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Tumor vaccination has perhaps been one of the most eagerly anticipated developments in cancer medicine. Research efforts in melanoma started with early unsuccessful attempts to induce a nonspecific immune response with Bacillé Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Subsequent vaccines combined BCG with autologous tumor cells or mixtur... | 0 | PMC1216333 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:16 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Oct 20; 2(10):e360 |
Introduction
Hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses are the most common causes of chronic liver disease worldwide. Acute infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) may result in chronic infection, which occurs at a high rate in infants infected with HBV and the majority of individuals infected with ... | 16159399 | PMC1224851 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:20 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2005 Sep 13; 4:13 |
Background
New Zealand's state-funded primary health care system has undergone fundamental structural and financial change following the implementation of the Primary Health Care Strategy (NZPHCS), beginning in 2002 [1]. The principal stated objectives of the NZPHCS are to reduce health disparities, to improve health o... | 16144544 | PMC1224852 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:28 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2005 Sep 6; 2:20 |
Background
Human heart failure is a complex disease diagnosed in over 500,000 American people every year, causing more than 250,000 deaths annually. It may arise from coronary atherosclerosis, exposure to toxins, infection, inflammation, valvular disease leading to volume/pressure overload, or an underlying genetic or ... | 16120216 | PMC1224853 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:27 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Aug 24; 6:205 |
Background
The NCBI Taxonomy [1] provides one of the most powerful ways to navigate the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) sequence data bases. Every sequence in GenBank is associated with a taxon (which, however, may be unidentified), and each taxon has a unique place in the NCBI taxonomy. Hence, not... | 16122379 | PMC1224854 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Aug 25; 6:208 |
Background
Regular exercise and high aerobic fitness both reduce the risk of cardiovascular- and metabolic-disease-related death for a multitude of potential reasons [1-5]. It is noteworthy that a very large intersubject variation exists when measuring the physiological adaptation to supervised exercise training [6-9].... | 16138928 | PMC1224855 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:56 | no | BMC Biol. 2005 Sep 2; 3:19 |
Background
Although voluntary dexterous movements of the hand are mainly under control of motor cortical areas in the opposite hemisphere, there is evidence that the ipsilateral motor cortex may also contribute, but to a lesser extent. For instance, the activity of single neurons in the primary (M1), supplementary (SMA... | 16135243 | PMC1224856 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:48 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Aug 31; 6:56 |
Background
Interest in, and measurement of the velocity of arterial wave propagation as an index of vascular stiffness and vascular health dates back to the early part of the last century. Many methodologies; both invasive and non-invasive have been applied to the assessment of arterial elasticity in vivo. The assessme... | 16115324 | PMC1224857 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:35 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Aug 23; 4:49 |
Introduction
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and is estimated to cause over one million deaths every year [1]. Risk factors have been identified, including chronic infection with hepatitis B and C viruses and exposure to aflatoxin B1, but the exact molecular mechanisms of... | 16117829 | PMC1224858 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:16 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2005 Aug 23; 5:27 |
Background
The safety of the stress test is a major issue in deciding its practicability and cost-effectiveness – yet, many major complications remain "unmentioned and unheard", for several reasons – mainly related to the "file drawer" bias, lack of time ("busy agenda bias") or unfamiliarity with the technicalities of ... | 16138919 | PMC1224859 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:31 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2005 Sep 2; 3:25 |
Background
Persistence of a patent foramen ovale, or existence of an atrial septal defect, are both common and usually asymptomatic in the absence of right-to-left shunting, which usually occurs in the presence of elevated pulmonary artery and right heart pressures. Platypnea-orthodeoxia describes the condition of comb... | 16159401 | PMC1224860 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:31 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2005 Sep 13; 3:28 |
Introduction
Early mortality and morbidity represent clinical outcomes that have been used in many research models examining patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery [1-6]. Studies utilizing these endpoints have provided valuable information for determining the indications for surgery, estimating... | 16124878 | PMC1224861 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:32 | no | Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med. 2005 Aug 26; 6(1):13 |
Introduction
Older adults have an altered synchronization of circadian rhythms compared to young adults [1-4]. Circadian misalignment of rhythms or malsynchronization might contribute to many age-related disorders of sleep or mood, as has been observed in conjunction with shift-work and jet lag.
It has been hypothesiz... | 16153301 | PMC1224862 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:13 | no | J Circadian Rhythms. 2005 Sep 9; 3:11 |
Background
One strategy for understanding legged locomotion of animals is through the use of a Central Pattern Generator (CPG), an intraspinal network of neurons capable of producing a syncopated output [1]. The implicit assumption in such an interpretation is that a given limb moves in direct proportion to the voltage... | 16076394 | PMC1224863 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:40 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2005 Aug 2; 2:24 |
Analysis of the pattern in cyclic movements may be of great interest in neurosciences and behavioral sciences, since they rely on complex sensory-motor coordination requiring both automated and voluntary tasks [1]. Recent studies, based on non-linear analysis of time series, have shown the presence of complex temporal ... | 16138922 | PMC1224864 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:40 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2005 Sep 2; 2:28 |
Introduction
Interleukin 1 (IL-1) is a proinflammatory cytokine that has been suggested to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria [1]. Histopathology and immunohistologic studies detected IL-1β in the brain and liver from a case of fatal cerebral malaria [2]. Furthermore, expression of IL1B mRNA wa... | 16098232 | PMC1224865 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:13 | no | Malar J. 2005 Aug 14; 4:38 |
Background
Protein misfolding is a common event during bacterial over-expression of recombinant genes [1]. The aggregation of insoluble polypeptide chains as inclusion bodies has seriously restricted the spectrum of proteins marketed by the biotechnology industry. Being widespreadly believed that inclusion body protein... | 16156893 | PMC1224866 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:55 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2005 Sep 12; 4:27 |
Background
Despite significant advances in the treatment of primary breast cancer, predicting and preventing metastasis remains a daunting clinical challenge. To make progress in this area, it is imperative to understand the molecular mechanisms that regulate the progression from a primary tumor to metastatic disease.
... | 16153302 | PMC1224867 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:35 | no | Mol Cancer. 2005 Sep 9; 4:33 |
Background
Peripheral tissue injuries lead to persistent pain which can be caused, in part, by the central sensitization of spinal sensory neurons. It reflects an amplified responsiveness of nociceptive neurons that involves long-lasting changes in synaptic transmission in the central nervous system [1-3]. The changed ... | 16159392 | PMC1224868 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:08 | no | Mol Pain. 2005 Sep 13; 1:26 |
Introduction
Since reproductive and developmental process accompany dynamic changes in metabolism and energy consumption, byproducts are also generated on an extraordinary scale. Among such byproducts, reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are inevitably generated during the physiological process of oxygen consumption, ... | 16137335 | PMC1224869 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:12 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Sep 2; 3:43 |
Background
Retroviral and related endogenous retroviral sequences (ERVs) are integral parts of most eukaryotic genomes, sometimes constituting over 50% of them [1]. Their ability to transpose and transfer horizontally [2,3], confers genetic flexibility to complex genomes like those of humans [4], chimpanzees [5], other... | 16092962 | PMC1224870 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:39 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Aug 10; 2:50 |
Introduction
Viral entry and replication is a complex process that involves multiple viral and host proteins. Many host gene products can interfere with virus infection at the cellular level (for a review, see: [1]). These proteins are encoded by variants of essential genes (that can not support viral infection), or re... | 16107223 | PMC1224871 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:39 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Aug 18; 2:52 |
Introduction
Pulmonary surfactant is a highly surface active complex of lipids and specific proteins, including surfactant proteins (SP-) A, B, C and D [1]. The maintenance of the patency of the airspaces at end-expiration is heavily dependent on the phospholipid components and their interaction with SP-B and SP-C [2].... | 16042774 | PMC1224872 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:24 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jul 22; 6(1):80 |
Background
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of increased morbidity and mortality [1]. The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Diseases (GOLD) guidelines were published in 2001 [2], and revised in 2004 [3] with the aim of increasing awareness of COPD and of decreasing morbidity an... | 16120227 | PMC1224873 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:25 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Aug 25; 6(1):98 |
pmc
Saline Systems is being launched to address the publication needs of researchers exploring all aspects of saline environments. The journal is timely because rapid progress is being made in the molecular biology, genomics, and ecology of halotolerant and halophilic organisms inhabiting saline environments [1,2]. Th... | 16176592 | PMC1224874 | CC BY | 2022-09-08 23:19:43 | no | Saline Syst. 2005 Jul 4; 1:1 |
pmc1. Introduction
A hundred years have passed since the description of the genus Dunaliella, the unicellular green alga which is responsible for most of the primary production in hypersaline environments worldwide. First sighted in 1838 in saltern evaporation ponds in the south of France by Michel Felix Dunal [1], it... | 16176593 | PMC1224875 | CC BY | 2022-09-08 23:19:43 | no | Saline Syst. 2005 Jul 4; 1:2 |
pmcBackground
In all organisms studied to date, UV irradiation causes inducible responses. In some bacteria the inducible SOS response involves about 40 genes that are up-regulated dependent on the pleiotropic regulator, LexA [1]. In eukaryotes a variety of genes are up- and down-regulated in response to UV-damage inc... | 16176594 | PMC1224876 | CC BY | 2022-09-08 23:19:43 | no | Saline Syst. 2005 Jul 4; 1:3 |
pmc
A dynamic and important property of cells is their ability to rapidly adapt to changes in external media, for example, increasing NaCl. To adjust to increased external NaCl, cells in all three kingdoms accumulate a variety of small molecules in the cytoplasm to counteract the external osmotic pressure. Inorganic c... | 16176595 | PMC1224877 | CC BY | 2022-09-08 23:19:43 | no | Saline Syst. 2005 Aug 4; 1:5 |
pmcBook details
Adaption to life at high salt concentrations in Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya. Series: Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitatsand Astrobiology, Vol 9 2005. Hardcover ISBN: 1-4020-3632-9
Starting a new on-line journal such as Saline Systems presents the opportunity for editors and potential readers t... | 0 | PMC1224878 | CC BY | 2022-09-08 23:19:43 | no | Saline Syst. 2005 Aug 17; 1:6 |
pmcBackground
Bacterioplankton contribute significantly to both primary production and biomass in the ocean and coastal water [1,2]. With an average concentration of approximately 106 cells ml-1, bacterioplankton is an important catalyst of biogeochemical processes including oceanic carbon and nitrogen cycles [3,4]. S... | 16176596 | PMC1224879 | CC BY | 2022-09-08 23:19:43 | no | Saline Syst. 2005 Aug 19; 1:7 |
Background
Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is a multifactorial disease which may affect small, medium and large ocular vessels; central vein occlusion represents the most dangerous clinical entity [1]. However, RVO is considered an unusual site of thrombosis [2]. Pathogenesis of RVO may recognise a local disease such as g... | 16144556 | PMC1224880 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:24 | no | Thromb J. 2005 Sep 7; 3:13 |
Findings
Infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) virus (ISAV), the causative agent of a highly fatal disease of marine-farmed Atlantic salmon, is a fish orthomyxovirus that has recently been assigned to the new genus Isavirus within the family Orthomyxoviridae [1]. The disease has caused severe economic losses to the salmon-fa... | 16124877 | PMC1224881 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:00 | no | Virol J. 2005 Aug 26; 2:75 |
Background
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) is an integral part of multi-modality approach for the local and systemic management of locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) [1-5]. However chemoresistance is a major problem and one of the proposed mechanisms for its development is the expression of 170-kDa-membrane glycopro... | 16164742 | PMC1224882 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:04 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Sep 14; 3:61 |
Background
Even though persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been regulated in most countries in the world, in agreement with the Stockholm convention in 2001 [1], the POPs are still posing a global environmental threat on the environment, both to wildlife and humans [2,3]. This is particularly true at hot spot loc... | 16014177 | PMC1226148 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:32 | no | Environ Health. 2005 Jul 14; 4:12 |
Background
Physiological variables (e.g., cardiac output) or structural variables (e.g., pulmonary alveolar surface area) in mammals of mass M in many cases are closely approximated by an exponential function, R = R1Mb, which is termed an allometric relationship [1,2]. A prominent example is Kleiber's law for scaling t... | 16095536 | PMC1226149 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:25 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Aug 11; 2:30 |
Background
The phenomenon of multiple primary malignant neoplasms in the same individual was described firstly by Billroth at the end of the 19th century [1]. Since then, several cases of double or even triple primary malignant neoplasms have been reported. It is believed that multiple primary malignant neoplasms now o... | 16045793 | PMC1226150 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:04 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Jul 26; 3:51 |
Background
Each year nearly 30,000 Americans are diagnosed with oral cancer. 90% of these lesions are oral squamous cell carcinomas [1]. Despite advances in surgery, radiation and chemotherapy, the five-year survival rate is 54%, one of the lowest of the major cancer sites, and this rate has not improved significantly ... | 15987522 | PMC1226180 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:28 | no | J Transl Med. 2005 Jul 7; 3:27 |
Introduction
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the primary site where all secretory and membrane proteins fold prior to transiting the secretory pathway. In addition, the ER is the major Ca++ storage organelle and the site of lipid and oligosaccharide synthesis [1]. Therefore, ER homeostasis is essential for cellular f... | 16184190 | PMC1231716 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:36 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Sep 23; 1(3):e37 |
Introduction
The ability to ectopically express novel genes in the mouse genome via introduction of transgenic sequences has proved to be a valuable tool in the study of mammalian development and disease. However, in approximately 5% of the transgenic lines produced, an insertional mutation at the genomic integration l... | 16184191 | PMC1231717 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 07:59:37 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Sep 23; 1(3):e38 |
Introduction
Faithful segregation of homologous chromosomes in meiosis requires crossovers, which, in concert with sister chromatid cohesion, form the chiasmata that hold and orient homologs on the meiotic spindle. Crossovers are distributed nonrandomly between chromosomes, along each chromosome arm, and relative to on... | 16189551 | PMC1231718 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:36 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Sep 23; 1(3):e40 |
Introduction
Transposable elements (TEs) make up a significant proportion of many eukaryotic genomes, totaling almost 45% for human [1], and 50% to 80% for rice, maize, and wheat [2–4]. They play important evolutionary roles [5,6], and can be essential tools for genome analyses [7]. RepeatMasker (A. Smit and P. Green, ... | 16184192 | PMC1232128 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:22 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Sep 23; 1(4):e43 |
Background
Microarray chips are a powerful technology capable of measuring expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously. Expression profiling has led to dramatic advances in the understanding of cellular processes at the molecular level, which may lead to improvements in molecular diagnostics and personalized... | 16124883 | PMC1232851 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:27 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Aug 29; 6:214 |
Background
The aim of systematic reviews is to present the most valid estimate of the effectiveness of the intervention in question. To do so, the identification of relevant studies must be comprehensive and unbiased. Systematic reviews usually include a comprehensive summary of data from both randomized (RCT) and cont... | 16092960 | PMC1232852 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:52 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005 Aug 10; 5:24 |
Background
Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is associated with quadriceps muscle weakness [1,2], muscle dysfunction [3], and proprioceptive impairments [4] that may contribute to the pathogenesis or progression of OA knee by the production of increased joint damage. Minor neuromuscular incoordination has been termed "mi... | 16137326 | PMC1232853 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:04 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Sep 1; 6:46 |
Background
Most, if not all, pain due to cancer and AIDS could be relieved if we implemented existing medical knowledge [1]. This does not happen for two thirds of the world's population for several reasons. Most live in countries with weak public health infrastructure and, despite WHO encouragement for a public health... | 16092958 | PMC1232854 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:57 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Aug 10; 5:82 |
Background
Both injecting drug use and HIV among injecting drug users (IDUs) have become major international public health problems. HIV infection has been reported among IDUs in over 100 countries [1]. Travel by IDUs, particularly along drug distribution routes, appears to be a major mechanism for the spread of both i... | 16120225 | PMC1232855 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:58 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Aug 24; 5:89 |
Background
The Athens 2004 summer Olympic and Para Olympic games, was the largest sport event ever held in Greece, and involved a large number of athletes and spectators gathered in the greater metropolitan area of Athens and four other Olympic Cities. Protecting the health of the athletes, officials, spectators and th... | 16138924 | PMC1232856 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:57 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Sep 2; 5:93 |
Background
Modern biomedical amplifiers have very high common mode rejection ratio (CMRR), with commercial ECG instruments manifesting values up to 120 dB. Nevertheless, recordings are often contaminated by residual power-line (PL) interference. This is due to differences in the electrode impedances and to stray curren... | 16117827 | PMC1232857 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:34 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Aug 23; 4:50 |
Background
Although the gastric differentiated adenocarcinoma has been thought to develop via a intestinal metaplasia-carcinoma sequence [1-4], there are some disproofs [5] that the gastric differentiated adenocarcinoma develops having a poor relationship to the intestinal metaplasia, from new mucin examinations for mi... | 16135257 | PMC1232858 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:20 | no | J Carcinog. 2005 Sep 1; 4:14 |
Background
In its composition, PADMA 28 largely corresponds to an herbal formula derived from Tibetan medicine that was used in Poland in the first half of the 20th century against chronic inflammatory diseases. In the past two decades, this formula has been administered with or without boiled water cooled to lukewarm ... | 16138918 | PMC1232859 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:20 | no | J Carcinog. 2005 Sep 2; 4:15 |
Review
Leg-length inequality (LLI) is a topic that seemingly has been exhaustively examined; yet much is left to be understood. Reviews by Mannello [1] and Gurney [2] on leg-length inequality and Cooperstein and Lisi on pelvic torsion [3] are highly recommended as sources to provide expanded and longer time-frame backg... | 16026625 | PMC1232860 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:23 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2005 Jul 20; 13:11 |
Fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytomorphology in conjunction with flow cytometric (FC) immunophenotyping has become a reliable and accurate method for the diagnosis and classification of many lymphoproliferative disorders. The combined modality approach often allows for confirmation of diagnosis and subtyping of lymphoma... | 16150141 | PMC1232861 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:22 | no | Cytojournal. 2005 Sep 8; 2:13 |
Background
amyloidosis is characterized by organ deposition of fibrillar substances of different types that have a homogeneous eosinophilic appearance on light microscopy [1,2]. The diagnosis is confirmed by demonstration of an apple-green birefringence under polarized light of specimens stained with Congo red. Primary... | 16138931 | PMC1232862 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:37 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2005 Sep 2; 2:17 |
Background
Glia (microglia and astrocytes) can become inflammation activated in many CNS pathologies, including infectious, ischaemic, inflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders [1,2]. Glial activation may be protective to the host, as it can lead to the removal of cell debris and killing of pathogens [3]. However ex... | 16156895 | PMC1232863 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:21 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2005 Sep 12; 2:20 |
Background
Malaria affects more than three million pregnant women per year in developing countries, where it commonly causes poor birth outcomes and maternal anaemia [1-3]. Brabin [4] suggested that foetal anaemia also resulted from maternal malaria during pregnancy. In developed countries, anaemia in newborns is rare,... | 16122391 | PMC1232864 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:13 | no | Malar J. 2005 Aug 25; 4:39 |
Accumulation in mutations in mtDNA, leading to an impairment of mitochondrial function, has been implicated in the etiology of aging [1,2] and of several degenerative pathologies including Parkinson's [3], Alzheimer's diseases [4], and diabetes [5]. Similarly, mtDNA mutation is thought to be involved in tumorigenesis b... | 16159390 | PMC1232865 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:35 | no | Mol Cancer. 2005 Sep 13; 4:36 |
Background
Cancer staging information is of fundamental importance at both population and individual levels. For the individual, it facilitates provision of appropriate patient care, enables appropriate selection of treatment for individual cases, can be used to explain variability in treatment outcomes, and can contri... | 16105180 | PMC1232866 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:42 | no | Popul Health Metr. 2005 Aug 17; 3:9 |
Introduction
The protein folding problem has been one of the grand challenges in computational molecular biology. The problem is to predict the native three-dimensional structure of a protein from its amino acid sequence. It is widely believed that the amino acid sequence contains all the necessary information for the ... | 16137324 | PMC1232867 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:26 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Sep 1; 2:35 |
Background
In the 1980's an estimated 17,000 people in the United States were affected the congenital blood clotting factor deficiencies, Hemophilia A and B (Factor VIII and Factor IX deficiency, respectively). Since the early 1970's, the mainstay of treatment for bleeding in hemophilia patients has been the use of clo... | 16107217 | PMC1232868 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:01 | no | Virol J. 2005 Aug 17; 2:65 |
Background
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an emerging disease that was first reported in Guangdong Province, China, in late 2002. The disease rapidly spread to at least 30 countries within months of its first appearance, and concerted worldwide efforts led to the identification of the etiological agent as ... | 16115318 | PMC1232869 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:00 | no | Virol J. 2005 Aug 22; 2:69 |
Background
Interferon alpha (IFN-α), the prototype of type I interferon, is widely used to treat human viral infections and certain malignant tumors [1]. There are several subtypes of type I interferons in humans, namely IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-ω, IFN-κ, IFN-tau, IFN-epsilon, IFN-zeta, and the recently discovered IFN-λ [2,3]... | 16146571 | PMC1232870 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:58 | no | Virol J. 2005 Sep 7; 2:80 |
Introduction
Cells have the remarkable ability to sense, respond to, and adapt to their internal and external environments in order to maximize survival or accurately execute a developmental program. Such behavior requires the ability to process information, and cells have evolved complex regulatory and signaling syste... | 16176121 | PMC1233412 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:29 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Oct 27; 3(10):e334 |
Introduction
Circadian rhythms of physiology and behavior in mammals are dependent upon a central clock that resides in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the brain hypothalamus. This clock is synchronized to the outside world via light input from the retina, and it in turn entrains similar slave oscillators present ... | 16167846 | PMC1233413 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:27 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Oct 27; 3(10):e338 |
Introduction
An essential goal in studying the visual system is to understand how it processes natural scenes, which exhibit distinct statistical properties [1–7]. In particular, since neuronal circuits evolve and develop in the natural environment, they may be specifically adapted for efficient coding of natural stimu... | 16171408 | PMC1233414 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:27 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Oct 27; 3(10):e342 |
Embedded in the brain's hypothalamus on top of the intersection of the two optic nerves lies a group of some 10,000 cells known as the suprachiasmatic nucleus. This neural region determines the biological equivalent of Greenwich Mean Time: the circadian cycle. Circadian rhythms influence phenomena as diverse as leaf po... | 0 | PMC1233415 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:28 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Oct 27; 3(10):e348 |
Single-celled bacteria may appear simple by some standards, but these tiny cells employ sophisticated systems for processing stimuli. One especially important class of signaling molecules that help bacteria coordinate the activities of daily life is called the two-component signal transduction system. This system—compr... | 0 | PMC1233416 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:27 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Oct 27; 3(10):e359 |
An Amur tiger roaming the snow-covered forests of the Russian Far East sees life differently than an arboreal primate raised in the thick canopy of a tropical jungle. Adaptations in the structure of the eye and the visual centers of the brain facilitate these different worldviews, fine-tuning each animal's vision to th... | 0 | PMC1233417 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:28 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Oct 27; 3(10):e360 |
Introduction
Ecdysozoan animals, including nematodes and arthropods [1], develop through periodic larval stage molts when the exoskeleton is shed and synthesized anew. Although molting is the hallmark of the most abundant and diverse group of animals on the planet, including a wide variety of human pests and pathogens,... | 16122351 | PMC1233573 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:27 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Oct 30; 3(10):e312 |
Introduction
The role of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in speciation, adaptation, and evolution of life on earth has been studied intensively [1], and there has been a growing body of evidence of transfers of genes among species [2–4] and transfers from organelles to nuclei [5–7]. Whole genome analyses of different pr... | 16122348 | PMC1233574 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:26 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Oct 30; 3(10):e316 |
Anyone who winces remembering the challenges of childhood might consider the fate of the developing worm. Four times in its life, a growing nematode worm flips on its side and writhes around to shed its exoskeleton, or cuticle. During each molt, a worm casts aside its cuticle and synthesizes a new protective shell, its... | 0 | PMC1233575 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:26 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Oct 30; 3(10):e345 |
In one of biology's most impressive engineering feats, specialized proteins package some six-and-a-half feet of human DNA into a nucleus that averages just 5 microns (0.0001969 inches) in diameter. In the first of a series of supercondensing steps, DNA winds around proteins called histones, which together form a comple... | 0 | PMC1233576 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:26 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Oct 30; 3(10):e346 |
The tree of life has long served as a useful tool for describing the history and relationships of organisms over evolutionary time. One species is represented as a branching point, or node, on the tree, and the branches represent paths of descent from a parental node. The tree diagram carries an implicit assumption tha... | 0 | PMC1233577 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:27 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Oct 30; 3(10):e347 |
Introduction
The circadian clock plays a central role in adapting the physiology of plants and animals to anticipate day–night environmental changes. Amongst the most conserved properties of the clock is the ability of daily temperature cycles and acute temperature changes to set its phase [1]. In addition, the period ... | 16176122 | PMC1233578 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:27 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Nov 27; 3(11):e351 |
The conveniences of modernity are not without their costs, as weary travelers know all too well. When you jet into a country halfway around the world and it's dark hours before your body expects nighttime, your internal clock doesn't have time to adjust, so you feel jet-lagged. The biological clock, calibrated to daily... | 0 | PMC1233579 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:27 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Nov 27; 3(11):e379 |
Attending physicians, regardless of their specialty or setting of practice, may suspect or learn that their patient has been attacked with a biological agent. In such cases, it is important to be aware of the interactions that may occur with law enforcement, and of the role that the evolving science of microbial forens... | 16167845 | PMC1236212 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:22 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Dec 27; 2(12):e337 |
Background
Epithelial ovarian carcinoma claims more lives than any other gynecologic malignancy, largely because it frequently escapes detection after it has metastasized [1]. Ovarian carcinoma initially metastasizes primarily to the serosal surface of the peritoneal cavity and abdominal organs. The pleural space is of... | 16042759 | PMC1236614 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:35 | no | Mol Cancer. 2005 Jul 21; 4:26 |
Background
Genital herpes, which is caused mainly by Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) -2 [1] but also by HSV-1 [2] remains a worldwide problem [3]. The strongest known risk factor for the heterosexual transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and other Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) is Genital Ulcer Disease (... | 16095535 | PMC1236615 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:58 | no | Virol J. 2005 Aug 11; 2:61 |
Introduction
Tool use is defined as “the employment of an unattached environmental object to alter more efficiently the form, position, or condition of another object, another organism, or the user itself when the user holds or carries the tool during or just prior to use and is responsible for the proper and effective... | 16187795 | PMC1236726 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:27 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Nov 1; 3(11):e380 |
When chimpanzees were first seen using tools in Liberia in 1951, little was known about great ape behavior in the wild. The sighting was published as a short note by Harry Beatty in the Journal of Mammalogy (recounted by primatologist Frans de Waal in The Ape and the Sushi Master). After spotting a shell mound, Beatty ... | 0 | PMC1236727 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:29 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Nov 1; 3(11):e385 |
Biotechnologies that aim to prevent smoking and tobacco-related disease may emerge as unintended by-products of research on the genetics of nicotine dependence and the effectiveness of nicotine vaccines for smoking cessation. For many advocates of tobacco control, any discussion of the genetics of smoking is anathema b... | 16173831 | PMC1236791 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:31 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Sep 27; 2(9):e266 |
The research article by Pao et al. [1] provides important new information addressing three patients with acquired resistance to gefitinib or erlotinib in progressing tumors containing a secondary mutation, leading to the substitution of methionine for threonine at position 790 (T790M) in exon 20. However, all of the pa... | 16173832 | PMC1236792 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:31 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Sep 27; 2(9):e269 |
May I respectfully highlight a potential confounding factor to interpreting an otherwise excellent and provoking study by Saha et al. [1].
In their recent overview of secondary schizophrenia (defined as “a disparate range of brain disorders that can, uncommonly, give rise to schizophrenia like symptomology” [2]), Hyde... | 16173833 | PMC1236793 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:32 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Sep 27; 2(9):e279 |
The global epidemic of type 2 diabetes is a pressing public health concern associated with a rapidly growing socioeconomic burden. Insulin resistance (IR) is an early event in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. IR is characterised by a reduced ability of insulin to stimulate glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and by h... | 16173834 | PMC1236795 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Sep 27; 2(9):e289 |
In this month's issue of PLoS Medicine, Steele et al. address a timely question in clinical medicine today—how best to use the potential of computers to change and improve physicians' prescribing behavior [1]. In evaluating the effectiveness of automated computerized alerts in a primary-care setting, the authors examin... | 16173835 | PMC1236796 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Sep 27; 2(9):e290 |
The letter from Hambidge highlights the heterogeneous nature of schizophrenia [1]. In order to diagnose schizophrenia, modern diagnostic criteria require the exclusion of other general somatic conditions that can mimic psychotic symptoms. Compliance with screening protocols designed to identify these disorders varies w... | 0 | PMC1236798 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:31 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Sep 27; 2(9):e300 |
Edwin Cragin's century-old opinion, “once a Caesarean, always a Caesarean,” is correct if placed in proper context [1]. Cragin was predicting the near certainty of repeat Caesarean section in a self-selected group of women (1%–2%) who failed to deliver vaginally after several days in active labour. At that time, ricket... | 16173837 | PMC1236800 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Sep 27; 2(9):e305 |
The Cochrane review by Douglas et al. [1], which is referenced in the Best Practice article by Douglas and Hemilä [2], covers 60 years of research into vitamin C and the common cold. However, the review omits pharmacokinetic data that invalidate the conclusion that vitamin C is ineffective. This conclusion is not deriv... | 16173838 | PMC1236801 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:31 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Sep 27; 2(9):e307 |
Covering 60 years of research without mentioning a paper that highlights flaws in the literature, in a review, should negate any conclusion. In the Cochrane review by Douglas et al. [1], which is referenced in the Best Practice article by Douglas and Hemilä [2], there was no mention of the revealing paper published las... | 16173839 | PMC1236802 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:32 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Sep 27; 2(9):e308 |
The responses to our Best Practice article [1] by Hickey and Roberts [2], and by Sardi [3], make the same point, namely, that a recent pharmacokinetic study reported that frequent oral intakes of vitamin C would be necessary to elevate plasma ascorbic acid levels to the point where they believe it would have a pharmaco... | 0 | PMC1236803 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Sep 27; 2(9):e309 |
My remark, in my recent Essay in PLoS Medicine [1], that deepening of the voice occurs with long-term use of tamoxifen for breast cancer needs qualification.
Several colleagues have rightly pointed out that the evidence for the effect is less clear than I implied: it comes from women who have experienced it [2], but t... | 16173841 | PMC1236804 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:33 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Sep 27; 2(9):e310 |
Stampfer's recent Perspective [1] on the paper by Sørensen et al. [2] appropriately acknowledges the challenges inherent in using observational epidemiology to determine the impact of weight loss on life expectancy. However, his case that the data of Sørensen et al. do not support their conclusion that intentional weig... | 16173842 | PMC1236805 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:40:32 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Sep 27; 2(9):e311 |
Williamson states that, in my Perspective [1], I erred in pointing out that Sørensen et al. [2] differentiated only between current smokers and nonsmokers. As Williamson notes in his letter [3], the point raised is precisely the analysis presented by the authors. Adequate treatment for cigarette smoking is crucial. Wil... | 0 | PMC1236811 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:32 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Sep 27; 2(9):e326 |
Introduction
Subtilisin-like proteases (subtilases) are serine proteases with a catalytic triad of the three amino acids aspartate, histidine, and serine [1]. Eukaryotic subtilases belong to the S8 serine protease family (http://merops.sanger.ac.uk) and can be grouped into the pyrolysins and the kexins. Nine subtilases... | 16193095 | PMC1236819 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Sep 23; 1(4):e40 |
Background
Proteases play essential roles in biological systems, not only digestion and protein turnover but also a diversity of specific processes [1]. To regulate the activity of proteases and avoid cellular damage, organisms also produce protease inhibitors [1]. So far, 48 distinct families of protease inhibitors ha... | 16117831 | PMC1236909 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:24 | no | BMC Biochem. 2005 Aug 23; 6:15 |
Background
Proteins are the most important class of molecules in a cell. Most proteins function by interacting with other molecules, especially other proteins. The interactions among proteins are highly regulated and tightly conserved throughout evolution, [1,2] mainly because unnecessary or unsatisfactory interaction ... | 16122378 | PMC1236910 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Aug 25; 6:207 |
Background
With the development of sophisticated experimental technology scientists are trying to understand the huge cellular biochemical network of living cells in its entirety. The complexity of this ambitious goal requires the additional use of computers to be able to analyse the data resulting from high-throughput... | 16124872 | PMC1236911 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:27 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Aug 26; 6:212 |
Background
Cells react to changing intra- and extracellular signals by dynamically modulating complex biochemical networks, and cellular responses to extracellular signals lead to changes in gene and protein expression. These processes can be monitored using genomics and proteomics methods. A number of supervised and u... | 16131395 | PMC1236912 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:27 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Aug 30; 6:215 |
Background
Biological complexity has evolved through a combination and interactions between simpler units. By looking at these units in a context dependent way, we can better understand the biological complexity. For example, Wang and Feng explored the amino acid propensity pattern in a neighbor-dependent way and found... | 16144548 | PMC1236913 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:28 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Sep 6; 6:219 |
Background
Since the completion of the human genome project, there has been a paradigm shift in the way biorepositories have been utilized. Recent advances in the fields of genomics and proteomics are providing novel ways of producing experimental data using biospecimens. This shift has lead to the development of robus... | 16111498 | PMC1236914 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:06 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Aug 21; 5:108 |
Background
Microarray approaches have identified three prostate tissue and cancer-prostate-specific genes: p503S, a 241-amino acid protein that encodes human tetraspan NET-1, a member of the tetraspanin/TM4SF family, involved in cancer metastasis) [1], P504S, also referred to as the AMACR gene, encodes human α-methylac... | 16143040 | PMC1236915 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:06 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Sep 5; 5:111 |
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