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Background
The basophil activation test (BAT), in which an allergen-specific response is measured by flow cytometry (reviewed in Ebo et al [1]), is gaining popularity as an ex vivo diagnostic tool. It is a rapid test with relatively high sensitivity and specificity that relies on surface translocation of transmembrane ... | 15996266 | PMC1201566 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:24 | no | Clin Mol Allergy. 2005 Jul 4; 3:10 |
Background
Vitamin A-containing cells were first reported in 1982 by Watari et al. in vitamin A loaded mice using fluorescence and electron microscopy [1]. This cell type was subsequently identified by electron microscopy in normal rat and human pancreatic tissues [2]. These cells were identified as pancreatic stellate... | 16083499 | PMC1201567 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:35 | no | Mol Cancer. 2005 Aug 5; 4:27 |
Background
Obesity is a growing concern in the industrialized world. It is estimated that over 61% of adult Americans are overweight or obese [1] and an alarming number of children and adolescents are following suit [2]. Of primary concern are the associated complications stemming from obesity's growing prevalence, amo... | 15985155 | PMC1201568 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:46 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005 Jun 28; 2:15 |
Introduction
Schizophrenia (SCZD) is a serious neuropsychiatric illness estimated to affect approximately 1% of the general population. Family, twin, and adoption studies have demonstrated that schizophrenia is predominantly a genetic disorder, with a high heritability (reviewed in [1]). Multiple genetic and nongenetic... | 16146415 | PMC1201690 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:12 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Oct 13; 2(10):e263 |
This is the first of two articles in the October 2005 issue on ways to create practical markets for vaccines.
“In the time it takes you to read this preface, 100 people will die of diseases that can already be prevented with vaccines, and 150 more will die of malaria, HIV or tuberculosis [1].” So begins Making Market... | 16156694 | PMC1201691 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:14 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Oct 13; 2(10):e271 |
Despite the “3 by 5” initiative [1], which aims to treat 3 million people with antiretrovirals (ARVs) by the end of 2005, access to ARVs in resource-poor settings remains limited. Moreover, in some ARV-access programmes, free ARVs are provided only, or preferentially, to patients who are ARV naive.
Treatment restricte... | 16156695 | PMC1201692 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:15 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Oct 13; 2(10):e276 |
This is the second of two articles in the October 2005 issue on ways to create practical markets for vaccines.
Thinking of ways to create practical markets for vaccines poses some interesting challenges, particularly in the context of introducing new and underutilized vaccines. In a complex, ever-changing world, makin... | 16156693 | PMC1201693 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:38:16 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Oct 13; 2(10):e286 |
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) have captured the attention of the international health and development community in recent years [1–6], and in 2003 two world reports—the Human Development Report and the World Health Report—concentrated specifically on these goals [7,8]. The MDGs provide a vision for developmen... | 16156692 | PMC1201694 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:14 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Oct 13; 2(10):e291 |
In September 2000, 147 heads of state met at the United Nations (UN) headquarters—the largest such gathering ever—to resolve action on the most pressing problems of humanity and nature [1]. To underscore their commitment, they set numerical targets and deadlines to measure performance. These are the Millennium Developm... | 16156696 | PMC1201695 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:15 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Oct 13; 2(10):e318 |
Schizophrenia and bipolar disease are complex diseases, with multiple genes and environmental factors thought to be responsible for their manifestation. Many reports have implicated changes in certain regions of the human genome in schizophrenia. An area on Chromosome 1 has been associated with the disease in different... | 0 | PMC1201696 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:15 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Oct 13; 2(10):e329 |
Background
Fluoroquinolones generally have a good in vitro and clinical activity against isolates of the Salmonella species [1]. Although the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI; formerly the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, NCCLS) guidelines recommend the MICs of ≤1 and ≥4 μg/ml as r... | 16143044 | PMC1208849 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:21 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2005 Sep 5; 4:12 |
Review
The Council of Australian Governments' (COAG) 15th meeting on 3 June 2005 in Canberra endorsed a national health reform agenda with an unusual level of national consensus. The heads of Governments agreed that Australia has one of the best health systems in the world, albeit with room for improvement, particularl... | 16120207 | PMC1208850 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:28 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2005 Aug 24; 2:19 |
Background
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) [1] is a behavioural disorder characterized by developmentally inappropriate levels of hyperactive, inattentive, impulsive, and variable behaviour. Impulsiveness is increasingly considered as a major behavioural symptom. A recent comprehensive theory of ADHD, t... | 16060963 | PMC1208851 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 22:25:38 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2005 Aug 1; 1:12 |
Background
The N170 is a component of the event-related potential (ERP) peaking between 150 and 200 ms and showing an occipito-temporally negative and fronto-centrally positive topography. It is strongly elicited by certain classes of visual stimuli, such as faces [2,3], relative to other visual control stimuli. Invest... | 16091138 | PMC1208852 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:20 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2005 Aug 9; 1:13 |
Background
The idea that there may be a "group of schizophrenias" among the psychotically ill is largely attributable to Bleuler [1]. Yet, only in the last decade or so have studies of the biological concomitants of schizophrenia explicitly studied the 3–4 symptom dimensions making up the syndrome and taken account of ... | 16091141 | PMC1208853 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:21 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2005 Aug 9; 1:14 |
Background
One of the primary goals in analyzing complete genomes is to identify all of the functional regions in the sequences, including genes and regulatory regions. However, this interpretive work is not keeping pace with the avalanche of raw sequence data. This disparity is due in part to the fact that algorithm d... | 16086841 | PMC1208854 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Aug 8; 6:200 |
Background
Nucleic acid binding sites recognized by transcription factors are comprised of families of short, related, often degenerate sequences that share a common function. This degeneracy may be represented in the form of a position-specific weight matrix (PWM) [1,2]. In fact, PWMs have been widely applied [2,3] an... | 16115317 | PMC1208855 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Aug 22; 6:204 |
Background
Microarray analysis is among the most promising clinical applications of modern genomics. It opens perspectives for more reliable and efficient diagnosis of established tumor entities [1,2], risk group determination [3,4], and the prediction of response to treatment [5]. In the supervised setting, various so... | 16122395 | PMC1208856 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Aug 25; 6:211 |
Background
This article deals with the problem of predicting critical amino acid residues for a given protein's function, i.e., those residues that, if mutated, result in a loss of protein function by the lack of proper folding and/or the inability to perform a biochemical function (hereafter referred to simply as crit... | 16124876 | PMC1208857 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Aug 26; 6:213 |
Background
Whole-genome sequencing projects are currently producing an enormous amount of new sequences. As a consequence, protein sequence databases are rapidly increasing in size, thus resulting in severe practical consequences. For example, a simple database search can now yield hundreds of matches. An automated but... | 16135248 | PMC1208858 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Aug 31; 6:216 |
Background
Although it is clear that a normal host immune system recognizes and responds to tumors, we understand very little about these complex tumor-host interactions. For example, it is not clear why tumor-associated proteins elicit humoral responses, although it is often speculated that such proteins can become an... | 16109166 | PMC1208859 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:58 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2005 Aug 18; 5:22 |
Background
Splicing of DNA molecules is an important task in molecular biology that facilitates cloning, mutagenesis and the creation of chimeric genes. While the advent of restriction enzymes substantially advanced DNA splicing techniques, they cannot be applied universally, and their use is limited to enzyme-specific... | 16137330 | PMC1208860 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:58 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2005 Sep 1; 5:23 |
Background
Classifications provide a simplified view of a knowledge domain, with members of the domain grouped in a class hierarchy. Members of a class share one or more common features and inherit the class features of their ancestral classes [1,2]. Scientists use classifications to discover and test generalizable met... | 16092965 | PMC1208861 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:06 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Aug 10; 5:100 |
Background
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is increasing in incidence and is now the fifth most common malignancy in the U.S. Despite novel targeted biologic treatment options, chemotherapy remains an important component of therapy. Furthermore, most patients with indolent lymphoma and at least half of all patients with a... | 16109167 | PMC1208862 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:07 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Aug 18; 5:103 |
Background
Recent studies in human cancer cell lines or in animal models have shown that the growth of adenocarcinomas of the lungs, pancreas and colon are under β-adrenergic control [1-5]. The tobacco carcinogenic nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) has recently been identified as a high a... | 16109170 | PMC1208863 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:07 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Aug 18; 5:104 |
Background
The tumor suppressor gene p53 plays a central role in the induction of cell cycle arrest, senescence and apoptosis [1-5]. The polyproline domain (PP domain) of p53 spanning amino acids 62–91 is involved in apoptosis induction and facilitates transactivation of pro-apoptotic genes by p53 [6].
Located in this... | 16109171 | PMC1208864 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:06 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Aug 18; 5:105 |
Background
MCC, is an uncommon tumor, which mostly occurs as an asymptomatic, solitary, firm and red-pink nodule. It has been linked to increased sun exposure [1], both in its anatomic and geographical distribution. Usually is nonulcerated and ranges from 0.8 to 4 cm in diameter [2,3].
Predominantly involves the head ... | 16111484 | PMC1208865 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:06 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Aug 19; 5:106 |
Background
Phosphorylation is a common, reversible post-translational modification that occurs at serine (S), threonine (T), and tyrosine (Y) residues in proteins [1]. Overall, phosphorylation can alter the structure, function, interaction, stability, and the sub-cellular location of the proteins [2-4], and therefore p... | 16111488 | PMC1208866 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:06 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Aug 19; 5:107 |
Background
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) are severe complications that occur in solid organ and allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HSCT), and their incidence ranges from 1% to 20% [1].
Most PTLDs are classified as B-cell (rarely T-cell) PTLD, often related to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV... | 16117828 | PMC1208867 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:06 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Aug 23; 5:109 |
Background
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is the third most common cause of cancer related deaths in the world [1] with some well known hereditary forms. Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is the most common type of hereditary CRC. The frequency of HNPCC varies worldwide ranging from 1 to 6% [2]. This varia... | 16143045 | PMC1208868 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:06 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Sep 5; 5:112 |
Background
Pancreatic cancer is a malignant tumor with an extremely poor prognosis. This tumor is highly aggressive and patients with this form of cancer have a short survival after diagnosis. Even when the tumor is localized, the mean survival time after radical resection varies from 10 to 20 months [1]. The mechanism... | 16086840 | PMC1208869 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:06 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Aug 8; 5:98 |
Background
Candidate gene association studies are a powerful study design for complex diseases such as cancer. Advances in association studies have been furthered by the recent discovery of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs); their vast density throughout the genome, ease of genotyping and moderate cost contribute ... | 16091150 | PMC1208870 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:06 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Aug 9; 5:99 |
Background
In patients with acute stroke, increased body temperature is associated with high case fatality and poor functional outcome [1]. In the observational Copenhagen Stroke study, a 1°C increase in body temperature measured within 12 hours after stroke onset doubled the odds of poor outcome. The relation between ... | 16109181 | PMC1208871 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:07 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2005 Aug 19; 5:24 |
Background
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a single-pass transmembrane protein that gives rise to the small peptides (known as Aβ) that form amyloid deposits in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) [1,2]. Aβ peptides are generated by the successive cleavage of APP by proteases known respectively ... | 16095541 | PMC1208872 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:30 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 Aug 11; 6:30 |
Background
Huntington's disease (HD) is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorder that is caused by CAG repeats in the HD locus that extend a polyglutamine tract in a ubiquitous HEAT domain protein called huntingtin [1]. The molecular mechanism by which the new property that is conferred on huntingtin by the po... | 16109169 | PMC1208873 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:31 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2005 Aug 18; 5:17 |
Background
In mammals establishment and maintenance of DNA methylation patterns are crucial for embryonic development, cell differentiation, silencing of transposable elements, X inactivation and allele-specific expression of imprinted genes [1]. DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts) are responsible for establishment and main... | 16120212 | PMC1208874 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:32 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2005 Aug 24; 5:18 |
Background
Psoriasis may be a long-lasting disease resulting in great morbidity in affected patients. Newer biological therapies may offer a real alternative to those with severe disease, and they are associated with a different toxicity profile than traditional systemic therapies [1]. The agents currently approved by ... | 16109173 | PMC1208875 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:46 | no | BMC Dermatol. 2005 Aug 18; 5:9 |
Background
Quasispecies theory describes the evolution of an infinite population of asexual replicators at high mutation rate [1,2]. Quasispecies theory is often cited as the theory to describe the evolution of RNA viruses [3], but in recent years several authors have questioned whether quasispecies theory has any rele... | 16107214 | PMC1208876 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Aug 17; 5:44 |
Background
Hypertension is a major contributor to cardiovascular disease and associated morbidity and mortality among older adults in Canada. The prevalence of hypertension increases with age and more than half of men and women 65 to 74 years of age have a systolic or diastolic blood pressure above the target level of ... | 16111487 | PMC1208877 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:12 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Aug 19; 6:35 |
Background
In the absence of effective screening programs, hepatitis B virus (HBV) is responsible for a substantial proportion of cases of post-transfusion hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma [1]. An estimated 2 billion people are infected with HBV worldwide, among them 350 millions are chronic carr... | 16086833 | PMC1208878 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:27 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2005 Aug 8; 5:26 |
Background
The PAX6 protein is a member of the PAX (paired-box) family of transcriptional regulators and is essential for normal ocular and neural development [1]. Heterozygous mutations of the human PAX6 gene cause aniridia (absence of the iris) and a range of other congenital eye malformations [2]. Neural defects suc... | 16098226 | PMC1208879 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:39 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Aug 12; 6:43 |
Background
Elucidation of the specific genetic variants that underlie natural phenotypic variation constitutes a major challenge for evolutionary geneticists. Our understanding of evolution will remain incomplete until the relative proportions of deleterious, (nearly) neutral and adaptive factors are documented, in ter... | 16102176 | PMC1208880 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:38 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Aug 15; 6:44 |
Background
Mutations in genes are responsible for inherited diseases. The discovery of the association of a gene with a disease is essential for potential diagnosis and treatment and often helps understanding the mechanisms involved. The detection is usually a several step "gene hunt" where the gene is first located wi... | 16115313 | PMC1208881 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:39 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Aug 22; 6:45 |
Background
Indigenous Australians experience the highest prevalence of diabetes in the country, an excess of preventable complications and early death [1]. Published studies have demonstrated that effective diabetes management in Indigenous primary care can improve the process and outcomes of care [2-4]. Reported appro... | 16117836 | PMC1208882 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:51 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Aug 24; 5:56 |
Background
Respiratory failure is the most common cause of ALS patient death[1]. Prior to respiratory failure, respiratory muscle weakness can be measured by standard pulmonary function tests including forced vital capacity (FVC)[2]. Treatment of ALS patients with noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) when ... | 16131401 | PMC1208883 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:53 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Aug 30; 5:58 |
Background
Occupational physicians (OPs) in their daily routine are confronted with a large variety of occupational health problems. From previous research we know that in attending these problems OPs mostly rely on their own experience and on information from consulting an experienced colleague [1]. On the contrary, E... | 16131405 | PMC1208884 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:50 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Aug 31; 5:59 |
Background
In 2000, Taiwan was ranked as the second healthiest country in the world, only behind Sweden [1]. While its economic growth, environmental sanitation, and health education have been contributing factors, its implementation of National Health Insurance (NHI) in 1995 is the most important key to its achievemen... | 16137336 | PMC1208885 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:53 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Sep 2; 5:60 |
Background
Bartonella are fastidious, gram-negative, bacteria comprised of at least 19 species and 3 subspecies [1] that are obligate parasites of the blood in reservoir animals. Bartonella species are considered emerging zoonotic pathogens [2] and may be involved in a number of disease presentations including angiomat... | 16098227 | PMC1208886 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:15 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Aug 12; 5:63 |
Background
Dengue viruses (DENV) have been detected in several lymphoid organs originating from fatal cases of hemorrhagic disease, mainly in cells from the mononuclear phagocyte lineage [1]. Nevertheless, the frequency of disseminated virus detection in autopsies is low and microscopic injury is not sufficient to just... | 16109165 | PMC1208887 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:15 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Aug 18; 5:64 |
Background
Campylobacter is the greatest cause of human bacterial gastroenteritis in the developed world [1], with more than 50,000 cases reported in the UK alone each year [2]. However, due to under-reporting, it is believed that the true number of cases is around eight times this [2], suggesting humans are infected o... | 16117832 | PMC1208888 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:15 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Aug 23; 5:66 |
Background
Computed tomography (CT) is a technique based on measurement of X-ray transmission through the object to provide visible thin slices through any section in a human; in other words, it is a technique for creating two dimensional (2D) cross section images of three dimensional (3D) objects [1]. Positron Emissio... | 16122383 | PMC1208889 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:04 | no | BMC Med Imaging. 2005 Aug 25; 5:5 |
Background
AIDS and Cancer Specimen Resource
The National Cancer Institute's (NCI) Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (DCTD) founded the AIDS Malignancy Bank in 1994 to collect various types of specimens from AIDS patients. It was renamed the AIDS and Cancer Specimen Bank and eventually the AIDS and Cancer Spec... | 16086837 | PMC1208890 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:52:11 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2005 Aug 8; 5:25 |
Background
Worldwide, there has been increasing interest in the use of wireless handheld technologies such as the personal digital assistant (PDA) in hospitals, with recent reports suggesting these devices may soon earn their position on a physician's desk next to the stethoscope [1]. A key reason for this interest is ... | 16109177 | PMC1208891 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:52:11 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2005 Aug 18; 5:28 |
Background
Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer diagnosed in women in Western countries. Sweden has had a high incidence of breast cancer for several decades, although mortality rates have been lower than in most other Western countries [1].
Breast cancer prognosis is influenced by many factors such as morp... | 16111503 | PMC1208892 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:52:11 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2005 Aug 22; 5:29 |
Background
The problem list is an important piece of the medical record as well as a central component of the problem-oriented electronic medical record in development in our institution (Intermountain Health Care, Utah). To serve the functions it is designed for, the problem list has to be as accurate and timely as po... | 16135244 | PMC1208893 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:52:11 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2005 Aug 31; 5:30 |
Background
Mail survey questionnaires of dentists as well as the general public have been used widely in the U.S. and response rates are generally high. In contrast the use of mail surveys in Japan has been less successful. Japanese textbooks on social science research techniques report return rates of no more than 20–... | 16115323 | PMC1208894 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:52 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005 Aug 23; 5:27 |
Background
Low back pain (LBP) is a common and costly problem [1,2]. As a result, the volume of research produced worldwide on the subject has been increasing steadily for several decades. This has allowed for the formulation of evidence-linked recommendations based on a process of evidence synthesis, expert consensus ... | 16033646 | PMC1208895 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:04 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Jul 20; 6:41 |
Background
Historically, low back pain has been the most common reason for visits to osteopathic physicians [1]. More recent data from the Osteopathic Survey of Health Care in America has confirmed that a majority of patients visiting osteopathic physicians continue to seek treatment for musculoskeletal conditions [2,3... | 16080794 | PMC1208896 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:04 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Aug 4; 6:43 |
Background
Knee complaints rank among the most frequent reasons for consulting primary care physicians. A nationwide study into the incidence and prevalence of diseases and complaints in Dutch General Practices revealed that the incidence of unspecified knee complaints in General Practice is 13.7 per 1000 patients per ... | 16117830 | PMC1208897 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:04 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Aug 23; 6:45 |
Background
Osteoporosis affects one in four women and one in eight men in Canada [1]. Its consequences are devastating both to the individual and society in terms of suffering, disability, and increased health care expenses. It is expected that over the next 40 years the number of hip fractures alone will increase expo... | 16143046 | PMC1208898 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:04 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Sep 5; 6:47 |
Background
Parkinsonian symptoms have been associated with increased morbidity and mortality in Alzheimer's disease and in individuals without dementia [1,2]. In one prospective cohort study, progression in gait disturbance, measured with the UPDRS, was associated with mortality [3]. Individuals with Parkinson's Diseas... | 16120210 | PMC1208899 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:53 | no | BMC Neurol. 2005 Aug 24; 5:15 |
Background
In this study we investigated the hypothesis that the control of spatial attention is influenced by hemispheric utilization bias, a characteristic bias of individuals to utilize one hemisphere more than the other for information processing [1]. Spatial selective attention is commonly thought to be mediated b... | 16120226 | PMC1208900 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:47 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Aug 24; 6:51 |
Background
During the last decade it has become evident that neurogenesis occurs in certain restricted regions of the adult mammalian brain, particularly in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle [1-3]. The neurogenic cells in these areas have been isolated and c... | 16124881 | PMC1208901 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:48 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Aug 28; 6:55 |
Background
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the advanced from of age-related macular disease (ARMD) and is the leading cause of visual disability in patients over the age of 60 years in the developed World [1]. In the United States, the demographic right shift is expected to cause an increase in the number of ... | 16092954 | PMC1208902 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:49 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2005 Aug 10; 5:18 |
Background
The Optic nerve is rarely involved after sheep brain anti-rabies vaccination. Neurological complications are usually seen with sheep brain vaccines but can be rarely seen after chick embryo cell vaccines [1]. The main cause in such cases is presumed to be the antigenic cerebral tissue used in the preparation... | 16105182 | PMC1208903 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:49 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2005 Aug 17; 5:20 |
Background
The anterior capsulorhexis has got several intra and post operative advantages over can opener or endocapsular capsulotomies and has become the standard capsulotomy technique for phacoemulsification [1-3]. Anterior capsulorhexis can be performed using 26 G bent needle cystitome or Utratas forceps [1,2]. The ... | 16107224 | PMC1208904 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:49 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2005 Aug 18; 5:21 |
Background
Dyspnea, or shortness of breath, is defined as the subjective experience of difficulty breathing. It is a common symptom in cancer patients, particularly those with advanced cancer. For example, in a general survey of 100 outpatients and 140 inpatients at a Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, at least some dys... | 16109163 | PMC1208905 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:52 | no | BMC Palliat Care. 2005 Aug 18; 4:5 |
Background
Dyspnea or breathlessness is a subjective phenomenon that can be perceived, regardless of the presence or absence of disease [1]. The measurement of the severity of dyspnea is challenging. The most commonly employed measure is the Borg scale and modifications thereof [2-4] even though it was initially design... | 16131402 | PMC1208906 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:06 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 Aug 30; 5:33 |
Background
Disparities in health status among racial and ethnic groups favor the Caucasian population in the United States on almost all major indicators [1-4]. African Americans have the highest annual death rates of any major racial or ethnic group from lung cancer, breast cancer, heart disease and stroke, as well as... | 16109157 | PMC1208907 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:57 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Aug 18; 5:85 |
Background
Falls are a health problem in need of preventive intervention and research [1] with prior studies focused on older adults [2]. In older people, falls are a risk factor for disability and frailty, and exacerbate the disablement process [3,4]. Numerous studies have reported on the circumstances surrounding fal... | 16109159 | PMC1208908 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:58 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Aug 18; 5:86 |
Background
Around the world, the number of people living with HIV continues to rise despite the fact that effective prevention strategies exist. India has the largest number of people living with HIV, an estimated 5.1 million in the year 2003, after South Africa [1,2]. Heterosexual contact has been estimated to be the ... | 16111497 | PMC1208909 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:57 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Aug 20; 5:87 |
Background
Quality of life is a term used in a number of disciplines, and definitions and conceptualization varies from utility of health states to life satisfaction, and from possession of socially desirable characteristics to positive affect [1]. Quality of life has recently become commonly used both as a concept and... | 16124871 | PMC1208910 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:56 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Aug 26; 5:90 |
Background
In this study we have focused on potential determinants of healthy working conditions in two departments in a Swedish university hospital. In previously conducted longitudinal studies at the present hospital (1994–2001), Hertting and colleagues studied working conditions and health outcomes among health care... | 16137331 | PMC1208911 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:57 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Sep 1; 5:92 |
Background
Hepatocytes are polarized epithelial cells that possess well defined apical (canalicular) and basolateral (sinusoidal) plasma membrane domains. Bile secretion involves the movement of water across hepatocyte plasma membrane domains in response to transient osmotic gradients generated by active solute transpo... | 16109175 | PMC1208912 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:51 | no | BMC Physiol. 2005 Aug 18; 5:13 |
Background
Ischaemia/reoxygenation of the heart induces apoptosis and necrosis [1-4]; however, the actual contribution of these two forms of cell death to ischaemia/reoxygenation injury and their time-course have not been established in the human myocardium and remains controversial in experimental animal models. Kajst... | 16111481 | PMC1208913 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:51 | no | BMC Physiol. 2005 Aug 19; 5:14 |
Background
Infectious respiratory diseases are a prime cause of morbidity, mortality and health system utilization worldwide, but have a greater impact on the developing and least developed countries. Respiratory infections including tuberculosis (TB) caused 5.5 million deaths during 2001. Mortality rates are only part... | 16138926 | PMC1208914 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:12 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2005 Sep 2; 5:11 |
Background
Epidemiological findings have suggested that snoring is an independent risk factor for the development of daytime hypertension [1-3]. Moreover, studies completed in normotensive individuals suffering from obstructive sleep apnea have shown that increases in sympathetic nervous system activity (SNSA) precede ... | 16048652 | PMC1208915 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:12 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2005 Jul 27; 5:9 |
Background
Both animal and clinical studies have implicated serotonergic dysfunction in the pathogenesis of alcohol abuse and dependence [1,2]. However the exact mechanisms involved remain unknown. Pharmacological challenge studies provide one way of identifying the specific receptor systems involved.
Serotonergic dys... | 16120224 | PMC1208916 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:03 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 Aug 24; 5:31 |
Background
During the evolution of proteins there is interplay between selection acting to keep some residue identities constant, thus preserving protein function, and selection acting to accept new sequence variants with altered properties that confer improved survival. Thus, when studying the evolution of the structu... | 16111489 | PMC1208917 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:52 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2005 Aug 19; 5:16 |
Background
Pathophysiology of liver grafts
The cause of graft failure after transplantation is complex and includes many factors involving organ retrieval, preservation, and the transplantation procedure itself. Important factors include general condition and nutritional status of the donor, cold and warm ischemic time... | 16105183 | PMC1208918 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:04 | no | BMC Surg. 2005 Aug 17; 5:18 |
Background
A non-linear model takes into account the property of the skin to sorb and bind substances during the process of permeation in addition to the ordinary dissolution. Such a non-linear model can be used to explain the disparity between the steady-state diffusivity of the drug in the skin and the unsteady-state... | 15992411 | PMC1208919 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:35 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Jul 3; 4:40 |
Background
Although extensively utilised, the limitations of the conventional 12-lead ECG for optimal detection of cardiac abnormalities are widely appreciated [1]. The main deficiency in the 12-lead approach is the fact that only 6 chest electrodes are incorporated which cover a relatively constrained area of the prec... | 16138921 | PMC1208920 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:35 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Sep 2; 4:51 |
Introduction
In tissue, sodium exists as total extracellular sodium (EC-Na) ~ 139 mM occupying ~0.15 extracellular water spaces and bound intracellular sodium (IC-Na) ~ 15 mM concentrations. The sodium nuclei exhibit slower and faster relaxation times respectively [1]. Tissue sodium concentrations may change during ear... | 16078994 | PMC1208921 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:16 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2005 Aug 3; 5:26 |
Background
CRC is the second most common cause of cancer death in the USA, with an estimated annual incidence of 104,950 and mortality of 56,290 in 2005 [1]. The lifetime risk of developing CRC in the general US population is almost 6% [1]. Effective preventive measures could substantially reduce both the incidence and... | 16138927 | PMC1208922 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:20 | no | J Carcinog. 2005 Sep 2; 4:16 |
Background
Mitral supravalvular ring is a rare congenital heart defect, as descibed by Fisher [1], characterized by an abnormal ridge of connective tissue on the atrial side of the mitral valve. Often the supravalvular ring may enroach on the orifice of the mitral valve leaflets and restrict their movements. While a su... | 16095540 | PMC1208923 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:31 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2005 Aug 11; 3:19 |
Background
Contrast echocardiography is a precise and study-proven tool for the non-invasive assessment of left ventricular systolic function, myocardial perfusion, endocardial border detection and coronary flow reserve [1,2].
Myocardial trauma, e.g. occlusion of a coronary artery during angioplasty, can potentially s... | 16107209 | PMC1208924 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:31 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2005 Aug 17; 3:21 |
Background
The interferons (IFN) are a group of glycoproteins produced by a wide range of cells in response to viruses, mitogens, double-stranded RNA and other substances. They perform immunoregulatory, as well as antiviral and antineoplastic functions, with the latter being the result of inhibition of cell proliferati... | 16138923 | PMC1208925 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:31 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2005 Sep 2; 3:26 |
Review
This descriptive review summarises current knowledge on prevalence, activity limitation (disability), care-seeking, natural history and clinical course, treatment outcome, and costs of low back pain (LBP). Reports of the epidemiology of LBP in primary care were identified through electronic searches of Medline, ... | 16045795 | PMC1208926 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:23 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2005 Jul 26; 13:13 |
Background
Status of a Construct
More than twenty years ago Donald K. Moon, D.C. wrote of a "flight from the subluxation" among chiropractors [1]. Dr. Moon, a firm believer in the validity of the traditional chiropractic lesion, bemoaned the dearth of scientific data to substantiate the construct, and warned of the pos... | 16092955 | PMC1208927 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:23 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2005 Aug 10; 13:17 |
Background
After the study of Hunt et al [1] was published in 1978 showing the ineffectiveness of whole body insect extracts, we stopped using whole body insect extracts in the treatment of patients with insect sting (hymenoptera) allergy. When venom from bee and common wasp (vespula sp) became available in Norway in 1... | 16111482 | PMC1208928 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:24 | no | Clin Mol Allergy. 2005 Aug 19; 3:12 |
Background
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a common cause of death and an important cause of morbidity in Ireland. Secondary prevention of heart disease involves long-term management of risk factors among people who have been diagnosed with established CHD. The Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network has defined se... | 16053525 | PMC1208929 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:32 | no | Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med. 2005 Jul 29; 6(1):11 |
Findings
Ivermectin is an effective microfilaricidal oral medication that is being distributed in mass drug administration programmes for two filarial diseases, onchocerciasis [1] and lymphatic filariasis (LF) [2,3]. Both onchocerciasis and LF are vector borne, with onchocerciasis transmitted by Simulium black flies, a... | 16022728 | PMC1208930 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:25 | no | Filaria J. 2005 Jul 15; 4:6 |
Introduction
Good health for all populations has become an accepted international goal and we can state that there have been broad gains in life expectancy over the past century. But health inequalities between rich and poor persist, while the prospects for future health depend increasingly on the relative new processe... | 16078989 | PMC1208931 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:02 | no | Global Health. 2005 Aug 3; 1:14 |
Background
The goal of caring for persons with chronic medical conditions is frequently to maximize quality of life (QOL) rather than to 'cure' illness. Therefore interventions to improve processes of care for this population often assess QOL outcomes such as physical functioning, overall health status, and emotional w... | 16137329 | PMC1208932 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:13 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Sep 1; 3:51 |
Background
The Internet has tremendous potential for the delivery of instructional materials, allowing collaboration among a virtual community of users (VCU). The future success of the Internet in medicine, among other areas, will depend on their ability to enable physicians to participate in continuous medical educati... | 16042778 | PMC1208933 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:43 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2005 Jul 22; 3:4 |
Background
The relationship between psychosocial factors and dietary behaviours over time is not clear [1,2]. With the exception of intervention studies that have used psychosocial models to predict dietary changes among adults over periods ranging from a few weeks to a few years [3-6] only a few studies have used long... | 16076386 | PMC1208934 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:04 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2005 Aug 2; 2:9 |
Introduction
Senile plaques in the Alzheimer disease (AD) brain are characterized by the presence of an amyloid core consisting of fibrillar Aβ, surrounded by a wreath of dystrophic neurites and activated microglial cells. Reactive microglia release a variety of potentially neurotoxic compounds, including cytokines and... | 16022734 | PMC1208935 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:31 | no | Immun Ageing. 2005 Jul 16; 2:11 |
Introduction
In mammals, circadian rhythms of physiological and behavioral variables are driven by a master circadian pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). To be useful, the circadian clock must be synchronized to the light and dark alternation of the real world's day-night cycles. In mammals, the eyes are requ... | 16144547 | PMC1208936 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:13 | no | J Circadian Rhythms. 2005 Sep 6; 3:10 |
Background
Conventional sonography provides two-dimensional views of three-dimensional structures that an experienced ultrasonographer has to dynamically examine in order to create their own three-dimensional impression of the object of interest [1]. In contrast, three-dimensional sonography allows the simultaneous ass... | 16095530 | PMC1208937 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:17 | no | J Exp Clin Assist Reprod. 2005 Aug 11; 2:10 |
Introduction
Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory arthropathy characterized by the association of arthritis and psoriasis. Joint involvement is heterogeneous, and may consist of spondyloarthropathy, as well as oligoarticular and polyarticular peripheral arthritis. PsA runs a variable course, from mild sy... | 16138929 | PMC1208938 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:45 | no | J Immune Based Ther Vaccines. 2005 Sep 2; 3:6 |
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