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Obesity and the Built Environment
In the United States, obesity and overweight have risen to an epidemic rate during the past 20 years and are among the most important health challenges of our time. Obesity in adults is associated with increased risk of a number of diseases and metabolic abnormalities; most of the cond... | 0 | PMC1247637 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Nov; 112(15):A900-A901 |
In October 2002, the World Health Organization (WHO) sponsored a workshop in Geneva, Switzerland, to address the problems faced by medical journals in the developing world regarding their efforts to provide critical, timely health information to local health practitioners and research scientists. Of major concern is th... | 15531410 | PMC1247638 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Nov; 112(15):A858a-A860 |
In her interesting review addressing endocrine disruption and the developing brain, Colborn (2004) asked rightly for special attention to the role of a disruption of thyroid hormones and thyroid hormone metabolism, which negatively influence early development of the fetal brain. As mechanisms of action, chemicals such ... | 15531413 | PMC1247640 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Nov; 112(15):A862a |
I thank Koppe for raising the question of the significance of the presence of increased thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO-Ab) during neurodevelopment or even later in life. I have wondered for years why medical practitioners and laboratories do not routinely quantify TPO-Ab in blood screening for thyroid disorders. Hi... | 0 | PMC1247641 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Nov; 112(15):A862b |
In “Apartment Residents’ and Day Care Workers’ Exposures to Tetrachloroethylene and Deficits in Visual Contrast Sensitivity,” Schreiber et al. (2002) reported significantly lower visual contrast sensitivity (VCS) in apartment residents exposed to tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene, or perc) compared to unexposed “m... | 15531411 | PMC1247642 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Nov; 112(15):A862c-A864 |
In response to Curtis (2004), I would like to cite more recent studies by researchers at the Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. (RIFM) that address the health and environmental effects of fragrances.
The RIFM strives to be the international leader for the safe use of fragrance ingredients (Balk et al. 20... | 15531417 | PMC1247643 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Nov; 112(15):A865a |
I read with horror the article “Pesticides and Parkinson Disease” by Renee Twombly (2004) in which she implied that rotenone is “often used in organic gardening and farming.” She went on to describe the effects of rotenone and the even more harmful effects of pyridaben, which is far more toxic than rotenone, both of wh... | 15531416 | PMC1247644 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Nov; 112(15):A865b |
Coronado et al. (2004) reported that the agricultural task of plant thinning by adults was associated with higher urinary pesticide metabolite concentrations in children. Their analysis was based on data from a 1999 study of farmworkers in the Yakima Valley of Washington State (Curl et al. 2002; Thompson et al. 2003). ... | 15531415 | PMC1247645 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Nov; 112(15):A865c-A866 |
In our article (Coronado et al. 2004), we reported a higher proportion of urine samples containing detectable levels of the organophosphate (OP) pesticide urinary metabolite dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP) from children of farmworkers who reported having thinned plants, compared with urine samples from children of non-thi... | 0 | PMC1247646 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Nov; 112(15):A866a |
I read with mixed feelings of approval and sadness your editorial about the end of tenure for Kenneth Olden as director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) (Brown et al. 2004). I have been greatly impressed with Olden’s significant contributions to broadening the scope of public health sc... | 15531418 | PMC1247647 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Nov; 112(15):A866b-A867 |
Taken at face value, northern California’s El Dorado County has a lot going for it—the dramatic Sierra Nevada foothills scenery, lots of room for spacious new houses, and its short distance from Sacramento. That’s why the population has nearly sextupled since 1960, according to U.S. Census figures. But the construction... | 0 | PMC1247648 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Nov; 112(15):A871a |
Jakarta’s New Monorail
Jakarta has begun a monorail project to combat the air pollution and massive traffic jams that plague the city of nearly 9 million people and 5 million vehicles. The monorail system, still in the planning phases, is expected to consist of two lines, one serving the Indonesian capital’s central bu... | 0 | PMC1247649 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Nov; 112(15):A871b-A873 |
The time and cost required to bring a new drug to market can exceed 10 years and $800 million, according to the Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development. Now researchers at etexx Biopharmaceuticals in Dallas, Texas, are using software that they say will slash this time and cost. How? By mining the medical literat... | 0 | PMC1247650 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Nov; 112(15):A872a |
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a well-known killer of older people in affluent countries. In developing countries, however, the disease is striking a younger age group. In India, South Africa, Brazil, and the Russian republic of Tatarstan, people aged 35–65 die from CVD significantly more often than counterparts in th... | 0 | PMC1247651 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Nov; 112(15):A872b |
Mapping SARS in Hong Kong
Epidemiologists have long used maps to track the spread of disease, and in the past decade, geographic information system (GIS) technology has added powerful new tools that help reveal far more than simply the “where” and “when” of epidemics. Now P.C. Lai of the University of Hong Kong and col... | 0 | PMC1247652 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Nov; 112(15):A896a |
Bisphenol A More Potent than Expected
Environmental estrogens are a structurally diverse group of chemicals that partially mimic the effects of endogenous estrogens. Scientists believe the wide use of environmental estrogens such as bisphenol A (BPA), a component of epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastics, may help exp... | 0 | PMC1247653 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Nov; 112(15):A896b-A897 |
By Rod Fujita
Gabriola Island, BC, Canada:New Society Publishsers, 2003. 227 pp. ISBN: 0-86571-500-9, $16.95 paper
In only 198 pages of text, Rod Fujita’s Heal the Ocean: Solutions for Saving Our Seas covers major threats to the health of the coast, nearshore waters, coral reefs, the continental shelf, and the deep s... | 0 | PMC1247654 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Nov; 112(15):A914a |
A Scientist Audits the Earth
Stuart L. Pimm
Piscataway, NJ:Rutgers University Press, 2004. 304 pp. ISBN: 0-8135-3540-9, $19.95
Academia to Biotechnology: Career Changes at any Stage
Jeffrey Gimble
Burlington, MA:Elsevier, 2004. 186 pp. ISBN: 0-12-284151-4, $34.95
Acid Rain Science and Politics in Japan: A History... | 0 | PMC1247655 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Nov; 112(15):A914b |
Gene expression profiling, used within the existing framework of toxicologic assessment, promises to advance significantly the mechanistic understanding and prediction of adverse effects. To benefit fully from the opportunities offered by gene expression profiling, we must first understand the relationships between cha... | 15598610 | PMC1247656 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Nov 7; 112(16):1589-1606 |
A stereotyped environmental stress response to a wide range of stressors and toxicants was first demonstrated in yeast (Gasch et al. 2000) and has subsequently been observed in a variety of mammalian cell models (Heinloth et al. 2003; Morgan et al. 2002; Murray et al. 2004; Park et al. 2002; Sesto et al. 2002; Weigel e... | 15598611 | PMC1247657 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Nov 14; 112(16):1607-1613 |
Gene expression microarrays (gene chips) have revolutionized biology by generating vast amounts of data roughly quantifying the level of mRNA expression for thousands of genes in a single sample. The analysis of these data is extraordinarily complex, resulting in a shift in biology from predominantly qualitative evalua... | 15598612 | PMC1247658 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Nov 21; 112(16):1614-1621 |
Recent technologic advances in the fields of “omics,” including toxicogenomics, hold great promise for the understanding of the molecular basis of health and disease, and toxicity. Prospective further advances could significantly enhance our capability to study toxicology and improve clinical protocols for early detect... | 15598613 | PMC1247659 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Nov 5; 112(16):1622-1627 |
Uranium, the heaviest of the naturally occurring elements, is widely present in the environment as a result of leaching from natural deposits, release in mill tailings, emissions from the nuclear industry, the combustion of coal and other fuels, and the use of phosphate fertilizers and weapons that contain uranium. Thu... | 15598614 | PMC1247660 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Nov 15; 112(16):1628-1635 |
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (dioxin, TCDD) is a persistent environmental contaminant, a human and rodent carcinogen, and the most potent ligand for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor gene (AhR) (Fingerhut et al. 1991; Gu et al. 2000; Kociba et al. 1978; McGregor et al. 1998). The AhR gene also displays affinity for ... | 15598615 | PMC1247661 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Nov 22; 112(16):1636-1644 |
When T.S. Eliot (Eliot 1963) wrote “. . . the end of all our exploring Will be to arrive where we started And know the place for the first time,” he was probably not thinking explicitly of science, but as science is deeply imbedded in the human condition, we should not be surprised that these words ring true.
Systems ... | 15598605 | PMC1247662 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Nov; 112(16):A926-A927 |
After two years of intensive efforts by an international consortium of researchers, the Brown Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) joins the human and the mouse as the third mammalian genomic sequence to be completed. The achievement is expected to yield important new knowledge about mammalian evolution and human disease pro... | 15598606 | PMC1247663 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Nov; 112(16):A930 |
Much research on host defenses against infection has concentrated on the amino acid sequences of antimicrobial peptides in the belief that the order of the acids and their replication reflect how they work against aberrant cells. Now researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles, (UCLA) suggest that the shap... | 15625737 | PMC1247664 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Nov; 112(16):A931 |
According to the 1999 World Health Organization report Removing Obstacles to Healthy Development, infectious diseases cause one-third of all human deaths worldwide. These diseases also cost the livestock industry billions of dollars yearly, according to figures from the U.S. Department of Agriculture National Center fo... | 15625738 | PMC1247665 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Nov; 112(16):A932 |
Although scientists have great understanding of individual molecules, the limitations of modern technology have restricted the study of molecular groupings, or “machines,” within cells. Now, however, scientists with the Structural and Computational Biology Programme at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) i... | 15625739 | PMC1247666 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Nov; 112(16):A933 |
With its sequencing completed in 2003, scientists set their sights on determining the basic structure and inner workings of the human genome. This movement has spawned numerous new scientific specialties that have been supported by the growth of data-generating technologies. One of these interdisciplinary fields, funct... | 0 | PMC1247667 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Nov; 112(16):A934 |
The field of proteomics seeks to define, on a global scale, the levels, activities, regulation, and interaction of proteins in a biological sample. Proteomics is analogous to transcriptomics—the global analysis of mRNA transcripts that arise from the expression of genes in the genome—although the former is considerably... | 15598607 | PMC1247668 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:52 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Nov; 112(16):A936-A937 |
Genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics have all vastly advanced our understanding of human biology and disease. But the functioning of even a simple system such as a single yeast cell or bacterium is much more complicated than the sum of its genes or proteins or metabolites; it’s the activity of all those components an... | 15598608 | PMC1247669 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:52 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Nov; 112(16):A938-A943 |
Tools for Genetic and Genomic Studies in Emerging Model Organisms
This Program Announcement (PA) is to encourage investigator-initiated applications for research designed to generate genetic tools and genomic resources that will enable researchers to exploit the full potential of novel or developing model systems for c... | 0 | PMC1247670 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Nov; 112(16):A948-A951 |
Gene expression profiling shows that cells generally respond to toxicant stress by repressing genes that guide cell growth and inducing those that govern DNA repair and other protective functions. However, the specific genes repressed or induced vary, depending on the cell type and—according to research presented in th... | 15598609 | PMC1247671 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Nov; 112(16):A944a |
The rodent uterotrophic assay, a standard method for assessing a compound’s estrogenicity, offers a model for phenotypic anchoring, or linking changes in gene expression to specific pathologic changes. Typically, when an immature rodent uterus is exposed to the endogenous estrogen 17β-estradiol (E2), it undergoes cell ... | 15625741 | PMC1247672 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Nov; 112(16):A944b-A945 |
Edited by Hisham K. Hamadeh and Cynthia A. Afshari
Hoboken, NJ:Wiley-Liss, 2004. 361 pp. ISBN: 0-471-43417-5. $69.95 cloth
This timely book presents basic toxicology for molecular biologists and detailed approaches and methods of gene expression, protein, and metabolic global analyses for toxicologists and others lea... | 0 | PMC1247673 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Nov; 112(16):A962a |
Algorithms in Bioinformatics
Inge Jonassen, Junhyong Kim, eds.
New York:Springer-Verlag, 2004. 476 pp.
ISBN: 3-540-23018-1, $84
Antisense Therapeutics, 2nd ed.
M. Ian Phillips
Totowa, NJ:Humana Press, 2004. 344 pp.
ISBN: 1-58829-205-3, $125
Assembling the Tree of Life
Joel Cracraft, Michael J. Donoghue
New Yo... | 0 | PMC1247674 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Nov; 112(16):A962b |
Background
Diarrhea is one of the most prevalent human disorders and understandably its remedy occupies a special place in the annals of medicine [1]. Neurohormonal mechanisms, pathogens, malnutrition, chronic diseases and drugs can alter gastrointestinal physiology resulting in changes in either secretion or absorptio... | 16168064 | PMC1249555 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:46 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2005 Sep 17; 5:18 |
Background
Biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides plays a central role in the metabolism of all organisms [1,2]. Their primary function is to serve as either donors or acceptors in biochemical oxidation-reduction reactions. The nucleotides can also be used as substrates in non-redox reactions e.g. ADP ribos... | 16153292 | PMC1249556 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:24 | no | BMC Biochem. 2005 Sep 9; 6:16 |
Background
The enzyme phospholipase D (PLD) normally catalyses the formation of phosphatidic acid from phosphatidylcholin using water as a substrate. In the presence of primary alcohols the reaction is diverted to transphosphatidylation and phosphatidyl alcohol is formed instead. As a consequence, human ethanol consump... | 16188025 | PMC1249557 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:24 | no | BMC Biochem. 2005 Sep 27; 6:18 |
Background
The potential for the molecular analysis of human genetic material has increased enormously with the availability of the human genome sequence, SNP identification efforts and the development of high-throughput genotyping platforms [1]. The expanding demand for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping ... | 16168060 | PMC1249558 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:57 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2005 Sep 16; 5:24 |
Background
Mucins are high molecular weight glycoprotein components of mucus (> 250 kDa), which protect and lubricate the epithelial surfaces of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts in the body [1]. Mucins are heavily glycosylated (40–80%) and the oligosaccharides are attached through O-glycosidic ... | 16188033 | PMC1249559 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:05 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Sep 27; 5:124 |
Background
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS [MIM: 203300]) is an autosomal recessive disorder of vesicle biogenesis resulting in the dysfunction of lysosome-related organelles such as melanosomes and platelet dense bodies [1-4]. Affected patients have oculocutaneous albinism presenting as congenital nystagmus, reduced vi... | 16159387 | PMC1249560 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:30 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 Sep 13; 6:33 |
Background
Portrayed as the paradigm of neutral evolution [1], pseudogenes are thought be free of selective forces that constrain functional genes and this single feature should make pseudogenes highly attractive for population genetic studies. Pseudogenes may be more appealing than introns for population genetic studi... | 16159389 | PMC1249561 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Sep 13; 5:47 |
Background
The global mean temperature has risen 0.6°C in the last 100 years and is projected to increase between 1.4°C and 5.8°C over the next 100 years [1]. This rate of increase (in temperature per century) is greater than any measured in the climate record of at least the last 100,000 years [2-4]. Several types of ... | 16159383 | PMC1249562 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:15 | no | BMC Ecol. 2005 Sep 13; 5:7 |
Background
Patients' access to general practitioner (GP) appointments has been a key concern of the current British Labour government. Two national surveys [1,2] published in 1998 and 2000 highlighted the difficulty in accessing GPs, citing inconvenient surgery hours and long waiting. The government's response to this ... | 16188036 | PMC1249563 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:12 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Sep 27; 6:39 |
Background
The complement (C) system consists of more than 20 proteins and a number of cell associated regulator molecules and receptors [1]. The C system is activated through either of three pathways, initiated by e.g. microorganisms, immune complexes (IC), and tissue injuries.
The classical pathway (CP) is initiated... | 16179087 | PMC1249564 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:28 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2005 Sep 22; 5:31 |
Background
Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) and B (MAOB) are enzymes that deaminate monoamines such as serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline. The genes encoding MAOA and B are located on the X chromosome in a tail-to-tail orientation and separated by approximately 20 kilobases (kb) [1,2]. Although MAOA and MAOB span 65 kb an... | 16174289 | PMC1249565 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:39 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Sep 20; 6:46 |
Background
On the basis of sequence similarity, glycoside hydrolases (or glycosidases, EC3.2.1.-) have been grouped into 96 families (GH1-GH100, except GH21, GH40, GH41, and GH60) by the Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes (CAZy) classification [1,2]. In the case of poly-domain proteins each catalytic domain is considered sepa... | 16131397 | PMC1249566 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 17:05:45 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Aug 30; 6:112 |
Background
A protein's Isoelectric point (pI) – the pH at which a protein has no net charge – is the basis for its isolation using isoelectric focussing and along with Molecular Mass (Mr) is exploited in two dimensional gel electrophoresis used to seperate a cell's protein content. Bjellquist [1,2] has shown that a the... | 16150155 | PMC1249567 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:48 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Sep 9; 6:116 |
Background
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), 20–25 nucleotides in length, are involved in negative post transcriptional regulation in most multi-cellular organisms (for a review see e.g. [1,2]). The generality and importance of this recently discovered regulatory mechanism is gradually becoming apparent, and here we present computat... | 16159385 | PMC1249568 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:48 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Sep 13; 6:119 |
Background
The Solanaceae family encompasses a number of species of agronomic and ornamental importance. With regards to cultivation for food consumption, in 2003, potato was the world's fifth largest crop in world-wide production acreage and the solanaceous vegetables tomato, eggplant, and pepper ranked 11th, 19th, an... | 16162286 | PMC1249569 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:48 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Sep 14; 6:124 |
Background
The recent completion of Anopheles gambiae genome sequence [1] provided an architectural scaffold for mapping, identifying, selecting, and exploiting malaria insect vector genes for future studies. An. gambiae genome consists of 3 pairs of chromosome, designated as 2R/2L, 3R/3L and X. The Y chromosome is yet... | 16171517 | PMC1249570 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:48 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Sep 19; 6:128 |
Background
In recent years, there has been an unprecedented growth in both the volume and the type of experimental data available to researchers interested in elucidating the biological networks that underpin the functions of living cells. To date, the majority of available eukaryotic data comes from the yeast Saccharo... | 16174296 | PMC1249571 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:48 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Sep 20; 6:131 |
Background
Neonatal diarrhoea, often caused by ETEC F4 bacteria, is a common problem in pig production. These bacteria use their fimbriae to adhere to specific receptors on the brush borders of enterocytes of their host. This adhesion is a prerequisite for infection and promotes bacterial colonization of the small inte... | 16176575 | PMC1249572 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:48 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Sep 21; 6:133 |
Background
Giardia lamblia (intestinalis) and Cryptosporidium parvum are the two most important intestinal parasites infecting North Americans [1,2]. Infection with either parasite occurs when cysts are ingested via contaminated hands, food and/or water, or through person to person contact [3,4]. These infections are a... | 16168061 | PMC1249573 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:15 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Sep 16; 5:72 |
Background
Although the Pap-test has given a great contribution to early diagnosis of cervical cancer, this is still a very common, worldwide distributed, female neoplasm and a major cause of death in developing countries. Moreover, in developed countries, the treatment of preneoplastic cervical lesions is a considerab... | 16188026 | PMC1249574 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:15 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Sep 27; 5:77 |
Background
Until today, the ontogeny of follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) has remained unresolved [1,2]. Even transplantation experiments have led to contradictory results [3-11]. Researchers contemplating a bone marrow origin have suggested that these professional antigen-presenting cells derive either from the lympho... | 16179091 | PMC1249575 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:44 | no | BMC Immunol. 2005 Sep 22; 6:23 |
Background
Streptomyces is a naturally occurring bacterium in soil and is likely to be present in aquatic habitats as well [1]. Since the early discovery of this microorganism's ability to to produce clinically useful antibiotics [2,3], the bacterium has received tremendous scientific attention [4]. Furthermore, other ... | 16164744 | PMC1249576 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:05 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Sep 15; 5:51 |
Background
After perinatal brain injury, early assessment of clinico-anatomic correlations is invaluable for the understanding of functional deficits and brain plasticity. Cortical visual impairment (CVI), defined as a visual deficit caused by a disturbance of the posterior visual pathways, remains difficult to assess ... | 16185359 | PMC1249577 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:53 | no | BMC Neurol. 2005 Sep 26; 5:17 |
Background
Children exposed to alcohol during gestation can exhibit a spectrum of abnormalities that range from Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorders (ARND) to Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), based upon the severity of symptoms. These abnormalities can include facial anomalies, growth deficits, mental retardation,... | 16159388 | PMC1249578 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:48 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Sep 13; 6:59 |
Background
Each year approximately 160,000 persons are diagnosed with epilepsy, and about 10,000 of these individual develop drug-resistant epilepsy [1]. The causes of drug-resistant epilepsy are numerous, many due to ontogenic abnormalities in brain maturation, severe brain injuries with resultant irreversible changes... | 16188027 | PMC1249579 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:49 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Sep 27; 6:61 |
Background
The visual field loss caused by glaucoma has been divided into 5 stages ranging from relative defects in sensitivity to almost complete visual loss [1]. The pattern of loss which alerts awareness of the disease, however, is often an arcuate scotoma occurring with approximately equal frequency in the superior... | 16159386 | PMC1249580 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:50 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2005 Sep 13; 5:22 |
Background
Orthodontic treatment is one of the most costly and challenging issues to NHS dentistry. In 2003, fees for orthodontic treatment accounted for more than a quarter of all child fees [1]. Whilst the focus has been often on strategies to improve access and increase budget of orthodontic care, evaluation of the ... | 16188024 | PMC1249581 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:57 | no | BMC Oral Health. 2005 Sep 27; 5:8 |
Background
Asthma is a common clinical problem in the Caribbean [1,2] and its prevalence seems to have increased since the 1970s. In Barbados for example, between 1970 and 1990, the attendance at the Asthma Bay, an acute asthma management centre at the only public Accident & Emergency (A&E) department on the island inc... | 16162294 | PMC1249582 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:55 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Sep 14; 5:96 |
Background
The U.S. population is aging and is expected to double by the year 2030, with the elderly comprising up to 20 percent of the total population. The population age 85 years and older will reach 21 million by the year 2050 [1]. Additionally, baby boomers will also reach 65 years of age in less than a decade. Th... | 16176583 | PMC1249583 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:57 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Sep 21; 5:97 |
Background
The number of people infected with HIV in India is estimated to be one of the highest in the world [1,2]. The state of Andhra Pradesh in southern India has a population of 80 million, and the sentinel surveillance suggests that it has one of the highest estimated burden of HIV among the Indian states [3]. It... | 16181491 | PMC1249584 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:58 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Sep 24; 5:98 |
Background
Sarcopenia, the progressive loss of strength and muscle mass with increasing age, is an important contributor to frailty, poor mobility function, and mortality [1,2]. Neuromuscular alterations, and specifically changes in the peripheral nerve, motor unit, and muscle composition, are likely contributors to sa... | 16181490 | PMC1249585 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:51 | no | BMC Physiol. 2005 Sep 23; 5:15 |
Background
In 1951, Pauling and Corey predicted the existence of two periodic motifs in protein structures: the α-helix [1] and the β-sheet [2] which turned out to be major features of protein architecture. Secondary structures, because they allow a simple and intuitive description of 3D structures, are widely employed... | 16164759 | PMC1249586 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:53 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2005 Sep 15; 5:17 |
Introduction
The SARS epidemic had a high mortality rate as well as a huge economic impact worldwide. Treatment with antiviral drugs or an effective vaccine is not available for protection against this disease [1,2]. The SARS-CoV is a single-stranded RNA virus that has been identified as a new type of coronavirus. The ... | 16115319 | PMC1249587 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:08 | no | Genet Vaccines Ther. 2005 Aug 22; 3:7 |
Background
Urbanization has a significant impact on the economy, lifestyles, ecosystems and disease patterns, including malaria [1,2]. An estimated 39% of the population in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) lived in urban areas in 2003 [3], 198 million Africans lived in urban malaria-endemic areas and 24–103 million clinical at... | 16153298 | PMC1249588 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:13 | no | Malar J. 2005 Sep 9; 4:40 |
Introduction
Although estradiol has classically been considered a female hormone, recent data from man shows that it plays important physiological roles in the male. For example, estradiol deficiency or resistance results in lack of bone epiphyseal fusion, delayed skeletal maturation and low sperm viability [[1] for re... | 16176578 | PMC1249589 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:13 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Sep 21; 3:48 |
Background
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) are macromolecules found in all connective tissues, extracellular matrices and on the surface of cells [1]. Their most prominent feature is the presence of one or more heparan sulfate (HS) chains covalently attached to a core protein [2]. The heterogeneity of the HSPG is ... | 16156897 | PMC1250224 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:32 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2005 Sep 12; 5:19 |
Background
Technologies for increasingly comprehensive evaluation of RNA expression in mammalian cells yield qualitative, quantitative and temporal information about gene activity at the mRNA level. However, the correlation between mRNA and protein levels is often times poor because the rates of degradation of individu... | 16138932 | PMC1250225 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:48 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Sep 4; 6:113 |
Background
Many microorganisms continuously face a range of reactive oxygen species (ROS) including hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, and the hydroxyl radical derived from many sources. During the process of active infection, pathogenic bacteria are exposed to exogenous oxidative stress that phagocytes utilize as a host d... | 16150148 | PMC1250226 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:48 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Sep 8; 6:115 |
Background
Until the results of the Women's Health Initiative trial [1] were known, hormone therapy (HT) was promoted for preventing osteoporosis and was thought to protect from cardiovascular diseases [2]. Although physicians agreed that menopause was not a disease, they considered it a serious health problem [3]. Hot... | 16150149 | PMC1250227 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:52:11 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2005 Sep 8; 5:31 |
Background
The Protein Structure Factory
The Protein Structure Factory (PSF) is a joint endeavour of universities, research institutes and companies from the Berlin area [1,2]. It takes part in the international structural genomics initiative [3,4] and aims at the determination of human protein structures by X-ray diff... | 15998469 | PMC1250228 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:35 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2005 Jul 5; 4:21 |
Carroll SB (2005) Endless forms most beautiful: The new science of evo devo and the making of the animal kingdom. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. 350 p. ISBN (hardcover) 0-393-06016-0. US$25.95
The essential path of adaptive evolution is that genetic variation among individuals is translated by the process of devel... | 0 | PMC1250294 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:45 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Oct 11; 3(10):e340 |
Maclyn McCarty, who devoted his life as a physician-scientist to studying infectious disease organisms, was best known for his part in the monumental discovery that DNA, rather than protein, constituted the chemical nature of a gene. Uncovering the molecular secret of the gene in question—that for the capsular polysacc... | 16207076 | PMC1250295 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:28 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Oct 11; 3(10):e341 |
Most people are aware that insects are crunchy on the outside. What they don't always realize is that the external crunchy parts form the animal's skeleton, and that this body design makes the apparently simple process of growing extremely complex.
In addition to providing a barrier against desiccation and protection ... | 16207077 | PMC1250302 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:27 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Oct 11; 3(10):e349 |
In PLoS Biology, volume 3, issue 3: DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030068
In the caption for Figure 5A, the formula for the lognormal fit was given as follows:
.
The second squaring exponent should have been inside the parentheses, so it reads as follows:
.
This correction note may be found online at DOI:... | 0 | PMC1250303 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Oct 11; 3(10):e350 |
For close to half a century, neurophysiologists have been able to record electrical signals from the millions of individual neurons that compose even the smallest mammalian brain. Despite this long history, which has led to significant strides toward understanding how neuronal activity translates into brain function, m... | 16207078 | PMC1250306 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:28 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Oct 11; 3(10):e355 |
Once upon a time, you formulated a hypothesis and designed the experiments to test it. You applied for a grant. You were awarded the money to pursue your line of inquiry. You did the work. You wrote the paper. Your colleagues reviewed your work and found it to be true. You published your paper. The conclusions of the p... | 17523264 | PMC1250311 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Oct 11; 3(10):e367 |
In PLoS Biology, volume 3, issue 6: DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030160
The following statement in the last paragraph of the Results contains a factual error: “A total of 34% of cortical thymocytes expressing the P14 TCR had motility rates greater than 13 μm/min compared to approximately 2% for wild-type thymocytes exp... | 0 | PMC1250312 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:28 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Oct 11; 3(10):e373 |
In PLoS Biology, volume 3, issue 8: DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030247
The seventh author's name was originally misspelled as Zheng Yuan Li; it should be Zheng Yuan Lee.
The first sentence of the Materials and Methods should read as follows: “In this study the sequence variation of the mtDNA D-loop HVS-I and HVS-II r... | 0 | PMC1250313 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:28 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Oct 11; 3(10):e376 |
Introduction
RNA viruses have the highest replicative error rates in nature, with approximately one mistake made per 1,000–100,000 nucleotides copied [1–3]. As a result, each viral genome is likely to differ from every other virus by one or more point mutations. The complex populations thus generated, called quasispeci... | 16220146 | PMC1250929 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:27 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2005 Oct 7; 1(2):e11 |
Introduction
Together with more subtle genetic modifications such as gene expression changes and point substitutions, new genes with novel functions may have significantly contributed to the evolution of new phenotypes specific to humans and their closest evolutionary relatives. New duplicate genes may originate throug... | 16201836 | PMC1251493 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:27 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Nov 11; 3(11):e357 |
“Retrocopied” genes were long viewed as evolutionary dead ends, with little functional relevance. Such a gene copy is generated by a circuitous route. First, a normal gene is copied to make a messenger RNA, which in the usual scheme of things is sent out of the cell nucleus, used to code for protein, and eventually des... | 0 | PMC1251494 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:28 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Nov 11; 3(11):e399 |
Introduction
Vitamin K antagonists such as warfarin, acenocoumarol, and phenprocoumon are commonly used for the prevention and treatment of venous and arterial thrombosis. The molecular target of these anticoagulants is the vitamin K epoxide reductase complex of which the precise composition is largely unknown. Recentl... | 16201835 | PMC1251635 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:14 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Oct 11; 2(10):e312 |
One class of treatments commonly used for prevention and treatment of venous and arterial thrombosis is vitamin K antagonists (VKA), such as warfarin. The molecular target of these anticoagulants is the vitamin K epoxide reductase complex (VKORC) of which one component, VKORC1, was recently identified. The gene for thi... | 0 | PMC1251636 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:16 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Oct 11; 2(10):e352 |
Dandelion Wine is a lyrical coming-of-age story set in Green Town, Illinois, in the early 20th century (1). Douglas Spaulding is 12 years old, and summertime has arrived. When it’s a new summer, you need new shoes. In fact, you need “Royal Crown Cream-Sponge Para Litefoot Tennis Shoes.” But Doug doesn’t have the money.... | 15670422 | PMC1253466 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:45:21 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Jun 15; 1(3):A01 |
The VERB™ campaign is a serious public health investment that aims to tackle the societal and health problems of inactivity and increasing obesity among young Americans (1,2). Worrisome trends in risk factors among young people throughout the developed world reflect the lack of clearly effective public health approache... | 15670423 | PMC1253467 | CC BY | 2022-01-26 23:17:59 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Jun 15; 1(3):A02 |
Introduction
Cancer risk associated with health behaviors and carcinogenic occupational exposures is concentrated among working-class employees, individuals with less education, and some racial and ethnic groups (1-14). Worksites are a strategic venue for reaching these at-risk populations to reduce cancer risk. Cance... | 15670425 | PMC1253469 | CC BY | 2022-01-26 23:18:32 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Jun 15; 1(3):A04 |
Introduction
In the United States, the incidence of skin cancer is increasing faster than that of any other type of cancer (1). More than 1 million cases of skin cancer occur every year in the United States, nearly the same number as all other cancers combined (2). Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are ... | 15670426 | PMC1253470 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:22:34 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Jun 15; 1(3):A05 |
Introduction
Osteoporosis is a childhood disease with adult consequences. Childhood behaviors, including diet and physical activity (1-4), have a major influence on the attainment of peak bone mass and the primary prevention of osteoporosis (5-11). The higher the peak bone mass in childhood, the more an individual can... | 15670427 | PMC1253471 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:36:00 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Jun 15; 1(3):A06 |
Introduction
Heart disease continues to be the leading cause of death in the United States in 2003, with more than 1 million Americans experiencing a new or recurrent acute myocardial infarction (AMI) (1). Timely coronary reperfusion (e.g., angioplasty, thrombolytic therapy) and arrhythmia control can reduce morbidity... | 15670428 | PMC1253472 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:16:06 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Jun 15; 1(3):A07 |
pmcIntroduction
Research overwhelmingly implicates low intakes of fruits and vegetables as factors influencing the prevalence of several chronic diseases and poor health (1-5). U.S. dietary goals recommend five to nine servings daily. Unfortunately, the average number of daily servings of fruits and vegetables consume... | 15670429 | PMC1253473 | CC BY | 2024-06-07 01:07:40 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Jun 15; 1(3):A08 |
Introduction
Media Advocacy and Public Health: Power for Prevention is perhaps my new favorite communications resource (1). In the foreword, Michael Pertschuk compliments the authors for reaching beyond frustration with the media’s behavior, which is described as generally “unresponsive to democratic needs” (1). The a... | 15670430 | PMC1253474 | CC BY | 2024-06-07 01:07:41 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Jun 15; 1(3):A09 |
pmcIntroduction
In response to increased concern about the health of our nation’s youth, Congress appropriated $125 million in 2001 to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to develop a national media campaign to change children’s health behaviors. The CDC’s response to this broad mandate was to focus o... | 15670431 | PMC1253475 | CC BY | 2024-06-07 01:07:40 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Jun 15; 1(3):A10 |
Introduction
A logic model is a picture of how planners think their program is going to work. It is a systematic, visual way to present the elements of a project and its desired outcomes. Also called a program’s “theory of action,” the logic model expresses not only the obvious components, such as the program’s activi... | 15670432 | PMC1253476 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:22:51 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Jun 15; 1(3):A11 |
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