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Background
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in females worldwide; there are an estimated 1 million new cases per year [1]. The identification of changes in gene expression in breast tumours relative to normal surrounding tissue is clearly of great importance in terms of prognostic indicators and therapeutic targ... | 16156888 | PMC1236916 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:07 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Sep 12; 5:113 |
Background
Obesity is commonly understood to imply excess fat, but it is ordinarily classified according to excess weight. This semantic inconsistency may help to explain why the body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) – a popular marker for relative weight – performs only modestly as a predictor of medical risk [1]. Researchers ... | 16150143 | PMC1236917 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:07 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2005 Sep 8; 5:26 |
Background
Huntington's disease (HD) is a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin gene [1]. It is characterized by personality changes, motor disturbances, cognitive decline, and weight loss [2]. Neuropathologically, the disease is reflected by neurodegeneration, primari... | 16159402 | PMC1236918 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:30 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 Sep 13; 6:34 |
Background
Huntington's Disease (HD) is a terminal inherited progressive neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system, characterised by a variety of symptoms that affect the patient's physical and mental health. Folstein [1] describes the disorder as having a "triad of clinical features", because it has a r... | 16162290 | PMC1236919 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:13 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Sep 14; 6:38 |
Background
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a disease of unknown etiology characterized by chronic hepatocellular inflammation, serum autoantibodies, and hypergammaglobulinemia, which in most cases respond to immunosupression [1-3]. Those affected are mainly young women. The course is generally progressive and often fluct... | 16098234 | PMC1236920 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:27 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2005 Aug 15; 5:27 |
Background
Preeclampsia (PE) is a severe disorder of human pregnancies affecting up to 10 % of primiparous women in industrialized countries. This hypertensive disease develops from the second half of pregnancy and is associated with proteinuria, and sometimes with oedemas. The causes of preeclampsia are complex and mu... | 16129025 | PMC1236921 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:48 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Aug 29; 6:111 |
Background
A large fraction (8%) of the human genome contains elements of retroviral origin, with thousands of sequences closely related to the integrated proviral form of infectious retroviruses with the canonical gag, prt, pol and env genes [1]. These elements, named human endogenous retroviruses (HERV), are most pro... | 16150157 | PMC1236922 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:48 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Sep 9; 6:117 |
Background
Chronic heart failure is a common disease in all developed countries, and its prevalence is likely to increase further due to aging societies and improvement in therapies [1]. Therefore, the interest in good quality of heart failure management is twofold: optimal medical outcomes as well as the efficient use... | 16131393 | PMC1236923 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:51 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Aug 30; 5:57 |
Background
A recent review of the Australian literature unequivocally showed that the "disadvantaged" had higher mortality rates from most major causes of death, experienced more ill-health and were less likely to act to prevent disease or detect it at an asymptomatic stage [1,2]. Available evidence also suggests that ... | 16150153 | PMC1236924 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:50 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Sep 9; 5:61 |
Background
There are many reports of pharyngitis and wound infections associated with A. haemolyticum. Rarely systemic infections have been documented [1,2]. Most of these infections tend to occur in the adolescent age group. It has been isolated from symptomatic individuals, some times as a co-infection along with oth... | 16144543 | PMC1236925 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:15 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Sep 6; 5:68 |
Background
Many papers have clearly demonstrated that HIV-1 RNA plasma viral load quantitative determination is a pivotal parameter to monitor viral replication and the effectiveness of HAART therapy [1-5]. In addition, a growing number of observations showed that measurement of HIV-1 DNA proviral load could provide cr... | 16156892 | PMC1236926 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:14 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Sep 12; 5:69 |
Background
Campylobacteriosis is a zoonotic disease observed in most parts of the world. The disease is caused by Campylobacter jejuni, or less commonly Campylobacter coli. It is estimated to cause 5–14% of diarrhea, worldwide [1], and causes a great amount of hospital bed days in all countries. In the United States, c... | 16162289 | PMC1236927 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:13 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Sep 14; 5:70 |
Background
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent and heritable childhood behavioural disorders. Progress in identifying some of the genes involved in ADHD susceptibility has been relatively fruitful over the past decade by screening genetic variants that lie within or close to gen... | 16143039 | PMC1236928 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2005 Sep 5; 6:31 |
Background
Migraine is a common, debilitating neurovascular disease characterised by severe recurrent headache, nausea and vomiting, photophobia and phonophobia [1]. It is clinically diagnosed based on criteria specified by the International Headache Society (IHS), defining two major classes of migraine: migraine with ... | 16162291 | PMC1236929 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2005 Sep 14; 6:32 |
Background
Renal transplantation is the first choice treatment for many patients with end-stage renal failure, with the potential for improved quality of life and increased life expectancy [1,2]. However, in the UK, the speciality suffers from a lack of qualified surgeons with a predicted shortage, in 1999, of over twe... | 16162287 | PMC1236930 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:56 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2005 Sep 14; 5:32 |
Background
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococcus), a Gram-negative diplococcus, is one of two pathogenic members of the Neisseriaceae family of bacteria. N. gonorrhoeae is the causative agent of the sexually transmitted disease, gonorrhea, one of the oldest documented infectious diseases. Gonorrheal disease has significant... | 16137322 | PMC1236931 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:05 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Sep 1; 5:50 |
Background
Primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS) is an idiopathic, recurrent vasculitis confined to the central nervous system and the dural reflections. It may involve small and medium-sized leptomeningeal, cortical and subcortical arteries. The most common presentation is headache with encephalopathy... | 16162278 | PMC1236932 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:53 | no | BMC Neurol. 2005 Sep 14; 5:16 |
Background
The mental lexicon is usually considered to be a compilation of linguistic information, with each word having an entry. The precise structure of a lexical entry continues to be a topic of investigation and discussion. From a linguistic perspective, a lexical entry for a word should contain information about ... | 16135252 | PMC1236933 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:47 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Aug 31; 6:57 |
Background
Recent results obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) found increases in overweight and obesity not only in adults but also in children [1]. An alarming 31% of children aged 6 to 19 years old were found to be at risk for overweight while 16% were classified as overweight.... | 16153297 | PMC1236934 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:06 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 Sep 9; 5:37 |
Background
The English Public Health White Paper 'Choosing Health' and the accompanying delivery plan [1,2] state that the government will regulate, with legislation where necessary, to achieve smokefree enclosed public places and workplaces by 2007–2008. However, pubs and bars, which do not prepare and serve food and ... | 16137320 | PMC1236935 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:57 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Sep 1; 5:91 |
Background
High blood pressure or hypertension (HT) is a major health problem in our environment.[1] The low degree of awareness among the population and the difficulties to comply with prescribed treatments, stress the importance of primary prevention of this disease.[2]
The search for risk factors of incident HT req... | 16156889 | PMC1236936 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:57 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Sep 12; 5:94 |
Background
Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a biological fluid that mainly consists of water, but also contains small droplets of airway lining fluid. Much of the interest of EBC lies in the fact that its collection is totally non-invasive and does not lead to any discomfort or risk [1]. It has been used to assess in... | 16137323 | PMC1236937 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:12 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2005 Sep 1; 5:10 |
Background
Community-acquired pneumonia is the seventh leading cause of death and the leading cause of infectious death in the United States [1]. Although mortality due to community-acquired pneumonia decreased significantly with the introduction of antibiotics in the 1950s since that time mortality has been stable or ... | 16159398 | PMC1236938 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:12 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2005 Sep 13; 5:12 |
Background
Avena sativa (oat) belongs to the Poaceae family. Other cereals in this family are wheat, barley and rye [1]. Wild oats are diploid, but all cultivated oats are hexaploid with an estimated 1C genome size of 13.23 pg, corresponding to about 13000 Mbp [2]. The commercial value of oat is derived both from its h... | 16137325 | PMC1236939 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:52 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2005 Sep 1; 5:18 |
Background
Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum (S. Gallinarum) is the causative agent of fowl typhoid, a severe systemic disease of chickens and other galliforme birds [1]. S. Gallinarum is a non-motile Gram negative rod and along with the closely related Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum is host-specific for pou... | 16221297 | PMC1236940 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:46 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2005 Sep 12; 1:2 |
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear hormone receptors, i.e. ligand-dependent intracellular proteins that stimulate transcription of specific genes by binding to specific DNA sequences following activation by the appropriate ligand. When activated, ... | 16168052 | PMC1236941 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:15 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2005 Sep 16; 4:14 |
Background
The flow Vp of early diastolic LV inflow measured using color M-mode Doppler echocardiography (CMD) has been recognized as a useful measure of LV relaxation. [1-4] Vp by CMD has also been reported to correlate with the time constant of isovolumic relaxation (τ). [1,3,4] However, there are few published data ... | 16137332 | PMC1236942 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:31 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2005 Sep 1; 3:24 |
Background
Right-sided endocarditis occurs predominantly in intravenous drug abusers (IVDA), in patients with pacemaker or central venous lines and in patients with congenital heart disease. The vast majority of cases involve the tricuspid valve. In the case that we describe, tricuspid valve endocarditis was associated... | 16171516 | PMC1236943 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:31 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2005 Sep 19; 3:30 |
Background
While the main focus of chiropractic care centers on treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, chiropractors serve as first point of contact with the health care system for patients presenting with a broad range of conditions [1]. As a portal-of-entry healthcare provider in a primary ambulatory setting, the pr... | 16138920 | PMC1236944 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:23 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2005 Sep 2; 13:18 |
1. Migration in Europe: the social, demographic and political context
Trends in migration in Europe
The number of migrants in the world has more than double since 1975, with most living in Europe (56 million), Asia (50 million) and Northern America (41 million) [1]. In 1990, migrants accounted for over 15% of the popul... | 16135246 | PMC1236945 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:01 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2005 Aug 31; 1:13 |
Background
It is estimated that between 9% and 20% of all cases of acute psychosis presenting to an Emergency Department (ED) are due to a general medical condition [1-3]. This means that all patients coming to the ED with signs and symptoms of acute psychosis must undergo a careful diagnostic workup. Apart from non-or... | 16164756 | PMC1236946 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:01 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2005 Sep 15; 1:15 |
Background
There has been considerable interest in validating established cardiac biomarkers as a mechanism for assessing infarct size in clinical practice and as an endpoint in clinical trials. Since assays for creatine kinase (CK) and CK-MB became widely available in the 1970s, attempts have been made to correlate th... | 16115321 | PMC1236947 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:32 | no | Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med. 2005 Aug 23; 6(1):12 |
Background
Cerebrovascular disease is a major public health problem [1]. In addition to well-documented modifiable risk factors of stroke, there is evidence for a link between a broad category of environmental factors and stroke, such as air pollution [2], environmental tobacco smoke [3], metals [4], pesticides [5], an... | 16129026 | PMC1236948 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:32 | no | Environ Health. 2005 Aug 29; 4:18 |
Background
Although bearing the brunt of the AIDS epidemic, Africa has long been considered largely free of injection drug use. Notwithstanding the assessments of the UN International Drug Control Programme [1] 1, international organisations have been slow to recognise either the spread of heroin use in Kenya or the ex... | 16122382 | PMC1236949 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:49 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2005 Aug 25; 2:12 |
Background
Acute coronary syndromes such as unstable angina or myocardial infarction account for approximately 2.5 million hospitalizations in the United States annually [1,2]. The period surrounding an acute coronary syndrome is often marked by fear, anxiety, and uncertainty about the resumption of activities such as ... | 16143038 | PMC1236950 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:14 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Sep 5; 3:52 |
"I know who I was when I got up this morning, but I've changed several times since then." (Alice in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll)
Background
Patient reported outcomes (PROs) are widely used in clinical trials to incorporate patients' perspectives, and as adjuncts to "harder" measures of morbidity and mortality [1]. Whi... | 16146573 | PMC1236951 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:14 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Sep 7; 3:55 |
Introduction
The burden of disease attributable to physical inactivity is estimated at $377 million in Australia [1], $2.1 billion in Canada [2] and $24 billion in the U.S. [3], and continues to rise as large majorities of populations remain insufficiently active for health benefits. Research relating to the determinan... | 16138933 | PMC1236952 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:04 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2005 Sep 5; 2:11 |
Introduction
Apoptosis is a physiological form of cell death, which plays an important role in embryogenesis, metamorphosis, cellular homeostasis, tissue atrophy and removal of tumor and mutated cells. In the immune system, apoptosis appears to play a crucial role in selection of T cell repertoire in the thymus, deleti... | 16115325 | PMC1236953 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:31 | no | Immun Ageing. 2005 Aug 23; 2:12 |
Introduction
Synchronous early primary cancers are rare. In recent years multiple primary tumors have been documented more frequently. A review of autopsies of 659 cases of multiple primary tumors showed the colon to be the organ most frequently involved, especially among the aged [1,2].
Colorectal cancer is the third... | 16162293 | PMC1236954 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:37 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2005 Sep 14; 2:19 |
Introduction
Many older adults have an impaired gait that does not appear to be a result of any well defined disease [1]. In their review of patients attending a neurology clinic, Sudarsky et al. reported that the cause of the gait disturbance was unknown, even after neuro-imaging, in about 10–20 percent of older adult... | 16124880 | PMC1236955 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:40 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2005 Aug 28; 2:27 |
Introduction
Biochemical reactors play an important role in the biochemical industry as the rate of reaction, ease, and length of reactor operation affect reactor productivities and hence process economics [1,2]. In order to employ a most appropriate reactor for an industrial operation, reaction rate should be high and... | 16122390 | PMC1236956 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:35 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2005 Aug 25; 4:24 |
Background
Sexual precocity is one of the most popular endocrine disorders in children, incidence of which is about 0.6% throughout the world [1]. It is 10 times more common in girls than in boys of the disease. Precocious puberty is the appearance of the secondary sexual characteristics before age 8 years and can be m... | 16111504 | PMC1236957 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:12 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Aug 22; 3:38 |
Background
The regression of corpora lutea (CL) is a process that involves two stages. During the first stage (functional regression), production of progesterone is discontinued. In the second stage (structural regression), the CL undergo involution manifested by a decrease in weight and size that is associated with pr... | 16131396 | PMC1236958 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:13 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Aug 30; 3:40 |
Introduction
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a heterogeneous endocrine and metabolic disorder affecting 6% to 10% of women of reproductive age, is associated with ovulatory dysfunction, abdominal obesity, hyperandrogenism, and in many cases hypertension and profound insulin resistance [1]. Several of these factors in... | 16146570 | PMC1236959 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:13 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Sep 7; 3:44 |
Background
Lung transplantation has become an accepted treatment option for appropriately selected patients with end-stage lung disease. Besides clinical outcome measures such as survival, Health Related Quality of Life (HRQL) has become an increasingly important endpoint in studies regarding the effectiveness of lung ... | 16150142 | PMC1236960 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:27 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Sep 8; 6(1):101 |
Background
Sleep-related breathing disorders are fairly common in the general population [1]. In the majority of cases, they are obstructive in nature and are caused by recurrent sleep-related episodes of complete or partial upper airway (UA) closure. During these episodes, UA muscle activity progressively increases bu... | 16146572 | PMC1236961 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:25 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Sep 7; 6(1):99 |
Introduction
The maximum metabolic rate (MMR) of mammals is measured as the rate of oxygen consumption during the maximum sustainable rate of exercise [1]. Unlike the basal metabolic rate (BMR), which consumes oxygen at rates far below the delivery capacity of the cardiovascular system [1,2], the MMR is largely determi... | 16095539 | PMC1236962 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:26 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Aug 11; 2:31 |
Introduction
Computer simulation of the propagation of impulses in cardiac muscle shows that the electric field generated in the narrow junctional clefts when an action potential occurs at the prejunctional membrane depolarizes the postjunctional membrane to threshold [1]. Thus, the postjunctional cell is excited after... | 16144554 | PMC1236963 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:26 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Sep 6; 2:36 |
Introduction
Epilepsy is a disorder involving recurrent unprovoked seizures: episodes of abnormally synchronized and high-frequency firing of neurons in the brain that result in abnormal behaviors or experiences. This is a fairly common disorder, affecting close to 1% of the population. The lifetime risk of having a se... | 16146568 | PMC1236964 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:25 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Sep 7; 2:37 |
Background
Septic thrombophlebitis is an iatrogenic life-threatening disease associated with use of central venous devices and intravenous (IV) therapy. [1-3] Sole use of antimicrobials is rarely effective for controlling infection, requiring removal of the device and anticoagulation but in some cases a more aggressive... | 16111500 | PMC1236965 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:24 | no | Thromb J. 2005 Aug 22; 3:11 |
The rapid evolutions in science have generated a tremendous spectrum of new technologies and tools in both basic and clinical research/medicine. This includes the constant improvement of old and the discovery of new diagnostics and therapies, which increasingly contain and integrate elements from different fields, such... | 16131400 | PMC1236966 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:28 | no | J Transl Med. 2005 Aug 30; 3:33 |
Background
Viral envelope glycoproteins initiate entry of viruses into cells by binding to cell surface receptors followed by conformational changes leading to membrane fusion and delivery of the genome to the cytoplasm [1]. The spike (S) glycoproteins of coronaviruses are no exception and mediate binding to host cells... | 16122388 | PMC1236967 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:58 | no | Virol J. 2005 Aug 25; 2:73 |
Background
A major challenge in the provision of healthcare throughout the world in the 21st century is trying to ensure that the resources that are available meet the demand. Nowhere is the situation more acute than in the provision of care for patients with cancer. Whilst current statistics show that one in three peo... | 16117834 | PMC1236968 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:05 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Aug 23; 3:54 |
Background
The diagnosis and management of ovarian cancer is one of the greatest challenges in oncology. Approximately, half of ovarian carcinoma patients die from the disease making it the leading cause of gynecologic cancer-related death in most industrialized countries [1].
Although our approach and knowledge of ep... | 16135251 | PMC1236969 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:05 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Aug 31; 3:57 |
Background
Mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCN) of the pancreas is a cystic neoplasm, unilocular or multilocular, occurring almost exclusively in women. The overwhelming majority of cases occur in the body-tail of the pancreas. MCNs show two distinct components: an inner mucinous epithelial layer and an outer dense cellular ... | 16146567 | PMC1236970 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:05 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Sep 7; 3:59 |
West Nile virus (WNV, Flaviviridae: Flavivirus) is maintained in nature by transmission between mosquitoes and birds and has an extensive geographic range, including Europe, Africa, the Middle East, southern Asia, and Australia (1). In 1999, WNV was identified in North America (2) and has become the leading cause of ar... | 15663854 | PMC1237116 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:19:09 | no | Emerg Infect Dis. 2004 Dec; 10(12):2161-2168 |
Introduction
For many microorganisms, including some that have the potential to behave as pathogens, their primary interaction with a host is through stable colonization of mucosal surfaces [1]. The composition of the flora that inhabits these sites is, in general, highly specific to a particular host species, suggesti... | 16201010 | PMC1238736 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:27 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2005 Sep 22; 1(1):e1 |
Introduction
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, has an extraordinary ability to resist the bactericidal mechanisms of the human immune system [1]. The integrity of the complex mycobacterial cell wall and its associated lipids has long been thought to be important for virulence [2–6]. This... | 16201014 | PMC1238737 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:27 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2005 Sep 30; 1(1):e2 |
Introduction
At least 40 primate species in Africa are infected by diverse simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) assigned to six major phylogenetic lineages; however, the mosaic nature of the SIV genomes attests to the common simian-to-simian transmission of SIVs [1,2]. These African nonhuman primate reservoir hosts m... | 16201015 | PMC1238738 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:27 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2005 Sep 30; 1(1):e3 |
Introduction
Influenza virus infection results in the activation of cellular pathways aimed at inhibition of viral replication and induction of an antiviral state [1]. To overcome the antiviral signaling, influenza viruses evolved accessory proteins, such as NS1 and PB1-F2, that have been proposed to down-modulate diff... | 16201016 | PMC1238739 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:28 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2005 Sep 30; 1(1):e4 |
Introduction
Most bacterial species consist of a wide spectrum of distinct clones or clonal complexes [1–3] that differ from one another by 1% or more at synonymous nucleotide sites [4,5]. Intraspecies genetic diversity is usually generated both by mutations and by horizontal genetic exchanges. However, some important ... | 16201017 | PMC1238740 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:28 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2005 Sep 19; 1(1):e5 |
Introduction
A variety of intrinsic mechanisms that protect organisms from retroviral infection and corresponding viral escape strategies have evolved as a consequence of the coexistence of retroviruses and vertebrates [1–4]. Lentiviruses, e.g., express Vif proteins that counter the antiretroviral activities of DNA-edi... | 16201018 | PMC1238741 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:27 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2005 Sep 22; 1(1):e6 |
Introduction
Herpesviruses are distinguished by their ability to establish lifelong infection cycling between lytic and latent phases. One challenge to this lifestyle is that the immune system of the vertebrate hosts has the opportunity to be repeatedly primed, thereby increasing the potential for the host to eradicate... | 16201019 | PMC1238742 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:27 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2005 Sep 30; 1(1):e7 |
Introduction
Cholera continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in many parts of the world [1]. It is contracted through ingestion of contaminated food or water and is characterized by profuse diarrhea and vomiting. Cholera toxin, the primary determinant of this clinical syndrome, is an AB5-type exotoxin ... | 16201020 | PMC1238743 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:27 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2005 Sep 30; 1(1):e8 |
Introduction
The Plasmodium life cycle in the Anopheles mosquitoes begins with the ingestion of a blood meal containing Plasmodium gametocytes. After fertilization of the resulting gametes, the zygotes transform into motile ookinetes that traverse the midgut epithelium, reach the basal lamina, and then transform into o... | 16201021 | PMC1238744 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:28 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2005 Sep 30; 1(1):e9 |
Introduction
Bcl-2 family proteins are important regulators of cell death and other aspects of cell physiology such as glycolysis and calcium metabolism [1–5]. The Bcl-2 family can be divided into antiapoptotic proteins, which have in common four Bcl-2 homology domains (BH1–4), and proapoptotic proteins, which have eit... | 16201011 | PMC1238745 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:27 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2005 Sep 30; 1(1):e10 |
On behalf of the editorial board and the PLoS staff, I welcome you to the inaugural issue of PLoS Pathogens. We hope that you enjoy reading the exciting articles in this first issue. These papers were selected because each represents a breakthrough in understanding the biology of pathogens and pathogen–host interaction... | 16201012 | PMC1238746 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:21 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2005 Sep 30; 1(1):e12 |
“There were never in the world two opinions alike, any more than two hairs or two grains. Their most universal quality is diversity.”—Michel de Montaigne, French essayist
The global scope of pathogen research—a dynamic field that spans basic science, public health, epidemiology, vaccines, infectious diseases, genetics... | 16201013 | PMC1238747 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:21 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2005 Sep 30; 1(1):e13 |
Introduction
To understand the functioning of a network, one must know its elements and their interconnections. The purpose of this article is to discuss research strategies aimed at a comprehensive structural description of the network of elements and connections forming the human brain. We propose to call this datase... | 16201007 | PMC1239902 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:22 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Sep 30; 1(4):e42 |
Introduction
A collection of evolutionarily recent and older “fossil” mobile element sequences compose more than 45% of the human genome [1–5]. Along with the recently characterized SVA family, Alu and L1 have the distinction of being the only mobile element lineages to be actively proliferating in modern humans [3,6,7... | 16201008 | PMC1239904 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:22 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Sep 30; 1(4):e44 |
Introduction
Enhancing the stability of globular proteins remains an important task of protein engineering and design [1,2]. The major mechanisms for increasing stability discovered so far vary from introduction of additional chemical bonds (e.g., disulfide bridges) or ion pairs [3–6] to increasing either the enthalpic... | 16201009 | PMC1239905 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Sep 30; 1(4):e47 |
The introduction of Medical Benefits Scheme (MBS) item numbers to reimburse health assessments (HAs) represented a major shift in support for access to health promotion and preventive care in primary care settings. The HA items provide reimbursement for doctors to evaluate patient's physical, psychological and social f... | 16150154 | PMC1239906 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:28 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2005 Sep 9; 2:21 |
Background
Pathways are cellular procedures that are associated with a specific functionality in the cell, such as amino acid synthesis and degradation, energy metabolism, signal transduction, molecular oxidation, and more. The complexity of a cell is a function of its underlying procedures. Therefore, there is a stron... | 16135255 | PMC1239907 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Aug 31; 6:217 |
Background
Information concerning the allele frequencies of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) is needed to select an optimal subset of common SNPs for use in association studies [1]. One approach to finding common SNPs with allele frequencies is to generate DNA sequences from a sufficient number of samples in a po... | 16146575 | PMC1239908 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Sep 7; 6:220 |
Background
The coordinates of over 30,761 protein structures are currently available at the Protein Data Bank (PDB [1]), and each year thousands of new structures are deposited. A quantitative analysis of this data requires accurate tools for superimposing protein structures, measuring their similarity, and identifying... | 16146579 | PMC1239909 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Sep 8; 6:221 |
Background
Localized perturbations in a protein structure can originate from point mutations, chemical modifications, interaction with other molecules, etc. Sometimes, it is necessary to compare alternative structures for the same protein sequence (e.g. different three-dimensional structure predictions, multiple models... | 16159393 | PMC1239910 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Sep 13; 6:226 |
Background
From the very start of the high-throughput microarray expression revolution it was understood [1,2] that guilt-by-association was a powerful heuristic to both explain why genes might have correlated expression in a set of experiments and infer what might be the function of a gene coexpressed with genes of be... | 16162296 | PMC1239911 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:27 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Sep 14; 6:227 |
Background
Increasing numbers of methods are being developed for parallel nucleic acid analyses for different purposes. Many of these methods employ sets of oligonucleotide probes or probe pairs that hybridize to the sequences targeted for analysis, allowing the probe sequences to be acted upon by one or more enzymes, ... | 16171527 | PMC1239912 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Sep 19; 6:229 |
Background
In spite of recent advances in the techniques used for myocardial revascularization, chronic total coronary occlusions are frequently observed in patients with coronary artery disease. This could lead to symptoms of angina, quality of life impairment, left ventricular dysfunction, and prognosis worsening. In... | 16164743 | PMC1239913 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:06 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2005 Sep 15; 5:27 |
Background
The phenotype of a cell is determined by its transcriptional repertoire, a result of combinations of transcriptional programs partly set during lineage determination and partly activated in response to intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli. Microarray hybridization experiments permit a quantitative analysis of thi... | 16107210 | PMC1239914 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:48 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Aug 17; 6:109 |
Background
Piezophilic microbes have been isolated from a variety of abyssal and hadal deep-sea environments and include several psychrophilic or psychrotolerant proteobacteria, and several high temperature Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota [1]. While the study of these extremophiles is still in its infancy, both physiol... | 16162277 | PMC1239915 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:48 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Sep 14; 6:122 |
Background
Atlantic salmon are part of the Salmonidae family which comprise all salmon, trout, whitefish, grayling, and charr. A tremendous amount of basic biology is already known about salmonids from studies carried out on their physiology, population dynamics, behavioural ecology and phylogenetics [1]. Salmon also p... | 16164747 | PMC1239916 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:48 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Sep 15; 6:126 |
Background
Almost every empirical research question is causal. Scientists conducting studies in medicine and epidemiology investigate questions like "Which factors cause a certain disease?" or "How does a certain therapy affect the duration and course of disease?" Clearly, not every association is temporarily directed,... | 16159397 | PMC1239917 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:52 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005 Sep 13; 5:28 |
Background
Estrogen replacement in adult female rats is neuroprotective for a variety of experimentally induced neural injury models, such as ischemia [1-3], toxins [4-6], and forebrain transections [7]. Estrogen is an important modulator of the neural inflammatory response, principally via its actions on microglia, th... | 16156894 | PMC1239918 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:47 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Sep 12; 6:58 |
Background
Gastric acid-related diseases are among the most prevalent mucosal disorders of the upper gastrointestinal tract. There is also evidence that hydrochloric acid (HCl) contributes to the pain associated with gastro-oesophageal reflux and peptic ulcer disease as well as to non-cardiac chest pain and functional ... | 16162281 | PMC1239919 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:48 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Sep 14; 6:60 |
Background
The most commonly employed neurophysiologic techniques used to diagnose and monitor the status of the nervous system in humans involve recording extracellular fields generated by time dependent changes in transmembrane potentials in axons, dendrites or cell bodies [1,2]. In order to understand these extracel... | 16146569 | PMC1239920 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:34 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Sep 7; 4:53 |
Background
CUB and Sushi Multiple Domains 1 (CSMD1) was cloned as a candidate tumor suppressor or progression gene from a region of human chromosome 8 deleted in tumors of the upper aerodigestive tract, prostate, ovary and bladder [1-7]. Deletion of 8p23.2 or reduced expression of CSMD1 has been associated with poor pr... | 16153303 | PMC1239921 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:16 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2005 Sep 9; 5:29 |
Background
Health care has long been regarded as an art and a science. In contemporary conventional health care the 'science' dimension has increasingly come to dominate the 'art' of health care. At the undergraduate level this has been expressed as enhanced emphasis in the training of future physicians on searching an... | 16146578 | PMC1239922 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:23 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2005 Sep 8; 13:19 |
Introduction
Primary diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis (PDLG) is a rare uniformly fatal neoplastic condition. It is characterized by widespread infiltration of the meninges by tumor thought to arise from heterotopic glial cell nests, without evidence of primary tumor within the brain or spinal cord parenchyma [1]. Gli... | 16174291 | PMC1239923 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:22 | no | Cytojournal. 2005 Sep 20; 2:16 |
Introduction
Life is a dynamical process. As the intricate connectedness of biological systems is revealed, it is essential to keep in mind that network maps are graphical representations of dynamic systems. A network with fixed structure is dynamic in the sense that the nodes take on values corresponding to activities... | 16187794 | PMC1239925 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:51 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Nov 4; 3(11):e343 |
While intelligent-design proponents enjoy their 15 minutes of fame denying the role of evolutionary forces in generating complex networks in nature, scientists are probing the organizing principles that govern these networks. Traditional models of complex networks assumed that connections between units—such as genes, p... | 0 | PMC1239926 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:28 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Nov 4; 3(11):e369 |
Introduction
Phenotypic diversity can often be traced to the differential expression of specific regulatory genes [1–5]. Recently, microarray experiments revealed large-scale differences in the genome-wide transcription response of related organisms to equivalent environmental conditions. For example, the transcription... | 16470937 | PMC1239936 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:24 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Sep 30; 1(3):e39 |
Introduction
The International Haplotype Mapping (HapMap) Project [1,2] has generated a large set of evenly spaced human genomic variation data on samples from four different populations [Utah residents with ancestry from northern and western Europe (CEU); Han Chinese in Beijing, China (CHB); Japanese in Tokyo, Japan (... | 16205789 | PMC1239938 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:24 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Sep 30; 1(3):e41 |
Introduction
“With the creation of the universe, the dance too came into being, which signifies the union of the elements. The round dance of the stars, the constellation of planets in relation to the fixed stars, the beautiful order and harmony in all its movements, is a mirror of the original dance at the time of cre... | 16205790 | PMC1239939 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:24 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Sep 30; 1(3):e42 |
For many of us, keeping up with the literature poses a never-ending challenge. We rely on word of mouth, “news and views,” journal clubs, or E-mail alerts to stay abreast of our field. But the media are also potent arbiters of scientific advances. And in the realm of genetics, I can think of no better source than Nicho... | 16205791 | PMC1239940 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:37 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Sep 30; 1(3):e45 |
Introduction
Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous inhibitor of all nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms [1]. It is synthesised by the action of protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs), and following proteolysis, free ADMA is released into the cell cytosol and thence into plasma. Circulating concentra... | 16190779 | PMC1240048 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:14 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Oct 4; 2(10):e264 |
Introduction
Allergy prevalence has been on the rise in many countries, while causal risk factors are still unknown [1]. The spatial and temporal distribution of risk factors may offer an insight into the mechanism of disease.
Birth month has been claimed to be associated with allergy. More than half of the studies su... | 16190778 | PMC1240049 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:37 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Oct 4; 2(10):e294 |
Introduction
Hookworms infect more than 700 million people in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The major species infecting humans are Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale. The parasites feed on blood, causing iron-deficiency anemia, and as such, are a major cause of disease burden in developing co... | 16231975 | PMC1240050 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:15 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Oct 4; 2(10):e295 |
Introduction
For more than two decades human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has widely been used as a versatile tool to investigate different genetic aspects such as the origin and migration patterns of human populations or criminal casework in the forensic field. Specific mutations in the mtDNA genome are also suggested to... | 16187796 | PMC1240051 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:18 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Nov 4; 2(11):e296 |
Introduction
The human epidermal growth factor receptor gene product (EGFR), a member of the ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases, is an integral component of signaling in epithelial cell proliferation. Stimulation of the receptor with EGF or other cognate ligands induces receptor dimerization and autophosphorylati... | 16187797 | PMC1240052 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:18 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Nov 4; 2(11):e313 |
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