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Introduction
Newly discovered peptides are becoming increasingly important, not only as molecular tools for the understanding of protein-protein interactions, but also as lead compounds. Cationic amphipathic peptides, such as cecropins, defensins, and mellitin, induce cell death in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells by i... | 16004618 | PMC1199608 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:16 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2005 Jul 11; 5:21 |
Background
Insulin-like-growth factor II (IGF II)b [somatomedin A ] is a mitogenic polypeptide having structural similarity to proinsulin and insulin-like-growth factor I (IGF I) [somatomedin C] [1,2]. IGF II is known to be widely distributed in various fetal and neonatal human and rat tissues, including liver [3-5], b... | 16092956 | PMC1199609 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:20 | no | J Carcinog. 2005 Aug 10; 4:12 |
Introduction
Uroepithelial cancer e.g., cancer of the urinary bladder, ureter, and renal pelvis, is the 4th and 8th most common malignant neoplasm in men and the women respectively [1]. In areas where infestation with Schistosoma haematobium is endemic, uroepithelial cancer is even more common and accounts for 25% of a... | 16083510 | PMC1199610 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:33 | no | Cell Chromosome. 2005 Aug 7; 4:1 |
Background
Bipolar disorders are recurring psychiatric conditions, often of a chronic nature and highly invalidating. This type of disorder is not always correctly diagnosed, thus delaying the administration of an efficient means of treatment [1].
The difficulties encountered in correctly recognising bipolar disorders... | 16042762 | PMC1199611 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:01 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2005 Jul 21; 1:8 |
Background
The early stages of an animal's life constitute a critical period during which the environment can have dramatic and sometimes irreversible effects on adult behaviour. The best example is imprinting, a process by which the individual develops an irreversible reference pattern from a stimulus present during a... | 16076389 | PMC1199612 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:34 | no | Front Zool. 2005 Aug 2; 2:13 |
Introduction
Globalisation, narrowly defined by Joseph Stiglitz as "the removal of barriers to free trade and the closer integration of national economies." [1], has a much wider sweep and also affects the political, cultural and social life of populations across the globe. The health sector is no exception. As Barnett... | 16060961 | PMC1199613 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:02 | no | Global Health. 2005 Aug 1; 1:13 |
Background
The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) was published by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2001 to standardize descriptions of health and disability[1]. Not only has the ICF provided a conceptual framework for description of functioning and disability, health profess... | 16050960 | PMC1199614 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:15 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Jul 29; 3:46 |
Background and introduction
Simms and co-workers [1] predict that the health care system infrastructure in developing countries such as in Africa will collapse in the very near future. Recent attention has focused on the capacity of health care systems to provide adequate and timely services [1]. The lack of qualified ... | 16053519 | PMC1199615 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:43 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2005 Jul 29; 3:5 |
Background
Chemotactic and phagocytic responses of microglia to amyloid β peptide (Aβ) have been inferred from postmortem autopsy evaluations [1-3], animal studies [4,5], and an in vitro model in which cultured rodent microglia were placed directly on Alzheimer's disease (AD) cortical sections [5,6]. Although these val... | 16111494 | PMC1199616 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:21 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2005 Aug 19; 2:18 |
Background
Metastasis is a sequential, multi-step process in which tumor cells detach from the primary tumor, migrate through the basement membrane and extracellular matrix, and invade the lymphatic and/or blood systems [1]. This is followed by the establishment of secondary tumors at distant sites. It has been suggest... | 16086835 | PMC1199617 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:34 | no | Mol Cancer. 2005 Aug 8; 4:30 |
Findings
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is an extremely aggressive T-cell leukemia [1,2], and it is characterized by malignant expansion of CD4 positive T-cells infected with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1). HTLV-1 is an onco-retrovirus, which immortalizes human CD4 T-cells in vitro [3,4]. Such an immortalizat... | 16042787 | PMC1199618 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:39 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Jul 23; 2:46 |
Background
Retroviral envelope proteins (Env) are synthesized as precursor proteins in the secretory pathway. After co-translational transfer to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the envelope precursor trimerizes and becomes extensively glycosylated. On passage through the medial- and trans-Golgi, sugar residues are trim... | 16092970 | PMC1199619 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:39 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Aug 10; 2:51 |
Background
Gene therapy approaches using the strategy of intracellular immunization hold considerable promise towards controlling HIV infection. Previous attempts with anti-HIV molecules that employed RNA decoys, transdominant proteins, and ribozymes were promising towards developing novel therapies [1-12]. With the re... | 16109172 | PMC1199620 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:39 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Aug 18; 2:53 |
Background
Previous studies have shown that vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in rats is associated with a decrease in gas-exchange surface area, a decrease in the bronchial elastic fiber density, and with an increase in airway responsiveness to cholinergic agents [1,2]. Although VAD is uncommon in economically developed coun... | 16033655 | PMC1199621 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:25 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jul 20; 6(1):77 |
Background
In usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP)/idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of fibrosis is debatable [1-3]. Traditionally, UIP/IPF was regarded to develop in response to chronic inflammation of the lung parenchyma [4]. This view was advanced from previous studies im... | 16042790 | PMC1199622 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:25 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jul 24; 6(1):81 |
Background
Community-acquired pneumonia is the seventh leading cause of death and the leading cause of infectious death in the United States [1]. Although mortality due to community-acquired pneumonia decreased significantly with the introduction of antibiotics in the 1950s, since that time mortality has been stable or... | 16042797 | PMC1199623 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:25 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jul 25; 6(1):82 |
Background
Exposure to ambient particulate matter with a diameter of less than 10 μm (PM10) is strongly associated with increased morbidity and mortality, particularly in subjects with pre-existing pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases [1,2]. This increase in mortality induced by PM10 exposure was present even when adj... | 16053532 | PMC1199624 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:27 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Aug 1; 6(1):87 |
Background
Inflammation is a feature of both acute lung injury and chronic airway diseases. In chronic airway diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), it is associated with profound tissue remodeling that contributes to impaired lung function [1]. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which are biological ac... | 16091136 | PMC1199625 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:24 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Aug 9; 6(1):91 |
Background
Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) are chronic inflammatory disorders characterized by restrictive lung disease and diffuse pulmonary infiltrates. Although the precise incidence is not known, ILD are less frequent in children than adults [1-3]. Lungs of ILD patients show inflammation with alveolar wall thicken... | 16095529 | PMC1199626 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:25 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Aug 11; 6(1):93 |
Background
Our ability to treat and prevent autism is severely limited by our lack of knowledge of what biological abnormality causes this developmental disorder. Since autism is considered primarily a brain disorder, much of the research over the past decades has focused on the autistic brain. Different groups have re... | 16029508 | PMC1199627 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:26 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Jul 19; 2:27 |
Background
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a small double stranded DNA virus that produces a chronic infection in 2–10% of adults and in approximately 90% of infected infants. Approximately 10% of these chronic patients develop progressive liver damage including cirrhosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)[1]. The mecha... | 16080797 | PMC1199628 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:00 | no | Virol J. 2005 Aug 4; 2:60 |
Background
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy amongst women worldwide, constituting 10% of all cancers. It is estimated that more than 1.1 million new breast cancer cases occur worldwide annually representing over twenty percent of malignancies in women [1]. Incidence rates of breast cancer are approximately 9... | 16022739 | PMC1199629 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:05 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Jul 18; 3:45 |
Introduction
Osteosarcoma of the head and neck are rare tumours and constitute <10% of all osteosarcomas [1,2]. They involve mandible and maxilla with equal frequency [3]. Although the pathogenesis is unknown various predisposing factors have been proposed. These include preexisting bone lesions like bone cysts [4], os... | 16042767 | PMC1199630 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:04 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Jul 21; 3:49 |
Background
Microsporidia are small, oval, obligate intracellular eukaryotic protozoan parasites, widely distributed in vertebrates and invertebrates, but mostly cause infections in immunocompromised individuals [1-3]. The ocular manifestations include superficial punctate keratoconjunctivitis [4-6], and corneal stromal... | 16105181 | PMC1200253 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:50 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2005 Aug 17; 5:19 |
Introduction
Mature blood cells have a high turnover rate and need to be constantly replaced as well as respond to more acute conditions such as blood loss or infections, requiring the rapid generation of millions of new blood cells. This demand is fulfilled for life by a pool of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). The lon... | 16151515 | PMC1200425 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:24 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Sep 2; 1(3):e28 |
Introduction
Telomeres, the specialized nucleoprotein structures that protect chromosome ends from degradation and fusions, have long been implicated in the replicative aging process of dividing cells [1–3]. Cellular aging in mitotic cultures is defined by initial telomere length, and the rate of telomere shortening pe... | 16151516 | PMC1200426 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:36 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Sep 2; 1(3):e30 |
Introduction
Case-control association studies are a popular, convenient, and potentially powerful strategy for identifying genes of small effect that contribute to complex traits [1]. However, case-control studies may be susceptible to high rates of false positives if the underlying statistical assumptions are not sati... | 16151517 | PMC1200427 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:24 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Sep 2; 1(3):e32 |
Background
An estimated 17.5 million people in Africa and a further 140,000 in the Americas are infected by the filarial parasite Onchocerca volvulus, the cause of human river blindness [1]. The disease and its vector, Simulium damnosum s.l., have been the target of the largest successful and sustained vector-control p... | 16086838 | PMC1200428 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:25 | no | Filaria J. 2005 Aug 8; 4:8 |
Background
Heat shock protein (HSP) 47 is a collagen-binding, stress-inducible protein localized in the endoplasmic reticulum and is never released into the extracellular matrix. HSP47 plays a specific role in the intracellular processing of procollagen production as a collagen-specific molecular chaperone [1-4]. HSP47... | 15955241 | PMC1200429 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:25 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jun 14; 6(1):57 |
Introduction
The prime role of the airways (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles) is to conduct air into and out of the lung and to form a first line of defence against undesired constituents of inhaled air. The airways are continuously exposed to pathogens, irritants, pollutants and agents that produ... | 15967026 | PMC1200430 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:25 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jun 20; 6(1):59 |
Imperfect data are prevalent in health informatics and biomedical engineering. Therefore, data analysis and modelling tools in real world applications must be able to represent, recognise and process imperfect data. Several studies have aimed to classify the different types of data imperfections and their possible sour... | 0 | PMC1200431 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 22:25:42 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Jul 18; 4:43 |
Background
Health workforce reform is clearly on the agenda of health policy makers in Australia. It has been the focus of discussion at the Council of Australian Governments which requested the Commonwealth to initiate further research in this area, operationalised by the Treasurer commissioning the current research s... | 15987520 | PMC1200557 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:28 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2005 Jun 29; 2:14 |
Background
Superantigens (SAGs) are microbial toxins of bacterial and viral origin with the ability to activate 5–20% of the T cell population, causing T cell activation, cytokine release and systemic shock [1,2]. Most SAGs share the ability to simultaneously bind the class II major histocompatibility complex molecules... | 16042784 | PMC1200558 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:31 | no | BMC Immunol. 2005 Jul 22; 6:19 |
Background
Cross-cultural and international research can be illuminating in the public health field, but some important aspects of conducting such research remain under-evaluated. Issues of research practice relating to language are particularly important.[1] To date, much attention has been focused on the conduct of q... | 15985161 | PMC1200559 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:58 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Jun 28; 5:71 |
Background
Prostate cancer is the most common form of malignancy in US males. An estimated 29,900 fatalities out of 230,110 new cases are expected in the year 2004 [1]. Androgen ablation is currently the mainstay in prostate cancer therapy, but its efficiency is marred by the relapse of some advanced-stage prostate can... | 15972109 | PMC1200560 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:16 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2005 Jun 22; 5:19 |
Introduction
Infectious diseases continue to place a great burden on the people in the developing world [1]. These diseases are for the most part controlled in developed countries. Since the global pharmaceutical industry is mostly grounded in developed countries, infectious diseases are not the prime focus of research... | 16042765 | PMC1200561 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:02 | no | Global Health. 2005 Jul 21; 1:10 |
Background
Existing measures of injection drug users' (IDUs) quality of life (QoL) have focused primarily on health and health-related factors. The Opiate Treatment Index, the only standardized instrument designed specifically for IDUs, is essentially a symptom checklist [1]. The Nottingham Health Profile [2,3] focuses... | 16029504 | PMC1200562 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:13 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Jul 19; 3:43 |
Background
African trypanosomosis has profoundly affected settlement and economic development in much of the African continent, especially south of the Sahara desert where it is transmitted mainly by tsetse flies. Overlaying a map of the distribution of livestock and that of tsetse infestation highlights the extent to ... | 16018802 | PMC1200563 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:32 | no | Kinetoplastid Biol Dis. 2005 Jul 14; 4:5 |
Background
Mathematical modelling has contributed to our understanding of lung mechanics and helped direct therapy in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Hickling [1,2] generated sigmoidal pressure-volume (P-V) curves based on a model where airway opening could occur over the entire inflation limb... | 15985159 | PMC1200564 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:24 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jun 28; 6(1):64 |
Background
Molecular profiling technology allows for the simultaneous assaying of the abundance of tens of thousands of transcripts in a biological sample. Once these abundance values have been obtained for many samples, prevalent higher-order data analyses may include clustering, classification, feature selection, and... | 16045803 | PMC1201132 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:25 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jul 26; 6:191 |
Background
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common malignant form of glioma, and resistant to therapeutic interventions, causing most patients to die within 1 year after diagnosis[1]. The rat C6 glioma cell line, originally produced by Wistar-Furth rats exposed to N,N'-nitroso-methylurea, is morphologically si... | 16111491 | PMC1201133 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:30 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 Aug 19; 6:31 |
Background
By molecular pathology, Barrett's adenocarcinoma has been shown to be an acquired malignancy with multi-genetic alterations involving almost all chromosomes [1,2]. These observations have indicated that numerical and structural chromosomal abnormalities may be important events in the carcinogenic process in ... | 16095543 | PMC1201134 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:55 | no | BMC Clin Pathol. 2005 Aug 12; 5:7 |
Background
Spliceosomal introns have now been identified in all major eukaryotic lineages. Recently added to this list are several protists that are widely considered to represent deep divergences within Eucarya: the diplomonad Giardia lamblia [1], its close relative Carpediemonas membranifera [2], and the parabasalid ... | 16109161 | PMC1201135 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Aug 18; 5:45 |
Background
The chest pain unit (CPU) has been developed to provide standardised care for patients presenting with acute chest pain, undiagnosed by initial clinical assessment, electrocardiogram (ECG) and chest radiograph. The CPU aims to rapidly diagnose acute coronary syndrome (ACS), providing early access to appropri... | 16122380 | PMC1201136 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:03 | no | BMC Emerg Med. 2005 Aug 25; 5:6 |
Background
Acute disabling conditions such as stroke or hip fracture have obvious and dramatic effects on functional capabilities, whereas chronic conditions which do not cause a segmental motor deficit have a more complex and less predictable effect. Clinical observations suggest that chronic diseases may be associate... | 16122389 | PMC1201137 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:32 | no | BMC Geriatr. 2005 Aug 25; 5:10 |
Background
A social policy expresses "ongoing strategies for structuring relationships and coordinating behaviour to achieve collective purposes...ways of exerting power, of getting people to do things that they might otherwise not do" [1]. The implementation of a policy requires that resources come from wherever neces... | 16102173 | PMC1201138 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:52 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Aug 15; 5:53 |
Background
Postal questionnaires are widely used to collect data in health research, but a poor response rate may reduce the validity and reliability of results. In a systematic review of randomised controlled trials of strategies to improve the response rate to postal questionnaires[1], a monetary reward had a signifi... | 16109160 | PMC1201139 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:52 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Aug 18; 5:55 |
Text
We feel that it is our ethical responsibility to add the following acknowledgment to the article titled "Investigation of Staphylococcus strains with heterogeneous resistance to glycopeptides in a Turkish university' [1]:
'We greatly thank Dr. Keichii Hiramatsu and Dr. Maria Kapi from Juntendo University, Tokyo, ... | 0 | PMC1201140 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:15 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Aug 19; 5:65 |
Background
Adoptive transfer of CD8+ T cells from MHC Class I-restricted OVA specific T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice (OT-1) into host C57BL/6 mice allows for the activated CD8+ T cell population to be tracked and quantified after stimulation with the OVA peptide SIINFEKL [1] using standard flow cytometric analys... | 16120215 | PMC1201141 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:32 | no | BMC Immunol. 2005 Aug 24; 6:20 |
Background
The residency application process is predicated on the validity of the credentials submitted by an applicant. Previous studies, however, have found that 10–30% of applications contain errors. [1-6] In emergency medicine (EM), Roellig, et. al. showed that 13.3% of applicants to a single EM residency had at le... | 16105178 | PMC1201142 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:55 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2005 Aug 16; 5:30 |
Background
Despite its importance, pretest probability assessment remains a relatively imprecise and inferential process, sometimes referred to as the "doctor's best guess" [1,2]. Previous authors have broadly defined pretest probability as the clinician's estimate of the probability of disease from the patient's words... | 16095534 | PMC1201143 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:52:11 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2005 Aug 11; 5:26 |
Background
In the United States, notifiable disease reporting is mandated by state and local regulations. These regulations require medical providers and laboratories to notify state and local public health authorities of persons diagnosed with a reportable condition [1]. A reportable condition is one for which regular... | 16105177 | PMC1201144 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:52:11 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2005 Aug 16; 5:27 |
Background
Randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) usually employ a placebo control group to control for non-specific effects of therapy [1]. These effects comprise, among others, statistical regression to the mean, measurement artifacts, the natural course of diseases [2-4]. and true healing or improvement due to... | 16109176 | PMC1201145 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:51 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005 Aug 18; 5:26 |
Background
Meta-analysis of previous trials of topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concluded that they effectively treat the pain of acute soft tissue injuries [1] and chronic musculoskeletal conditions [2,3]. Current evidence-based recommendations for the management of osteoarthritis (OA) support th... | 16086839 | PMC1201146 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:04 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Aug 8; 6:44 |
Background
Children with severe generalized cerebral palsy often have a combination of motor and intellectual disabilities. They frequently experience co-morbidity and their life expectancy is low [1-11] with respiratory disease as a main cause of death [1-3,8,10,12]. Although it is common clinical knowledge that child... | 16029493 | PMC1201147 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:05 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 Jul 19; 5:25 |
Background
There are 44 trials in the Cochrane review of interventions for smoking cessation in pregnancy[1], which show that advice and support to stop smoking doubles the quit rate. None of these trials have assessed outcomes outside women's smoking and indices of perinatal well being of the fetus and child. The auth... | 16053527 | PMC1201148 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:54 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Jul 29; 5:80 |
Background
Suicidal behaviour is becoming a phenomenon increasingly associated with young people. The rise in the overall suicide rates in many countries is, to a large extent, due to the increase in suicides in the younger age groups. Lithuania has been among the countries with the highest suicide rate for more than t... | 16092973 | PMC1201149 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:54 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Aug 11; 5:83 |
Background
In order to maintain a high effective free energy change of ATP hydrolysis (ΔGATP), metabolically active tissues need to control cellular ATP and ADP levels within a relatively narrow range. This is particularly true in skeletal muscle, as its energy requirements can fluctuate rapidly by more than two orders... | 16107216 | PMC1201150 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:51 | no | BMC Physiol. 2005 Aug 17; 5:12 |
Background
The rapid increase in eukaryotic genome sequence in recent years enables genome-wide alignments, megabase (Mb)-scale comparisons between species, and fine-scaled phylogenetic footprinting. Recent sequenced-based studies in a variety of organisms have described high levels of synteny (conservation of gene con... | 16102170 | PMC1201151 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:52 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2005 Aug 15; 5:15 |
Background
Neisseria spp. are Gram-negative Beta-Protobacteria which include many species found only in humans. Two Neisseria spp. are pathogenic to human: N. meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae, responsible for bacterial meningitis and septicaemia, and gonorrhoea, respectively. In the last few years, the genomes of N. men... | 16092953 | PMC1201152 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 22:45:16 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2005 Aug 10; 5:13 |
Background
The Ramachandran plot [1] is the 2d plot of the φ-ψ torsion angles of the protein backbone. It provides a simple view of the conformation of a protein. The φ-ψ angles cluster into distinct regions in the Ramachandran plot where each region corresponds to a particular secondary structure. There are four basic... | 16105172 | PMC1201153 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:52 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2005 Aug 16; 5:14 |
Background
Proteins interact with other proteins and bring about myriad of molecular activities in the cell. Interacting proteins are known to play key roles in almost all cellular and biological processes such as metabolism, endocrine, exocrine and paracrine signaling, protein synthesis and trafficking [1]. With the a... | 16105176 | PMC1201154 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:53 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2005 Aug 16; 5:15 |
The concept of coronary flow reserve (CFR) and transmural reduction of CFR
The coronary arterial tree consists of four basic segments. Epicardial coronary arteries give off small transmural penetrating arteries, which have branches in the myocardial layers. These branches are defined arterioles, terminating in capillar... | 16080792 | PMC1201155 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:32 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2005 Aug 4; 3:18 |
Introduction
In patients with myocardial infarction (MI), the distinction between irreversible fibrotic scar and akinetic but viable myocardium has important clinical implications. Several imaging techniques have been used to detect myocardial viability. Coronary blood flow reserve (CFR) has been established as a usefu... | 16107221 | PMC1201156 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:32 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2005 Aug 18; 3:22 |
Background
Angiogenesis, the sprouting or remodeling of preexisting quiescent blood vessels, is critical for embryonic development, wound healing, and various pathological conditions such as tumor progression, complications associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), rheumatoid arthritis, and diabetic r... | 16076388 | PMC1201157 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:15 | no | Cell Commun Signal. 2005 Aug 2; 3:9 |
Background
In 1973, the fire retardant chemical, FireMaster®, was mistaken for NutriMaster®, a magnesium oxide-based cattle feed supplement, and was inadvertently introduced into cattle feed (Michigan Chemical Corporation, St. Louis, MI). Thousands of farm families and farm product consumers were exposed to this commer... | 16091135 | PMC1201158 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:32 | no | Environ Health. 2005 Aug 9; 4:15 |
Background
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) has been targeted by the World Health Organization for elimination as a public health problem by the year 2020 [1,2]. It is caused by three species of filarial parasites: Wuchereria bancrofti infects about 115 million people in Africa, India and other tropical and subtropical areas,... | 16014169 | PMC1201159 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:25 | no | Filaria J. 2005 Jul 13; 4:5 |
Background
The use of colour charts to estimate or categorise the colours of animal signals is a technique utilised in numerous studies [e.g. [1-5]]. In particular, a recent proposal [1] argues that researchers could produce custom-made charts, designed from the HTML colour code (the standard for colour representation ... | 16131394 | PMC1201160 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:34 | no | Front Zool. 2005 Aug 30; 2:14 |
Background
Depression disorders are a major health problem in Japan. Depressive mood is associated with suicide in middle-aged workers [1], and the number of suicides has increased as economic conditions have worsened since 1998 [2]. Nonetheless, there are few studies of the prevalence of depression or of depressive sy... | 16083512 | PMC1201161 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:13 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Aug 8; 3:48 |
Background
Labour in the health care sector has specific characteristics that are evidenced by its institutional organization. The special economic properties of medical care determine the generalized emergence of what is called "market failures" in the economic literature. That is, the operation of market forces alone... | 16109174 | PMC1201162 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:43 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2005 Aug 18; 3:8 |
Background
Traditional health planning has typically focused on the practice and delivery of health care services. Population health planning, on the other hand, aims to improve the health of the entire population and to reduce health inequities among population groups [1]. The health of a population is influenced by s... | 16092969 | PMC1201163 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:06 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2005 Aug 10; 4:20 |
Background
In a turnaround from the usual laboratory research-to-clinical usage sequence, critical care has become the focus for one of the most interesting developments in medicine: the use of glucose, insulin and potassium (GIK) in treating the critically ill. Van den Berghe et al., in a landmark study, demonstrated ... | 16111485 | PMC1201164 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:45 | no | J Immune Based Ther Vaccines. 2005 Aug 19; 3:5 |
Background
Disturbances in gait are symptomatic of Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD). Gait abnormalities in PD include shortened stride length [1,2], a dyscontrol of stride frequency [3], and postural instability [4]. Gait abnormalities in HD include reduced walking speed [5], widened stance width ... | 16042805 | PMC1201165 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:40 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2005 Jul 25; 2:20 |
Introduction
Dynamic stability during locomotion can be negatively affected by concomitant information processing and the effect appears to increase with age [1]. These effects have generally been studied using a dual-task paradigm that introduces performance of an attention demanding secondary task during performance ... | 16086843 | PMC1201166 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:40 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2005 Aug 8; 2:25 |
Introduction
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by elevation of blood glucose concentration and is associated with increased prevalence of microvascular complications. Type 1 diabetes mellitus results from cellular mediated autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells of islets of langerh... | 16092968 | PMC1201167 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:18 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2005 Aug 10; 4:15 |
Background
Malaria is still a major health problem in Thailand, especially along the Thai-Myanmar and Thai-Cambodia borders where multi-drug resistant malaria is highly prevalent [1]. Chloroquine-resistant (CQR) parasites were first reported in the late 1950s from Southeast-Asia and South-America. Since those early rep... | 16060967 | PMC1201168 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:13 | no | Malar J. 2005 Aug 2; 4:37 |
Background
17α-Estradiol (17α-E2) has long been considered as the hormonally inactive isomer of 17β-estradiol (17β-E2) useful in determining the hormonal specificity of response to 17β-E2 [1,2]. Consequently, it has been generally accepted that 17α-E2 is devoid of genomic estrogenic effects [3-6]. Nevertheless, in the ... | 16042770 | PMC1201169 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:11 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Jul 21; 3:30 |
Introduction
A remarkable feature of mammalian testicular maturation of sperm is the syncytial organization that results from the presence of intercellular cytoplasmic bridges among the germ cells. These bridges allow transcript sharing among genetically different spermatids and provide a mechanism by which these cells... | 16092963 | PMC1201170 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:12 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Aug 10; 3:32 |
Comment
The claim that female germ cells in adult mammals (mice and humans) originate from bone marrow and are delivered to the ovaries via the blood stream [1] is another controversial postulate of Johnson et al. Last year this research group, which is lead by Dr. Jonathan L. Tilly of the Massachusetts General Hospita... | 16102172 | PMC1201171 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:12 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Aug 15; 3:36 |
Background
Preterm delivery occurs in approximately 6–15% of all pregnancies [1]. Furthermore, it accounts for 70–75% of neonatal mortality and morbidity [2]. The association between lower and upper genital tract infections and preterm delivery is well established [3]. However, in many cases preterm labour seems to be ... | 16122384 | PMC1201172 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:12 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Aug 25; 3:39 |
Background
Many of the cellular receptors for retroviruses have been well characterized (for review see [1]). These receptors perform a wide variety of cellular functions and can be single-transmembrane, GPI-anchored, or multiple-membrane-spanning proteins. The presence or absence of functional receptors on the cell su... | 16091143 | PMC1201173 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:39 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Aug 9; 2:49 |
Introduction
Asthma is usually considered to be a chronic disease that starts in childhood, characterised by a low specific mortality risk, which can be completely avoidable with adequate management. However, recent epidemiological studies have pointed out [1] that a non negligible number of the current asthmatics in t... | 16105170 | PMC1201174 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:25 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Aug 16; 6(1):95 |
Introduction
Quantification of gene expression is a powerful tool for the global understanding of the biology underlying complex pathophysiological conditions. Advances in gene profiling analysis using cDNA or oligo-based microarray systems uncovered genes critically important in disease development, progression, and r... | 16042807 | PMC1201175 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:28 | no | J Transl Med. 2005 Jul 25; 3:28 |
Introduction
Breast cancer is the most common neoplasia of women being diagnosed in approximately 211,000 women annually in the United States. In spite of earlier detection and improved treatment, it remains the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States and in other developed countries [1]. The ... | 16091131 | PMC1201176 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:28 | no | J Transl Med. 2005 Aug 9; 3:32 |
Background
Measles virus (MV), an enveloped virus with a single-stranded, negative sense RNA genome, is a member of the genus Morbillivirus within the family Paramyxoviridae. MV is highly contagious and causes a disease characterized by high fever, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis and appearance of a maculopapular rash [1... | 16029506 | PMC1201177 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:00 | no | Virol J. 2005 Jul 19; 2:58 |
Background
The risk of breast cancer in women who inherit a germline mutation in the BRCA1 gene can be as high as 20% by the age of 40 and 50% by the age of 50 [1] and as high as 13% by the age of 40 and 60% by the age of 50 in BRCA2 mutation carriers [2]. These estimates apply to individuals who belong to very high ri... | 16079000 | PMC1201178 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:05 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Aug 4; 3:52 |
Recent news of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) research in Seoul has made headlines around the world. In 2004, Korea took the world by surprise when W. S. Hwang and his team published the isolation of hESCs from a cloned blastocyst [1]. One year later, the same Korean team published the establishment of 11 hESC lines,... | 16149850 | PMC1201306 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:27 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Sep 13; 3(9):e322 |
Add performance to science, and the equation results in Theatre of Science. Part scientific lecture, part magic show, and part music and dance, Theatre of Science is an innovative collaboration between Simon Singh and Richard Wiseman. The cosy atmosphere of the Soho Theatre, stuffed with a lively crowd, which appeared ... | 0 | PMC1201307 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:27 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Sep 13; 3(9):e325 |
Created under the auspices of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as an offspring of the “International Forum of Young Scientists,” the World Academy of Young Scientists (WAYS) was officially launched in November 2003 at the World Science Forum in Budapest, Hungary. Our organi... | 16149851 | PMC1201308 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:28 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Sep 13; 3(9):e326 |
In December 2003, PLoS Biology published a research article reporting evidence of an association between a gene called GAD2 and susceptibility to obesity (DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0000068). Although the genetic data were suggestive rather than conclusive, the editors and reviewers supported publication because unambig... | 16149852 | PMC1201309 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:27 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Sep 13; 3(9):e327 |
Introduction
As the key cellular organelle responsible for transducing free energy from primary substrates into the ATP potential that drives the majority of energy-consuming processes in a cell, the mitochondrion plays a central role in the majority of eukaryotic intracellular events. Therefore, the development of a q... | 16163394 | PMC1201326 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:22 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Sep 9; 1(4):e36 |
Background
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined as a clustering of cardiovascular and type 2 diabetes risk factors including obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension (HT). The genetic control of MetS is expected to be complex since it represents a syndrome of multifaceted abnormalities. Categorical a... | 16076393 | PMC1201342 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:46 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005 Aug 2; 2:17 |
Introduction
The interaction between Plasmodium falciparum and humans has been a potent selective force in the evolution of both species. The high mortality rate—an estimated 1.1–2.7 million people die each year from malaria [1]—leads to strong selection, both on host genes that contribute to resistance [2,3], and on p... | 16144426 | PMC1201364 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:27 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Oct 13; 3(10):e335 |
Understanding the recombination patterns across a chromosome—determining the positions and frequency of genetic exchanges between homologous chromosomes—is crucial for understanding and tracking inheritance of traits. Mapping genes that affect parasites' traits, such as responses to various antimalarial agents, is poss... | 0 | PMC1201365 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:27 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Oct 13; 3(10):e361 |
Introduction
Encouraging women with a prior cesarean delivery to attempt vaginal birth in subsequent pregnancies is a strategy that has been employed to address rising rates of cesarean delivery. However, a series of retrospective studies published in the last five to ten years have indicated an increased risk of serio... | 16146414 | PMC1201366 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:31 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Sep 13; 2(9):e252 |
Cesarean section can be a life-saving technique for both mother and infant; however, it is a major abdominal operation that poses medical risks to a mother's health, including infections, hemorrhage, need for transfusion, injury to other organs, anesthetic complications, psychological complications, and a maternal mort... | 0 | PMC1201367 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:40:32 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Sep 13; 2(9):e325 |
Introduction
The physical and functional organizations of eukaryotic chromosomes are correlated outcomes of evolution potentially reflecting interactions among structural, regulatory, and functional factors. As typified by the α and β globin gene clusters, tandem duplications can give rise to gene families whose member... | 16163395 | PMC1201368 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:59 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Sep 9; 1(3):e33 |
Introduction
Recently, there has been great interest in characterizing the functional selection pressures for alternative splicing by evolutionary genomics [1–4]. Ancestral alternative splicing events (i.e., alternative splicing events observed in multiple organisms) show evidence for strong functional constraints: the... | 16170410 | PMC1201369 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:57 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Sep 16; 1(3):e34 |
Introduction
Studies of adaptive evolution have revealed multiple classes of reproductive proteins under positive selection, including those involved in gamete recognition, seminal fluid factors, and proteins in the female reproductive tract [1–5]. The unknown pressures driving this adaptive evolution may be shared amo... | 16170411 | PMC1201370 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:58 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Sep 16; 1(3):e35 |
Introduction
Malaria, the most prevalent and pernicious parasitic disease of humans, is estimated to kill between 1 million and 2 million people, mainly children, each year. Resistance has emerged to all classes of antimalarial drugs except artemisinin, an endoperoxide antimalarial drug derived from an ancient Chinese ... | 16170412 | PMC1201371 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:24 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Sep 16; 1(3):e36 |
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