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Background
Mitotic configurations consistent in split centromeres and splayed chromatids in all or most of the chromosomes or "premature centromere division" (PCD), have been described in three categories. They are:
(1) Low frequency of PCD (up to 3% of the mitosis) observed in colchicines-treated lymphocyte cultures ... | 16174301 | PMC1242348 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:32 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2005 Sep 20; 6:33 |
1. Introduction
The enzyme butyrylcholinesterase (BChE; EC 3.1.1.1.8) has a well-defined pharmacologic function in hydrolyzing succinylcholine, a muscle relaxant used in anesthetic practice. It could have other roles, though much less well defined, such as modulating the phenotypic expression of dyslipidemia and metabo... | 16150144 | PMC1242349 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:19 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2005 Sep 8; 4:18 |
Introduction
The epidemiological impact of widescale use of (highly active) antiretroviral therapy (HAART, or ART) among HIV patients in industrialised countries has been explored by a number of mathematical modelling studies [1-5]. The consequences of ART use are far from intuitive. Successful ART decreases plasma [6]... | 16153307 | PMC1242350 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:27 | no | Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2005 Sep 10; 2:9 |
Background
Depleted uranium (DU) is a man-made, radioactive, heavy metal derived from uranium ore. Naturally occurring uranium ore (rock in which the uranium concentration is approximately 1,000 or more parts per million) is mined and processed to yield a much more concentrated substance, one that is virtually pure ura... | 16124873 | PMC1242351 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:32 | no | Environ Health. 2005 Aug 26; 4:17 |
Background
Unusual geographical patterns of disease may give rise to public concern and explanations are frequently sought. Attention is often directed toward potential environmental and other factors associated with the disease in question. These investigations often have high costs in time and money, and thus it is i... | 16164750 | PMC1242352 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:32 | no | Environ Health. 2005 Sep 15; 4:19 |
Introduction
Physical inactivity is recognized as a major risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), and ranks between the second and sixth most important risk factor in contributing to the population burden of disease in westernized countries [1-3]. The increasing global problem of NCDs means that obesity, poor... | 16120214 | PMC1242353 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:04 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2005 Aug 24; 2:10 |
Background
He conquered Persia, Greece and Babylon and was revered and feared in East and West alike. At the age of 32, in the height of his power and glory, he was brought down... by a mosquito. According to recent speculations, Alexander the Great may have died as a result of infection by West Nile virus [1].
West N... | 16159403 | PMC1242354 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:06 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2005 Sep 13; 4:21 |
Background
Endometriosis (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 131200) is a complex disease affecting to 10–15% of women at reproductive age. The disease consists in pelvic pain and infertility due to the existence of endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterine cavity [1]. Anovulatory cycles and Luteinized ... | 16131398 | PMC1242355 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:17 | no | J Exp Clin Assist Reprod. 2005 Aug 30; 2:11 |
Over the past two decades, an epidemic of multiple pregnancies has taken place in the developed world due to the widespread use of assisted reproductive technology. The general public has come to accept the phenomenon of higher order multiple as being a normal occurrence, expecting a good outcome for both the fetuses a... | 0 | PMC1242356 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:17 | no | J Exp Clin Assist Reprod. 2005 Aug 31; 2:12 |
Findings
Obesity shows an increasing prevalence worldwide [1] and a decrease in energy expenditure has been suggested to be one of the risk factors for developing obesity [2]. Increasing energy expenditure could be done by increasing physical activity, but resting energy expenditure (REE) is the largest part of an huma... | 16135245 | PMC1242357 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:37 | no | J Negat Results Biomed. 2005 Aug 31; 4:6 |
Introduction
Ovarian cancer is the most common cause of death from gynecological malignancies. Its nonspecific clinical presentation and the absence of effective screening methods are responsible for the 70% of patients who present with an advanced stage of disease at the time of diagnosis. Primary treatment for advanc... | 16164749 | PMC1243238 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:29 | no | J Transl Med. 2005 Sep 15; 3:34 |
Background
Despite the extensive clinical and experimental studies over the recent decades, the pathogenesis of prostate cancer remains unknown. The genetic and molecular mechanisms responsible for and associated with the development of malignant prostate cells and their progression are largely unidentified [for review... | 16153295 | PMC1243239 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:35 | no | Mol Cancer. 2005 Sep 9; 4:32 |
Background
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have recently emerged as key receptors of the innate immune system. They recognize specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns initiating a host defense response [1]. The upper airway encounters potential pathogens like bacteria and viruses in inspired air, and the discovery of... | 16146574 | PMC1243240 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:25 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Sep 7; 6(1):100 |
Introduction
Interactions between immunocompetent cells, such as lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages, and other hematopoietic cell lineages is an essential and well known feature of the immune and inflammatory response. Much less attention has been given to the possibility of direct and mutual interactions between im... | 16159396 | PMC1243241 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Sep 13; 6(1):103 |
Background
Hepatitis C virus (HCV), an RNA virus of the Flavivirus family, is the most common blood-borne infection in the United States [1,2]. A striking feature of HCV disease is the high rate of progression to chronicity, with over 80% of acutely infected individuals developing chronic inflammation [3]. This inflamm... | 16164755 | PMC1243242 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:25 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Sep 15; 6(1):105 |
Background
The p53 tumor suppressor is one of the principal mediators of cell-cycle arrest and the activation of apoptosis in response to a broad array of cellular injuries [1-4]. In normal unstressed cells, p53 is regulated by a feedback loop with the negative regulator protein MDM2 (murine double-minute clone 2, refe... | 16174299 | PMC1243243 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:25 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Sep 20; 2:38 |
1. The Herpesviruses
1.A. Classification of herpesviruses
More than 100 herpesviruses have been discovered, of which all are double-stranded DNA viruses that can establish latent infections in their respective vertebrate hosts; however, only eight regularly infect humans. The Herpesvirinea family is subdivided into thr... | 16138925 | PMC1243244 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:59 | no | Virol J. 2005 Sep 2; 2:78 |
Introduction
The Gram-negative pathogenic bacterium Helicobacter pylori colonizes the stomach of 50% of mankind [1] and has probably infected humans since their origins [2]. H. pylori is acquired during childhood by intrafamilial transmission [3,4], and infection continues lifelong in the absence of antibiotic therapy.... | 16217547 | PMC1245399 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:37 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Oct 7; 1(4):e43 |
Introduction
The post-genomic era has revealed the nucleic and amino acid sequences for large numbers of genes and proteins, but the rate of sequence acquisition far surpasses the rate of accurate protein function determination. Sequences that lack molecular function annotation are of limited use to researchers, so aut... | 16217548 | PMC1246806 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:22 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Oct 7; 1(5):e45 |
Introduction
Genomics is rapidly changing the very foundation of several aspects of drug discovery research, one of them being a systems biology and bioinformatics approach for rational identification of drug targets. It is now possible to carry out a metabolic analysis of a system to gain insights into fundamental mol... | 16261191 | PMC1246807 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Oct 14; 1(5):e46 |
Our broadening realization of the interconnectivity of well-being among species and ecosystems must bring new perspective to environmental health if we are to deal successfully with the dynamics of global change and human activity. Individuals might have interest and expertise in particular areas, but understanding the... | 0 | PMC1247185 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:39:44 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Jun; 112(9):943 |
Approximately 12 years ago the scientific community acknowledged that certain synthetic chemicals are capable of crossing the placental and brain barriers and interfering with development and function (Colborn and Clement 1992). The chemicals mimic or interfere with endogenous hormones and other signaling chemicals of ... | 15198913 | PMC1247186 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:39:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Jun 17; 112(9):944-949 |
Pesticides are used extensively throughout the world. In the United States, more than 18,000 products are licensed for use, and each year > 2 billion pounds of pesticides are applied to crops, homes, schools, parks, and forests [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Office of Pesticide Programs 2002]. Such widespr... | 15198914 | PMC1247187 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:39:44 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Jun 20; 112(9):950-958 |
In populations not industrially exposed to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), diet is responsible for virtually all (~ 98%) human exposure to these compounds (Pohl et al. 1995; Travis and Hattemer-Frey 1987). PCDD/Fs are common contaminants in municipal sewage sludge; thus, it is important t... | 15198915 | PMC1247188 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:36:23 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Jun 26; 112(9):959-969 |
Airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are emitted when organic matter is burned, are ubiquitous in the occupational and general environment. It has long been known that several PAHs can produce cancers in experimental animals, and epidemiologic studies of exposed workers, especially in coke ovens and ... | 15198916 | PMC1247189 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:39:20 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Jun 7; 112(9):970-978 |
More than half the world’s human population resides within 100 km of the coastline [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) 1998; Vitousek et al. 1997], with increases likely over the next two decades (Stegeman and Solow 2002). The coastal zone represents at least half the value of global ecologic servic... | 15198917 | PMC1247190 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:39:45 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Jun 11; 112(9):979-986 |
The effects of lead poisoning have been known since ancient times. In 200 BC the Greek physician Dioscorides observed that “lead makes the mind give way.” Until the beginning of the 20th century, lead poisoning was viewed largely as an occupational disease of adults. In the 1890s lead paint poisoning in children was fi... | 15198918 | PMC1247191 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:36:23 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Jun 28; 112(9):987-994 |
Geographic information systems (GIS) are being used increasingly in environmental epidemiology, adding a further dimension to risk assessment (Vine et al. 1997).
A thorough exposure assessment is vitally important to risk assessment. Because measurements of environmental contaminants are expensive, few geographic moni... | 15198919 | PMC1247192 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:39:44 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Jun 15; 112(9):995-997 |
Spatial epidemiology is the description and analysis of geographically indexed health data with respect to demographic, environmental, behavioral, socioeconomic, genetic, and infectious risk factors. It is part of a long tradition of geographic analyses dating back to the 1800s when maps of disease rates in different c... | 15198920 | PMC1247193 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:39:44 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Jun 15; 112(9):998-1006 |
Environmental epidemiology is an area of epidemiology concerned with the study of associations between environmental exposures and health outcomes, with the purpose of further understanding the etiology of disease. The term “environment” implies a spatial context. Thus, the study of interactions between humans and thei... | 15198921 | PMC1247194 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:36:23 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Jun 15; 112(9):1007-1015 |
Spatial analyses of health outcomes have long been recognized in the epidemiologic literature as playing a specific and important role in description and analysis. In particular, they can highlight sources of heterogeneity underlying spatial patterns in the health outcomes and consequently are able to suggest important... | 15198922 | PMC1247195 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:39:20 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Jun 15; 112(9):1016-1025 |
The River Kymijoki is one of the largest rivers in southern Finland, with nearly 190,000 people living < 20.0 km from its shoreline (Figure 1). The river flows south to the Gulf of Finland, which is a part of the Baltic Sea surrounded by nine European countries. The effluents from several pulp and paper mills as well a... | 15198923 | PMC1247196 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:36:23 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Jun 15; 112(9):1026-1031 |
A major challenge for investigators in environmental epidemiology is to correctly identify populations at risk from exposure to environmental contaminants. To date, three methods have been used to identify the populations at risk from point sources of air pollution: physical monitoring, environmental monitoring, or mat... | 15198924 | PMC1247197 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:39:44 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Jun 15; 112(9):1032-1036 |
Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of mortality in developed countries, with the exception of Japan. In Comunidad Valenciana, an autonomous region in Spain with approximately 4 million inhabitants, cardiovascular disease accounts for 35% of total female mortality and 46% of total male mortality (Melchor et al.... | 15198925 | PMC1247198 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:39:21 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Jun 15; 112(9):1037-1044 |
Karmaus et al. detected errors in their article “Backward Estimation of Exposure to Organochlorines using Repeated Measurements” [
Environ Health Perspect 112:710–716 (2004)]. In Table 1, values in the equations for the proposed regression model were incorrect. The correct equations for Table 1 are as follows:
For est... | 0 | PMC1247392 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:08 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Jul; 112(10):A543 |
The question of whether phytoestrogens and synthetic estrogens are toxicologically similar, or intrinsically different, presents a challenge to all involved in human hazard and risk assessments. Although there is a general concern that exposure to nanogram or microgram amounts of environmental estrogens may be associat... | 15289156 | PMC1247471 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:08 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug 19; 112(11):1137-1142 |
During the construction of the Panama Canal in the 1880s, continuous outbreaks of yellow fever killed > 5,500 workers, or > 6% of the workforce. The most immediate cause of those outbreaks was, then as now, obvious and was captured in the records of artist-to-be Paul Gauguin, who was then a digger with the French Canal... | 15289157 | PMC1247472 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:09 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug 27; 112(11):1143-1146 |
Research has suggested that lead toxicity may disproportionately affect minority groups. (Bailey et al. 1994; Rothenberg et al. 1999). Despite substantial declines in blood lead levels in the general U.S. population, a substantial body of research, including data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination... | 15289158 | PMC1247473 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:10 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug 3; 112(11):1147-1151 |
Standard animal cancer bioassays were designed as a qualitative screen for carcinogenic activity. In this context, it is easy to see how the additional difficulties of dosing at early life stages might have been considered to provide an only modest incremental return of qualitative hazard identification information com... | 15289159 | PMC1247474 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:10 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug 12; 112(11):1152-1158 |
Recently, there has been increasing concern about the exposure of the developing fetus to environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). The disruption of cognitive function and various behavioral traits due to EDC exposure has been suspected (Schantz and Widholm 2001) because the development of the central nervo... | 15289160 | PMC1247475 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:10 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug 26; 112(11):1159-1164 |
Mercury is a naturally occurring heavy metal whose presence in the environment is widespread and persistent [Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) 1999; National Research Council (NRC) 2000]. Hg occurs in metallic or elemental, inorganic, and organic forms (ATSDR 1999). When elemental Hg is emitted a... | 15289161 | PMC1247476 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:09 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug 27; 112(11):1165-1171 |
There has been growing concern regarding the widespread exposure of the Bangladeshi population to arsenic in tube-well water (Smith et al. 2000). Many interventions and alternative water sources have been advocated on the grounds that they are effective in reducing arsenic ingestion. However, limited consideration has ... | 15289162 | PMC1247477 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:10 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug 17; 112(11):1172-1177 |
An association between lead poisoning and renal disease in humans has been recognized for more than a century (Wedeen et al. 1975). Numerous epidemiologic studies, mortality studies, and experimental studies in animals have reported lead nephrotoxicity at high levels of exposure; however, studies on the action of lead ... | 15289163 | PMC1247478 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:08 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug 3; 112(11):1178-1182 |
Outbreaks of encephalitis caused by West Nile virus (WNV) have occurred in the late summer and early autumn months yearly in New York City since 1999. Birds are the reservoirs for WNV, and transmission to humans occurs via mosquito vectors (Roehrig et al. 2002). One component of the New York City Department of Health a... | 15289164 | PMC1247479 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:09 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug 8; 112(11):1183-1187 |
Although a large body of evidence from experimental and epidemiologic studies has demonstrated the relationship between exposure to vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) and angiosarcoma [International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 1987; Lee et al. 1996], there is little evidence of a causal association between VCM and h... | 15289165 | PMC1247480 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:09 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug 27; 112(11):1188-1192 |
There is an extensive scientific literature describing the levels of organochlorines in human tissues, mainly in blood (Bush et al. 1984; Luotamo et al. 1985), including cord blood (Covaci et al. 2002b; Korrick et al. 2000), breast milk (Johansen et al. 1994; Mes et al. 1987), and adipose tissues (Covaci et al. 2002a; ... | 15289166 | PMC1247481 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:09 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug 27; 112(11):1193-1199 |
Research on the adverse effects of lead exposure on humans has focused on neurocognitive outcomes among children [Canfield et al. 2003; National Research Council (NRC) 1993]. However, a growing body of literature reports that the effects of childhood lead exposure continue into adolescence and adulthood. These include ... | 15289167 | PMC1247482 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:09 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug 7; 112(11):1200-1203 |
Fluorinated organic compounds (FOCs), such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), and perfluorooctane sulfonylamide (PFOSA), are stable chemicals with a wide range of industrial and consumer applications (Renner 2001). Recent reports have indicated the presence of these environmental contaminan... | 15289168 | PMC1247483 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:09 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug 13; 112(11):1204-1207 |
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are, together with DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and DDT-related chemicals, the most dominating classes of environmental pollutants worldwide, with concentrations varying in wildlife and in humans from different areas of the globe (Damstra et al. 2002). Although all PCB congener... | 15289169 | PMC1247484 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:09 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug 13; 112(11):1208-1212 |
Chlorination by-products in drinking water come from the reaction of chlorine with organic material in the water. This reaction occurs naturally or originates from municipal, agricultural, and industrial wastes. Trihalomethanes (THMs) such as chloroform, bromoform, bromodichloromethane (BDCM), and chlorodibromomethane ... | 15289170 | PMC1247485 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:09 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug 26; 112(11):1213-1216 |
After 13 years of distinguished service as director of the NIEHS and the National Toxicology Program (NTP), Kenneth Olden is stepping down to return to the laboratory to continue his work on cancer biology. His tenure at the NIEHS has been marked by numerous scientific advances, as well as by the creation of inspired p... | 15289171 | PMC1247486 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:09 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(11):A598-A599 |
We spend more than 90% of our lives indoors (National Research Council 1981), yet we know much more about ambient environmental factors and health than we do about the “built environment” and health. Conceptually, the built environment includes all of the physical structures engineered and built by people—the places wh... | 15289172 | PMC1247487 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:08 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(11):A600-A601 |
Slama et al. provide valuable comments on sampling frames to study fecundity, and we agree that the sampling frame is a major methodologic problem in fecundity studies of all designs. The current duration strategy of enrolling couples currently attempting pregnancy is a promising approach, particularly when couples are... | 0 | PMC1247488 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:09 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(11):A605-A606 |
Landrigan et al. (2004) reported on exposure to asbestos as a result of events involving the World Trade Center (WTC). Their results are somewhat lower than that reported by others (Lange 2004) for this unfortunate event. I reported a single asbestos bulk sample at 40% asbestos (Lange 2004), although Landrigan et al. s... | 15289176 | PMC1247489 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:09 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(11):A606-A607 |
We share Hardin et al.’s belief that any apparent conflict of interest should be reported. We note that Brent provided testimony for the defense in TCE litigation, notably for the same case in which Goldberg (based on his extensive epidemiologic and laboratory research on the effects of TCE) acted as an expert witness ... | 0 | PMC1247490 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:10 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(11):A608-A609 |
Since the 1970s, epidemiologic studies have linked maternal thyroid insufficiency during gestation with fetal brain malformation, fetal death, and miscarriage. The fetus is wholly dependent on the maternal thyroid during the first 10–20 weeks of gestation. U.S. women generally get enough iodine, the elemental nutrient ... | 15289180 | PMC1247491 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:10 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(11):A612 |
Pollutant release and transfer inventories are a relatively new database-driven means of providing information on the who, what, and how much of industrial emissions. Though governments have for some time collected such data for their own use, it has only been in the last decade or so that a move has been under way to ... | 0 | PMC1247492 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:10 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(11):A615 |
Although it’s easy to point the finger at everyone from Ronald McDonald to Bill Gates, no one entity or factor is specifically to blame for the nation’s raging obesity epidemic, according to speakers at the first-ever national conference on obesity and the built environment, held in late May in Washington, D.C. But eve... | 15289181 | PMC1247493 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:10 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(11):A616-A618 |
For the thousands of migrant farmworkers who come to the United States in search of jobs, this country may seem like the land of opportunity. For their children, however, it also offers the opportunity for serious injury or even death from exposure to household toxicants that parents may not be aware of or have the lan... | 15309757 | PMC1247494 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:08 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(11):A618-A619 |
Kuang SY, Jackson PE, Wang JB, Lu PX, Muñoz A, Qian GS, Kensler TW, Groopman JD. 2004. Specific mutations of hepatitis B virus in plasma predict liver cancer development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:3575–3580.
Liver cancer is the fifth most prevalent form of cancer worldwide, causing more than 500,000 deaths annually, ... | 0 | PMC1247495 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:09 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(11):A619 |
Seen from 400 miles above the Earth, the greater Washington, D.C.– Baltimore area is an aggressive consumer of farmland and open spaces. Computer-enhanced satellite images of the area show paved surfaces as crimson tentacles, pushing steadily out from the urban core. Recent studies by the National Aeronautics and Space... | 15289182 | PMC1247496 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:08 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(11):A620-A627 |
Even though traffic-related death rates in the United States and other high-income countries have been declining steadily for several decades, death tolls on the roadways of the world’s poorer countries have been skyrocketing. The number of motorized vehicles has been escalating in developing countries, where roads (of... | 15289183 | PMC1247497 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:09 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(11):A628-A631 |
By 2010, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) will be banned globally because of their adverse impact on the planet’s protective ozone layer. One industrial activity that has been significantly impacted by this ban is the manufacture of plastic foams—lightweight alternatives to solid plastic that are valued for their flexibility... | 15289184 | PMC1247498 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:09 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(11):A632-A635 |
A population-level study has shown that night-time pesticide spraying in the late summer and early fall, aimed at controlling adult mosquitoes that carry West Nile virus, can be done in a way that does not drive up the number of people seeking emergency care for asthma-related problems [EHP 112:1183–1187]. A team led b... | 0 | PMC1247499 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:09 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(11):A637 |
Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Awards issued under the Dual-Degree Predoctoral Fellowships for Training Clinician–Scientists program provide training for clinical scientists. First announced by the NIEHS in 1999, the program was reissued in 2001 under Program Announcement PA-01-132 (http://grants.nih.gov... | 0 | PMC1247500 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:09 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(11):A639 |
Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Modeling Network (CISNET)
The Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences (DCCPS) of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) invites applications from domestic and foreign applicants to support collaborative research using simulation and other modeling techniques to describe the ... | 0 | PMC1247501 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:09 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(11):A640-A641 |
In their review of approaches to studying the influence of environmental exposures on human fecundity, Tingen et al. (2004) compared several ways of assessing fecundity.
Fecundity—the probability of pregnancy in couples having regular intercourse without contraception—can be assessed by applying appropriate statistica... | 15289173 | PMC1247502 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:09 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(11):A604a |
We very much welcome the National Children’s Study, which promises to raise the study of factors affecting reproduction and development to a new level. An impressive and exciting range of new methodologies is being developed (Chapin and Buck 2004; National Children’s Study 2004).
However, we think it important to corr... | 15289174 | PMC1247503 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:08 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(11):A604b-A605 |
My colleagues and I thank Lange for his letter confirming our finding that asbestos was present in settled dust as well as in airborne samples obtained at Ground Zero, the site of the World Trade Center, and for his having agreed with us that this asbestos almost certainly represented an exposure hazard for workers. Th... | 0 | PMC1247504 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:09 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(11):A607a |
In a report of cardiac malformations in rats exposed to trichloroethylene (TCE) in drinking water, Johnson et al. (2003) used two (1.5 and 1,100 ppm) of the four treatment concentrations that they reported in a previous study (Dawson et al. 1993). To evaluate consistency of results in this single laboratory across the ... | 15289177 | PMC1247505 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:09 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(11):A607b-A608 |
Asian cities face a serious air pollution problem from two- and three-wheeled vehicles that run on two-stroke engines. Global experts shared their knowledge about these vehicles at an international conference held 30 March–1 April 2004 at the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) in Delhi, India. Anumita Roychowdhur... | 15309754 | PMC1247506 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:09 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(11):A613a |
Further Support for Sustainable Cities
In February 2004, representatives at the Asia and Pacific Leadership Forum adopted the Hong Kong Declaration on Sustainable Development for Cities. The document stems from Agenda 21, recently reaffirmed at the World Summit on Sustainable Development, and sets a goal of significant... | 0 | PMC1247507 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:10 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(11):A613b-A615 |
Noise costs the European Union (EU) 10–40 billion annually, by various estimates, with roughly half of this due to road noise. Contributing factors include medical costs, reduced worker productivity, and de facto condemnation of noise-exposed land. Due mostly to the demands of greater population density, European noise... | 0 | PMC1247508 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:10 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(11):A614a |
To get the real skinny on the health effects of coastal water pollution, talk to a surfer. While catching the waves, surfers are also catching colds, stomach bugs, and more. Surfers long ago made the connection between sick days and urban storm drains dumping untreated runoff from streets, yards, and waterways into bea... | 15309755 | PMC1247509 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:10 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(11):A614b |
Many studies have reported impaired renal function and kidney disease at high levels of lead exposure, as estimated mainly through concentrations of serum creatinine (SCr) and rates of creatinine clearance from the body. However, lower-level lead exposure has not been correlated with renal effects as conclusively, perh... | 0 | PMC1247510 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:10 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(11):A636a |
In an attempt to eliminate epidemic levels of diarrhea and other infectious diseases associated with the use of surface waters, millions of shallow tube wells were drilled into the Ganges Delta alluvium in Bangladesh beginning in the early 1970s. This process reduced the rates of water-related infectious diseases but c... | 0 | PMC1247511 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:09 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(11):A636b-A637 |
By Andrew Schneider and David McCumber
New York:G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 2004. 440 pp. ISBN: 0-399-15095-1, $25.95 cloth.
Asbestos has tragically affected communities throughout the world, largely through its effects on workers. This powerful history is presented with dramatic flair in the new investigative book by Andrew... | 0 | PMC1247512 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:09 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(11):A650a |
Academic Health Centers: Leading Change in the 21st Century
Linda T. Kohn, ed.
Washington, DC:National Academies Press, 2004. 216 pp. ISBN: 0-309-08893-3, $39
Bioethics in Complexity: Foundations and Evolutions
Sergio De Risio, Franco F. Orsucci, eds.
River Edge, NJ:World Scientific, 2004. 100 pp. ISBN:1-86094-399... | 0 | PMC1247513 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:09 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(11):A650b |
The 1997 IARC Evaluation
In 1997 the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, the most potent dioxin congener) as a group 1 carcinogen (IARC 1997) based on limited evidence in humans, sufficient evidence in animals, and extensive mechanistic information in... | 15345337 | PMC1247514 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:12 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Sep 10; 112(13):1265-1268 |
The global burden of cancer continues to increase. There were an estimated 10.1 million new cases, 6.2 million deaths, and 22.4 million persons living with cancer in the year 2000 (Kleihues and Stewart 2003). This represents an increase of 19% in incidence and 18% in mortality since 1990. Given current trends in smokin... | 15345338 | PMC1247515 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:12 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Sep 3; 112(13):1269-1274 |
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that approximately 1.2 billion pounds of pesticides were used in the United States in 1999 (Donaldson et al. 2002), which was equivalent to 4.4 pounds per capita in the U.S. population. Of these pesticides, 76% were used in agriculture, 11% in other industries/go... | 15345339 | PMC1247516 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:12 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Sep 3; 112(13):1275-1281 |
Researchers have found that acute episodes of increased particulate matter (PM) are associated with nonaccidental mortality (Goldberg et al. 2001), total mortality (Katsouyanni et al. 2001; Laden et al. 2000; Mar et al. 2000; Wichmann et al. 2000), cardiovascular deaths (Hoek et al. 2001; Ostro et al. 2000), respirator... | 15345340 | PMC1247517 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:12 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Sep 3; 112(13):1282-1288 |
Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) constitute a group of polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons that are persistent, widespread environmental contaminants, frequently detected at parts-per-trillion levels (lipid basis) in animals and humans... | 15345341 | PMC1247518 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:12 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Sep 10; 112(13):1289-1292 |
Cobalt is a transition element occurring in four valences (0, +2, +3, and +4), the divalent oxidation state being the most common. Tungsten, also known as wolfram (W), is a hard metal that can occur in the natural state only in the form of chemical compounds with other elements. Co is a major constituent (5–10%) of har... | 15345342 | PMC1247519 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:11 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Sep 10; 112(13):1293-1298 |
Evidence from industrialized countries indicates that acute exposure to airborne pollutants, such as solid particulate matter (PM), is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality (Dockery 2001; Fairley 1990; Samet et al. 2000a, 2000b). The collective implication of this evidence is that PM affects tiss... | 15345343 | PMC1247520 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:11 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Sep 23; 112(13):1299-1306 |
In response to regulatory pressure aimed at decreasing the health hazards of engine emissions, diesel engine exhaust (DEE) is changing rapidly as a result of engine and fuel modifications and emissions-reduction (ER) technologies. The most drastic changes to DEE are yet to come, as fuel and ER technologies are implemen... | 15345344 | PMC1247521 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:11 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Sep 7; 112(13):1307-1312 |
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is referred to as the most toxic man-made chemical known [International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 1997]. Data on environmental accidents and occupationally exposed subjects have increased our knowledge on human health effects of TCDD (Sweeney and Mocarelli 2000).
T... | 15345345 | PMC1247522 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:11 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Sep 1; 112(13):1313-1318 |
Ozone-depleting solvents, such as specific chlorofluorocarbons and 1,1,1-trichloroethane, have been banned since 1996 in developed countries. Because they were used in large amounts in various industries, alternative compounds were introduced to the workplace. One such alternative compound is 1-bromopropane (1-BP; n-pr... | 15345346 | PMC1247523 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:12 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Sep 30; 112(13):1319-1325 |
Case Presentation
Injection of elemental mercury is uncommon, and only 72 cases have been reported in the literature over the past 75 years. Of these 72 cases 46 were deliberate; most involved direct intravenous administration, usually with suicidal intent (Kayias 2003), or they were a complication of drug abuse. Bradb... | 15345347 | PMC1247524 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:12 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Sep 22; 112(13):1326-1328 |
In Bangladesh, approximately 30–40 million people (British Geological Survey 2001) have been chronically exposed to high concentrations of naturally occurring arsenic in drinking water, supplied by approximately 10 million tube wells (British Geological Survey 2001; van Geen et al. 2002). Aside from carcinogenic and va... | 15345348 | PMC1247525 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:12 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Sep 28; 112(13):1329-1333 |
Aflatoxins are fungal metabolites that contaminate dietary staple foods such as groundnuts and maize in agroecologies where hot, humid climates combine with poor food storage conditions to facilitate fungal growth and toxin production [International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 2002]. Aflatoxins are proven hepa... | 15345349 | PMC1247526 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:12 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Sep 27; 112(13):1334-1338 |
Human exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) occurs throughout life. Of particular concern is the exposure of fetuses, preterm infants, and babies because the developing human reproductive system may be affected when the metabolic pathways of detoxification are immature. DEHP has been shown to damage the male an... | 15345350 | PMC1247527 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:12 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Sep 7; 112(13):1339-1340 |
Human breast milk offers the optimal nutrition for all infants and provides immunological, developmental, psychological, economic, and practical advantages when compared to artificial feeding. For proper growth, development, and health, infants should be exclusively breast-fed with no other food or drink—not even water... | 15345351 | PMC1247528 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:11 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Sep; 112(13):A722-A723 |
In their letter, Krieger and Zhang note that our article (Coronado et al. 2004) is “founded on an erroneous premise” and that it “presents virtually no data to estimate levels of worker or child exposure.” Our analyses show that the children of workers who reported thinning plants had significantly higher proportions o... | 0 | PMC1247529 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:11 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Sep; 112(13):A725-A726 |
In her Commentary in the June issue of EHP, “Diesel Exhaust: A Moving Target,” Janet Arey (2004) makes a strong point for standardizing diesel exhaust reference material for future research due to the changes in diesel technology and resulting emissions.
Arey (2004) appropriately recognized that diesel exhaust particu... | 15345358 | PMC1247530 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:12 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Sep; 112(13):A727-A728 |
Ironically, some of our most advanced technologies, when discarded, may represent a rapidly expanding and sometimes unregulated exposure to a toxicant that plagued even the ancient Romans: lead. Almost all electronic devices contain lead, and such devices are proliferating—and becoming obsolete—at breathtaking speed. A... | 15345362 | PMC1247531 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:12 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Sep; 112(13):A734 |
In 2003, Congress mandated that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) set up a centralized office for facilitating public–private partnerships established to commercialize cost-effective environment-related technologies. As part of this effort, the EPA has created the Environmental Technology Opportunities Por... | 0 | PMC1247532 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:12 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Sep; 112(13):A737 |
Fishermen are known for telling tales of their catches that tend toward exaggeration. A new kind of fish tale, however, doesn’t stretch the truth when making a point to the Hmong community in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, about the hazards of eating fish contaminated with methylmercury and polychlorinated biphenyls. A video pr... | 15345363 | PMC1247533 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:12 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Sep; 112(13):A738 |
Terry MB, Gammon MD, Zhang FF, Tawfik H, Teitelbaum SL, Britton JA, Subbaramaiah K, Dannenberg AJ, Neugut AI. 2004. Association of frequency and duration of aspirin use and hormone receptor status with breast cancer risk. JAMA 291:2433–2440.
Aspirin has been used as a nonprescription pain reliever for more than 100 ye... | 0 | PMC1247534 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:12 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Sep; 112(13):A739 |
Since 1989, when IBM researchers whimsically demonstrated a scientific breakthrough by constructing a 35-atom depiction of the company’s logo, the ability to manipulate individual atoms has spawned a tidal wave of research and development at the nano (from the Greek word for “dwarf”) scale. Nanomaterials are defined as... | 15345364 | PMC1247535 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:12 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Sep; 112(13):A740-A749 |
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