text string | pmid string | accession_id string | license string | last_updated string | retracted string | citation string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
In PLoS Medicine, vol 2, issue 7, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020215
The following sentence contains an incorrect number: “Only by massaging the numbers could one figure out that physicians would need to put 700 women on statins to eliminate one cancer case (in medical parlance, this is called number needed to treat).... | 0 | PMC1196498 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 11:13:53 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Aug 30; 2(8):e321 |
Introduction
It has long been hypothesized that the increased complexity and genome size of vertebrates has resulted from two rounds (2R) of whole genome duplication (WGD) occurring in early vertebrate evolution, thus providing the requisite raw materials [1]. This seemed to be supported by the long-standing speculatio... | 16128622 | PMC1197285 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:27 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Oct 6; 3(10):e314 |
Introduction
Regulated exocytosis is a sophisticated process that requires the specific attachment of secretory granules to the plasma membrane and the opening of fusion pores connecting the interior of the granule to the extracellular medium [1]. Several of the proteins involved have been identified and characterized ... | 16131227 | PMC1197286 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:28 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Oct 6; 3(10):e323 |
Introduction
The genus Coronavirus belongs to the plus-strand RNA virus family of the Coronaviridae and currently contains about 25 species that are classified into three groups according to their genetic and serological relationships [1–4]. Coronaviruses (CoVs) infect humans and multiple species of animals, causing a ... | 16128623 | PMC1197287 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:27 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Oct 6; 3(10):e324 |
Introduction
Each multi-nucleate muscle fibre in an animal is uniquely positioned and performs a specific function. The development of these features is a consequence of the specification of the identity of the fibre, and its differentiation in the context of its innervation and attachment to tendon cells. In Drosophil... | 16207075 | PMC1197288 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:28 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Oct 6; 3(10):e337 |
As one of the most important sources of novel gene functions, gene duplications play a major role in evolutionary change. Though a gene copy will generally become inactive after duplication, it can be saved—either by acquiring a new function or dividing aspects of the original gene's function—on its way to becoming ubi... | 0 | PMC1197289 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:26 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Oct 6; 3(10):e344 |
Organelles in cells communicate with each other via small membrane-bound vesicles that carry molecular cargo from one part of the cell to another. Just as a cargo ship must know where to dock in order to empty goods at the correct port, vesicles in a cell must dock and empty their contents in the appropriate part of th... | 0 | PMC1197290 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:27 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Oct 6; 3(10):e352 |
Viewed under a microscope, the coronavirus appears almost beautiful, thanks to the halo-like crown formed by its surface proteins. (“Corona” means “crown” in Latin.) Aesthetics aside, this genus of viruses is responsible for a wide range of animal and human diseases, from the common cold to the deadly severe acute resp... | 0 | PMC1197291 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Oct 6; 3(10):e353 |
Unlike virtually every other type of cell, muscle cells contain dozens or even hundreds of nuclei. These multinucleate cells, called myofibers, form by fusion of precursor cells, called myoblasts, with “founder cells.” In the fruit fly, embryonic founder cells are formed by a well-known signaling pathway, but the same ... | 0 | PMC1197292 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:28 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Oct 6; 3(10):e358 |
Introduction
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic fibrosing interstitial pneumonia of unknown etiology characterized by alveolar epithelial cell injury/activation, fibroblast proliferation, and exaggerated accumulation of extracellular matrix in the lung parenchyma [1,2]. The disease is usually progressive ... | 16128620 | PMC1198037 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:39 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Sep 6; 2(9):e251 |
Introduction
Medical error reduction has become a major force for health care in the United States of America since the landmark publication of the 1999 Institute of Medicine report, To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System and the subsequent report, Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st C... | 16128621 | PMC1198038 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:39 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Sep 6; 2(9):e255 |
The placebo effect is a fascinating yet puzzling phenomenon, which has challenged investigators over the past 50 years. Recently, it has been defined as the “positive physiological or psychological changes associated with the use of inert medications, sham procedures, or therapeutic symbols within a healthcare encounte... | 16173830 | PMC1198039 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:31 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Sep 6; 2(9):e262 |
In clinical epidemiological research, errors occur in spite of careful study design, conduct, and implementation of error-prevention strategies. Data cleaning intends to identify and correct these errors or at least to minimize their impact on study results. Little guidance is currently available in the peer-reviewed l... | 16138788 | PMC1198040 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:15 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Oct 6; 2(10):e267 |
Introduction
Lymph node metastasis is well established among the strongest prognostic indicators of clinical outcome for patients with breast cancer [1–3]. The technique of sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy has been rapidly adopted over the past decade, as it accurately predicts axillary (nonsentinel) lymph node (ALN) m... | 16124834 | PMC1198041 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:39 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Sep 6; 2(9):e284 |
Research suggests that long-held beliefs on neglected-disease drug development activity are no longer accurate, and that these inaccurate beliefs have led—and are leading—to poorly designed and targeted government policies and incentives. On a more positive note, this research also highlights opportunities for better-t... | 16138789 | PMC1198042 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:32 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Sep 8; 2(9):e302 |
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic progressive scarring disease of the lung in which gradually the walls of the air sacs of the lungs become replaced by fibrotic tissue. When scarring forms, there is an irreversible loss of the tissue's ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream.
The disease affects more ... | 0 | PMC1198043 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:40:31 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Sep 6; 2(9):e314 |
International health agencies have designated a group of 13 tropical infections as neglected diseases (Text S1). These diseases have much in common: they affect the world's poorest people (and are a cause of poverty); they are disabling, disfiguring, and stigmatizing; there is a shortage of safe and effective treatment... | 16138790 | PMC1198044 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:32 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Sep 8; 2(9):e323 |
If breast cancer cells escape from the initial tumor site, they often travel to axillary lymph nodes (ALNs) in the armpit. Surgical removal and biopsy of axillary lymph nodes are routinely used to assess the stage of a patient's cancer, and prevent cancers that have spread into the lymph nodes from further metastasis. ... | 0 | PMC1198045 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:40:32 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Sep 6; 2(9):e324 |
In the US more than 770,000 people are injured or die each year in hospitals from adverse drug events (ADEs), which can cost a hospital, depending on its size, about US$5.6 million every year, excluding ADE-associated costs for malpractice and litigation and the personal costs of injuries to patients. Nationally, hospi... | 0 | PMC1198046 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:40:32 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Sep 6; 2(9):e328 |
Background
The mortality and morbidity of HIV infection have substantially decreased in the developed world over the past decade, largely due to the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) [1]. Widespread use of ART has reduced nearly all of the complications of advanced HIV infection and immunosuppres... | 16109178 | PMC1198215 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:33 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2005 Aug 18; 2:6 |
Backgound
CMV-induced vasculopathy and thrombosis have been reported, but they are rare conditions. The few published reports on these conditions focus either on immunocompromised transplant recipients who are receiving high-dose immunosuppressive agents [1,2] or on HIV-infected patients [3-5]. We report one new case o... | 16098229 | PMC1198216 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:21 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2005 Aug 12; 4:11 |
Background
Any policy-making process is complex – it deals with human and political dynamics, the use of resources, and power [1]. The development and implementation of policy in a democracy seeks to meet multiple objectives [2]: addressing major health and social policy problems, using public resources wisely, satisfy... | 16029512 | PMC1198217 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:28 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2005 Jul 20; 2:17 |
Background
Many mechanisms for the alternative use of promoters, exons and polyadenylation signals within genes are known to significantly contribute to the complexity of the transcriptome [1-6]. These variations increase the number of products that can be generated from the currently recognized 20,000 – 30,000 protein... | 16029492 | PMC1198218 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:15 | no | BMC Biol. 2005 Jul 19; 3:16 |
Background
Sickle cell disease is a devastating hereditary disorder with excruciating morbidities often resulting in the premature demise of the patients. This disease affects primarily those of African descent, although other ethnic groups such as the Hispanic population on American continents are also affected with r... | 16042803 | PMC1198219 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:42 | no | BMC Blood Disord. 2005 Jul 25; 5:4 |
Background
Hemochromatosis occurs in 0.003 – 0.005 of persons of northwestern European descent, and is typically associated with homozygosity for the C282Y mutation of the HFE gene (exon 2, nt 845 G→A), located ~4 Mb telomeric to the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region on Ch6p [1,2]. Some persons with hemochromatosis ... | 16042809 | PMC1198220 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:42 | no | BMC Blood Disord. 2005 Jul 25; 5:5 |
Background
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States for both men and women [1,2]. Despite significant advances in understanding its biology and causes, the overall incidence of lung cancer is increasing, and improvements in outcome are not apparent [3]. As treatment is efficacious ... | 16117833 | PMC1198221 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:06 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Aug 23; 5:110 |
Background
Breast cancer is one of the most frequent causes in Mexican women over 35 years of age and mortality shows a tendency to increase over time [1]. The origin and course of sporadic breast cancer are not clear. At the molecular level, some alterations have been reported as associated with this neoplasia, such a... | 16060964 | PMC1198222 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:05 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Aug 1; 5:93 |
Background
The folate system (Figure 1A) is central to de novo purine synthesis (DNPS) and de novo thymidylate synthesis (DNTS) and is a key target of several anti-cancer agents. For example, methotrexate (MTX), in its polyglutamated forms, inhibits dihydrofolate [DHF] reductase (DHFR), thymidylate synthetase (TS), gly... | 16080796 | PMC1198223 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:06 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Aug 4; 5:95 |
Background
Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) is one of several oncofetal proteins synthesized in large amounts by the fetus and drops in serum markedly shortly after birth. AFP as a tumor-associated fetal protein has demonstrated clinical utility as a tumor marker. Besides its role as a carrier or transporter for various serum l... | 16080799 | PMC1198224 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:05 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Aug 5; 5:96 |
Background
The COP9 signalosome (CSN), a conserved multimeric protein complex, functions at the interface between signal transduction and ubiquitin (Ub)-dependent proteolysis [1]. Because of associated enzymes, the CSN possesses kinase acitivity. Two of the associated kinases are the protein kinase CK2 (CK2) and the pr... | 16083495 | PMC1198225 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:06 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Aug 5; 5:97 |
Background
The inner ear is derived from a thickened patch of ectodermal cells, the otic placode, which develops lateral to the developing hindbrain. In birds and mammals, the otic placode invaginates and pinches off to form the pear-shaped otic vesicle, or otocyst. The inner ear's sensory epithelia originate from the ... | 16107213 | PMC1198226 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:32 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2005 Aug 17; 5:16 |
Background
DNA microarray technology is widely used for gene expression analysis studies [1-5], as it is a high throughput technique by which the expression of all genes in a whole genome can be studied in a single assay. For many microarrays, the probe consists of cDNA or oligonucleotides spotted on a glass slide, and... | 16042794 | PMC1198227 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:48 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Jul 25; 6:101 |
Background
Eukaryotic genomic DNA is packaged with chromosomal proteins, forming chromatin. The most fundamental repeating unit of chromatin is the nucleosome. The nucleosome core consists of 146 bp of DNA wrapped around an octamer of histone proteins made up of 2 copies each of histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4, in 1.65 t... | 16098230 | PMC1198228 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:48 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Aug 13; 6:108 |
Background
The debate about whether the use of antidepressant drugs increases suicidal activity has recently been sharpened after more than 10 years of turmoil [1]. Conclusions concerning children and adolescents have been drawn [2]. Inclusion of unpublished data suggested unfavourable risk-benefit profiles for some of... | 16115311 | PMC1198229 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:56 | no | BMC Med. 2005 Aug 22; 3:14 |
Background
The key events which initiate Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain unclear, though environmental factors have been shown to be involved [1]. The two main neuropathological features of AD – senile plaques (SP) and neurofibrillary tangles – occur also in the normal elderly. AD may be triggered when the numbers of t... | 16109164 | PMC1198230 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:40 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Aug 18; 5:48 |
Background
Since the development of warning systems and environmental hazards awareness, a wide range of statistical methods has been provided to identify disease clusters and spatial patterns. These methods have been classified into three groups [1-3]:
- Tests for focused clustering where the putative source is presp... | 16026612 | PMC1198231 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:51 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005 Jul 18; 5:22 |
Background
It was long time ago that Dubach et al. published their paper on phenacetin nephropathy [1]. At that time, phenacetin-containing analgesics were freely available in bulk to all workers in the Swiss watch industry [1], and sachets of phenacetin-containing analgesic powders were even given as a tip for small s... | 16086834 | PMC1198232 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:43 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2005 Aug 8; 6:9 |
Background
Light drives the processes of photosynthesis and plant development, and ultimately affects crop yield. The culmination of over a century of plant photobiology research shows that plants possess complicated photosensory networks that monitor and respond to a wide spectrum of ambient light energies. The spectr... | 16117835 | PMC1198233 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:52 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2005 Aug 23; 5:17 |
Background
The majority of breast cancers originate in the epithelium lining the milk ducts. It is believed that most breast cancers are slow growing and progress from precancerous cells, which have cellular and nuclear changes that can be identified microscopically. Finding microscopic evidence of ductal epithelial at... | 16078997 | PMC1198234 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:35 | no | BMC Womens Health. 2005 Aug 3; 5:10 |
Background
Many chemical carcinogens and therapeutic agents interact with cells, leading to temporary/permanent cell growth arrest, genetic modification or cell death. The ultimate effect of a chemical on cells is largely determined by the chemical's ability to elicit genomic response. The recent launch of the National... | 16120219 | PMC1198235 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:16 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2005 Aug 24; 5:28 |
Background
Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a debilitating disease characterized by chronic pain in the urinary bladder along with increased urinary frequency and urgency. IC is a complex disease with multiple etiologies, yet inflammatory pain is a common mechanism of all IC symptoms [1]. Prostanoids, arachidonic acid met... | 16091148 | PMC1198236 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:15 | no | Cell Commun Signal. 2005 Aug 9; 3:10 |
Introduction
It is now over six months since the launch of Cerebrospinal Fluid Research in December 2004. Cerebrospinal Fluid Research is published by BioMed Central, an independent publisher committed to ensuring peer-reviewed biomedical research is Open Access. To fund this, from July 1st 2005 authors of articles acc... | 16029500 | PMC1198237 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:38 | no | Cerebrospinal Fluid Res. 2005 Jul 19; 2:4 |
Review
In Part I of this review, the literature regarding the prevalence, magnitude, effects and clinical significance of anatomic leg-length inequality (LLI) was examined. Using data on leg-length inequality obtained by accurate and reliable x-ray methods, the prevalence of anatomic inequality was found to be 90%; the... | 16080787 | PMC1198238 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:23 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2005 Jul 20; 13:12 |
Background
Historically, chiropractic has centered around the concept that the nervous system controls and coordinates all other systems within the human body [1,2]. Recent evidence has provided insight into the mechanisms responsible for this neurological governance of other body systems [3-9]. Perhaps the most import... | 16091134 | PMC1198239 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:23 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2005 Aug 9; 13:16 |
Background
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. More than 400,000,000 persons are chronically infected by HBV [1,2]. Moreover, the virus is responsible for more than 300,000 cases of liver cancer every year and for similar numbers of gastrointestinal haemorrhag... | 16053524 | PMC1198240 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:01 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2005 Jul 29; 1:10 |
Introduction
Causal thinking and causal language in epidemiology
A primary goal of epidemiological research is the ability to determine how exposures are related to outcomes. We are interested, at the population level, in what caused the cancer, the heart attack, the cholera epidemic or the food poisoning. Our methods ... | 16053522 | PMC1198241 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:38 | no | Epidemiol Perspect Innov. 2005 Jul 29; 2:8 |
Background
Although hybridization has long been considered important in the diversification of plants zoologists often considered it detrimental and thus unimportant [1]. The debate of the relative importance of hybridization has received recent attention because the advance of molecular techniques has resulted in a su... | 15987531 | PMC1198242 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:34 | no | Front Zool. 2005 Jun 29; 2:11 |
United States businesses have been unsurpassed leaders in proliferating the availability, marketing and consumption of high-energy, low-nutrition foods at home and around the world. Their aggressive, high-priced marketing of those foods has especially targeted children – the adult consumers of the future in whom the ea... | 16018799 | PMC1198243 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:02 | no | Global Health. 2005 Jul 14; 1:9 |
Background
Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) has been observed in women, with an increasing prevalence particularly after the age of 50 years [1]. Moreover, it has been suggested that hair loss could have an adverse effect on psychosocial life and self-esteem among both genders [2-7]. A number of studies have shown that, in ... | 16120206 | PMC1198244 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:15 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Aug 24; 3:49 |
Introduction
Africa, unlike the other continents, faces a severe human resources crisis in the health sector. The continent's economic performance has been poor, which has affected the ability of countries in sub-Saharan Africa (with few exceptions) to sustain credible health services and to train, employ and use healt... | 16092964 | PMC1198245 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:43 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2005 Aug 10; 3:6 |
Introduction
The core needle biopsy (CNB) is technique increasingly used for the preoperative assessment of breast lesions [1]. Image guidance increases accuracy and reduces the number of false negative cases [2]. The presence of malignancy and tumour's type and grade are routinely reported.
There is an increasing nee... | 16115314 | PMC1198246 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:37 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2005 Aug 22; 2:15 |
Introduction
Approximately15% of the couples worldwide cannot conceive after one year of regular sexual intercourse, with the male factor accounting for ~40% of all infertility; however, in up to 30% of cases the etiology is unexplained [1,2]. Among these unknown cases of infertility, a genetic etiology for male infert... | 15987528 | PMC1198247 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:17 | no | J Exp Clin Assist Reprod. 2005 Jun 29; 2:9 |
Introduction
Cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions play a central role in cell migration and leukocyte activation during the inflammatory process. Leukocyte adhesion to the endothelial cells and recruitment to extravascular tissue are fundamental events in the pathogenesis of the inflammatory disease. Al... | 16091140 | PMC1198248 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:23 | no | J Inflamm (Lond). 2005 Aug 9; 2:9 |
Background and Introduction
Over the next decade, dramatic changes in healthcare systems are needed worldwide. In the United State's alone, 76 million baby boomers are reaching retirement age within the next decade [1]. Current healthcare systems are not structured to be able to adequately service the rising needs of t... | 15987514 | PMC1198249 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:40 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2005 Jun 29; 2:17 |
Background
Ezetimibe, the first member of a new class of medications, primarily reduces plasma concentration of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol by blocking sterol absorption in enterocytes [1]. Ezetimibe probably interferes with the normal function of the NPC1L1 gene product, which appears to govern sterol ab... | 16098225 | PMC1198250 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:18 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2005 Aug 12; 4:16 |
Background
The development of cancer has been associated with epigenetic alterations such as deregulation of DNA methylation and aberrant histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity [1]. These epigenetic phenomena co-participate in regulation of gene transcription: for instance, histone deacetylases which deacetylate histone c... | 16001982 | PMC1198251 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:35 | no | Mol Cancer. 2005 Jul 7; 4:22 |
Findings
Connexins, a family of 20 trans-membrane proteins in humans, comprise the main subunits of gap junctions – specialised clusters of intercellular channels that allow adjacent cells to directly share ions and hydrophilic molecules of up to ~1 KDa in size [1]. Gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) is ... | 16091133 | PMC1198252 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:35 | no | Mol Cancer. 2005 Aug 9; 4:31 |
The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is involved in sensory signal processing such as integration of general affect, cognition, and pain unpleasantness [1-6]. Neurons in the ACC respond to peripheral nociceptive stimulation [7-10]. It has been shown that digit amputation causes a long-lasting potentiation of the ACC res... | 16111486 | PMC1198253 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:08 | no | Mol Pain. 2005 Aug 19; 1:23 |
Background
Probiotics are defined as live microbial food supplements, which beneficially influence human health [1,2]. Widely accepted probiotics contain different lactic acid producing bacteria of human origin: bifidobacteria, lactobacilli or enterococci. Nowadays the concept of functional foods, incl. probiotic food ... | 16080791 | PMC1198254 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:31 | no | Nutr J. 2005 Aug 4; 4:22 |
Introduction
Of the approximately 130 million infants born worldwide each year, it is estimated that four million infants die during the first month of life [1]. The vast majority of these neonatal deaths occur in poor countries where standards of both maternal and newborn care are low. One of the Millenium Development... | 16095525 | PMC1198255 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:16 | no | Reprod Health. 2005 Aug 11; 2:4 |
Background
The prevalence of leiomyoma during pregnancy is reported as 2% [1]. During pregnancy, uterine leiomyoma are usually asymptomatic but may be occasionally complicated by red degeneration and an increased frequency of spontaneous abortion, preterm labor, premature rupture of fetal membranes, antepartum hemorrha... | 16105174 | PMC1198256 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:16 | no | Reprod Health. 2005 Aug 16; 2:6 |
Background
Asthmatic airways are characterised by high levels of IL-4 due to excess Th2 responses to common aeroallergens [1-3]. Respiratory viruses are associated with 80 to 85% of asthma exacerbations in children and with 60% in adults and rhinovirus (RV) is common in all age groups [4-6]. We have found that atopic a... | 16001979 | PMC1198257 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:25 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jul 7; 6(1):67 |
Background
Pulmonary hypertension is the main cardiovascular complication of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and is associated with a substantial increase in morbidity and mortality [1-3]. The major characteristic of COPD is chronic airflow limitation that progresses slowly over a period of years and is, b... | 16060962 | PMC1198258 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:25 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Aug 1; 6(1):88 |
Background
Due to its unique chemical-physical properties, beryllium (Be) compounds continue to be used in aerospace, ceramics, defence, electronics and telecommunication industries where inhalation of Be dust is the cause of Be-hypersensitivity (BH) in susceptible individuals [1]. Among subjects developing Be-hypersen... | 16098233 | PMC1198259 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:24 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Aug 14; 6(1):94 |
1 Introduction
Oedema, commonly known as tissue swelling, is associated with a range of causes such as venous disease, trauma, infection, joint disease, orthopaedic surgery and removal of the lymph nodes. Oedema and associated venous ulcers occur on mainly on the leg and the arm. It can be a painful, embarrassing and c... | 16078992 | PMC1198260 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:25 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Aug 3; 2:28 |
Introduction
Neurodegenerative diseases as Alzheimer Disease (AD) are posing a tremendous impact on our society. There is no remission in the progression, and pharmacological interventions available at present require an early and accurate identification of the disease [1].
Up to now, the diagnosis of probable and pos... | 16048651 | PMC1198261 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:28 | no | J Transl Med. 2005 Jul 27; 3:30 |
Background
The Orthopoxviridae include vaccinia virus, camelpox, cowpox, ectromelia, monkeypox, raccoonpox, skunkpox, taterapox, volepox, and variola. Viruses in this family are the cause of numerous diseases including smallpox (variola), and recent human outbreaks of monkeypox. Orthopoxviruses are large double-strande... | 16105175 | PMC1198262 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:58 | no | Virol J. 2005 Aug 16; 2:63 |
Background
An essential step in the replication cycle of all retroviruses is integration of the double-stranded DNA proviral form of the genome into host DNA. The degree of randomness of proviral integration has been debated for many years [1,2]. Studies have suggested that DNaseI hypersensitive sites [3-7], AT-rich re... | 16111492 | PMC1198263 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:00 | no | Virol J. 2005 Aug 19; 2:68 |
Background
Lymph node status is the most important prognostic indicator in breast cancer in recently diagnosed primary lesion. The evidence of metastatic involvement in the axilla requires the indication of adjuvant therapy posterior to surgical tumor resection. There is not an accurate anatomical test for this purpose... | 16048648 | PMC1199526 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:50 | no | BMC Nucl Med. 2005 Jul 27; 5:4 |
Background
The well-conducted randomised trial is the gold standard for the evaluation of medical interventions including mental health treatments [1]. This methodology was first formally used in the late 1940's [2] although much earlier examples do exist including one controlled experiment from the Middle East record... | 16045805 | PMC1199527 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:03 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 Jul 26; 5:30 |
Background
In obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), a sense of compulsion is associated with performing ritualistic thoughts or actions. There are two types of mechanism that might explain the intrusiveness and urgency characteristic of OCD symptoms. One possibility is that there is a pathological intensity of excitatio... | 16045798 | PMC1199578 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 22:25:38 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2005 Jul 26; 1:11 |
Background
Self-cleaving hammerhead ribozymes contain three base-paired stems joined by a highly conserved core. Tertiary stabilizing motifs (TSM) of diverse morphologies between single-stranded elements at the ends of, or within, stems 1 and 2 increase cleavage activity at physiological concentrations of divalent magn... | 16095542 | PMC1199579 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:24 | no | BMC Biochem. 2005 Aug 12; 6:14 |
Background
As the numbers of sequenced genes grew, it became evident that synonymous codons are not used equally [1-3]. Codon frequencies were found to vary on 3 levels: between genomes, between genes in the same genome, and within a single gene [4]. Many factors have been shown to influence codon usage patterns, the m... | 16029499 | PMC1199580 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jul 19; 6:182 |
Background
High density oligonucleotide microarray, spotted cDNA array, or other array technologies have presented not only daunting amount of expression data for biologists to explore the inherent biological mechanisms, but also challenging statistical analysis problems. A replicated microarray experiment involves mul... | 16042764 | PMC1199581 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jul 21; 6:186 |
Background
Single amino acid repeats (SAARs) are uninterrupted runs of identical amino acids that exist in many proteins and are currently a major focus of research. These are an example of a simple sequence repeat (SSR), which occurs when a simple sequence motif is repeated in the DNA sequence. These repeats are found... | 16078990 | PMC1199582 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Aug 3; 6:196 |
Background
The microarray technology permits the simultaneous measurement of the transcription of thousands of genes. The analysis of such data has however turned out to be quite a challenge. In drug discovery, one would like to know what genes are involved in certain pathological processes, or what genes are affected ... | 16086831 | PMC1199583 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Aug 8; 6:199 |
Background
A large amount of data and information about genes and gene products has been stored in various molecular biology databases. To assist with the representation and integration of knowledge about genes and gene products, biological ontologies and tools have been developed. One such ontology is the Gene Ontolog... | 16091147 | PMC1199584 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Aug 9; 6:201 |
Background
Proteomics inter-alia focuses on the identification of peptides/proteins in complex biological samples [1]. Before the identification of the complex constituents, several separation steps are required to reduce the sample complexity. The classical separation method is the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis ... | 16102175 | PMC1199585 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:27 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Aug 15; 6:203 |
Background
Genome-wide measurements of cellular mRNA, protein or metabolite concentrations (or their differential concentrations) are current workhorse technologies in functional genomics and systems biology. For a comprehensive analysis of metabolic networks, however, typically also knowledge on the molecular traffic ... | 16122385 | PMC1199586 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:24 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Aug 25; 6:209 |
Background
Ovarian cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women [1]. The standard treatment for ovarian cancer is cytoreductive surgery followed by combination systemic chemotherapy [2]. Since the middle 90's, the combination paclitaxel/cisplatin became the standard chemotherapeutic treatment for poor prognosis ova... | 16095531 | PMC1199587 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:06 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Aug 11; 5:101 |
Background
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is essential for the production of subunits for the electron transport chain, since it encodes peptides for Complex I, III, IV, and V. The mitochondrial genome consists of a 16.5 kb piece of circular DNA encoding 37 genes on the L and H strands. These include 22 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs, and ... | 16105171 | PMC1199588 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:06 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Aug 16; 5:102 |
Background
Tumor resistance to chemotherapy is a well-known clinical phenomenon that is now yielding its secrets to investigation at the molecular level in biopsy material. Studies in cell lines do not always correlate well with results from tumor tissue [1], which may consist largely of non-neoplastic cells that suppo... | 16026610 | PMC1199589 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:06 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jul 18; 5:78 |
Background
Loss of atrio-ventricular (AV) synchrony due to first-degree AV block may cause important hemodynamic alterations, with subsequent decrease in cardiac output and symptoms of heart failure. Indeed, AV synchrony is crucial when atrial systole contributes in a major way to left ventricular (LV) filling, as in c... | 16091145 | PMC1199590 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:07 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2005 Aug 9; 5:23 |
Background
The ordered production and differentiation of cell types that occurs during nervous system (NS) development relies upon tightly regulated gene expression. In neural cells, spatial and temporal gene regulation occurs through both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. While the transcriptional n... | 16033648 | PMC1199591 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:32 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2005 Jul 20; 5:14 |
Background
Having colonized virtually every environment, bacteria and archaea have evolved enzymatic solutions for a wide range of metabolic biochemical transformations [1,2]. Studying enzymes derived from organisms inhabiting these environments is important for understanding how microbes adapt, react to and transform ... | 16083508 | PMC1199592 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Aug 6; 5:42 |
Background
Characterization of species-specific molecular markers and designing of species-specific assays for identification of wildlife species are essential to prevent illegal trade of parts and products for better conservation and management of endangered species. Illegal trade of skin, bone, horn, tail-hair, meat,... | 16095528 | PMC1199593 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:39 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Aug 11; 6:42 |
Background
Each year 300–500 million people suffer from malaria while 1.5 to 2 million, mostly children, die as a result of the infection (Global Health Council, 2003). The lethal form of human malaria is caused by the infection with the obligate intracellular protozoan parasite Plasmodium falciparum, which displays a ... | 16042788 | PMC1199594 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:48 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Jul 23; 6:100 |
Background
Comparative genomics has revealed that approximately 5% of the mammalian genome is under purifying selection [1,2]. While exons make up roughly 1.5% of the genome [3], relatively little is known about the role of the remaining 3.5% of the highly conserved genomic regions, and even less about the functional p... | 16083503 | PMC1199595 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:49 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Aug 5; 6:104 |
Background
The mitochondria are extranuclear organelles present in all metazoans. They contain a circular genome, usually around 16 kilobases in length, with 37 genes (13 protein-coding, two ribosomal RNA genes, and 22 transfer RNA genes). This gene content is widely conserved, but gene order and the DNA sequences of t... | 16091132 | PMC1199596 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:48 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Aug 9; 6:105 |
Background
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the single most common vaginal infection in women of childbearing age. Basically, BV involves a shift from the predominant hydrogen peroxide-producing Lactobacillus species, such as L. crispatus and L. jensenii [1-3] to a polymicrobial flora that includes gram-variable and gram-ne... | 16000177 | PMC1199597 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:15 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Jul 6; 5:55 |
Background
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been widely used for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients with successful immune restoration and reductions in morbidity and mortality [1,2]. However, access to antiretroviral therapy for HIV-infected patients in resource-limit... | 16120209 | PMC1199598 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:15 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Aug 24; 5:67 |
Background
Peptidoglycan is an essential component of most eubacterial cell walls (the exceptions are the mycobacteria). It provides osmotic stability by serving as an exo-skeleton through which cellular shape is imparted. The tensile strength of this multilayered polymer is provided by two types of covalent linkages. ... | 16111493 | PMC1199599 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:39 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Aug 19; 5:49 |
Background
Neurons of the entorhinal cortex (EC) send unidirectional, afferent projections to the hippocampus, where terminals synapse on granule cell dendrites in the outer molecular layer (OML) of the dentate gyrus [1]. Interruption of entorhinal input to the dentate gyrus, by chemical lesion or severing the afferent... | 16122387 | PMC1199600 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:48 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Aug 25; 6:52 |
Background
Congenital toxoplasmosis is associated with a wide spectrum of clinical signs and symptoms. At its most severe, congenital toxoplasmosis causes death or severe disability in 1–4% of infants identified by prenatal or neonatal screening[1]. Although the remaining 96% of infected infants appear clinically norma... | 16014166 | PMC1199601 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:06 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 Jul 13; 5:23 |
Background
Advances in neonatal care in the past two decades have improved survival of very preterm and low birth weight infants dramatically. This has brought issues such as developmental outcome and growth of these 'survivors' to the focus of our attention [1]. In 1989 Barker et al demonstrated an increase in mortali... | 16033642 | PMC1199602 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:06 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 Jul 20; 5:26 |
Background
Infant formulas (F) have been the prevalent feed for very low birthweight (VLBW, < 1500 g birthweight) infants. More recently, neonatal units have successfully implemented human milk (HM) feeding programs with support groups so that human milk is now routinely fed to the majority of these infants. Rates vary... | 16080798 | PMC1199603 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:06 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 Aug 5; 5:29 |
Background
Acute viral bronchiolitis is one of the most common causes of hospitalisation during infancy in Akershus County, Norway, with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) historically being the major causative agent. RSV causes respiratory disease in young children worldwide and by the age of two years most children ha... | 16109158 | PMC1199604 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:06 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 Aug 18; 5:31 |
Background
Injecting drug use is an important risk factor for the transmission of blood-borne viral infections (BBVI) such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the hepatitis C virus (HCV) [1]. Harm reduction strategies such as needle and syringe programs have been instrumental in maintaining low HIV prevalence... | 16102177 | PMC1199605 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:58 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Aug 16; 5:84 |
Background
Health education is a process by which individuals and groups of people learn to behave in a manner conducive to the promotion, maintenance or restoration of health [1]. Communication in relation to health education involves different modes like lectures, group or panel discussions, symposia, poster or exhib... | 16111502 | PMC1199606 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:58 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Aug 22; 5:88 |
Background
Ethylene is a simple gas that acts as a plant hormone; it controls various processes in the plant life cycle, including seed germination, root hair development, root nodulation, flower senescence, abscission, and fruit ripening [1]. Ethylene also is synthesized in response to stresses such as pathogen attack... | 16091151 | PMC1199607 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:52 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2005 Aug 10; 5:14 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.