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Background
Home health care is a rapidly growing health care sector [1]. An increasing older population and the desire to reduce acute health care costs have contributed to its growth. In the United States, the 2003 annual expenditure for home health care was estimated to be $38.3 billion. This includes approximately 2... | 16014173 | PMC1188058 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:32 | no | BMC Geriatr. 2005 Jul 13; 5:9 |
Background
Highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) is associated with a number of serious and potentially life-threatening adverse events, including drug-induced liver injury (so called "hepatotoxicity"). Previous studies demonstrated the association of hepatotoxicity in HIV-infected patients treated with HAART, ... | 16018804 | PMC1188059 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:13 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Jul 14; 5:58 |
Background
Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in infancy is a frequent cause for referral to a pediatric gastroenterologist [1]. It is considered physiologic if the infant is thriving and suffers no complications of reflux [1]. Pathologic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is associated with malnutrition, respiratory di... | 16026617 | PMC1188060 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:05 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 Jul 18; 5:24 |
Background
At least 10% of the women in the western world face the prospect of developing breast cancer. The tendency in modern treatment of these tumours is towards less invasive local treatment. Today breast conserving surgery (BCS) has become more common than mastectomy in many countries. BCS and mastectomy combined... | 16008834 | PMC1188061 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:34 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Jul 11; 4:41 |
Introduction
Hostility and violence have long been a matter of concern in inpatient psychiatry. Violence of inpatient psychiatric units is a distinct character from outpatient violence. Of inpatients, 18% to 25% exhibit violent behavior while in the hospital [1,2]. Of violent acts, 78% are directed to nurses, with othe... | 16053528 | PMC1188062 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:01 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2005 Jul 29; 1:11 |
Introduction
Type I bipolar disorder is a severe and usually chronic mood disorder that causes significant illness and life disruption and is characterized by recurring episodes of mania and depression.
The goals of pharmacological treatment for bipolar disorder are to stabilize mood and achieve remission from manic a... | 16026618 | PMC1188063 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:01 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2005 Jul 18; 1:7 |
Introduction
Epidemiological population surveys, analysing determinants of positive mental health [e.g. [1-6]], are relatively uncommon, and those, comparing several countries within same survey, so far non-existing. However, giving some possibility for comparison with the present study, Veenhoven [7] has compiled a da... | 16042763 | PMC1188064 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:01 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2005 Jul 21; 1:9 |
Introduction
In the Northern hemisphere, influenza is a seasonal disease with high epidemic potential. Excess mortality due to influenza is frequently used as one important parameter to assess the severity of epidemics [1].
In non-pandemic years, influenza-associated death is mainly restricted to the elderly and peopl... | 15969758 | PMC1188065 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:27 | no | Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2005 Jun 21; 2:6 |
Introduction
Professor David Fidler in his Maloy Lecture on 5th October 2004 at Georgetown University said, "The nature and extent of foreign policy attention devoted to health today is historically unprecedented" [1]. In his lecture he examined the nature of this increased attention, specifically whether "this politic... | 16053520 | PMC1188066 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:02 | no | Global Health. 2005 Jul 29; 1:12 |
Background
Chemokines are key mediators controlling infiltration of leukocytes to inflamed areas. They consist of a class of related proteins that exert chemotactic properties on leukocytes via interactions with select members of the G-protein coupled, cell membrane-spanning receptors (GPCRs). The so far 50 identified ... | 16053521 | PMC1188067 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:22 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2005 Jul 29; 2:17 |
Background
Field Monitoring of Motor Activities
During the past decade, the interest of researchers and clinicians has focused on wearable sensors and systems as means to monitor motor activities in the home and the community settings [1-3]. Objective measures of physical activities outside of the clinical setting are ... | 15987518 | PMC1188068 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:40 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2005 Jun 29; 2:16 |
Introduction
Falls are one of the most serious complications of the gait disturbance in Parkinson's disease (PD) [1-7]. Beyond the acute trauma that they may cause, falls may lead to fear of falling, self-imposed restrictions in activities of daily living, and nursing home admission [1-6]. While traditional measures of... | 16053531 | PMC1188069 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:40 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2005 Jul 31; 2:23 |
Background
Close monitoring of public health problems in disaster-hit areas is warranted to assess the risk of disease outbreaks, including vector borne diseases. In this context, WHO has released a technical note on malaria risk and its control in areas affected by the tsunami disaster [1]. Updates of the tsunami situ... | 16029514 | PMC1188070 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:13 | no | Malar J. 2005 Jul 20; 4:32 |
The case for low carbohydrate diets in diabetes management
The epidemic of obesity and diabetes in our society over the past three decades has been accompanied by a decline in fat consumption and an apparent attempt to adopt the traditionally recommended low fat diet [1,2]. According to the USDA Continuing Survey of Fo... | 16018812 | PMC1188071 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:46 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005 Jul 14; 2:16 |
Background
Recent epidemiological studies have shown that almost a quarter of adults in the United States have metabolic syndrome or syndrome X and prevalence of this syndrome is increasing world-wide owing to lifestyle changes leading to obesity [1-3]. A cluster of abnormalities define metabolic syndrome including ins... | 16091142 | PMC1188072 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:46 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005 Aug 9; 2:18 |
Background
The polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with chronic anovulation and infertility. In most cases ovulation can be induced with clomiphene citrate (CC) but approximately 25% of patients fail to ovulate and require alternative treatment [1]. Human menopausal gonadotropins have been used but the risk ... | 16083511 | PMC1188073 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:12 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Aug 7; 3:31 |
Background
The frequency of premature birth has not changed significantly during the past two decades and the basic mechanisms underlying the initiation of both preterm and term cervical ripening and labour remain unknown [1]. No effective treatment for preterm labour (PTL) that reduces perinatal mortality and inhibits... | 16092967 | PMC1188074 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:12 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Aug 10; 3:33 |
Introduction
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, capable of inducing severe lung injury in sepsis or bacterial pneumonia upon release. Both conditions are predisposing causes of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Instillation of LPS into the lungs result... | 15972102 | PMC1188075 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:24 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jun 22; 6(1):61 |
Introduction
Anti-inflammatory drugs such as inhaled corticosteroids now are the mainstay of treatment in childhood asthma but measurement of airway inflammation using traditional invasive procedures is not feasible in children. Bronchial biopsy is invasive and non-invasive tests such as spirometry do not represent the... | 16042771 | PMC1188076 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:27 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jul 21; 6(1):79 |
Background
Tissue remodeling is a dynamic process common to several pulmonary disorders, such as asthma and lung fibrosis. It generally follows an inflammatory injury and involves an unbalanced repair process characterized by an inappropriate production/degradation of the organic matrix, which leads to abnormal lung ar... | 16045809 | PMC1188077 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:24 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jul 27; 6(1):84 |
Introduction
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a tumor derived from epithelial cells located in the posterior part of the nasopharynx. The nasopharynx has an abundant supply of regional lymphatic vessels, which drain along the internal jugular vein and the posterior cervical and retropharyngeal chains. As a result, NPC... | 15978137 | PMC1188078 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:28 | no | J Transl Med. 2005 Jun 26; 3:26 |
Background
Renal cell carcinomas (RCC) are classified as immunogenic tumors based on the observation that patients with metastatic RCC show some of the most favorable responses to immunotherapy [reviewed in [1,2]]; tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) have been isolated that kill autologous tumor cells following restim... | 16045799 | PMC1188079 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:29 | no | J Transl Med. 2005 Jul 26; 3:29 |
Introduction
Bone and soft tissue sarcomas are aggressive malignant tumors of mesenchymal origin. Despite their low prevalence (approximately 1% of all malignant tumors), they include more than 60 histological subtypes [1,2]. These subtypes are often associated with unique clinical, prognostic and therapeutic character... | 16086842 | PMC1188080 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:29 | no | J Transl Med. 2005 Aug 8; 3:31 |
Report
The 4th Algal Virus Workshop organized by Corina Brussaard and Herman Gons, and hosted by the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, was held in Amsterdam 17–21 april 2005. Though marine ecology rather than basic virology was the main focus of this meeting, exciting new results on the genomics of large/g... | 15967028 | PMC1188081 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:00 | no | Virol J. 2005 Jun 20; 2:52 |
Background
Severe infections with herpesviruses such as herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) have been observed in natural killer (NK) cell-deficient individuals [1-3]. This observation has fostered the belief that NK cells play a central role in innate resistance to HSV-1 infection. This hypothesis is further supported... | 16022737 | PMC1188082 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:00 | no | Virol J. 2005 Jul 17; 2:56 |
Introduction
Memory is a dynamic process. A new memory is initially labile and becomes stabilized over time through a process of consolidation [1,2]. This process depends on an initial phase of RNA and protein synthesis that has been characterized in several different species and with different types of memories [3–5].... | 16104829 | PMC1188238 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:49 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Sep 23; 3(9):e293 |
Introduction
The importance of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors in learning and memory is becoming increasingly more apparent [1]. Recent studies have demonstrated that experience may directly alter GluR1 receptors in glutamatergic synaptic sites as a means by which associative lear... | 16104830 | PMC1188239 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:27 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Sep 23; 3(9):e299 |
Eyewitness testimony has a unique ability to convince juries. The attorney asks the witness to identify the guilty party. The witness points to the defendant, the crowd gasps, and the judge pounds her gavel, demanding order in the court. The jurors casually scribble something in their notes, and everybody knows that th... | 0 | PMC1188240 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Sep 23; 3(9):e304 |
If you snooze, you lose those uncomely grayish-brown crescents below your eyes. If you don't snooze, you lose a lot more. The body can't fight off infection, the muscles can't regenerate as quickly, the mind can't learn new words, and the eyes can't focus on the road. You also gain things: a bad mood and increased risk... | 0 | PMC1188241 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Sep 23; 3(9):e308 |
Introduction
Structural disulfide bonds are a covalent tertiary interaction in proteins, acting to stabilize a folded protein structure. Until recently, the classical view in biochemistry held that structural disulfide bonds are present almost exclusively in extracellular and compartmentalized proteins, as the reducing... | 16111437 | PMC1188242 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:26 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Sep 23; 3(9):e309 |
As warm-blooded creatures, humans and other mammals maintain a relatively stable body temperature that buckles under the stress of intense heat (or cold). When the heat gets too high, we develop fevers and weaken, and our proteins destabilize and degrade—in some cases, such reactions can prove fatal. But some organisms... | 0 | PMC1188243 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:26 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Sep 23; 3(9):e317 |
On a sultry spring night in 2001, wildlife photographer Brian Call was heading home from the back reaches of south Florida's Fakahatchee Strand. As usual, he saw no sign of the forested swampland's rarest inhabitants, the black bear and Florida panther—until he spotted a young panther, twisted and mangled in the middle... | 16108700 | PMC1188244 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Sep 23; 3(9):e333 |
Introduction
Dementia remains an incurable condition of major significance to the world's ageing populations. There have been numerous studies of the prevalence, incidence and natural history of dementia though there have been very few which compare diverse locations. Most studies are based on a single site (e.g., Rott... | 16111436 | PMC1188245 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:21 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Aug 23; 2(8):e193 |
Introduction
The two main forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are both characterised by an aberrant immune response of the intestinal mucosa. The current understanding of disease pathogenesis suggests a complex interplay of multiple environmental and genetic factor... | 16107186 | PMC1188246 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:39 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Aug 23; 2(8):e199 |
Introduction
Histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2) is a 30-kDa protein produced by Plasmodium falciparum [1,2]. PfHRP2 is found in the parasite cytoplasm or parasite food vacuole, where it may play a role in the polymerization of heme to hemozoin [3,4]. It is also found in the host erythrocyte cytoplasm and red cell membra... | 16104831 | PMC1188247 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:21 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Aug 23; 2(8):e204 |
Introduction
Respiratory tract infections are among the most frequent diseases in the first years of life. Although there is a large number of viruses that are known to be involved in symptomatic respiratory tract infections, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus (INF), parainfluenza virus (PIV),... | 16104827 | PMC1188248 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:39 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Aug 23; 2(8):e240 |
Approximately 40% of the world's population, mostly living in the world's poorest countries, is at risk of malaria. In the tropical and subtropical regions of the world, malaria causes 300 million acute illnesses and at least 1 million deaths annually. Ninety percent of these deaths occur in Africa, south of the Sahara... | 0 | PMC1188249 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:40:31 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Aug 23; 2(8):e268 |
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is the term that encompasses chronic relapsing diseases characterized by inflammation of the bowel, specifically ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn disease (CD). They are common disorders; in the UK, for example, together they affect about one person in every 400, amounting to a total of... | 0 | PMC1188250 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:40:30 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Aug 23; 2(8):e273 |
The World Health Organization estimates that about 20% of all deaths in children younger than five years old are due to acute lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs), with 90% of these deaths due to pneumonia. But despite LRTIs being among the most frequent diseases in the first years of life, the viral causes of th... | 0 | PMC1188251 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:40:31 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Aug 23; 2(8):e274 |
Dementia remains an incurable condition and its increasing prevalence is a deeply worrying aspect of the “graying” of the population. An important question for researchers is to establish whether dementia incidence, prevalence, and national history vary from one location to another. Incidence studies are particularly v... | 0 | PMC1188252 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:40:30 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Aug 23; 2(8):e275 |
Over 5,000 rare diseases have been described, the vast majority being of genetic origin. Rare diseases affect a small number of individuals—less than one person per 2,000, according to the European definition, or less than 200,000 individuals in the United States, according to the US definition [1].
The few available ... | 16104832 | PMC1188253 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:32 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Sep 23; 2(9):e243 |
Introduction
Malaria results in up to 2.5 million deaths annually, with young children and pregnant women at greatest risk. Plasmodium falciparum causes the most severe and life-threatening form of malaria in man, cerebral malaria (CM). This complex cerebral syndrome includes several features in pediatric patients, not... | 16104828 | PMC1188254 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:31 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Sep 23; 2(9):e245 |
Two-thirds of all poor Italian families are in the south. Of the 20.7 million people (36.1% of Italians) living in southern Italy, 7.3 million (35.4%) are poor, living on less than €521 per month. Some 4.6 million of these people (63.3%) are extremely poor, living on less than €435 per month [1,2]. With such an economi... | 16104833 | PMC1188255 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:39 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Sep 23; 2(9):e250 |
The United States carried out the world's first nuclear test, codenamed “Trinity,” on 16 July 1945 in the desert of New Mexico. Just three weeks later, on 6 August, the US exploded a uranium device called “Little Boy” 2,000 feet above the Japanese city of Hiroshima, killing around 150,000 people. Three days later, the ... | 16104834 | PMC1188256 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:21 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Nov 23; 2(11):e301 |
Malaria is one of the most serious of all tropical parasitic diseases: a severe and life-threatening form of which in humans is cerebral malaria, a complication that can occur in malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This grave complication involves malarial infection of the red blood cells that accumulate within th... | 0 | PMC1188257 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:40:32 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Sep 23; 2(9):e315 |
Introduction
Membrane transport systems play essential roles in cellular metabolism and activities. Transporters function in the acquisition of organic nutrients, maintenance of ion homeostasis, extrusion of toxic and waste compounds, environmental sensing and cell communication, and other important cellular functions ... | 16118665 | PMC1188273 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:22 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Aug 19; 1(3):e27 |
Introduction
The three-dimensional structure of a protein is an essential component in elucidating the biological function(s) at the molecular level and in understanding the details of molecular recognition. Traditional structural biology supports a paradigm in which biochemical evidence of function is confirmed and fu... | 16118666 | PMC1188274 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:22 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Aug 19; 1(3):e31 |
Introduction
During development, proliferation is one of the key processes in the formation of an embryo, but how it is controlled spatiotemporally is still poorly understood. A tight regulation of proliferation is necessary during development and the remaining lifespan of an organism, as disrupted regulation might res... | 16121254 | PMC1189072 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:57 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Aug 19; 1(2):e19 |
Introduction
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is a disease characterized by excessive urination and thirst, despite normal production of the antidiuretic hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP) [1]. The inherited forms are either X-linked as a consequence of mutation of the Avpr2 gene [2], or autosomal due to mutation o... | 16121255 | PMC1189073 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:24 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Aug 19; 1(2):e20 |
Introduction
Mitochondrial β-oxidation of fatty acids provides energy, especially during fasting conditions. Fatty acid oxidation occurs in mitochondria and consists of a repeating circuit of four sequential steps. There are four straight-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenases involved in the initial step. Medium-chain acyl-CoA... | 16121256 | PMC1189074 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:24 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Aug 19; 1(2):e23 |
Introduction
Much effort has recently been devoted to understanding the genetic basis of natural variation in gene expression levels. Linkage mapping, in which gene expression levels are treated as quantitative traits in linkage analysis, has been used to characterize the heritability of these expression traits and to ... | 16121257 | PMC1189075 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:26 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Aug 19; 1(2):e25 |
Introduction
Cold has major influences on crop production, limiting geographical distribution and growing season and affecting quality and yield. Considerable effort has therefore been directed toward understanding how plants respond and adapt to low temperature. Arabidopsis thaliana, like many plants, increases its fr... | 16121258 | PMC1189076 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:24 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Aug 19; 1(2):e26 |
Background
A systems level understanding of highly complex biological systems requires an integration of experimental techniques and computational research [1]. Current molecular biology techniques can generate high-throughput quantitative data that support in silico research using mathematical models [2]. These models... | 15967022 | PMC1189077 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:27 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jun 20; 6:155 |
Background
A variety of algorithms and programs have been introduced to accomplish the processing of raw data as well as the statistical analysis of data from high-throughput experiments. But besides the mathematical complexity that needs to be handled, there is a biological complexity inherent to the data sets, too. C... | 15985174 | PMC1189078 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:25 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jun 28; 6:161 |
Background
Microarrays and other new high-throughput technologies are changing the way molecular biology is practiced. However microarray platforms and protocols are still under development, and the causes of common errors and artifacts are still not completely understood or controlled. Over time and replications, many... | 15992406 | PMC1189079 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:25 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jul 1; 6:166 |
Background
The PD-(D/E)XK superfamily of Mg2+-dependent nucleases groups together protein domains initially identified in structurally characterized type II restriction enzymes (REases) (reviews: [1,2]) and later found in diverse enzymes involved in DNA replication, repair, and recombination, including phage λ exonucle... | 16011798 | PMC1189080 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jul 12; 6:172 |
Background
Functional analysis of microarray data, e.g. to reveal enrichment of promoter sequences, metabolic pathways or signalling cascades, requires an extensive selection of differentially expressed genes. Arbitrarily chosen thresholds for fold-changes and/or significance of change are commonly used to split the ge... | 16018805 | PMC1189081 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jul 14; 6:177 |
Background
The gene expression microarray is an assay that measures expression levels of tens of thousands of genes in parallel on a single chip. Microarrays can be performed from a very small amount of a biological sample, thus allowing for an experimental design involving many sample groups, repeats, dense time serie... | 16076401 | PMC1189082 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Aug 2; 6:195 |
Background
Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) is used to measure relative abundances of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) for a large number of genes [1,2]. Briefly, mRNAs are extracted from biological samples and reverse-transcribed to cDNAs. The double-stranded cDNAs are then digested by a 4-cutter restriction enzyme (an... | 15987513 | PMC1189357 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jun 29; 6:165 |
Introduction
Eukaryotic cells possess multiple mechanisms to cope with structural damage to their DNA. For example, nucleotide excision repair (NER) excises oligonucleotides containing a covalently modified base and resynthesizes the deleted fragment using the undamaged DNA strand as template [1]. Cell-cycle checkpoint... | 16121259 | PMC1189734 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:24 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Aug 19; 1(2):e24 |
Prev Chronic Dis
Preventing Chronic Disease
1545-1151
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
PCDv12_03_0034a
Special Topics in Public Health
Original Research: Featured Abstract from the 18th National Conference on Chronic Disease Prevention and Control
Peer ReviewedState-Community Partnerships: Eliminating Health... | 15663884 | PMC1189735 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:20:34 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Mar 15; 1(2):A09 |
Background
Vacuolar-type ATPases (V-ATPases) are ubiquitous proton pumps in the endomembrane system of all eukaryotic cells and in plasma membranes of many animal cells where they energize transport processes across the membrane or regulate the pH of corresponding compartments [1]. They are heteromultimeric enzymes con... | 16080788 | PMC1190152 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:24 | no | BMC Biochem. 2005 Aug 4; 6:13 |
Background
Recent developments in biosciences have created a dramatic change from the analysis of a few genes to large gene lists. These lists are usually selected at the genomic level by criteria such as activity in a stress treatment [1], importance to cell survival in a specific growth condition [2], or as a result ... | 15987504 | PMC1190153 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:25 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jun 29; 6:162 |
Background
The original version of GoMiner [1,2] was oriented toward visualization and interpretation of the results from a single microarray (or other high-throughput experimental platform), using a graphical user interface (GUI). Although the GUI can be used to examine the results from a number of microarrays one at ... | 15998470 | PMC1190154 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jul 5; 6:168 |
Background
Subcellular localization is a key functional attribute of a protein. Since cellular functions are often localized in specific compartments, predicting the subcellular localization of unknown proteins may be used to obtain useful information about their functions and to select proteins for further study. More... | 16011808 | PMC1190155 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jul 13; 6:174 |
Background
Large-scale gene expression measurements by microarray technology are used to compare mRNA levels in different experimental or biological conditions [1]. However, in an increasing number of cases, it seems far more relevant to compare differences in expression responses, rather than static expression levels.... | 16029491 | PMC1190156 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jul 19; 6:181 |
Background
Large scale genomic studies, especially expression microarrays, routinely identify large genes sets (sometimes a few hundred or more) of interest. Researchers are faced with the problem of identifying interesting features in such datasets. A listing of gene annotations (e.g. functions, process) can help iden... | 16042800 | PMC1190157 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:25 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jul 25; 6:189 |
Background
Detection of sequence or fold similarity is often used to infer the function of uncharacterized proteins. By this approach one can tentatively assign a function to approximately 45–80% of the proteins identified by the genomic projects [1,2]. However, function is mostly determined by the physical, chemical a... | 16076399 | PMC1190158 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:24 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Aug 2; 6:194 |
Background
Bioinformatics includes some highly repetitive and computing intensive applications, such as comparison of nucleotide or peptide sequences in search for similarities. The BLAST algorithm (Basic Local Alignment and Search Tool) is well known for its performance [1]. Even though BLAST is "fast", it is an incre... | 16078998 | PMC1190159 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:25 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Aug 3; 6:197 |
Background
Protein secondary structure was first predicted on the basis of stereo-chemical principles to adopt α-helical and β-strand conformations due to the periodicity of their inter-backbone hydrogen bonds [1]. Subsequent experimental determination of protein structures confirmed these predictions revealing the pre... | 16095538 | PMC1190160 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:24 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Aug 11; 6:202 |
Background
Bats use echolocation calls for orientation in space and hunting for prey. Communication calls serve the purpose of inter- and intraspecific social communication. Neural control of both types of calls has access at the level of the medulla to the final common pathway for vocalization. Motoneurons controlling... | 16053533 | PMC1190161 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:56 | no | BMC Biol. 2005 Aug 1; 3:17 |
Background
Numerous molecular-biological and clinico-pathological studies have increased the knowledge about the hypoxia inducible regulation system in tumour biology. Protection against hypoxia in solid tumours is an important step in tumour development and progression. One system in hypoxia protection of tumour cells... | 16035955 | PMC1190162 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:06 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jul 21; 5:84 |
Background
The occurrence of primary carcinoid tumor of the urinary bladder is extremely rare. Two cases of these neoplasms have been reported recently by Martignoni and Eble [1]. According to a critical review of the literature performed by these authors, only four [2-5] of twelve previously reported cases showed conv... | 16048646 | PMC1190163 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:06 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jul 27; 5:88 |
Background
Treatment strategies for localised prostate cancer have to address issues of local control, prevention of distant spread and treatment of microscopic locoregional spread. It has been shown that local control is critically interrelated with the prevention of distant spread, since late metastases occur in pati... | 16048656 | PMC1190164 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:06 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jul 28; 5:91 |
Background
Cancer patients may harbor micrometastases which are responsible for recurrent disease. Micrometastases remain dormant as a result of a balance between tumor cell proliferation and an equivalent rate of cell death [1,2]. Surgical interventions may trigger tumor growth an effect associated with angiogenesis, ... | 16080790 | PMC1190165 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:06 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Aug 4; 5:94 |
Background
Since the first human study with sirolimus (rapamycin)-eluting stents (Cordis CYPHER™ stent) by Sousa [1], considerable promise of sirolimus-eluting stents for reducing restenosis rates and clinical parameters was subsequently demonstrated by several randomized clinical trials [2-7]. The mechanism of inhibit... | 16018822 | PMC1190166 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:06 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2005 Jul 15; 5:22 |
Background
Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI) are among the most frequent reasons for seeking ambulatory care [1]. ARTI in the context of this study include common cold, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, rhinosinusitis, tracheo-bronchitis, otitis media, acute exacerbations of asthma and of chronic obstructive pulmonary ... | 16107222 | PMC1190167 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:12 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Aug 18; 6:34 |
Background
Sitosterolemia is an autosomal recessive disease, characterized by significantly increased plasma levels of plant sterols (such as sitosterol, campesterol), and is associated with premature atherosclerotic disease [1]. This disease has been mapped to a single locus, STSL, on human chromosome 2p21 [2,3]. Muta... | 16026620 | PMC1190168 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:38 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Jul 18; 6:40 |
Background
The PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) method of DNA amplification has had a profound impact on biotechnology and biological research. Multiplex PCR is an extension of the standard PCR protocol in which multiple loci are amplified simultaneously in order to save time, improve throughput, and reduce the total co... | 16042802 | PMC1190169 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:49 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Jul 25; 6:102 |
Background
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by mutations in the gene encoding dystrophin, a subsarcolemmal protein functioning within the dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex (DGC)[1,2]. This complex connects the intracellular cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix. The DGC is concentrated at the Z-l... | 16011810 | PMC1190170 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:48 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Jul 13; 6:98 |
Background
Failure to comply with outpatient medical appointments is a perennial problem, affecting costs, causing scheduling conflicts, and interrupting continuity of care. Failed appointments in different outpatient settings have ranged from 12% to 42% [1-7]. The resulting economic costs range from £65 per failed app... | 16083504 | PMC1190171 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:53 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Aug 6; 5:51 |
Background
Large surveys of clinical practice are often conducted by postal questionnaire, as this is a practical and economical method of obtaining information. However, if the response rate is low, the respondents may represent a biased sample of the population. It is therefore desirable that the response rate to a p... | 16091137 | PMC1190172 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:52 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Aug 9; 5:52 |
Background
Over recent years Israel, as well as other countries, has witnessed an increase in the prevalence of acts of violence. This rise is seen in workplaces, in recreation sites, on the roads, within the family and even in schools. The mass media are full of reports on violent acts. Violence does not necessarily i... | 16102174 | PMC1190173 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:53 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Aug 15; 5:54 |
Background
An increasing number of experimental vaccines are being developed for diseases in which cellular immunity is likely to be required for protection [1]. These include HIV [2], hepatitis C [3], malaria [4], and cancer [5]. In these settings, immunological monitoring of antigen-specific T cell responses is likel... | 16026627 | PMC1190174 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:32 | no | BMC Immunol. 2005 Jul 18; 6:17 |
Background
We previously showed the ability of the local treatment with periodated oxidized ATP (oATP), an inhibitor of the P2X7 ATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate) receptor [1], to relieve inflammatory pain in the rat paw, in which chronic inflammation was induced by Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA) injection [2,3]. There... | 16042776 | PMC1190175 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:32 | no | BMC Immunol. 2005 Jul 22; 6:18 |
Background
High-to-medium-resolution structures of the ribosome have by their ability to generate structure-based functional hypotheses radically changed the way the ribosome is studied. One of the more intriguing results that has come from structural studies is the extraordinary number of roles attributed to a single ... | 16053518 | PMC1190176 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:25 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2005 Jul 29; 6:18 |
Background
Kabuki syndrome (KS) is a multiple congenital anomalies/mental retardation (MCA/MR) syndrome of unknown cause. It was first described by Niikawa et al. [1] in 1981 and is also known as Niikawa-Kuroki syndrome. In the interim, more than 300 patients of both Asian and non-Asian heritage have been reported[2]. ... | 16042804 | PMC1190177 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2005 Jul 25; 6:28 |
Background
Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disorder of the small intestine in which dietary gluten ingestion leads to a chronic inflammatory status of the mucosa [1]. There is strong evidence for a genetic component for CD, with the HLA genes being the strongest genetic locus associated with CD predisposition know... | 16078996 | PMC1190178 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2005 Aug 3; 6:29 |
Background
Outer hair cells (OHCs) are sensory cells of the mammalian cochlea. These cells are cylindrical in shape, with stereocilia projecting from their apical surfaces and neuronal synapses associated with their basal surfaces. Mechanical deflection of OHC stereocilia, in response to sound pressure waves, results i... | 16086836 | PMC1190179 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2005 Aug 8; 6:30 |
Background
During the last couple of decades, the importance of good patient-doctor communication has been increasingly emphasized, and teaching communication skills in medical school and post graduate courses is no longer a novelty. There is increasing evidence to suggest that this educational input results in an over... | 16029509 | PMC1190180 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:55 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2005 Jul 19; 5:28 |
Background
Tremendous resources have been invested in the development and implementation of clinical practice guidelines over the past 15 years [1-3]. In spite of these efforts, however, guidelines are not uniformly successful in improving care and several instances of implementation failure have been described, some r... | 16048653 | PMC1190181 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:52:11 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2005 Jul 27; 5:23 |
Background
Research conducted in low-income countries often yield contradictory results where sensitive issues are concerned even in similar studies and populations [1]. One source of bias is socially desirable responses in face-to-face (FTF) interviewing. Consequently, data from studies on stigma-associated diseases s... | 16076385 | PMC1190182 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:52:11 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2005 Aug 2; 5:24 |
Background
A cluster randomized trial involves randomizing social units or clusters of individuals, rather than the individuals themselves. This design, which is increasingly used for evaluating health-care, screening and educational interventions [1-3], presents specific constraints that must be considered during plan... | 16109162 | PMC1190183 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:51 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005 Aug 18; 5:25 |
Background
Clubfoot is a collection of different abnormalities [1-5] with different etiologies [3,6]. Consequently, severity varies with difficulties in evaluating treatment strategies and outcome results.
Most assessment instruments available for clubfoot aim towards classification or cross-sectional outcome and conc... | 16022741 | PMC1190184 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:04 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Jul 18; 6:40 |
Background
Comatose survivors of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) developing generalized myoclonus have a poor prognosis. Most of these patient die and those surviving the acute stage almost always remain in a persistent vegetative state [1-8]. There are recent reports of single patients with myoclonus who have a go... | 16026615 | PMC1190185 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:53 | no | BMC Neurol. 2005 Jul 18; 5:14 |
Background
The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of some 23 zinc dependent proteases that, collectively, possess the ability to degrade nearly every component of the extra-cellular matrix [1-3]. The activity of the MMPs is tightly controlled through proteolytic activation of the zymogen forms and stoichiome... | 16078993 | PMC1190186 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:48 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Aug 3; 6:49 |
Background
Although common oral diseases are not life threatening, their outcomes may influence the overall wellbeing of individuals and populations. Oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) characterizes a person's perception of how oral health influences an individual's life quality and overall well being. This c... | 16042806 | PMC1190187 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:57 | no | BMC Oral Health. 2005 Jul 25; 5:7 |
Background
Palliative care has only been a distinct academic discipline in Australia since the 1980s, with an emerging publication base. Defining the work already done that contributes to evidence-based practice and research directions is time consuming and difficult. This problem is shared with many clinical disciplin... | 16083513 | PMC1190188 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:52 | no | BMC Palliat Care. 2005 Aug 8; 4:4 |
Background
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) infection in infants as a consequence of vertically acquired infection, is an important cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity, presenting as sepsis or pneumonia [1]. The incidence of early onset group B streptococcus sepsis (EOGBS) occurring within the first week of life has f... | 16042773 | PMC1190189 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:05 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2005 Jul 22; 5:12 |
Background
Measurement of children's development, behaviour, and impairment is essential in studies that seek to determine the impact of early life events on functional abilities. Because professional administered standardised assessments are extremely resource intensive, parent-completed questionnaires are used increa... | 15998464 | PMC1190190 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:06 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 Jul 5; 5:21 |
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