], mouse [4], Norwegian ... | 16014168 | PMC1187872 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:25 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jul 13; 6:175 |
Background
Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry [1,2] (LC/MS) has been widely used in proteomics [3] and metabolomics [4] research. In this context, the technology has been increasingly utilized for differential profiling, i.e. broad screening of biomolecular components across multiple samples (correspond... | 16026613 | PMC1187873 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jul 18; 6:179 |
Introduction
In a previous article [1] we have argued the value of extracting the chemical information in bioscientific research, transforming it to XML and redisseminating it openly. The present article expands on the technical and cultural infrastructure required to support this. The technical aspects have been solve... | 16026614 | PMC1187874 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:25 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jul 18; 6:180 |
Background
Protein sequence alignments are at the heart of many biological applications such as sequence database searches, annotation of new sequences, inference of functional regions, comparative protein modeling. Modern sequence comparison methods (e.g. PSI-BLAST [1]) often can reliably establish an evolutionary lin... | 16033659 | PMC1187875 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:25 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jul 21; 6:185 |
Background
In microarray data analysis, hypotheses relating to differential expression of many genes across the experimental conditions are tested simultaneously. Typical research questions examine the effects of disease status and drug response on the expression of each gene. An extremely large number of e.g. >40K gen... | 16042779 | PMC1187876 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jul 22; 6:187 |
Background
The extraction of information from data generated by high-throughput experiments in genomics and proteomics has been likened to "attempting to drink from a fire hose". We are flooded with information on many levels such as whole genome DNA sequences, RNA expression, protein-protein interactions, protein modi... | 16048644 | PMC1187877 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:25 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jul 27; 6:192 |
The summands in Equations (1)–(3) in the original paper [1] should be logarithmic. The corrected equations are given below.
Any references to these equations appearing in the text should be modified accordingly. | 0 | PMC1187878 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:25 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Aug 1; 6:193 |
Background
The Runt domain (Runx) is a highly conserved 128 amino acid sequence that defines a metazoan family of sequence-specific DNA binding proteins important for the developmental control of cell fate [1]. Vertebrates have three Runx genes that are essential for the development of specific tissues (blood, bone, an... | 16076398 | PMC1187879 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:56 | no | BMC Biol. 2005 Aug 2; 3:18 |
Background
Profiling the expression pattern of genes in a tissue or cultured cells is often a starting point for exploratory genomic studies. Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) [1] is a technology for gene expression studies that can provide whole transcriptome coverage; however, it is slow and relatively labor ... | 16042785 | PMC1187880 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:06 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jul 22; 5:86 |
Background
Esophageal cancer is the eighth most common cancer and the sixth most common cause of cancer-related mortality in the world [1]. Esophagus cancer is not a common type of cancer in Turkey but it remains as a frequently diagnosed type in Van region in the east of Turkey [2,3]. Esophagus cancer is the most comm... | 16048655 | PMC1187881 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:06 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jul 28; 5:90 |
Background
Adenomyoepithelial tumours are a widely accepted, yet poorly understood diagnostic entity of breast neoplasms, the definition of which is based on cytological and architectural features. According to the most recent WHO classification, the spectrum of tumours included under this heading ranges from organoid,... | 16050957 | PMC1187882 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:12 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jul 28; 5:92 |
Background
Genome sequences of primates and rodents [1-3] now allow genome-wide investigations of evolutionary rates and selective processes. The aforementioned studies, and earlier ones, show that mammalian protein-coding genes vary dramatically in their rates of sequence divergence [1,3-6] and that amino acid sequenc... | 16018816 | PMC1187883 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Jul 14; 5:40 |
Background
The G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute one of the largest and most ancient superfamilies of membrane proteins, accounting for 1–2% of the vertebrate genome. GPCRs are characterized by the presence of highly conserved molecular architecture encoding seven transmembrane (TM) hydrophobic regions lin... | 16022726 | PMC1187884 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Jul 15; 5:41 |
Background
Dyslipidemia is a major cardiovascular risk factor in type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with coronary heart disease being the most common cause of death. Risk relates to raised triglycerides (TG) and decreased high density lipoproteins (HDL) as well as raised low density lipoproteins (LDL). In diabetes, lipid... | 15992403 | PMC1187885 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:55 | no | BMC Endocr Disord. 2005 Jul 1; 5:7 |
Background
Eosinophilic gastroenteritis is a rare disease characterized by eosinophilic infiltration of the intestinal wall. It may mimic peptic ulcer, intestinal obstruction, gastroenteritis, irritable bowel syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease. Long-term personal history of digestive symptoms and the course of th... | 16026609 | PMC1187886 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:27 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2005 Jul 18; 5:24 |
Text
After the publication of the paper [1] we have noticed that we have mistyped haplogroup M2 defining mutation in three places in the paper (listed below). It should be 447G instead of 477G.
1. Background: paragraph 2, line 8.
2. The package of the most ancient mtDNA haplogroups in India: paragraph 1, line 3.
3. ... | 0 | PMC1187887 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:39 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Aug 4; 6:41 |
Background
The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii specifically influences the behavior of intermediate hosts. Infected mice have impaired motor performance [1], deficits in learning capacity and memory [2], higher activity levels both in novel and familiar environments [3-7], lower ability of discriminating between f... | 16000166 | PMC1187888 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:15 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Jul 6; 5:54 |
Background
The effects of estrogens and androgens on the immune system in mice have been extensively studied. For example, B and T lymphopoiesis in bone marrow and thymus is suppressed by treatment with both estrogens [1-6] and androgens [7-9].
Submandibular glands (SMG) are sexually dimorphic in rodents. The secretor... | 16011795 | PMC1187889 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:32 | no | BMC Immunol. 2005 Jul 12; 6:16 |
Background
The polymerisation of deoxyribonucleotides into DNA is one of the most fundamental processes of life and is carried out by DNA polymerases. A wide variety of these enzymes exist, including the accurate polymerases α, β, δ, ε and γ and also the more recently discovered translesion polymerases, which can show ... | 16000169 | PMC1187890 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:34 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2005 Jul 6; 6:17 |
Background
The aims of nursing education principally center on the transmission of nursing knowledge, and assisting nursing students to acquire the necessary skills and attitudes associated with nursing practice. As with professional preparation generally, nursing education encompasses the three domains of learning, th... | 16045808 | PMC1187891 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:56 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2005 Jul 27; 5:29 |
Background
Prime-boost immunization protocols using different expression systems have proven to be successful tools in protecting experimental animals against various important human diseases [1] including tuberculosis [2], AIDS [3], and hepatitis C [4]. The success of such vaccination schemes depends upon the efficien... | 16076390 | PMC1187892 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:39 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Aug 2; 5:45 |
Background
Exercise is considered to be one of the most important treatments for patients with mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis [1,2]. Positive effects on pain and function, as well as cost-effectiveness have been reported [3,4]. The effect size obtained on pain experience is similar to that of pharmacological trea... | 15924620 | PMC1187893 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:04 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 May 30; 6:27 |
Background
Osteoporosis (OP) is defined as a skeletal disorder characterized by reduced bone strength which predisposes a person to an elevated risk of fracture [1]. This disease is an important public health problem in societies with an ever-increasing proportion of elderly people. It is projected that in Canada, appr... | 15969760 | PMC1187894 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:04 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Jun 21; 6:33 |
Background
Chronic pain has been estimated to affect between 2–40% of the adult population [1]. Although different definitions of chronic pain have been used in these epidemiological studies, differentiating chronic pain on the basis of global severity appears to identify important subgroups [2]. Compared with chronic ... | 16042761 | PMC1187895 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:04 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Jul 21; 6:42 |
Background
The circuit and neuro-cellular mechanisms that underlie learning and memory have occupied the interest of scientists for many decades. The most compelling and widely accepted theories of learning and memory hold that memories are stored at synapses. More specifically, memories are formed and stored by persis... | 16042781 | PMC1187896 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:48 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Jul 22; 6:48 |
Background
Middle ear disease (otitis media) is common and frequently severe in Australian Aboriginal children [1,2] In the worst affected communities, perforation of the tympanic membrane (TM) may affect more than 50% of children [3,4]. Such high rates have not been described consistently in any other population in th... | 16033643 | PMC1187897 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:05 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 Jul 20; 5:27 |
Text
Oh what a tangled web they wove! Cutler and Fishbain [1] re-analyzed Project MATCH data to challenge "a fundamental belief of addiction treatment that therapy is effective." They noted that patients who dropped out before receiving treatment nevertheless showed substantial change on the primary outcome measures, w... | 16026611 | PMC1187898 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:58 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Jul 18; 5:76 |
Background
Intermittent Claudication (IC) is the symptomatic manifestation of peripheral vascular disease, suffered by millions of patients worldwide. IC is thought to occur when skeletal muscle blood flow fails to increase adequately during walking [1,2] severely limiting the quality of life of the patient [3]. The ef... | 16018808 | PMC1187899 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:51 | no | BMC Physiol. 2005 Jul 14; 5:11 |
The inference, analysis and integration of networks of genes and products are fundamental goals of post-genomic research. Over the past few years several data- and knowledge-driven computational approaches have been proposed, which have provided relevant insights into the informational complexity and function of some o... | 0 | PMC1187900 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:34 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Aug 8; 4:47 |
Background
Trunk muscle co-activation of several muscles is considered necessary in achieving adequate spinal stability to prevent and treat low back injury [1]. Common exercise recommendations from health professionals include trunk exercises to prevent and treat low back injuries. Knowing the trunk muscle activation ... | 16053529 | PMC1187901 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:23 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2005 Jul 30; 13:14 |
Background
During the 1980's and 90's, allergy to natural rubber latex had posed serious concerns, particularly in certain occupational groups exposed to latex allergens [1-4]. Among these occupational groups, health care workers (HCW) and patients with spina bifida (SB) constitute the two major populations exposed to ... | 16092966 | PMC1187902 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:25 | no | Clin Mol Allergy. 2005 Aug 10; 3:11 |
Recently there has been an expansion of general and organ-specific cytopathology books. One may think there is no need for the latter since most of the general cytopathology books cover the cytopathology of organ sites extensively. This argument may not be true for all organ sites, particularly for the liver where ther... | 0 | PMC1187903 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:22 | no | Cytojournal. 2005 Jun 21; 2:10 |
Background
Air-displacement plethysmography (ADP) is gaining wide approval and use in the assessment of body composition in not only research laboratories but athletic facilities as well. ADP is commonly used in place of more established methods (e.g., hydrostatic weighing and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry) in part ... | 16045792 | PMC1187904 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:29 | no | Dyn Med. 2005 Jul 26; 4:8 |
Background
Cr(VI) compounds have been declared potent occupational carcinogens by IARC [1]. Although the first report on the development of lung cancer in the chrome ore industry appeared ca 80 years ago [2], several epidemiological studies among workers of almost one hundred different professional categories (chrome p... | 15921522 | PMC1187905 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:32 | no | Environ Health. 2005 May 27; 4:9 |
Introduction
Macrosocial phenomena (food costs and food culture), distal from the life of family and child, affect the prevalence of poverty related malnutrition. [1-4] Which specific families are affected, however, is highly dependent on micro-social factors in the family related to how well resources are used in the ... | 15985173 | PMC1187906 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:32 | no | Int J Equity Health. 2005 Jun 28; 4:10 |
Sander Greenland's elegant paper [6] raises deep questions about the way in which we choose and evaluate public health actions. We agree with the main thrust of his argument with respect to public health policy. We have some concerns, however, about his treatment of social causes, and on this point we focus our critiqu... | 15913455 | PMC1187907 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:27 | no | Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2005 May 24; 2:4 |
Background
Lymphatic filariasis (LF), also known as elephantiasis is caused by infection with the threadlike nematode Wuchereria bancrofti and transmitted by Culex pipiens mosquitoes; it is known to be endemic in rural areas of Egypt. Administratively, Egypt consists of 26 governorates with a population currently estim... | 16076397 | PMC1187908 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:25 | no | Filaria J. 2005 Aug 2; 4:7 |
1. Introduction
Filarial nematodes reside among others in the lymphatic vessels or the subcutis of their vertebrate hosts, where they often persist for many years in spite of an array of immune effector mechanisms. The persistence of the parasites has in part been attributed to the fact that they interfere with the reg... | 16091144 | PMC1187909 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:25 | no | Filaria J. 2005 Aug 9; 4:9 |
Background
Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer death in Australia and the world [1,2]. There are two types of lung cancers, non small cell (NSCLC) and small cell (SCLC). NSCLC accounts for 75–80% of all lung cancers. Overall, NSCLC has a low five-year survival rate of only 8–14%. Furthermore, approximately 75% of ... | 15987532 | PMC1187910 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:08 | no | Genet Vaccines Ther. 2005 Jun 30; 3:5 |
Background
During the 1980s with the advent of HIV and the realisation that the virus could be spread through shared, contaminated injecting equipment, a number of countries set up needle exchange programmes. These have been defined as services provided for the exchange of sterile injecting equipment for used injecting... | 16011794 | PMC1187911 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:49 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2005 Jul 12; 2:10 |
Background
The number of prescriptions per year for methadone in England increased from 425,400 to 1,318,100 between 1990 and 2001 [1]. Prior to the introduction in 1999 of national guidelines in England [2] with regard to supervised methadone consumption, it was common practice for patients to be prescribed take-home ... | 15987515 | PMC1187912 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:49 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2005 Jun 29; 2:9 |
Background
Several studies investigating health-related quality of life have found reduced quality of life in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC), particularly on measures relating to physical functioning. Because of the types of exposures leading to CHC, these patients are likely to have other demographic, lifesty... | 15960844 | PMC1187913 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:13 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Jun 16; 3:39 |
Background
Human malaria is a complex disease and its incidence is a function of the interaction between the Anopheles mosquito vector, the parasite, humans, and the environment. Different mosquito species have different habitat preferences e.g. rice fields, plantations, forests, forest fringes, foothills, etc., and ma... | 16011809 | PMC1187914 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:06 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2005 Jul 13; 4:17 |
Background
Dry eye affects approximately 10 million Americans, most of who are women. One of the most severe forms of dry eye is found in Sjögren's syndrome patients. A combination of immunologic, genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors may play a role in the development of autoimmunity involving the lacrimal glan... | 15985164 | PMC1187915 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:03 | no | J Autoimmune Dis. 2005 Jun 28; 2:6 |
Findings
The kynurenine pathway (KP) is a major route of L-tryptophan catabolism, resulting in the production of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and other neuroactive intermediates [1]. Of the metabolites, the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor agonist and neurotoxin quinolinic acid (QUIN) is likely to be one of th... | 16042813 | PMC1187916 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:21 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2005 Jul 26; 2:16 |
Background
Variability of gait can be quantified using both temporal and spatial gait characteristics. Variability of temporal characteristics such as stride time, double support time and stance time and spatial characteristics such has stride length has been consistently associated with falling, with increased variabi... | 16042812 | PMC1187917 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:40 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2005 Jul 26; 2:21 |
Background
The annual malaria incidence in French Guiana has increased ten-fold during the last 30 years, reaching nowadays approximately 3%, with 60% due to Plasmodium falciparum and 40 % due to Plasmodium vivax. French Guiana is an area with multidrug resistant P. falciparum malaria. Transmission occurs in isolated f... | 15969766 | PMC1187918 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:13 | no | Malar J. 2005 Jun 21; 4:26 |
Background
Malaria continues to be a major public health burden in Tanzania, a country with the world's third largest population at risk of stable malaria, after Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of Congo [1]. About 35 million Tanzania's population are at risk, pregnant women and under five children being the most vu... | 16033639 | PMC1187919 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:13 | no | Malar J. 2005 Jul 20; 4:31 |
Background
Senescence and apoptosis normally counteract cancer development and ability of cancer cells to disrupt these processes is 'lifeline' of cancer [1]. Oncogenes such as ras and myc can not induce oncogenesis unless intracellular mediators of senescence and apoptosis are disrupted. Most anticancer agents act by ... | 16022731 | PMC1187920 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:35 | no | Mol Cancer. 2005 Jul 15; 4:24 |
Background
Adequate maternal nutrition is of the utmost importance for proper fetal growth and development [1,2]. Epidemiological evidence links impaired maternal nutrition and compromised fetal growth to increased incidence of cardiovascular disease in adulthood [3,4]. LV hypertrophy and increased ventricular wall thi... | 16018810 | PMC1187921 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:11 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Jul 14; 3:27 |
Background
Transcription of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) is activated by viral Tat protein which binds to a transactivation response (TAR) RNA [1-4]. In cell-free transcription assays Tat exclusively induces elongation of transcription [5,6]. In contrast, Tat induces initiation of transcription from the integra... | 16048649 | PMC1187922 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:39 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Jul 27; 2:47 |
Background
Surfactant protein A (SP-A) is the major surfactant-associated protein, and is of central importance to the structure, metabolism, and function of pulmonary surfactant (as reviewed by [1-3]). It is also important for the regulation of inflammatory processes and for innate host defence of the lung (as reviewe... | 15969762 | PMC1187923 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:24 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jun 21; 6(1):60 |
Backround
COPD patients appear to have underlying pathologic abnormalities which facilitate bacterial colonisation and result in an increased rate of respiratory infections. Bacteria are detected in 40–60 % of exacerbations [1], and the significance of exacerbations for clinical course and decline of lung function is i... | 16004610 | PMC1187924 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jul 8; 6(1):68 |
Background
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major public health problem that is currently ranking as the fourth leading cause of death in the world [1]. It is characterised by progressive and largely irreversible airflow limitation associated with symptoms such as cough, sputum production, and dyspnea.... | 16029496 | PMC1187925 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:27 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jul 19; 6(1):74 |
Background
Apoptosis of inflammatory cells followed by their swift removal through phagocytosis is considered a major mechanism of resolution of inflammatory conditions [1,2]. The most common chronic inflammatory disease, asthma is characterized by eosinophilia, epithelial derangement, plasma exudation, and hypersecret... | 16086832 | PMC1187926 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:27 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Aug 8; 6(1):90 |
Background
It has been proposed recently that autoimmunity or, more generally, immunity is driven by a dynamic system balancing opposite vectors represented by type one interferons (IFNs) in one direction and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in the other [1]. This dichotomy is mediated through divergent activation of mononu... | 15953390 | PMC1187927 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:28 | no | J Transl Med. 2005 Jun 13; 3:24 |
Background
Parathyroid Carcinoma (PC) is a rare malignancy with an incidence of 0.5 to 4% in all patients surgically treated for primary hyperparathyroidism [1,2]. Generally the tumour is solitary, although recently a double parathyroid carcinoma has been reported [3]. This tumour has a high probability to recur locall... | 15975144 | PMC1187928 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:05 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Jun 23; 3:39 |
Background
Metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can be found in the lung and adrenal gland [1]. It has been reported that adrenal metastases from HCC are found in 8.4 % of autopsy cases, being the second most common site of metastasis after the lung [1]. Recent advances in diagnostic techniques and therapeuti... | 16042808 | PMC1187929 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:04 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Jul 25; 3:50 |
Background
Studies suggest that there are trait abnormalities in cognitive functioning in bipolar disorder, i.e. cognitive changes which are seen when patients are either manic or depressed but which are also seen when patients are euthymic. These are seen in studies of sustained attention, executive functioning, and v... | 16029502 | PMC1188051 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:07 | no | Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Jul 19; 4:14 |
Introduction
It has been estimated that one third of the World's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) resulting in 2 million deaths annually. In uncomplicated cases short course therapy (6 months) using a multiple-drug regimen is highly effective. An essential component of this regimen is rifamp... | 15958167 | PMC1188052 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:21 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2005 Jun 15; 4:9 |
Background
Asymmetric information
Asymmetric information is the term used to describe a situation where different decision makers have different information. Providers of health care usually have much better information about health and health care interventions than do consumers. Health care is frequently provided und... | 15985172 | PMC1188053 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:28 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2005 Jun 28; 2:13 |
Background
During a large scale analysis of data derived using the Affymetrix MOE430 murine DNA microarray [1], we detected striking differences in the resulting set of expressed genes depending on whether we were using one or another release of the microarray probe annotations as distributed by Affymetrix (NetAffx [2]... | 16033654 | PMC1188054 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:24 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jul 20; 6:183 |
Background
PAIs are distinct genetic elements of pathogens encoding various virulence factors such as protein secretion systems, host invasion factors, iron uptake systems, and toxins [1,2]. PAIs are a subset of genomic islands which have been transferred by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) event and confer virulence upo... | 16033657 | PMC1188055 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:24 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jul 21; 6:184 |
Background
Detecting genes, their organization, structure and function is a major challenge of the genomic and post-genomic era. Two fields of genomic biology are dedicated to this task and are known as structural and functional annotation. Structural annotation refers to the task of detecting genes, their location on ... | 16083500 | PMC1188056 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:25 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Aug 5; 6:198 |
Background
SMC-like proteins are a widespread protein family performing essential tasks in a variety of chromosome dynamics [1]. True SMC proteins are invariably associated with additional proteins and form part of at least 3 different complexes in lower and 4 complexes in higher eukaryotes: SMC 1 and SMC 3 form at par... | 15987505 | PMC1188057 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:30 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 Jun 29; 6:28 |
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