text string | pmid string | accession_id string | license string | last_updated string | retracted string | citation string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Background
Adolescent pregnancy has long been considered to increase the likelihood of adverse infant outcomes [1]. The infant mortality rate in the United States (U.S.) for young women has remained persistently high despite widespread study of this phenomenon. In 1999, the infant mortality rate for women under 20 year... | 16042801 | PMC1190191 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:57 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Jul 25; 5:79 |
Background
Space-filling, turgor-driving vacuoles must have originated at a very early stage of biological evolution and have subsequently evolved to undertake various functions, well-known in algae, fungi (including yeast), and plants [1]. Many of the advanced, complex functions operate on or are closely associated wi... | 16080795 | PMC1190192 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:14 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2005 Aug 4; 5:13 |
Background
Prolyl Endopeptidase (PEP, EC 3.4.21.26) is a cytosolic endopeptidase. PEP cleaves peptide bonds on the carboxyl side of proline residues in low molecular weight proteins containing the recognition sequence X-Pro-Y, where X is a peptide or protected amino acid and Y is an amide, a peptide, an amino acid, an ... | 15932649 | PMC1190193 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:03 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 Jun 2; 5:27 |
Background
Tetraspanins constitute a large family of integral membrane proteins, characteristically containing 4, 6 or 8 conserved cysteine residues in the large extracellular loop (including the CCG and PxxCC motifs), which form disulfide bonds, and several conserved polar residues in the intracellular loop and transm... | 15985154 | PMC1190194 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:52 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2005 Jun 28; 5:11 |
Background
The human N-acetylation polymorphism is a genetic trait phenotypically allied by variation in N-acetyltransferases 2 (NAT2) activity with therapeutic agents. Acetylation polymorphism arises from the allelic variations in human arylamine N-acetyltransferases 2 resulting in the production of NAT2 proteins with... | 16083506 | PMC1190195 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:02 | no | BMC Urol. 2005 Aug 6; 5:12 |
Background
In a previously published experimental research report, it was found that exposing a transplantable murine mammary adenocarcinoma to a 15 mT EMF given at 120 pulses per second for 10 minutes per day significantly reduced tumor growth and vascularization and resulted in an increased survival time [1]. This pu... | 16045802 | PMC1190196 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:16 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2005 Jul 26; 5:23 |
Case Report
A full term, small for gestational age infant (2.1 kg) without antenatal care was delivered urgently at our institution. Initial Apgar scores were 7 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes respectively. Shortly, within less than 1 hour after delivery he developed significant respiratory distress (respiratory rate 70 breat... | 16098228 | PMC1190197 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:31 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2005 Aug 12; 3:20 |
Background
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is present in brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) [1,2]. Its expression and the distribution of its receptors have been shown to change dynamically during development and differentiation [3], implying that IGF-1 is involved in these processes within the central nervous sy... | 16045806 | PMC1190198 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:38 | no | Cerebrospinal Fluid Res. 2005 Jul 26; 2:5 |
Introduction
Anaphylaxis consists of an immediate IgE-dependent reaction in response to allergens. Clinical symptoms are caused by an initial systemic histamine release by mast cells and basophils that may lead to shock with laryngeal edema, lower-airway obstruction and hypotension. The most frequent allergens involved... | 15989690 | PMC1190199 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:25 | no | Clin Mol Allergy. 2005 Jun 30; 3:9 |
Background
Information about the Significant Others (S.O.) of 530 patients with mood and anxious spectrum disorders has been tabulated in this multicentre, retrospective, clinical observational study in order to learn the prevalence of the same mood and/or anxious spectrum diseases in the S.O. of the patients.
Methods... | 16076395 | PMC1190200 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:01 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2005 Aug 2; 1:12 |
Background
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are ubiquitously present in the ecosystem and have been reported in the tissues of many animals and human population groups [1]. They are persistent and biomagnify in biota such that humans and predators at the top of the food chain experience the highest concentrations. Bann... | 15927085 | PMC1190201 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:32 | no | Environ Health. 2005 Jun 1; 4:10 |
Introduction
There is an abundance of scientific evidence demonstrating a direct relation between salt intake and blood pressure (BP) [1]. Many animal studies [2], large population-based studies [1,3-6], epidemiological studies [7-9], meta-analyses of clinical trials [10-12], and randomized controlled trials [13,14] ha... | 16042798 | PMC1190202 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:32 | no | Environ Health. 2005 Jul 25; 4:13 |
Background
The use of cocaine, one of the most potent and addictive illicit drugs, appears to be increasing in some countries [1-3]. International drug agencies suggest that this should be closely monitored, in particular among young people in urban areas [3]. The trends and magnitude of drug abuse are currently estima... | 16083497 | PMC1190203 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:32 | no | Environ Health. 2005 Aug 5; 4:14 |
Background
In the United States today, the average household stores 3–10 gallons of hazardous materials [1]. Inadvertent exposure to these household hazardous materials (HHMs), along with their improper use and disposal can create health risks. The most recent annual report of the American Association of Poison Control... | 16092959 | PMC1190204 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:32 | no | Environ Health. 2005 Aug 10; 4:16 |
Review
Menopause is characterized by physiologic and psychosocial changes in a woman's life. Menopause may be associated with vasomotor symptoms (VMS; hot flushes [also referred to as hot flashes] and night sweats), bone loss, urogenital atrophy, urinary tract infections and incontinence, increased cardiovascular risk,... | 16083502 | PMC1190205 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:14 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Aug 5; 3:47 |
Background
Spatial analysis of birth related morbidity (e.g., low birthweight) provides a way to identify inadequate health care access as well as potential environmental and behavioral causal factors. Cluster analysis is frequently used to identify an unusually high occurrence of morbidity that is clustered in space a... | 16076402 | PMC1190206 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:06 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2005 Aug 2; 4:19 |
Background
There is increasing evidence that CNS inflammation (termed neuroinflammation) driven by abnormal or prolonged glia activation contributes to the pathogenesis and progression of both acute and chronic disorders [1,2]. Normally, glia respond to stresses by a transient activation that serves a homeostatic funct... | 15967035 | PMC1190207 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:22 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2005 Jun 20; 2:15 |
Background
Dual-task related gait changes are usually interpreted as interference caused by competing demands for limited attentional resources [1], highlighting the idea that walking is not only an automatic process but also an attention-demanding task. For example, it has been shown that healthy young adults devote a... | 16095533 | PMC1190208 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:40 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2005 Aug 11; 2:26 |
Introduction
In Peru, the history and prevalence of the human-malaria causing Plasmodium species parasites are different from what is found in the widely studied African, Asian or Pacific countries. The incidence of malaria in Peru before 1940 is not well-known, but between 1940 and 1960 there were reports of Plasmodiu... | 15975146 | PMC1190209 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:13 | no | Malar J. 2005 Jun 23; 4:27 |
Background
Like most countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Tanzania carries a heavy malaria disease burden. It is estimated that 28 million citizens are exposed to the risk of stable malaria, resulting in 16 million clinical episodes per year and 100,000 child deaths – over 25% of total deaths [1]. In addition, malaria repr... | 16042780 | PMC1190210 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:13 | no | Malar J. 2005 Jul 22; 4:34 |
Background
Proteins from one organism are often expressed in a different species for the purpose of protein purification or complementation studies. When such efforts fail due to non-production of the protein, the underlying cause of failure is often unclear [1]. Protein overproduction is known to induce a heat shock-l... | 16042769 | PMC1190211 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:35 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2005 Jul 21; 4:22 |
Background
Nanotechnology provides the ability to engineer the properties of materials by controlling their size, and this has driven research toward a multitude of potential uses for nanomaterials[1]. In the biological sciences, many applications for metal nanoparticles are being explored, including biosensors[2], lab... | 15987516 | PMC1190212 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:05 | no | J Nanobiotechnology. 2005 Jun 29; 3:6 |
Background
Previous epidemiological studies in Europe have demonstrated a heterogeneity in respiratory and cardiovascular diseases after exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) [1,2]. Inflammation plays a crucial part in the long-term development of lung diseases, and possibly also cardiovascular diseases induced b... | 16105184 | PMC1190213 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:30 | no | Part Fibre Toxicol. 2005 Aug 17; 2:4 |
1. Introduction
Multiple imputation is a well-established statistical practice [1-6]; however it is rarely used in health care surveys. For example, the National Health Interview Survey limits reports to complete case analyses [7]. Here, we demonstrate how multiple imputation can be applied to public health surveys, us... | 15998465 | PMC1190214 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:42 | no | Popul Health Metr. 2005 Jul 5; 3:6 |
Introduction
The incidence of aneuploidy in human pregnancies is unusually high (1–2%) compared to other mammals [1]. Monosomies and trisomies together account for 35% of clinically detected spontaneous abortions (6–20 wks of gestation), stillbirth (4%) and most importantly, are the leading cause of developmental disab... | 15969756 | PMC1190215 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:11 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Jun 21; 3:25 |
Background
Early studies of South American camelids documented that copulatory stimulation is responsible for inducing ovulation in these species [1,2]. The first significant increase in plasma LH concentrations occurred 15–40 minutes after the initiation of mating in llamas and alpacas [3,4]. A similar LH increase was... | 16018817 | PMC1190216 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:12 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Jul 14; 3:29 |
Background
The rate of HIV disease progression varies greatly among infected individuals, which is defined invariably by increasing plasma viral loads and concomitant decline in the CD4+ T cell counts. A small but rare subset of chronically-infected individuals comprising <0.8% of total HIV infected population appear t... | 15985187 | PMC1190217 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:39 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Jun 29; 2:41 |
Background
The final step in HIV-1 replication cycle is the release of nascent viral particles from the infected cell. In this way, HIV-1 acquires its lipid bilayer envelope by budding through the plasma membrane of infected T CD4+ cells. The only necessary and sufficient viral element for this event to take place is t... | 16080789 | PMC1190218 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:39 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Aug 4; 2:48 |
Background
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is the single most common cause of serious lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in infants and young children causing up to 126,000 hospitalizations annually in the U.S. [1] with an estimated 500 deaths per year [2]. HRSV bronchiolitis has been associated with t... | 16014172 | PMC1190219 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:00 | no | Virol J. 2005 Jul 13; 2:54 |
The outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) posed a great global threat. SARS is a system disease which impairs many organs, such as lung, liver and immune organ. Respiratory distress and decreased immune function are the main causes of SARS patient death [1-3]. SARS was found to be caused by a novel coron... | 16107218 | PMC1190220 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:00 | no | Virol J. 2005 Aug 17; 2:66 |
Background
As in ulcerative colitis, there is an increased incidence of colorectal carcinoma in Crohn's disease [1]. An increased risk of cancer in patients with Crohn's disease has been shown to be related to an early onset and a prolonged duration of the inflammatory bowel disease [2]. Furthermore, several cases have... | 15987512 | PMC1190221 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:04 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Jun 29; 3:42 |
Background
Bladder carcinoma is one of the most common malignancies occurring worldwide. It is seen mainly in men. The incidence in women is approximately 3 to 4 times lower than in men but it seems to be rising [1]. Bladder cancer has been associated pathogenetically with many etiological factors which include occupat... | 16083498 | PMC1190222 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:04 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Aug 5; 3:53 |
Background
Although exercise has salutary effects, strenuous or unaccustomed physical exercise can cause morphological insult to the myocardial and skeletal muscle involved in the activity, as well as to others organs [1]. Tissue damage resulting from acute or chronic exercise ranges from considerable fiber disruption ... | 16107219 | PMC1192789 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:46 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2005 Aug 17; 5:17 |
Background
Many protein structure prediction methods require an algorithm that is capable of constructing a new conformation for a short segment of the protein, without affecting the rest of the molecule. In other words, a protein fragment needs to be generated that seamlessly closes the gap between two given, fixed en... | 15985178 | PMC1192790 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:27 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jun 28; 6:159 |
Background
GFP and many of its spectral variants have found widespread use as genetically encoded indicators in cell biological applications, including investigating protein expression, localization and interactions [1]. They have also been used for marking cells in complex tissues in chimeras, and for tagging gene exp... | 15996270 | PMC1192791 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:25 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2005 Jul 4; 5:20 |
Background
Malignant melanoma is a common malignancy that has the potential to metastasize to any site including the liver [1]. However, liver metastases secondary to melanoma rarely result in fulminant hepatic failure [2-5] and do not typically cause significant systemic disease. We cared for a patient with malignant ... | 15989692 | PMC1192792 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:05 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jun 30; 5:67 |
Background
The consequences of brain injury upon an individual are many and varied, with some individuals fortunately making a good recovery whilst others continue to be affected in the longer term. Residual difficulties one year post injury often include physical effects such as fatigue, paralysis, seizures and headac... | 16048645 | PMC1192793 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:12 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Jul 27; 6:30 |
Background
Disabling fatigue in children and adolescents is an important clinical problem given that it is associated with severe functional impairment that has an impact upon the child's education and social development [1,2]. It is the main illness related reason for prolonged absence from school in young people [3].... | 16091130 | PMC1192794 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:13 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Aug 9; 6:33 |
Background
Ascites is one of the most common complications of liver diseases, even though in 15% of the cases it is related to extrahepatic diseases; 3% are of cardiac nature and they appear associated with signs and symptoms of heart failure. It is also associated with certain blood laboratory abnormalities. In this c... | 16078991 | PMC1192795 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:27 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2005 Aug 3; 5:25 |
Background
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are one of the largest superfamilies of cellular receptor proteins, generally consisting of seven transmembrane helices (TMH) connected by three extracellular and three cytoplasmic loops of varying lengths. Different GPCRs respond to a wide variety of different external st... | 16091152 | PMC1192796 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:48 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Aug 10; 6:106 |
Background
A large fraction of repetitive sequences originate in eukaryotic genomes from mobile genetic elements (MGEs), which are grouped into 2 classes. Class I transposons require mRNA intermediates, whereas class II elements transpose directly as DNA. Tc1-like class II transposons, named after the founder gene in C... | 16095544 | PMC1192797 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:48 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Aug 12; 6:107 |
Background
Transcriptional profiling via whole genome arrays has revealed both impressive diversity and unexpected commonalities in gene expression. Some fraction of this variation results in the various functional, developmental, and reproductive phenotypes that are downstream of gene expression [1,2]. The source of t... | 16107220 | PMC1192798 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:49 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Aug 17; 6:110 |
Background
The conditions for acquiring a physician's license in Japan are considered to be less strict than those in other advanced countries [1]. Consequently, only technical aspects have been emphasized in medical education, and paternalistic treatment has continued in clinical practice [2]. However, as the incidenc... | 16083505 | PMC1192799 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:58 | no | BMC Med Ethics. 2005 Aug 6; 6:8 |
Background
Turkey is a large and densely populated country (area.: 780 576 km2, population: around 71 millions). In Turkey, tuberculosis remains an important public health concern with a case notification rate of 26.2/100.000 inhabitants in 2002 [1]. In many of the studies, social aspect of TB is also underestimated. T... | 16045794 | PMC1192800 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:40 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Jul 26; 5:44 |
Background
Water molds such as Saprolegnia and Aphanomyces species are responsible for devastating infections on fish in aquaculture, fish farms and hobby fish tanks [2,3]. Members of the genus Saprolegnia cause saprolegniosis, a disease that is characterized by visible white or grey patches of filamentous mycelium on ... | 16076392 | PMC1192801 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:40 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Aug 2; 5:46 |
Background
The assembly, composition and maintenance of photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes are regulated by many different factors including light quality, light intensity, temperature, water availability and nutrient status [1]. Microorganisms have diverse mechanisms for sensing and acclimating to environmental ... | 16076400 | PMC1192802 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:40 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Aug 2; 5:47 |
Background
The intact retina of animals and humans provides several sources of electrical responses to visual stimulation. Among them, the receptors, horizontal, bipolar, and to some extent the amacrine cells generate graded local potentials [1]. Their different superimposed neuronal contributions have extensively been... | 16102171 | PMC1192803 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:48 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Aug 15; 6:50 |
Background
Measurements of bronchial hyper-reactivity (BHR) have provided insight into the physiological basis of asthma, and provide a tool for asthma diagnosis, assessment of asthma severity and response to treatment [1,2]. The bronchial provocation tests require an objective outcome measurement that reflects airway ... | 15985169 | PMC1192804 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:07 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 Jun 28; 5:19 |
Background
Preterm infants are vulnerable to alterations in arterial oxygen or carbon dioxide tension [1]. Changes in oxygen supply contribute to the subsequent development of retinopathy of prematurity or bronchopulmonary dysplasia [2]. Hypocarbia has been associated with the subsequent development of periventricular ... | 16092957 | PMC1192805 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:06 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 Aug 10; 5:30 |
Background
Arthritis is a most frequent affection of joints and a common condition in general practice (roughly 60–80 patients per thousand cases with an average of 5.7 GP contacts per quarter) [1,2]. The GP is the primary contact for arthritis patients and the main care provider for most patients. Previous studies, in... | 16029495 | PMC1192806 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:58 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Jul 19; 5:77 |
Background
Antihistaminergic drugs are commonly classified into three generations. First generation antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine, effectively block the H1 receptor subtype but their use is limited due to significant central (sedation) and peripheral (tachycardia, xerostomia) antimuscarinic side effects. Seco... | 16109168 | PMC1192807 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:00 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2005 Aug 18; 5:13 |
Background
IL-10 is a pleiotropic cytokine (reviewed in [1,2]) that suppresses immune system response by inhibiting synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines and their cellular receptors [3,4]. In addition to immunosuppressive functions, IL-10 also possesses immunostimulatory activities, including stimulation of growth an... | 15985167 | PMC1192808 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:52 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2005 Jun 28; 5:10 |
Background
Surgical treatment of bone tumours often requires generous resection of bone, leaving defects which are difficult to span. Freezing tumours with liquid nitrogen was introduced in the late 1960's as an adjuvant treatment to extend the surgical margin of excision for intralesional resection or for curettage by... | 16083509 | PMC1192809 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:04 | no | BMC Surg. 2005 Aug 7; 5:17 |
Background
Fracture-fixation by bone-plate is intended to provide immobilization at the fracture site and reduce the fracture gap, thus allowing primary bone-healing or healing by endosteal callus formation (for micro-movement in order of 500 microns). The role of bone-plate and screws is to hold the fractured bone seg... | 16045807 | PMC1192810 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:34 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Jul 27; 4:46 |
Introduction
The organization of cells in tissues and organs is controlled by molecular control mechanisms that allow cells to interact with their neighboring cells and the extra cellular matrix. Cell-cell recognition and adhesion are critical processes in development, differentiation and the maintenance of tissue arch... | 16053526 | PMC1192811 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:16 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2005 Jul 29; 5:24 |
Background
Genomic instability is a hallmark of multistage carcinogenesis [1]. The instability is likely to accelerate the mutation rate of unstable cells and give them growth advantage over normal cells. It is established that ionizing radiation causes genomic instability in mammalian cells in the form of a persistent... | 16091149 | PMC1192812 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:19 | no | J Carcinog. 2005 Aug 9; 4:11 |
Background
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by hyperglycemia and vascular complications including microangiopathy and macroangiopathy [1,2]. The hallmarks of diabetic microangiopathy are retinopathy and nephropathy leading to blindness and renal failure respectively [3,4]. Macroangiopathy in diabetes, includes corona... | 16086844 | PMC1192813 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:03 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2005 Aug 9; 4:12 |
Background
Liver biopsy is currently recommended as the gold standard method of staging fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C [1,2]. The risk of developing cirrhosis depends on the stage (degree of fibrosis) and the grade (degree of inflammation and necrosis) observed in the initial liver biopsy [3,4]. This pro... | 16008833 | PMC1192814 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:24 | no | Comp Hepatol. 2005 Jul 11; 4:6 |
Introduction
A major goal in teaching epidemiology is that students master the concept of confounding. They should understand when confounding may occur, how it can result in bias, and how to assess the presence of confounding and adjust for it.
As described by Rothman [1], "on the simplest level, confounding may be c... | 15953393 | PMC1192815 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:38 | no | Epidemiol Perspect Innov. 2005 Jun 14; 2:6 |
Introduction
Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of the breast is a minimally invasive, safe, fast and cost effective technique which provides diagnostic information as to the nature of a breast lesion and can be used in appropriate settings to allow rapid management planning.
Pneumothorax occurring after FNAC of t... | 16111483 | PMC1192816 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:37 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2005 Aug 19; 2:14 |
Background
Malaria has always been a major public health problem in Yemen. About half of the population are at risk of malaria and there are several hundred deaths every year [1].
A preliminary, exploratory meeting of experts and other concerned parties was held in Geneva in October 1998. The meeting concluded, that p... | 15987508 | PMC1192817 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:13 | no | Malar J. 2005 Jun 29; 4:28 |
Introduction
To assess the health of a population, we have traditionally relied on the average or overall level of health in a population. For example, 77.2 years of life expectancy for Americans in 2001 [1] or an infant mortality rate of 6.8 per 1,000 in the United States in 2001 [2] provide some information about the... | 16014174 | PMC1192818 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:42 | no | Popul Health Metr. 2005 Jul 13; 3:7 |
Introduction
Androgens have critical physiological roles in male sexual differentiation and in the development of male secondary sex characteristics. Androgens primarily mediate their actions through interactions with receptors belonging to the steroid hormone receptor super-family. Androgen receptors (AR) have been id... | 16107211 | PMC1192819 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:12 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Aug 17; 3:37 |
Background
To be fully activated platelets are dependent on two positive feedback loops; the formation of thromboxane A2 by cyclooxygenase in the platelets and the release of ADP from dense platelet granules. Thromboxane A2 and ADP then activates specific receptors on the extracellular side of the platelet membrane. Th... | 16045804 | PMC1192820 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:24 | no | Thromb J. 2005 Jul 26; 3:10 |
Background
Behcet's disease (BD) is a multisystemic inflammatory disease with a clinical spectrum that has greatly expanded since it was first described in 1937 as a triple complex of recurrent oral genital ulcers and uveitis. Cardiac involvement is extremely rare and often associated with poor prognosis [1]. We report... | 16042810 | PMC1192821 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:24 | no | Thromb J. 2005 Jul 25; 3:9 |
Background
Epithelioid sarcoma is a rare, high-grade, soft tissue sarcoma. These tumors typically present on the extremities, in males who are 20 to 30 years of age. Overall 5 and 10-year survival rates are 70% and 42% respectively [1]. Epithelioid sarcoma is among a group of sarcomas with a propensity for regional lym... | 15987509 | PMC1192822 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:04 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Jun 29; 3:41 |
Background
The distinctive coat pattern of a Dalmatian is the result of the interaction of several genes. Specifically, it is known the extreme piebald allele of the Piebald locus, in conjunction with the ticked allele of the Ticking locus, and nonflecked allele of the Flecking locus, produces pigmented spots on a whit... | 16045797 | PMC1192828 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:46 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2005 Jul 26; 1:1 |
Introduction
All animals must be able to evaluate their nutrient requirement, as well as the nutrient supply offered by the environment, and translate the resulting information into appropriate behavioral responses. These can range from deciding to stop or continue feeding, or to look for alternate food sources. The nu... | 16122349 | PMC1193519 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:26 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Sep 30; 3(9):e305 |
Introduction
By dramatically increasing mortality [1] and morbidity [2] from cardiovascular disease, obesity has emerged as a major public health issue for the 21st century. Obesity is strongly associated with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, heart failure, and stroke [3]. This burden of disease is particul... | 16122350 | PMC1193520 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:26 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Sep 30; 3(9):e315 |
Obesity is a leading cause of preventable death and is often linked to type II diabetes and heart disease. Being a complex trait, obesity is likely caused by the interplay of multiple environmental factors and many genes. Common genetic differences between individuals within a region of Chromosome 10 have previously be... | 0 | PMC1193521 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:27 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Sep 30; 3(9):e321 |
To control what you eat and when, your nervous system must coordinate a laundry list of signals: internal signals contain information about energy level, food preferences, and metabolic need, while external signals relay information about the quality of available food, determined by its smell and taste. Scientists stud... | 0 | PMC1193522 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:27 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Sep 30; 3(9):e332 |
Introduction
Homologous recombination was originally described as being the result of the sexual process—in bacteria as in eukaryotes—and was later identified as a major DNA repair process. Both genetic and biochemical studies revealed the crucial role of homologous recombination in all organisms for the repair of a va... | 16132081 | PMC1193525 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:24 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Aug 26; 1(2):e15 |
Introduction
Natural killer (NK) cells destroy cells infected with certain viruses and other intracellular pathogens. They also influence immune responses through the release of cytokines. A key aspect of recognition of appropriate target cells is the ubiquitously expressed major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class ... | 16132082 | PMC1193534 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:58 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Aug 26; 1(2):e27 |
Introduction
Zebrafish is an important vertebrate model for the analysis of developmentally regulated genes. Its advantages are rapidly developing transparent embryos, a short generation time, and amenability to genetic manipulation. In recent years, large-scale mutagenesis has been undertaken by both chemical mutagens... | 16132083 | PMC1193535 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:36 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Aug 26; 1(2):e29 |
Background
Intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) protects pregnant women from malaria and placental parasitaemia and their newborns from malaria-associated low birth weight [1-6]. This strategy is being proposed to reduce malaria morbidity and mortality in infants (IPTi) in sub-saharan Africa by administration of a t... | 16033653 | PMC1193983 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:13 | no | Malar J. 2005 Jul 20; 4:33 |
Introduction
The appearance of polyglutamine (polyQ)-containing aggregates [1–3] is a hallmark of disease progression in all diseases in which CAG-expansions occur in genes [2]. Intranuclear inclusion bodies containing polyQ aggregates have been found in vitro [4,5], in cell cultures, animal models, and affected patien... | 16158094 | PMC1193989 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:22 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Aug 26; 1(3):e30 |
Introduction
Recent work in evolutionary biology has highlighted the degeneracy of the relationship between genes and traits [1]. For any particular trait value, there will exist a large set of genotypes that give rise to that value. A mutation from one such genotype to another will be neutral, having no noticeable im... | 16158095 | PMC1193991 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:22 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Aug 26; 1(3):e32 |
The ISCB held its 13th annual Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology Conference (ISMB) in Detroit, Michigan, June 25–29, 2005. Considering this conference has moved to many points on the globe in its 13 years, this location was not so far away geographically from the first ISMB held in Bethesda, Maryland, in 1993, b... | 16758003 | PMC1193992 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:22 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Aug 26; 1(3):e33 |
The differences, or otherwise, between biological databases and journals is an important question to consider as we ponder the future dissemination and impact of science. If databases and journals remain discrete, our methods of assimilating information will change relatively little in the years to come. On the other h... | 16158097 | PMC1193993 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:22 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Aug 26; 1(3):e34 |
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.0010009
In PLoS Computational Biology, vol 1, issue 1.
The Editor for this research article was incorrectly given as Philip Bourne. The Editor was Burkhard Rost, Columbia University, United States of America.
This correction note may be found online at DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.0010038.
... | 0 | PMC1193994 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:22 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Aug 26; 1(3):e38 |
Introduction
Nucleosomes play many roles in transcriptional regulation, ranging from repression through occlusion of binding sites for transcription factors [1], to activation through spatial juxtaposition of transcription factor-binding sites [2]. There are two main ways in which cells modulate nucleosomal influences ... | 16122352 | PMC1195719 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:26 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Oct 30; 3(10):e328 |
Background
The Bacillus cereus sensu lato family of rod-shaped Gram-positive bacteria contains six subspecies that are genetically very close [1] but nonetheless have highly specialized lifestyles, especially as concerns their respective virulence spectra. Most notable are B. cereus sensu stricto, an opportunistic path... | 16042811 | PMC1196294 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:48 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Jul 26; 6:103 |
Influenza is an important source of mortality and morbidity, and an important public health priority. Measuring the health burden imposed by influenza viruses is an important, and still controversial, question. Some authors argue that influenza is directly or indirectly responsible for the majority of seasonal excess d... | 16042766 | PMC1196295 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:27 | no | Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2005 Jul 21; 2:7 |
Background
A number of mechanisms leading directly to drug-related death are known. One of the most widely known variants is where the active substance content of a drug bought on the black market differs from the accustomed level [1]. Lethal development related to drug overdose occurs most frequently when the patient ... | 16042795 | PMC1196296 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:49 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2005 Jul 25; 2:11 |
Background
Within the last decade the plastic surgical community has been encouraged to use health-related quality of life (HRQL) assessment instruments to report on the efficacy of surgical interventions [1-5]. There is also an increased awareness of the impact of health and healthcare on the quality of human life suc... | 16042775 | PMC1196297 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 22:25:28 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Jul 22; 3:44 |
The term “parasite” derives from a classical Greek word that was used to refer to “a guest who comes to dinner and doesn't leave” or “a class of priests who had meals at public expense” (Clitodemus, in Athenaeus Grammaticus, ca. 378 B.C.). In modern usage, it refers to eukaryotic organisms that range from single-cell p... | 16120007 | PMC1196468 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:26 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Aug 30; 2(8):e210 |
DESCRIPTION OF CASE
A 69-year-old female presented with palpitations and a history of tiredness and shortness of breath for several weeks. She had a previous history of Raynaud syndrome. She was an ex-smoker. She commented that she had not lost her tan since the previous summer. Her only medication was nifedipine for h... | 16120008 | PMC1196471 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:23 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Aug 30; 2(8):e229 |
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is mainly seen in developed, urbanized countries, and its incidence increased steeply at the beginning of the 20th century, concurrently with improved hygiene. Similar trends have been observed for allergic and autoimmune disorders, suggesting that a reduction in microbial burden contri... | 16120009 | PMC1196472 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:26 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Aug 30; 2(8):e230 |
Evidence that calorie restriction (CR) retards aging and extends median and maximal life span was first described in the 1930s by McCay et al. [1]. Since then, similar observations have been made in a variety of species including rodents, fish, fruit flies, worms, and yeast [2]—and although they are not yet definitive,... | 16120010 | PMC1196473 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:39 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Aug 30; 2(8):e231 |
Armed with the power to prescribe, doctors are in a position to flood their patients' bodies with potent medicines at a stroke of their pen—and they have been consistently wooed by the pharmaceutical industry.
Doctors in Nepal have started to become targets for the pharmaceutical industry's promotional activities. The... | 16120011 | PMC1196479 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:30 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Aug 30; 2(8):e256 |
The implementation of the comprehensive plan for the care, management, and treatment of HIV and AIDS in South Africa [1] needs to be supported by all. It is encouraging to note that Wilson and Blower [2] used South Africa to develop a novel method to determine the optimal strategy for allocating antiretroviral treatmen... | 16120012 | PMC1196485 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:31 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Aug 30; 2(8):e270 |
“Truth in science can be defined as the working hypothesis best suited to open the way to the next better one.”—Konrad Lorenz, Austria
Scientific truth is a moving target. In the process of peer review, authors, reviewers, and editors work together to minimize the reporting of false results. However, even if one a... | 16120013 | PMC1196486 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:40:31 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Aug 30; 2(8):e272 |
We want to congratulate Chinnock and colleagues, who summarize very well the main problems that evidence-based medicine faces in developing countries [1]. As members of the Iberoamerican Cochrane Network, we would like to share some lessons learned and highlight possible solutions to the problems identified by Chinnock... | 16120014 | PMC1196490 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:31 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Aug 30; 2(8):e277 |
The only people who don't know in 2005 that animal research is irrelevant for human disease are those who don't understand it or those who benefit from it. As a physician, clinical researcher, and former animal researcher, I know that though they are our closest genetic relatives, primates have failed as research model... | 16120015 | PMC1196491 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Aug 30; 2(8):e278 |
After interviewing 63 experts, Salamanca-Buentello et al. [1] identified the ten main nanotechnologies that could provide a solution to problems involving water, agriculture, and health. Overflowing with good intentions, the proposal reflects the idea that if a problem can be identified, all that has to be done is appl... | 16120016 | PMC1196492 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:31 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Aug 30; 2(8):e280 |
Whistleblowers serve no function if they cannot tell their stories. The present story of whistleblowing—as discussed, in part, in PLoS Medicine—that involves the pharmaceutical industry, pharmaceutical benefit management corporations, the managed care industry, and the political and lobbying forces that zealously guard... | 16120017 | PMC1196493 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:30 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Aug 30; 2(8):e281 |
With reference to Awasthi and colleagues' Policy Forum [1], International Campaign to Revitalise Academic Medicine (ICRAM) has done an excellent service by provoking thought about the future of academic medicine by outlining five scenarios. However, all of the scenarios are seriously deficient because they do not suffi... | 16120018 | PMC1196494 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:31 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Aug 30; 2(8):e282 |
Awasthi et al.'s discussion of the future of academic medicine [1] is stimulating, but the primary focus of policy should be enhancing scientific progress in medicine. Science policy should address the decline in major, clinically relevant “breakthroughs” over recent decades [2].
Medical research has become mostly an ... | 16120019 | PMC1196495 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:31 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Aug 30; 2(8):e285 |
In PLoS Medicine, vol 2, issue 2, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020036
David D. Ho states that he should have declared as a competing interest that two members of his research team and Ho himself are co-inventors on two candidate vaccines that are in clinical development. For this effort, they also receive funding from ... | 0 | PMC1196496 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:40:31 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Aug 30; 2(8):e299 |
In PLoS Medicine, vol 2, issue 7, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020174
Equation 4 was incorrectly printed. It should be as follows:
This correction note may be found online at DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020320. Published August 30, 2005
Citation: (2005) Correction: Appropriate models for the management of infec... | 0 | PMC1196497 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:40:30 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Aug 30; 2(8):e320 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.