text string | pmid string | accession_id string | license string | last_updated string | retracted string | citation string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Human hookworms are parasitic nematodes infecting about 700 million individuals, largely in tropical regions of the world [1]. In endemic areas, most infected people carry a mixed worm burden, including Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworms), Trichuris trichuria (whipworms), and Ancylostoma duodenale and/or Necator american... | 16187734 | PMC1240053 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:16 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Oct 4; 2(10):e327 |
The endothelium plays a crucial role in the maintenance of vascular tone and structure. Endothelial dysfunction is associated with cardiovascular risk factors, metabolic diseases, and systemic or local inflammation. One proposed mechanism for the development of endothelial dysfunction is the presence of elevated blood ... | 0 | PMC1240054 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:37 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Oct 4; 2(10):e331 |
The survival of people diagnosed with HIV/AIDS dramatically improves with access to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Such therapy employs a combination of antiretroviral agents—protease inhibitors (PIs), nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, nucleotid... | 16187735 | PMC1240055 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:26 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Dec 4; 2(12):e338 |
Hookworms are intestinal parasites of mammals, including humans, dogs, and cats; in humans, these infections are a leading cause of intestinal blood loss and iron-deficiency anemia. These infections occur mostly in tropical and subtropical climates, and are estimated to infect about 1 billion people worldwide—about one... | 0 | PMC1240056 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:17 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Oct 4; 2(10):e369 |
The prevalence of asthma and allergy, defined as immunologically mediated hypersensitivity, is increasing. It is estimated that more than 20% of the world's population has IgE-mediated allergic diseases. The scale of the clinical problem is immense. The World Health Organization estimates that asthma affects nearly 150... | 0 | PMC1240057 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:16 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Oct 4; 2(10):e375 |
Introduction
Malaria morbidity and mortality in Africa has risen, principally because of increasing resistance to chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) in Plasmodium falciparum [1,2]. Highly successful malaria control in South Africa, before the mid–1990s, had been achieved through high coverage with effective... | 16187798 | PMC1240068 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:19 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Nov 4; 2(11):e330 |
The resurgence of malaria remains a major global concern. Artemisinin-based drugs are increasingly seen as one of the best hopes for, at last, making progress in the battle against malaria. Trials of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) in control programs in Southeast Asia have been very encouraging. However, w... | 0 | PMC1240069 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:39:45 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Nov 4; 2(11):e371 |
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been intensively studied over the past two decades, and point mutations, more commonly known as deletions, of this DNA are known to be involved in several syndromes. Unlike nuclear DNA, with 46 chromosomes, half from each parent, mtDNA is just one piece of genome of which there are many co... | 0 | PMC1240070 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:39:17 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Nov 4; 2(11):e373 |
Tyrosine kinases of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family are frequently mutated in human cancers. Mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of EGFR (encoded by exons 18–24) have mostly been found in lung cancers. Some, but not all, lung cancers carrying such mutations are responsive to treatment with small-... | 0 | PMC1240071 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:39:17 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Nov 4; 2(11):e374 |
A mid the dire statistics showing a deadly resurgence of malaria, a notable success has been scored in South Africa. In KwaZulu–Natal province, malaria cases increased from about 600 in 1991–1992 to more than 30,000 by 1999–2000 [1]. Then, after household spraying with DDT was implemented, and the new antimalarial comb... | 16187736 | PMC1240091 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:19 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Nov 4; 2(11):e368 |
Background
In many intensive care units within the United Kingdom, the Percutaneous Dilatational Tracheostomy (PDT) technique had replaced the traditional open (surgical) tracheostomy method for patients who need prolonged ventilatory support. This technique is often performed by the intensivists themselves, hence is t... | 16135254 | PMC1242107 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:13 | no | BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord. 2005 Aug 31; 5:6 |
Introduction
Omega-3 polyunsaturated long-chain fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) have been documented to inhibit or even prevent cancer. Epidemiological evidence strongly links fish oil (rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)) with low incidences of several types of cancer [1-6]. The inhibitory effec... | 16168109 | PMC1242121 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:34 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Jun 7; 7(5):R645-R654 |
Introduction
Once metastasis has occurred, the possibility of completely curing breast cancer is unlikely [1], particularly for the 30 to 40% of cancers overexpressing the gene for HER2/neu [2]. A vaccine targeting HER2/neu could have considerable preventive and therapeutic application by controlling the growth and met... | 16168101 | PMC1242122 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:33 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 May 23; 7(5):R580-R588 |
Introduction
According to data from the Jordan National Cancer Registry [1], breast carcinoma is the most common malignant neoplasm affecting Jordanian females. Others as well as our own group have shown that females with breast carcinoma in Jordan are significantly younger than those in the West, with an average age ... | 16168103 | PMC1242123 | CC BY | 2021-04-27 23:14:50 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 May 24; 7(5):R598-R604 |
Introduction
Early detection of breast cancer can improve the chances of successful treatment and recovery. To date, mammographic screening is the most reliable method to detect breast cancer in asymptomatic patients. Although highly effective, it has significant limitations, so that the development of more accurate, c... | 16168108 | PMC1242124 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:33 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Jun 14; 7(5):R634-R644 |
Introduction
Cancer cells with an inherent or acquired capability to resist induction of apoptosis at some point(s) in the signal cascade pathway leading to cell death generally tend to be resistant to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The serine–threonine protein kinase Akt has received much interest in recent years becau... | 16168102 | PMC1242125 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:33 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 May 24; 7(5):R589-R597 |
Introduction
On a mammogram fat appears radiolucent or dark, whereas connective and epithelial tissue appear radiodense or white. The amount of mammographic density is a strong independent predictor of breast cancer risk [1-4]. For technical reasons, mammographic density has usually been expressed as mammographic perce... | 16168104 | PMC1242126 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:51 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Jun 8; 7(5):R605-R608 |
Introduction
There is a growing body of evidence to suggest that the tumor microenvironment is immunosuppressive [1,2]. This is perhaps as a result of selection for such an environment, which is a process recently termed immunoediting [3]. The growth of solid tumors has been likened to an aberration of the normal proce... | 16168111 | PMC1242127 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:33 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Jun 14; 7(5):R661-R668 |
Introduction
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are a group of lipid kinases composed of 85-kDa and 110-kDa subunits. The 85-kDa subunit lacks PI3K activity and acts as adaptor, coupling the 110-kDa subunit (P110) to activated protein tyrosine kinases and generating second messengers by phosphorylating membrane ino... | 16168105 | PMC1242128 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:34 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 May 31; 7(5):R609-R616 |
Introduction
Obesity has been identified as an epidemic in the USA for more than two decades, yet the proportion of overweight and obese adults in the population continues to grow. The most recent data from the 1999–2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) [1] showed that almost 65% of adults in t... | 16168107 | PMC1242129 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:33 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Jun 6; 7(5):R627-R633 |
Introduction
Aberrant expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor or the closely related ErbB2 (HER2/neu) receptor tyrosine kinase has been implicated in the formation of various human malignancies [1,2], making these receptors interesting targets for directed anticancer therapeutics. Antibodies that block ligan... | 16168106 | PMC1242130 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:50 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Jun 1; 7(5):R617-R626 |
Introduction
From the inception of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) national cancer registry network in 1973, Marin County, California, a small county near San Francisco, has consistently reported higher than average annual incidence rates of breast cancer. Averaged from 1973 to 1999, Marin County... | 16168110 | PMC1242131 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:50 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Jun 7; 7(5):R655-R660 |
Introduction
Aberrant cytosine methylation of CpG dinucleotides in the promoter region of genes is often associated with changes in their chromatin structure and transcriptional silencing of the gene during carcinogenesis and tumor progression [1-7]. Cytosine methylation has been shown to play a fundamental role in bre... | 16168112 | PMC1242132 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:34 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Jun 16; 7(5):R669-R680 |
Introduction
Breast cancer is still a leading cause of cancer death in women in the United States and Europe [1]. Adjuvant chemotherapy has been shown to provide disease-free and overall survival benefits for patients with node-positive breast cancer in large meta-analyses conducted by the Early Breast Cancer Trialists... | 16168113 | PMC1242133 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:34 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Jun 22; 7(5):R681-R689 |
Introduction
Several organic and inorganic selenium compounds have been reported to be effective chemopreventive agents against multiple models of mammary tumorigenesis in both the mouse and the rat [1-5]. Selenium compounds have been shown to exert marked stage specificity, especially in preneoplastic mammary lesions,... | 16168115 | PMC1242134 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:34 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Jul 6; 7(5):R699-R707 |
Introduction
Ionizing radiation is widely and successfully applied in oncology. However, because of dose restrictions, a definitive cure cannot be achieved for many tumour entities and localizations. Despite the advanced radiotherapy facilities available, high doses of radiation still induce early and late skin effects... | 16168114 | PMC1242135 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:51 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Jul 1; 7(5):R690-R698 |
Introduction
The prognosis and clinical management of patients with breast cancer are commonly determined by traditional clinicopathological factors such as tumor size and grade, lymph node status, and the expression of receptors to estrogen (ERs) and to progesterone (PRs) and of Her2/neu [1]. Nevertheless, patients ma... | 16168119 | PMC1242136 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:34 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Jul 19; 7(5):R737-R744 |
Introduction
Breast cancer is a major cause of death among women. In order to provide optimal treatment, prognostic factors, such as lymph node status and steroid receptor expression, are widely used. In recent years, genetic approaches studying chromosomal aberrations have been suggested as a tool in the process to in... | 16168117 | PMC1242137 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:34 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Jul 6; 7(5):R719-R727 |
Introduction
The erbB or epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family forms subclass I of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) superfamily. Type I RTKs are expressed by epithelial, mesenchymal and neural tissues to regulate cell proliferation, differentiation and other important biological functions critical to species... | 16168116 | PMC1242139 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:34 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Jul 6; 7(5):R708-R718 |
Introduction
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy affecting western women. About 5% to 10% of all BC cases are due to inheritance of a susceptibility allele, consistent with transmission in an autosomal dominant fashion, and a substantial proportion of these are due to germline mutations of the two major hi... | 16168118 | PMC1242140 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:51 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Jul 19; 7(5):R728-R736 |
Introduction
It has recently been recognized that cancer is a manifestation of both abnormal genetic and epigenetic events [1]. Dysregulated epigenetic controls, which usually are represented by abnormal DNA methylation patterns such as global hypomethylation and region specific hypermethylation, are a hallmark of most... | 16168120 | PMC1242141 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:51 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Jul 19; 7(5):R745-R752 |
Introduction
The development and progression of breast cancer are influenced by steroid hormones, particularly estrogen, via their interaction with specific target receptors. Endocrine therapy has become the most important treatment option for women with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. Nevertheless, many... | 16168121 | PMC1242143 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:33 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Jul 27; 7(5):R753-R764 |
Introduction
Many clinical studies have shown that mutations in p53 are a strong predictor of relapse and are associated with resistance to several therapeutic regimens [1,2]. Studies in our laboratories and others, for example, showed that mutations in p53 in human tumor cells were correlated with decreased sensitivit... | 16168122 | PMC1242148 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:51 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Jul 27; 7(5):R765-R774 |
Introduction
Inherited mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes predispose to early breast and ovarian cancer. Besides clear pathogenic mutations (nonsense mutations or insertions and deletions leading to truncated proteins), many unclassified variants also exist, for example, missense mutations of unknown relevance that... | 16168123 | PMC1242149 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:34 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Jul 27; 7(5):R775-R779 |
Introduction
Metastasis is the leading cause of death of breast cancer patients. As tumors progress from hormone-dependent to hormone-independent, their risk of metastasis increases and the treatment options decrease. There are currently no efficacious biologically-based therapies for the more aggressive hormone-indepe... | 16168128 | PMC1242150 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:27:14 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Aug 9; 7(5):R819-R827 |
Introduction
The inheritance of a deleterious mutation in either of the two breast cancer susceptibility genes, BRCA1 or BRCA2, has been associated with a lifetime risk of breast cancer of 45% to 87% [1,2]. Reports of increasing penetrance among women born in recent cohorts in comparison with those born in earlier year... | 16168130 | PMC1242151 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:51 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Aug 19; 7(5):R833-R843 |
Introduction
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are commonly overexpressed in breast cancer, in which they promote tumour growth and metastasis. For example, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 receptor is an RTK that is overexpressed in about 70% of breast cancers [1,2]. It is fundamentally linked to malignant transforma... | 16168126 | PMC1242152 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:34 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Aug 1; 7(5):R796-R807 |
Introduction
After reaching a critical volume of several cubic millimeters, a growing tumor becomes increasingly depleted of oxygen and nutrients, and needs to adapt to its changing microenvironment. In order to survive, tumor cells must develop a vascular system and adapt their metabolism. A key regulator in this proc... | 16168127 | PMC1242154 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:50 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Aug 5; 7(5):R808-R818 |
Introduction
Uncontrolled tumour cell proliferation due to abnormal activation of several growth factors and their receptors is relevant in the events underlying human cancer development, because the tyrosine kinases receptors form one of the most important classes of growth factor receptors implicated in that process.... | 16168125 | PMC1242156 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:51 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Aug 1; 7(5):R788-R795 |
Introduction
Blood group related antigens are frequently altered in association with neoplastic transformation [1-3]. Lewis blood group antigens Lewisa and Lewisb, and their positional isomers Lewisx and Lewisy, are carbohydrate antigens. Lewisy antigen is a difucosylated oligosaccharide with the chemical structure Fuc... | 16168124 | PMC1242157 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:34 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Jul 28; 7(5):R780-R787 |
Introduction
Different measures of mammographic images or density patterns [1-5] have been used as surrogate endpoints for breast cancer in etiologic research [6-9], in treatment [10-13] and in prevention trials [14-18]. Mammographic density is also important in the way in which it affects mammographic screening sensit... | 16168132 | PMC1242160 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:51 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Aug 25; 7(5):R854-R861 |
Introduction
The risk of developing breast cancer after radiotherapy for Hodgkin's disease (HD) is well documented and is attributed to the incidental inclusion of portions of the breast in the portals used to irradiate the mediastinum with or without infraclavicular/axillary regions [1,2]. This increased risk depends ... | 16168129 | PMC1242162 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:50 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Aug 16; 7(5):R828-R832 |
Introduction
Oncogenic epithelial–mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) comprise a complex array of gene expression and repression that elicits tumor metastasis in localized carcinomas [1,2]. The acquisition of metastatic phenotypes by dedifferentiated tumors is the most lethal facet of cancer and is the leading cause of canc... | 16168131 | PMC1242164 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:34 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Aug 23; 7(5):R844-R853 |
Introduction
Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumour of females in the western world [1]. The incidence of breast cancer remains high, and its clinical courses are highly variable. It is of general importance to predict the biology of the tumour and, thus, the course of the disease in the individual patient t... | 16168133 | PMC1242165 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:34 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Aug 25; 7(5):R862-R870 |
Background
Cyanobacteria constitute a huge and diverse group of photoautotrophic bacteria that perform oxygenic photosynthesis and populate widely diverse environments such as freshwater, the oceans, the surface of rocks, desert soil or the Antarctic. Their existence can be traced back by fossil records possibly up to ... | 16168080 | PMC1242208 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:42 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Aug 17; 6(9):R73 |
Background
The human eye is composed of multiple substructures of diverse form, function, and even embryologic origin that work in concert to provide us with our sense of sight. Identifying the global patterns of gene expression that specify the distinctive characteristics of each of the various compartments of the eye... | 16168081 | PMC1242209 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:41 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Aug 17; 6(9):R74 |
Background
At least in mammals, it is typically assumed that selection does not affect the fate of synonymous (silent) mutations, those nucleotide changes occurring within a gene that affect the coding sequence but not the protein [1,2]. This presumption is in no small part based on the understanding that effective pop... | 16168082 | PMC1242210 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:41 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Aug 16; 6(9):R75 |
Background
Tumors of bone and soft tissue are a wide spectrum of benign and malignant neoplasms (sarcoma) derived from mesenchymal precursor cells (hereafter referred to as mesenchymal tumors) [1,2]. Many show heterogeneous patterns of differentiation or exhibit little similarity to differentiated mesenchymal tissues, ... | 16168083 | PMC1242211 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:42 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Aug 26; 6(9):R76 |
Background
Living cells are composed of a large variety of chemical elements. In addition to carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, cells require other elements either as additional components of macromolecules (for example, phosphorus, sulfur, and selenium), as cofactors required for the structural integrity (such as zinc) or ... | 16168084 | PMC1242212 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:42 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Aug 30; 6(9):R77 |
Background
Metagenomics, an emerging field of biology, utilizes DNA sequence data to study unculturable microorganisms found in the natural environment. Metagenomic applications include studies of diversity and ecology in microbial communities, detection and identification of representative species in environmental and... | 16168085 | PMC1242213 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:42 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Aug 30; 6(9):R78 |
Background
Codon redefinitions that expand upon the standard genetic code beyond the 20 canonical amino acids are reported in all three domains of life [1,2]. Two known genetically encoded rare amino acids (RAAs) are selenocysteine and pyrrolysine, the proposed 21st and the 22nd amino acids, respectively [3-7]. Selenoc... | 16168086 | PMC1242214 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:42 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Aug 31; 6(9):R79 |
Rationale
The amount of widely accessible scientific data has increased dramatically in recent years. There are currently more than 31,000 structures in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) [1], as compared with 3,000 structures 10 years ago. Swiss-Prot [2] now contains more than 178,000 sequence entries, which is up from 40,00... | 16168087 | PMC1242215 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:42 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Aug 16; 6(9):R80 |
Rationale
In only a few years since their development, high-throughput, whole-genome DNA microarrays have become an invaluable tool throughout biology. The appeal of microarrays seems most irresistible when the biological problem is most intractable; microarrays have become perhaps the most popular contemporary tool fo... | 16168088 | PMC1242216 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:42 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Aug 31; 6(9):R81 |
Background
A pregnant patient with major depression requires effective management of depressive symptoms for her own health and that of her child. Estimates of the prevalence of depression among pregnant women vary widely, ranging from 3.3% for major depression [1] to 20% for any type of depression [2]. Rates of depres... | 16168055 | PMC1242217 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:07 | no | Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Sep 16; 4:16 |
Background
The presentation of neurobrucellosis, which encompass neuro-psychiatric disorders in brucellosis, is varied. It can present in acute form as meningoencephalitis or in chronic form, where there is involvement of peripheral nervous system or central nervous system. Chronic form includes epidural granuloma, dem... | 16168059 | PMC1242218 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:20 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2005 Sep 16; 4:14 |
Background
Multi-drug-resistance (MDR) is a common reason for chemotherapy treatment failure in breast cancer, leukemia, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients. MDR can often be attributed to over-expression of the mdr1 gene that codes for an ATP-dependent, transmembrane P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux pump pathway, which rapi... | 16159384 | PMC1242219 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:03 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Sep 13; 5:114 |
Background
Oral metastatic lesions from distant tumours are uncommon, accounting for only 1% of all oral malignancies. They mainly involve the bony structures (particularly the mandible), whereas primary metastases to soft tissues are extraordinarily rare (only 0.1% of oral malignancies) [1]. The most common sites of s... | 16171522 | PMC1242220 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:04 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Sep 19; 5:117 |
Background
In animal models of carcinogenesis, mast cells have been shown to play an important role in modulating angiogenesis, connective tissue remodeling, blood clotting, and the growth of tumors [1-3]. Similarly, a number of clinical investigators, including our laboratory, have documented the natural presence of m... | 16176582 | PMC1242221 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:05 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Sep 21; 5:121 |
Background
Recurrent tonsillitis (RT) is a chronic inflammatory process in palatine tonsils. A leading therapeutic approach for such a condition has been tonsillectomy (TE). Traditionally, recommendation for TE has depended primarily on the frequency of tonsillitis episodes. Patients with at least three episodes per ye... | 16159391 | PMC1242222 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:26 | no | BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord. 2005 Sep 13; 5:7 |
Background
The definition of cholesteatoma is the occurrence of keratinizing, stratified, squamous epithelium within the middle-ear cavity where otherwise only modified respiratory epithelium ought to be present [1]. Patients normally present with a chronically discharging ear and may complain of hearing loss. We prese... | 16168065 | PMC1242223 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:26 | no | BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord. 2005 Sep 18; 5:9 |
Background
Hepatitis B virus infects more than 300 million people worldwide, contributing to debilitating illness and death, and more than 75% of those affected are of Asian origin [1]. Chronically infected persons with viral replication are at highest risk for progressive liver disease and it is estimated that up to 2... | 16164746 | PMC1242224 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:27 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2005 Sep 15; 5:29 |
Background
Bone development during childhood and adolescence is a key determinant of adult skeleton health. A reduced bone mass is associated with increased fracture risk in adults as well as in children. Peak bone mass, which is reached by early adulthood, serves as a bone reserve for the remainder of life, therefore ... | 16171525 | PMC1242225 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:27 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2005 Sep 19; 5:30 |
Background
In mammals, fibrinogen, a soluble plasma protein, contains six polypeptide chains, two each of the Aα, Bβ and γ chains, linked by 29 disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen participates in both the cellular phase and the fluid phase of coagulation [1]. The fibrinogen-like (FBG) domain, which consists of approximately 20... | 16150145 | PMC1242226 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:49 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Sep 8; 6:114 |
Background
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) mapping has transformed studies of genetic linkage in C. elegans since its introduction in 2001[1]. In SNP mapping, DNA sequence polymorphisms between the wild-type C. elegans strain (N2 Bristol) and a closely related strain (CB4856 Hawaiian) are used as genetic markers. ... | 16156901 | PMC1242227 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:46 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Sep 12; 6:118 |
Background
Publishing the design of a study
Publishing the design and protocol of a study before results are available is important for several reasons. A published protocol allows easier comparison between what was originally intended and hypothesized and what was actually done, and it gives readers greater insight in... | 16150147 | PMC1242228 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:32 | no | BMC Geriatr. 2005 Sep 8; 5:11 |
Background
With almost 5 million new HIV infections and 3 million AIDS deaths occurring every year worldwide – almost 600 every hour -, the development of safe, effective, and accessible prevention methods has become one of the most urgent global public health needs[1]. One innovative method, aimed at reducing HIV infe... | 16120208 | PMC1242229 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:56 | no | BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2005 Aug 24; 5:6 |
Background
Alloimmune activation, caused by aberrant T lymphocyte proliferation is one of the key post transplant events in organ transplant recipients. Current immunosuppressive drugs are therefore designed to inhibit T lymphocyte proliferation. Our previous studies have demonstrated that immunosuppressive drugs, cycl... | 16176581 | PMC1242230 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:31 | no | BMC Immunol. 2005 Sep 21; 6:22 |
Background
The Tousled gene of Arabidopsis thaliana encodes a protein kinase which, when mutated, results in abnormal flower development characterized by a stochastic loss of floral meristem and organs [1]. Two mammalian Tousled-like kinases (TLK1 and TLK2) were cloned by Sillje et al., 1999 [2] during a PCR-based sear... | 16156902 | PMC1242231 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:25 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2005 Sep 12; 6:19 |
Background
In Finland, public health care is the responsibility of primary health care centres which render a wide range of first level preventive, curative and rehabilitative medical care. In order to improve continuity of care, most Finnish municipalities have switched from the traditional primary health-care system ... | 16162300 | PMC1242232 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:56 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2005 Sep 15; 5:34 |
Background
Hypothermia is an important cause of morbidity, and occasionally mortality, in the newborn [1]. In 1958, Silverman et al. [2] and in 1964, Buetow and Klein [3] reported the adverse effects of hypothermia on viability and hope for life in premature and low birth weight neonates. Low body temperature in newbor... | 16162279 | PMC1242233 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:52 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005 Sep 14; 5:29 |
Background
Randomized controlled experiments were introduced by Sir Ronald A. Fisher in the 1920s for agricultural studies and not in order to compare the effects of different treatments in humans. However, according to Palmer [1] the way clinical trials are conducted today is essentially unchanged from Fisher's day. I... | 16171518 | PMC1242234 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:51 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005 Sep 19; 5:30 |
Background
Statistical tests are frequently called upon to assess treatments whose effect size is small or whose reduction of risk is modest, as is often the case with emerging treatments. But what of the evaluation of mature treatments whose effect is known to be substantial?
Primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a... | 16144550 | PMC1242235 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:04 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Sep 6; 6:48 |
Background
The endothelins (ET) are a family of 21-aminoacid peptides consisting of endothelin-1 (ET-1), the related peptides ET-2 and ET-3 [1]. In addition to being among the most potent vasoconstrictor agents known, ET have been found to possess a wide range of pharmacological activities on different tissues [1-3]. T... | 16174297 | PMC1242236 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:04 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Sep 20; 6:49 |
Background
Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a complex developmental disorder defined by the childhood onset of motor and vocal tics with a longitudinal outcome of gradual improvement in most subjects [1-4]. The disorder is associated with increased prevalence rates of comorbid disorders, the most common of which is attention-... | 16137334 | PMC1242237 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:06 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 Sep 1; 5:34 |
Background
The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), one of the most complex health problems of the 21 st century, is in its third decade and has become a pandemic disease that threatens the world population. Moreover, with no treatment or cure in sight, the disease continues to spread at an alarming rate [1-3]. R... | 16159400 | PMC1242238 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:57 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Sep 13; 5:95 |
Background
While current procedures for burn injury management have improved patient prognosis, increased morbidity and mortality remains a major challenge for the clinician. Thus, identification of the mechanisms responsible for post-burn immune dysfunction and increased susceptibility to wound infection, subsequent s... | 16168063 | PMC1242239 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:04 | no | BMC Surg. 2005 Sep 17; 5:19 |
Calcium channels: evolutional aspects
When ~3,500,000,000 years ago prokaryotes appeared, the selection of an intracellular messenger preceded the appearance of ionic channels of enveloping lipid membranes.
Calcium had conformational and stechiometric advantages to be chosen as an intracellular messenger (=good messen... | 16150150 | PMC1242240 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:31 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2005 Sep 8; 3:27 |
Introduction
This paper seeks to explore what is known about the associations of psychiatric disorders with indicators of social disadvantage, and therefore about social risk factors in individuals and populations, and the potential for targetting with additional resources to preventive or ameliorative ends.
The recen... | 16143042 | PMC1242241 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:01 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2005 Sep 5; 1:14 |
Introduction
Performing an excisional biopsy of an enlarged lymph node has been considered standard practice for the evaluation of lymphadenopathy, especially in-patients without prior history of lymphoma [1]. An excised lymph node provides sufficient histologic material to assess cytologic and architectural details. I... | 16153296 | PMC1242242 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:22 | no | Cytojournal. 2005 Sep 9; 2:14 |
However they are labeled, there are a couple of dozen safe injection facilities, safe injection rooms, safe injection spaces, drug consumption rooms, or medically supervised injecting centres around the globe. The most recent have appeared in Vancouver, Canada, and the most scrutinized is in Sydney, Australia. Dr. Ingr... | 0 | PMC1242243 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:49 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2005 Sep 15; 2:15 |
Background
The emergence of online consumer geoinformatics services
Mainstream Web search engines like Google and MSN Search have recently joined the geographic search bandwagon by releasing their own dedicated geographic interfaces, which run in standard Web browsers and also provide the general public with detailed... | 16176577 | PMC1242244 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:06 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2005 Sep 21; 4:22 |
Introduction
Responsiveness of the reproductive system, metabolic rate, and other traits to changing photoperiods from summer to winter seasons is an important physiological trait in most temperate-zone mammals [1]. Seasonal changes in photoperiod, or day length, modify reproductive timing in many temperate-zone mammal... | 16162292 | PMC1242245 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:13 | no | J Circadian Rhythms. 2005 Sep 14; 3:12 |
Background
Neuroinflammation is thought to play a prominent role in neurodegeneration associated with a variety of acute and chronic insults in both the central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nervous system [1,2]. Examples of neurotraumatic or neurodegenerative conditions where the occurrence or role of neuroinflammation h... | 16144552 | PMC1242246 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:22 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2005 Sep 6; 2:19 |
Background
There are almost 515 (range 300–660) million episodes of clinical Plasmodium falciparum malaria infections [1]. Drug-resistant malaria is spreading in Africa and countries with high levels of resistance have witnessed increased morbidity and mortality [2]. Early diagnosis and effective treatment with an appr... | 16162284 | PMC1242247 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:13 | no | Malar J. 2005 Sep 14; 4:41 |
Background
Malaria is one of the most fatal infectious diseases in the tropics despite continued efforts to contain it [1-3]. Manipulating vector competence to lower transmission efficiency has been proposed as a possible integral component in the control of malaria transmission [4-6]. It is expected that manipulation,... | 16174295 | PMC1242248 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:57 | no | Malar J. 2005 Sep 20; 4:44 |
Introduction
The Structural Maintenance of Chromosome 3 protein (SMC3) is a key component of the nuclear multimeric protein complex named cohesin. This complex, which also includes SMC1, scc1 and scc3, forms joints between the replicating DNA strands and holds together the sister chromatids throughout G2 phase while op... | 16156898 | PMC1242249 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:35 | no | Mol Cancer. 2005 Sep 12; 4:34 |
Introduction
Oligodendroglial tumors with allelic losses on 1p usually display loss of relatively long regions, a phenomenon that has made the identification of putative 1p tumor suppressor genes difficult [1-6]. However, the vast majority of reported oligodendroglioma cases with 1p-loss have involved the 1p36 region, ... | 16156899 | PMC1242250 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:35 | no | Mol Cancer. 2005 Sep 12; 4:35 |
Introduction
Emerging evidence indicates that neonatal noxious insults result in changes in pain responsivity in adults (reviewed in: [1-3]). It has been demonstrated that these changes may, at least in part, be associated with permanent alterations in pain processing in the spinal cord [4-7].
Recently, we have develo... | 16179088 | PMC1242251 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:08 | no | Mol Pain. 2005 Sep 22; 1:27 |
Background
The goal of cancer prevention is to delay or block the processes of initiation and progression from pre-cancerous cells into cancer. Cancer chemoprevention, which targets normal and high risk populations, involves the use of drugs or other chemical agents to inhibit, delay, or reverse cancer development [1,2... | 16150152 | PMC1242252 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:31 | no | Nutr J. 2005 Sep 8; 4:25 |
Background
(-)-Hydroxycitric acid (HCA) is widely used as an ingredient for nutritional supplements aimed at reduction of food intake, appetite and body weight. However, studies on the effects of HCA in humans are controversial. Four placebo-controlled studies support the efficacy of HCA in man. In these studies, HCA a... | 16156903 | PMC1242253 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:45 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005 Sep 13; 2:23 |
A recent publication in Lancet [1] has created quite a stir among HIV circles (no, not those containing 1 or 2-LTRs) [2] and the lay press. In a study led by Dr. David Margolis, four patients, each of whom had undetectable HIV plasma viral loads, had enfuvirtide and valproic acid (VPA) added to their anti-HIV regimens.... | 16168066 | PMC1242254 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:38 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Sep 19; 2:56 |
Introduction
It would be fair to say that airway diseases place a significant burden on the population in terms of health, social and economic costs. Leading the way are the chronic pulmonary disorders such as asthma and lung cancer, riddled with significant obstacles associated with their various drug treatments, incl... | 16153299 | PMC1242255 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Sep 9; 6(1):102 |
Introduction
Previous epidemiological studies have indicated that long-term exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) is linked to increases in mortality and morbidity related to respiratory diseases [1,2]. The concentration of PM of mass median aerodynamic diameter (a density-dependent unit of measure used to descri... | 16164761 | PMC1242256 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:25 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Sep 16; 6(1):106 |
Background
Parapoxviruses (PPVs) (family Poxviridae) cause dermal diseases most commonly in sheep, goats and cattle [2], but also in semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) [3] and wildlife, like seals [4], red deer [5] and squirrels [6]. The genus Parapoxvirus consists of five species and three tentati... | 16143041 | PMC1242257 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:59 | no | Virol J. 2005 Sep 5; 2:79 |
Background
The Hepatitis C virus (HCV) was identified as the causative agent for the majority of posttransfusion and sporadic non-A, and non-B hepatitis cases [1,2]. The World health organization (WHO) estimates that more than 3% of the world's population is infected with the virus. HCV belongs to the genus of Hepacivi... | 16156900 | PMC1242258 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:00 | no | Virol J. 2005 Sep 12; 2:81 |
Background
Angiosarcoma is a rare malignant tumor with the incidence of 1%–2% of all sarcomas. It occurs in the skin and subcutis in most cases, and less commonly, it occurs in the liver [1], spleen [2], adrenal gland, and the ovary. Its occurrence in the gastrointestinal tract is extremely rare [3,4], and the developm... | 16159405 | PMC1242259 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:04 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Sep 14; 3:60 |
Background
The distribution of nucleotides in genomes is not random, various biases are affecting the genome sequences from organisms spanning the three domains of life. For example, the G+C content affects the genome as a whole.
To visualize the biases in the nucleotides distribution in genomes, investigators have pe... | 16120222 | PMC1242344 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:28 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Aug 24; 6:206 |
Background
The global oceanic ecosystem is highly dependent on the activity of its large population of prokaryotes. However, their small size, relatively diluted environment and reluctance to be grown in pure culture make marine prokaryotes also one of the less known group of microbes. During the last decade, PCR based... | 16153293 | PMC1242345 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:27 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Sep 9; 6:222 |
Background
In order to perform their functions, protein surfaces usually have to interact with each other. However, only accessible parts of a protein can act as binding sites [1]. Since proteins consist of polypeptide chains that fold into complex three-dimensional patterns, binding sites can be divided into two diffe... | 16153304 | PMC1242346 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:27 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Sep 9; 6:223 |
Background
The possibility of probing the biophysical properties of fluorescent proteins in intact living cells by using confocal microscopy has led to a major step forward in contemporary biology. This technical advance has allowed biologists to obtain a new perception of different biological structures. Most of those... | 16171521 | PMC1242347 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Sep 19; 6:228 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.