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Introduction
Definition of variability
In quantitative gait analysis, variability is commonly understood to be the fluctuation in the value of a kinematic (e.g. joint angle), kinetic (e.g. ground reaction force), spatio-temporal (e.g. stride interval) or electromyographic measurement. This fluctuation may be observed i... | 16053523 | PMC1208939 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:40 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2005 Jul 29; 2:22 |
Background
Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing cells that are highly polarized when physiologically active [1]. Their mononuclear precursors are hematopoietic in origin, and remain non-adherent in culture until they differentiate further from the multipotent cell lineage [2,3]. Monocytes, macrophages and osteoclasts derive ... | 16124882 | PMC1208940 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:37 | no | J Negat Results Biomed. 2005 Aug 29; 4:5 |
Introduction
During the past years several observational studies and clinical trials have revealed the adverse effect of abnormal blood lipid levels on the progression of atherosclerosis, and consequently the development of cardiovascular disease [1-5]. However, it should be noted that the strength of the relationships... | 16144549 | PMC1208941 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:18 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2005 Sep 6; 4:17 |
Introduction
A number of studies have demonstrated that the use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) is effective in reducing malaria-related morbidity and mortality [1-6]. A 25% reduction in all-cause mortality for children one to nine years of age was detected during the first year of the Gambian National Bednet Progra... | 16042793 | PMC1208942 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:57 | no | Malar J. 2005 Jul 25; 4:35 |
Introduction
The protein folding problem has challenged scientists for more than three decades. The process of folding has been studied extensively in the test tube, commonly carried out at low protein concentrations in order to minimize any parallel off-pathway aggregation processes. The environment, however, that a n... | 16120213 | PMC1208943 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:35 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2005 Aug 24; 4:23 |
Review
Biorefining Platforms
Biorefining promises the development of efficient processes for the conversion of renewable sources of carbon and energy into large volume commodity chemicals. It has been estimated that such bioprocesses already account for 5% of the 1.2 trillion dollar US chemical market [1], with some pr... | 16122392 | PMC1208944 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:35 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2005 Aug 25; 4:25 |
Background
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) includes squamous and large cell carcinomas and adenocarcinoma. NSCLC accounts for approximately 75% of all lung cancers diagnosed in the United States [1]. Genetic mutations that activate oncogenes such as KRAS2 and NRAS [2], and loss of function in tumor suppressors such ... | 16083501 | PMC1208945 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:35 | no | Mol Cancer. 2005 Aug 5; 4:28 |
1 Introduction and Development of Artificial Neural Networks
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are regression devices containing layers of computing nodes (crudely analogous to the mammalian biological neurons) with remarkable information processing characteristics. They are able to detect nonlinearities that are not e... | 16083507 | PMC1208946 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:35 | no | Mol Cancer. 2005 Aug 6; 4:29 |
Introduction
Calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CaMKIV) plays a role in the activity-dependent phosphorylation of cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) and CRE modulator (CREM), which regulate the expression of genes involved in neuroplasticity [1], learning and memory [2-4], emotional behav... | 16102169 | PMC1208947 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:08 | no | Mol Pain. 2005 Aug 15; 1:22 |
Background
Central sensitization is a form of plasticity in the spinal cord that alters the input/output relationship of the neuronal pain processing circuitry. Central sensitization is symptomatically expressed as allodynia, pain to normally non-painful stimuli, and hyperalgesia, an enhanced sensation of pain to typic... | 16137337 | PMC1208948 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:08 | no | Mol Pain. 2005 Sep 2; 1:25 |
Introduction
Childhood obesity has reached epidemic levels in developed countries. Twenty five percent of children in the US are overweight and 11% are obese. About 70% of obese adolescents grow up to become obese adults [1-3]. The prevalence of childhood obesity is in increasing since 1971 in developed countries (Tabl... | 16138930 | PMC1208949 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:31 | no | Nutr J. 2005 Sep 2; 4:24 |
Background
Maximizing genetic bone mass potential during youth, and minimizing bone loss throughout adulthood constitute osteoporosis prevention at its most fundamental level. To these ends, a great many factors in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis must be identified, assessed, and, as much as possible, offset. Certainl... | 16098231 | PMC1208950 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:46 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005 Aug 17; 2:19 |
Background
Prolonged exposure to microgravity causes muscle atrophy, resulting in weakness and predisposition to fatigue. Such changes can markedly degrade astronauts' performance, especially upon return to Earth [1]. Atrophy starts as early as 4 days into space flight [2] and becomes more significant in long-term spac... | 16124875 | PMC1208951 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:46 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005 Aug 26; 2:20 |
We would like to compliment Drs. Arora and McFarlane on their timely review of low carbohydrate diets in diabetes management [1]. Undeniably, the prescription of low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets to treat diabetes has to be questioned and the power of carbohydrate restriction seriously considered. The article dispels co... | 16135250 | PMC1208952 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:45 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005 Aug 31; 2:21 |
Introduction
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a devastating disease, characterized by progressive dyspnea and exercise limitation. If not effectively controlled, PAH often progresses to right heart failure and premature death [1-3]. Fortunately, recent dramatic advances in pharmacological treatment have brought... | 16092961 | PMC1208953 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:25 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Aug 10; 6(1):92 |
Background
There are two types of lung disease in systemic sclerosis (SSc): pulmonary interstitial fibrosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) [1]. Additionally there are two subgroups of SSc patients with interstitial lung disease: patients whose lung function deterioration is either stable or shows slow progre... | 16107215 | PMC1208954 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:25 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Aug 17; 6(1):96 |
Background
Surfactant protein (SP)-A belongs to a family of innate host defense proteins termed collectins because of the presence of collagenous and also lectin-like domains [1]. SP-A has a potent immunomodulatory function with the N-terminal and C-terminal portions of the molecule capable of either activating or supp... | 16120217 | PMC1208955 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:25 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Aug 24; 6(1):97 |
Background
Protein levels within cells are subject to genetic and environmental variations, but mechanisms have evolved that buffer cellular processes against those fluctuations [1]. Quantitative analysis has indicated that the need to ensure robustness can largely restrict the design of the underlying network [2-4]. M... | 15967029 | PMC1208956 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:26 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Jun 20; 2:22 |
Background
Osteonecrosis of the femoral head is of both clinical and economic interest, nearly 20,000 patients being hospitalized annually in the U.S.A. for treatment of this disease. Different risk factors have been discussed, yet the etiology and the pathogenesis of osteonecrosis are still uncertain [1]. Clinical tri... | 15996271 | PMC1208957 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:26 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Jul 5; 2:24 |
Background
"Linear complexity" has received extensive study in many areas relating to Shannon's syntactic transmission theory [1-3]. This theory pertains only to engineering. Linear complexity was further investigated by Kolmogorov, Solomonoff, and Chaitin [4-8]. Compressibility became the measure of linear complexity ... | 16095527 | PMC1208958 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:26 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Aug 11; 2:29 |
Background
Two novel zoonotic paramyxoviruses have emerged to cause disease in the past decade, Hendra virus (HeV) in Australia in 1994–5 [1], and Nipah virus (NiV) in Malaysia in 1999 [2]. HeV and NiV caused severe respiratory and encephalitic disease in animals and humans (reviewed in [3,4]), HeV was transmitted to h... | 16026621 | PMC1208959 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:00 | no | Virol J. 2005 Jul 18; 2:57 |
Introduction
The VIIIth ICTV Report [1] lists more than 6,000 viruses classified in 1,950 species, themselves classified in 391 taxa. Thus, it was surprising to discover that GenBank (part of the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration, comprising the DNA DataBank of Japan, the European Molecular Biolo... | 16105179 | PMC1208960 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:59 | no | Virol J. 2005 Aug 16; 2:64 |
Background
The infectious cycle of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in experimental animals is similar to that which occurs in humans, but there may be a significant difference as well. HSV-1 readily infects epithelial surfaces of most mammalian species, replicates in these cells, enters the nervous system, and achi... | 16109179 | PMC1208961 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:59 | no | Virol J. 2005 Aug 18; 2:67 |
Background
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) was assigned to the genus Whispovirus belonging to new family Nimaviridae in the universal database of ICTV (International Committee of Taxonomy of Viruses, ). WSSV is probably the most important pathogen of the cultured penaeid shrimp resulting in high mortalities [1]. Even ... | 16115322 | PMC1208962 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:59 | no | Virol J. 2005 Aug 23; 2:71 |
Background
Dengue viruses (DENV), which consisted of four antigenically distinct serotypes (DENV-1, 2, 3 and 4), are the most important arthropod-borne viruses affecting humans. After infection, it may result in dengue fever (DF), dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF), dengue shock syndrome (DSS) or death [1,2]. It is estima... | 16120221 | PMC1208963 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:59 | no | Virol J. 2005 Aug 24; 2:72 |
Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) is a sight-threatening clinical syndrome caused by the group of herpesviruses (herpes simplex virus; HSV-1 and HSV-2, varicella zoster virus; VZV, cytomegalovirus; CMV or Epstein-Barr virus; EBV). Rapidly progressing retinal inflammation leads to severe impairment of vision.
Case presentat... | 16135256 | PMC1208964 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:58 | no | Virol J. 2005 Aug 31; 2:77 |
Background
Metastasis to a diverticulum of the bladder from gastric cancer is extremely rare [1]. Gastric cancer has a tendency to metastasize widely, most commonly to the liver, lung, lymph nodes, bone and peritoneum [2]. The bladder may be involved in the late stages from metastasis and is usually associated with met... | 16117837 | PMC1208965 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:04 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Aug 24; 3:55 |
Background
Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare cutaneous neoplasm of neuroendocrine origin, usually observed in elderly people in areas with abundant sunlight. Affected skin areas are predominantly the head and neck, but the extremities and trunk are other predisposed areas [1-4]. In a review of 1024 patients, the primary ... | 16137328 | PMC1208966 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:04 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Sep 1; 3:58 |
Introduction
Molecular networks, which integrate signal transduction and gene expression into the unified decision circuitry, are ultimately responsible for the realization of all life activities of biological cells including internal developmental programs and responses to environmental factors. One of the main challe... | 16170413 | PMC1214540 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:19:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Sep 16; 1(4):e37 |
Introduction
Eukaryotic genes are fragmented into exons by intervening sequences (introns). After a gene is transcribed into pre-mRNA, the introns are removed from the transcript and the exons are joined by the spliceosome. This reaction, splicing, can also be used to create multiple transcripts from a single gene. For... | 16172632 | PMC1214541 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:22 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Sep 16; 1(4):e39 |
Introduction
High-resolution maps of gene expression provide important information about how genes regulate biological processes at cellular and molecular levels. Therefore, a multitude of efforts are in progress to depict gene expression at single cell resolution in specimens ranging from organs to embryos (http://mam... | 16184189 | PMC1215388 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:22 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Sep 23; 1(4):e41 |
In the past three years, expanding access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV/AIDS has become a global objective and a national priority for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Large-scale treatment programs have been launched in countries spanning the continent from Lesotho to Ghana, paid for by domestic funds m... | 16159308 | PMC1215468 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:26 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Nov 20; 2(11):e303 |
The South Asian country of Pakistan is the sixth most populous nation in the world. Although modern-day Pakistan came into being only 58 years ago, it is heir to a rich historical heritage spanning thousands of years, first records of which date back to the 4,000-year-old Indus valley civilization. The sociodemographic... | 16159307 | PMC1215469 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:17 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Nov 20; 2(11):e317 |
Background
The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first described about 20 years ago. Since then almost 20 million people have died from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection and 42 million are infected with. New drugs and an effective vaccine are urgently needed. In particular, new drugs that block... | 16156891 | PMC1215470 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:33 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2005 Sep 12; 2:7 |
Background
In April 2003 the Federal government announced a policy initiative called A Fairer Medicare. This initiative was heavily criticised and enabling legislation failed to pass the Senate. A revised version of the policy, called Medicare Plus, was announced in November 2003. Further revisions ensued before Medica... | 16111496 | PMC1215471 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:28 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2005 Aug 20; 2:18 |
Background
Schizophrenia is a severe, chronic mental illness affecting 0.5–1.5% of the general population worldwide [1]. The contribution of genetic factors to the vulnerability to schizophrenia has been well established by family, twin, and adoption studies that have suggested a significant heritability of approximate... | 16131404 | PMC1215472 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:21 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2005 Aug 31; 1:15 |
Background
The ambiguity problem in biosequence analysis
Biosequence analysis problems are typically optimization problems – we seek the best alignment of two protein sequences under a similarity score, or the most stable secondary structure of an RNA molecule under a thermodynamic model. In such a problem, there is a ... | 15967024 | PMC1215473 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jun 20; 6:153 |
Background
Protein function is determined by the spatial configuration and type of amino acids at functional sites. Knowledge of functional sites provides valuable information for the assignment of molecular function, potential physiological binding partners and hence drug design. Tasks performed by functional sites ra... | 16122386 | PMC1215474 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Aug 25; 6:210 |
Background
Tissue microarray technology provides a high-throughput method for large-scale immunohistochemical analyses under uniform experimental conditions. The TMA technology was developed to assist genome-scale molecular pathology studies and facilitate the analysis of molecular alterations in thousands of tissue sp... | 16137321 | PMC1215475 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Sep 1; 6:218 |
Background
The presence of lipid-loaded macrophages (foam cells) in the vascular wall is one of the hallmarks of atherosclerosis. High levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol increase the risk of atherosclerosis and the lipids accumulated in the macrophages are derived mainly from modified forms of LDL. Oxi... | 16122381 | PMC1215476 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:06 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2005 Aug 25; 5:25 |
Background
In eukaryotic cells the nuclear envelope serves as a barrier between the nucleus and cytoplasm. The transport of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm occurs through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). Although some small molecules (<40 kDa) diffuse through the pore, most proteins and RNAs require facilitat... | 16120220 | PMC1215477 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:30 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 Aug 24; 6:32 |
Background
The lymphoproliferative disease of granular lymphocytes (LDGL) results from the chronic proliferation of large granular lymphocytes (LGL) that may result from antigenic stimulation1,2. Natural Killer (NK) cells constitute approximately 15% of the peripheral blood mononuclear cell fraction. NK cells lack both... | 16146576 | PMC1215478 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:55 | no | BMC Clin Pathol. 2005 Sep 7; 5:8 |
Background
The cytochrome P450 aromatase (CYP19) is a member of a large superfamily of enzymes named cytochrome P450, which are involved in many physiological functions, such as steroid biosynthesis [1]. CYP19 is a steroidogenic enzyme which catalyses the aromatisation of androgens to estrogens. Thus, aromatase activit... | 16098224 | PMC1215479 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Aug 12; 5:43 |
Background
Due to the importance of ribosomes in protein synthesis, cellular growth, and organismal development, ribosomal genes are highly transcribed; with ribosomal RNA accounting for nearly half of all cellular transcription and 80% of the RNA content of growing cells [reviewed by [1,2]]. To achieve these high leve... | 16111495 | PMC1215480 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Aug 19; 5:46 |
Background
The dynamics of mass and energy flows in tsetse (Glossina Wiedemann), the time-varying rates of biomass ingestion and use, influence most aspects of the ecology of these flies including the nutrition and growth of individuals, the intrinsic growth rate of tsetse populations, and the transmission dynamics of ... | 16083496 | PMC1215481 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:15 | no | BMC Ecol. 2005 Aug 5; 5:6 |
Background
In general practice, the incidence of acute infections is high. The yearly incidence can be as high as 41%, with acute upper respiratory infections as the most frequent diagnosis and highest incidence rates in children less than 1 year old[1].
In contrast, serious and possibly life-threatening infections ar... | 16124874 | PMC1215482 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:13 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Aug 26; 6:36 |
Background
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a relapsing chronic inflammatory disease of the colon with unknown etiology. The evidence from animal models suggests that an altered immune response towards the commensal gut microbiota plays a key role in the development and perpetuation of this pathological condition [1,2]. Trea... | 16144553 | PMC1215483 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:27 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2005 Sep 6; 5:28 |
Background
A reduction in breast cancer mortality has been observed in recent years that has been partially attributed to the widespread adoption of screening mammography [1]. Traditional screening mammography, however, fails to detect 15% of incident cancers [2]. New, complementary imaging techniques are therefore und... | 15955237 | PMC1215484 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2005 Jun 14; 6:26 |
Background
More than half of newly graduating physicians will be employed as general practitioners (GP). "Family medicine" is almost synonymous with general practice and constitutes a major component of newly graduated doctors' practices. Characteristics of general practice include accessibility, availability, comprehe... | 16115312 | PMC1215485 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:56 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2005 Aug 22; 5:31 |
Background
During the development of the nervous system neurons respond to attractive and repulsive guidance cues to navigate to their final targets [1,2]. The nine mammalian plexins, A1–4, B1–3, C1, and D1 [3,4] are characterized by a sema domain, three cysteine-rich repeats (MRS, Met-related sequences, or PSI, plexin... | 16122393 | PMC1215486 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:09 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Aug 25; 6:53 |
Background
Estrogen, a natural steroid long associated with effects on the female reproductive system, also plays a role in the central nervous system (CNS) through binding estrogen receptors located in the brain [1,2]. It has been demonstrated that estrogen has neuroprotective and neurotrophic properties [1-9]. Epidem... | 16122394 | PMC1215487 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:48 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Aug 25; 6:54 |
Background
Worldwide, SB is the second most common congenital birth defect [1]. Its prevalence varies per geographic region, depending on genetic and environmental factors [2]. In developing countries the occurrence of SB tends to be higher than in Western countries. For example, in Tanzania the incidence of SB live bi... | 16120229 | PMC1215488 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:07 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 Aug 25; 5:32 |
Background
Parents of febrile children often conceive fever as a disease that requires treatment, rather than being a symptom or a sign of illness. In their anxious quest to treat fever, parents suffering from "fever phobia" may end up unintentionally overdosing their children with different antipyretics, or with diffe... | 16143048 | PMC1215489 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:07 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 Sep 6; 5:35 |
Background
With increasing numbers of infants born preterm, respiratory diseases associated with immature lungs and the need for mechanical ventilation or supplemental oxygen is becoming very common [1]. However, in the post surfactant era the "classic" or severe form of chronic lung disease (CLD) has been replaced by ... | 16150146 | PMC1215490 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:06 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 Sep 8; 5:36 |
Background
Chickpea (Cicer arietium L.) is one of the world's more important but less studied leguminous food crop with over 10 M ha grown across the Americas, the Mediterranean basin, East Africa, the Middle East, Asia and Australia [1]. As a grain legume it plays a significant role in the nutrition of the rural and u... | 16107212 | PMC1215491 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:52 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2005 Aug 17; 5:16 |
Background
A psychiatric illness that necessitates hospitalisation is one of the strongest risk factors for suicide [1]. Although the specific risk factors of psychiatric patients for completed suicide are not well established, the time period after discharge from a psychiatric hospital is known to be a high risk time ... | 16120228 | PMC1215492 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:03 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 Aug 25; 5:32 |
Background
Outpatients coming daily for consultation to a general public hospital are often preventively checked for signs suggestive of infectious, cardiovascular and/or any other endemic disease. The positive detected fraction is derived for further confirmatory study, which may lead to eventual treatment. Within suc... | 16095532 | PMC1215493 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:34 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Aug 11; 4:48 |
Background
Jumping motions have been investigated by many researchers in the field of biomechanics in an effort to understand the coordination of the human body during explosive activities. A maximal-effort jumping is a suitable subject for this purpose, as the objective of a maximal-effort jumping can be defined in a ... | 16143047 | PMC1215494 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:34 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Sep 6; 4:52 |
Background
Breast cancer etiology is a complex process, involving genes in the multiple stages of carcinogenesis, from initial cell cycle dysregulation to metastatic potential [1,2]. Approximately ten percent of breast cancer cases occur within families in which the disease segregates in a Mendelian fashion. BRCA1 and ... | 16109180 | PMC1215495 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:20 | no | J Carcinog. 2005 Aug 19; 4:13 |
Background
Achievement of target blood pressures in hypertensive patients is often difficult. In Halifax County, Nova Scotia, 57% of men and 42% of women with hypertension were not well controlled[1]. Adequate blood pressure control is of particular concern in patients with diabetes as hypertension increases morbidity ... | 16033647 | PMC1215496 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:04 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2005 Jul 20; 4:11 |
Background
Right ventricular systolic dysfunction has been identified as a key element in determining prognosis of patients afflicted with chronic pulmonary hypertension [1-7]. Although echocardiography has proved invaluable to noninvasively assess pulmonary artery pressures; evaluation of right ventricular size and sy... | 16129028 | PMC1215497 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:31 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2005 Aug 29; 3:23 |
Background
Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disorder associated with considerable morbidity and reduced life expectancy. The UK birth prevalence is about 0.4 per 1,000, or 300 new cases each year [1,2]. A recent report from the UK NHS Health Technology Assessment Programme recommended that antenatal screening for cystic... | 16091139 | PMC1215498 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:14 | no | Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2005 Aug 9; 3:8 |
Introduction
Care of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) has been a benchmark of progress in vascular surgery for more than 50 years. By the early 1990s, elective repair of AAA was regularly carried out with a mortality rate of less than 5% [1]. Risk of rupture increases rapidly after the AAA reaches 5 cm in ... | 16146566 | PMC1215499 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:32 | no | Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med. 2005 Sep 7; 6(1):14 |
Introduction
Large-scale surveillance for selected medical or health conditions often relies on electronic data sources which provide comprehensive coverage of a given population. For example, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention conduct surveillance of brain injuries involving hospitalization or death, based... | 16033652 | PMC1215500 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:38 | no | Epidemiol Perspect Innov. 2005 Jul 20; 2:7 |
Introduction
As compared to randomized controlled trials of medical interventions, observational studies (OSs) are likely to be more timely, less expensive, and include patients more representative of usual clinical practice. In addition, OSs avoid ethical issues caused by compromising the patients' or physicians' ther... | 16137327 | PMC1215501 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:27 | no | Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2005 Sep 1; 2:8 |
Background
The identification by van der Bruggen et al. [1] of the first tumor associated (TAA) antigen recognized by specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in melanoma patients boosted the development of anti-cancer immunotherapy strategies. During the last years, vaccination protocols targeting differentiation antig... | 16115316 | PMC1215502 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:08 | no | Genet Vaccines Ther. 2005 Aug 22; 3:6 |
Background
Cancer is now the leading cause of early death in Canada . A diagnosis of cancer is very emotionally threatening, may provoke anxiety or depression, and is difficult to live with because all aspects of life are overshadowed by the typical prognostic uncertainty [1-3]. Nevertheless, there is great variability... | 16144555 | PMC1215503 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:15 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Sep 7; 3:54 |
Background
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and is currently the fourth leading cause of death in the US [1]. It is a slowly progressive disease, characterized by lung function impairment with airway obstruction [2,3]. Common symptoms are cough, sputum p... | 16153294 | PMC1215504 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:13 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Sep 9; 3:56 |
Background
It is probably only a matter of time before the next influenza pandemic. The only uncertainties are its timing and impact. Effective planning for public health interventions before and during a pandemic is likely to reduce its impact [1]. A pandemic is likely to be extremely disruptive, particularly for the ... | 16092972 | PMC1215505 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:43 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2005 Aug 11; 3:7 |
Background
West Nile Virus (WNV [1,2]), first isolated in the West Nile District of Uganda in 1937, is a flavivirus transmitted by a mosquito vector, with a general incubation period of 2–14 days following a bite by an infected mosquito, and is closely related to the St. Louis encephalitis virus that also is found in t... | 16076391 | PMC1215506 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:06 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2005 Aug 2; 4:18 |
Background
Carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater is an entity distinct from neoplasms arising from the periampullary area. Ampullary cancer accounts for some 7% of peripancreatic tumors. It is less aggressive and has a better survival than carcinomas arising from the pancreas or common bile duct [1,2]. The 5-year survival ... | 16131399 | PMC1215507 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:37 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2005 Aug 30; 2:16 |
Background
The mixed epithelial and stromal tumor (MEST) is a distinctive benign tumor of the kidney that should be distinguished from other renal neoplasms. The name MEST was suggested by Michal and Syrucek in 1998 [1]. The tumor is characterized morphologically by a mixture of solid and cystic areas which consist of ... | 16150156 | PMC1215508 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:37 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2005 Sep 9; 2:18 |
Background
Vitiligo is a common skin disease characterized by the development of white macules and patches associated with local melanocyte loss [1]. Its etiology is not completely known, but the observation of circulating antimelanocytic antibodies and of lymphocytic infiltrations at the margins of lesions in the majo... | 16135249 | PMC1215509 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:03 | no | J Autoimmune Dis. 2005 Aug 31; 2:7 |
Review
Introduction: What are Stem Cells?
The term "stem cell" can be applied to a remarkably diverse group of cells. These cells, regardless of their source, share two characteristic properties. Firstly, they have the capacity for prolonged or unlimited self-renewal under controlled conditions, and secondly they retai... | 16045800 | PMC1215510 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:23 | no | J Inflamm (Lond). 2005 Jul 26; 2:8 |
Introduction
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is among the most common neurological diseases of primarily of young adults [1]. It has predominantly been characterized as a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) resulting in myelin and axonal damage and the formation of focal demyelinated plaques. Myeli... | 16143043 | PMC1215511 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:37 | no | J Negat Results Biomed. 2005 Sep 5; 4:7 |
Introduction
Vaccination with purified plasmid DNA involves injection of the plasmid into the patient to elicit an immune response to a protein that is encoded on the plasmid [1]. This mini-review focuses upon several aspects of safety of the DNA molecule itself and of the microorganism used to manufacture the DNA. The... | 16144545 | PMC1215512 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:35 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2005 Sep 6; 4:26 |
Background
Voltage gated sodium channels (VGSC) underlie the electrical excitability of nerve and muscle. VGSCs consist of pore forming α-subunits and auxiliary β-subunits. There are ten cloned α-subunits and 4 β-subunits. The β-subunits modulate the localisation, expression and functional properties of α-subunits [1].... | 16111501 | PMC1215513 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:08 | no | Mol Pain. 2005 Aug 22; 1:24 |
Review
1. Oxidative Stress
1.1 Free radicals
Free radical species are unstable and highly reactive. They become stable by acquiring electrons from nucleic acids, lipids, proteins, carbohydrates or any nearby molecule causing a cascade of chain reactions resulting in cellular damage and disease [1-4], figure 1) . There ... | 16018814 | PMC1215514 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:13 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Jul 14; 3:28 |
Background
During implantation, mouse trophoblast exhibits an intrinsic potential for phagocytosis, which peaks between days 7 and 9 of pregnancy and is most pronounced in the outermost primary and secondary trophoblast giant cells of the ectoplacental cone [1-4]. This activity declines during a normal gestation, but c... | 16092971 | PMC1215515 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:11 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Aug 10; 3:34 |
Introduction
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) has, since its first description by Stein and Leventhal in 1935, become one of the commonest disorders in women, affecting 5 to 10% in the reproductive age-group [1-3]. This common medical condition has brought gynecologists, endocrinologists, cardiologists, pediatricians, ... | 16095537 | PMC1215516 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:13 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Aug 11; 3:35 |
Background
Mammalian cortical granules are membrane-bound organelles located in the cortex of unfertilized oocytes [1,2]. Following gamete membrane fusion, cortical granules undergo exocytosis, and some of the released components block polyspermy by modifying the zona pellucida [3-14]. In addition, some cortical granul... | 16137333 | PMC1215517 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:11 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Sep 1; 3:42 |
Background
Post-ductal pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2) in healthy newborns infants two minutes after birth was 67% in average and it takes 14 minutes to reach an oxygen saturation of 95% [1]. Harris et al [2] found at sea level a gradual rise in mean SpO2 value from 61% to 5 min after an uncomplicated vaginal birth.
St... | 16156890 | PMC1215518 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:12 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Sep 12; 3:46 |
Introduction
A current widely accepted principle is that it is the parents' – or the woman's – societal right to have children: as many as they want and are capable of having. Restrictions to this right include age limits in marriage, forbidding marriages involving close relatives, sterilizations due to certain parenta... | 16095526 | PMC1215519 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:15 | no | Reprod Health. 2005 Aug 11; 2:5 |
Introduction
The use of biomarkers in medicine lies in their ability to detect disease and support diagnostic and therapeutic decisions. New research and novel understanding of the molecular basis of the disease reveals an abundance of exciting new biomarkers who present a promise for use in the everyday clinical pract... | 16042760 | PMC1215520 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:25 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jul 21; 6(1):78 |
Introduction
Asthma is a highly prevalent health problem worldwide that may cause significant morbidity and mortality [1,2]. The mechanisms of airflow obstruction in asthma are various, including broncho-constriction with the contraction of the airway's smooth muscle, increased secretion of mucus, mucosal edema with va... | 16083514 | PMC1215521 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:25 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Aug 8; 6(1):89 |
1. Introduction
Despite great strides in our understanding of the genetic regulation of germ cell determination in recent years [1], the size of the founding germ cell population in humans remains obscure. Due to this uncertainty, it is difficult in a clinical environment to estimate the probability that a mutant allel... | 16120211 | PMC1215522 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:25 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Aug 24; 2:32 |
Background
A messenger RNA (mRNA) comprises three major parts, a 5'-UTR (UnTranslated Region), a coding region and a 3'-UTR. The 3'-UTR contains signal sequences involved in polyadenylation, degradation and localization/stabilization processes. Many studies have shown that certain sequences in the 3'-UTR are involved i... | 16120223 | PMC1215523 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:25 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Aug 24; 2:33 |
Systems biology – the study of such functional networks as cellular metabolism, signalling and gene expression – is a rapid growth area, as illustrated by many recent publications in Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling and other journals. Its emergence has been fostered by the development of automated, high-throu... | 0 | PMC1215524 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:25 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Aug 26; 2:34 |
Background
Since the identification of genes encoding mouse clotting proteins and the creation of a growing number of transgenic mice, the use of mouse models for the study of thrombotic disorders has gained increasing interest [1]. While methodology for determining fibrin deposition in tissues [2] and quantification o... | 16115315 | PMC1215525 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:24 | no | Thromb J. 2005 Aug 22; 3:12 |
Introduction
Virus-host interactions are crucial for the outcome of infections. Several strategies have been utilized by viruses to overcome the host defence. For the virus to be successful, these evasive strategies have to be balanced with the pathology induced and the possibilities of transmission to new susceptible ... | 16076403 | PMC1215526 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:00 | no | Virol J. 2005 Aug 3; 2:59 |
Introduction
The discovery and genome sequence analysis of Mimivirus [1,2], the largest of the Nucleo-cytoplasmic Large DNA Viruses (NCLDV), challenged much of the accepted dogma regarding viruses. Its particle size (>400 nm), genome length (1.2 million bp) and extensive gene repertoire (911 protein coding genes) all c... | 16105173 | PMC1215527 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:01 | no | Virol J. 2005 Aug 16; 2:62 |
Background
Enterovirus 71 (EV-71) was first described in 1969 during an outbreak with central nervous system complications in California [1]. Since then, EV-71 infections have been associated with a number of outbreaks with wide clinical manifestations, ranging from mild hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) to severe ne... | 16122396 | PMC1215528 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:00 | no | Virol J. 2005 Aug 26; 2:74 |
Background
Infection by hepatitis B virus (HBV), an enveloped DNA virus of the hepadnaviridae family, has been closely related to development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The role of this virus in the series of events leading to the onset of HCC has remained elusive [1]. However, it has been suggested that the sm... | 16135253 | PMC1215529 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:01 | no | Virol J. 2005 Aug 31; 2:76 |
Introduction
Failure to visualize or correctly visualize sentinel nodes (SN) during preoperative lymphoscintigraphy (LS) is a frustrating problem. Most of these instances occur due to inexperience in performing the studies, and can be realized and corrected with the use of proper technique, even in centers that do not ... | 16120218 | PMC1215530 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:04 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Aug 24; 3:56 |
Introduction
Worldwide, acute diarrhea represents one of the leading causes of death in children less than 5 years of age. The average duration of an acute episode of this illness is 5 days, but in some cases the diarrhea may persist more than 14 days. This leads to deterioration of the nutritional status and of the pr... | 16091146 | PMC1216327 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:31 | no | Nutr J. 2005 Aug 9; 4:23 |
Introduction
During embryogenesis, hair follicle formation is dependent upon a series of reciprocal interactions between the single-layered epithelium and a dermal cell condensate. This specialized cluster of mesenchymal cells becomes enveloped by the epithelial (matrix [Mx]) cells at the base of the developing follicl... | 16162033 | PMC1216328 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:27 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Nov 20; 3(11):e331 |
When a human baby enters the world, some 5 million hair follicles cover its body. For many, these follicles cease production with age, a fate that befalls both men and women, accounting for a multibillion-dollar hair growth industry, despite the products' limited success. Though the stages of hair development are under... | 0 | PMC1216329 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Nov 20; 3(11):e366 |
Introduction
Antigen-specific cellular immune responses are mediated by αβT cell receptor (TCR)-bearing T cells that recognize specific peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on the surfaces of other cells. These T cells form a major part of the adaptive immune response. CD8+ T cells mediate... | 16162034 | PMC1216330 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:26 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Oct 20; 2(10):e265 |
Introduction
It is a common hypothesis that information processing capacities of the brain are generally limited. Therefore, these capacities must be focused on the relevant sensory features and modalities. Modality-dependent selective attention mechanisms not only rely on the activation of specific neuronal networks, ... | 16159306 | PMC1216331 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:14 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Oct 20; 2(10):e288 |
Some people close their eyes when they listen to music; others wear earplugs when they read in noisy buses or airplanes. Both serve to block out inappropriate sensory stimulation when we try to focus, something that happens automatically when we concentrate. Neuroimaging studies have shown that this focusing process is... | 0 | PMC1216332 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:16 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Oct 20; 2(10):e356 |
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