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Background
Uncontrolled proliferation is regarded as one of the most important traits of malignancy. Therefore, a considerable effort has been directed to the evaluation of the parameters of cell kinetics in tumours. A significant improvement in cell kinetic studies was achieved by the introduction of the technique of ... | 16176590 | PMC1261259 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:05 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Sep 22; 5:122 |
Background
Following the publication of the first automated cDNA sequencing study in 1991 demonstrating the utility of large scale random clone cDNA sequencing approaches [1], there has been a rapid and accelerating growth of such Expressed Sequence Tags (EST). The initial study of 600 partial human sequences has grown... | 16162280 | PMC1261260 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:45 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Sep 14; 6:123 |
Background
The rTS (ENOSF1) gene, a member of the enolase family, was initially identified in Homo sapiens by the discovery of an RNA with extensive complementarity to the mRNA for the DNA biosynthetic enzyme thymidylate synthase[1,2]. The rTS gene was later shown to code for two proteins (rTSα and rTSβ) through altern... | 16162288 | PMC1261261 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:46 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Sep 14; 6:125 |
Background
One of the most frequent malignancies in women worldwide is the Uterine Cervical Carcinoma (CC), both in incidence and mortality and the first cause of death among the Mexican female population [1]. High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) persistent infection is considered the most important risk factor associa... | 16171524 | PMC1261262 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:46 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Sep 19; 6:130 |
Background
Microarray technology is a transcript profiling strategy that allows simultaneous measurement of expression of large numbers of genes in a sample. The expression of thousands of genes can be rapidly monitored in different biological samples allowing the identification of differentially expressed genes. These... | 16176586 | PMC1261263 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:46 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Sep 22; 6:135 |
Background
"Of all the microbiologic procedures performed in the laboratory, few are as important as the prompt recovery of microorganisms from the blood."[1] – J.A. Washington, editor of Infectious Disease Clinics.
Per year, more than 200,000–250,000 blood stream infections occur in the United States, [2-5] and are t... | 16164757 | PMC1261264 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:16 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Sep 15; 5:71 |
Background
The widespread diffusion and mortality of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), caused by a new Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) has threatened the entire world [1] and has urged the scientific community to develop molecular and serological tests which can assist for rapid detection of SARS cases and implementatio... | 16171519 | PMC1261265 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:16 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Sep 19; 5:73 |
Background
Filarial nematodes described in dogs are: Dirofilaria immitis, D. repens, Acanthocheilonema reconditum, A. dracunculoides and Cercopitifilaria grassi (Order: Spirurida, Superfamily: Filarioidea, Family: Onchocercidae). The most prevalent species are D. immitis, D. repens, and A. reconditum, that show a diffe... | 16185352 | PMC1261266 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:15 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Sep 26; 5:75 |
Background
Avian chlamydiosis is caused by the obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium Chlamydophila psittaci (formerly Chlamydia psittaci). Currently, seven genotypes of Cp. psittaci are known to infect birds [1-3]. Avian chlamydiosis in birds is usually systemic and occasionally fatal. The clinical signs vary ... | 16185353 | PMC1261267 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:16 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Sep 26; 5:76 |
Background
HIV-infected patients on long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) often present peculiar patterns of fat redistribution, involving both visceral and peripheral adipose tissue, referred to as lipodystrophy [1,2]. This complex condition was recognized shortly after the introduction of HAART; to d... | 16202141 | PMC1261268 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:15 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Oct 3; 5:80 |
Background
Health care decisions for individual patients are influenced by the availability of evidence that pertains most directly to the patient. However, health care providers are often faced with a paucity of evidence for specific patient groups such as children and youth, and thus must rely on evidence of question... | 16176579 | PMC1261269 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:06 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 Sep 21; 5:38 |
Retinoblastoma is a rare childhood cancer of the retina. Approximately one in 20,000 children are affected worldwide; only 250 to 300 new cases are reported in the United States each year. Enucleation (see Glossary) is usually the treatment of choice for children with unilateral disease. Treatment of children with bila... | 16231976 | PMC1261510 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:37 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Oct 25; 2(10):e332 |
The promise of a cancer vaccination to fight tumors using the patient's own immune system is at the same time fascinating and challenging. Since cancer typically strikes at an older age, there is no evolutionary pressure on the immune system to develop successful anticancer effectors. This lack of evolutionary pressure... | 16231977 | PMC1261511 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Oct 25; 2(10):e339 |
Warfarin and related coumarin-based anticoagulants are the mainstay of pharmacological management for the long-term prevention of thromboembolism. It is estimated that over 1 million residents in the United Kingdom take warfarin; in excess of 20 million prescriptions for the anticoagulant are dispensed each year in the... | 16231978 | PMC1261512 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:16 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Oct 25; 2(10):e342 |
Two recent articles in PLoS Medicine [1,2] criticise the role played by activists in raising concerns about the tenofovir trial for HIV prophylaxis. We fully support the fact that activism should be based on informed opinion, rather than speculation, unwarranted criticism, overreaction, or sensationalising facts [1], a... | 16231979 | PMC1261513 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:15 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Oct 25; 2(10):e346 |
Joep M. A. Lange, in his PLoS Medicine Perspective [1], neglected the complaints of the sex workers in the tenofovir trials—a lack of attention to their long-term health care, an appalling lack of answers to their questions about side effects, inadequate translation of the trial materials in some places, and, in past e... | 16231980 | PMC1261514 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:17 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Oct 25; 2(10):e347 |
A major breakthrough towards a greater understanding of the pathophysiology of severe mental illness came with the recent identification of potential susceptibility genes for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, the two main diagnostic categories of functional psychoses. Although it has been known for many years that sc... | 16231981 | PMC1261515 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:16 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Oct 25; 2(10):e348 |
Despite its low incidence, retinoblastoma has attracted the great interest of not just pediatric oncologists, but also cancer biologists and oncologists who treat cancer in adults. Retinoblastoma reminds us that rare conditions with a hereditary component may be rare for a reason—the genes associated with them are impo... | 16231982 | PMC1261516 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:16 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Oct 25; 2(10):e349 |
As the title of my response to the PLoS Medicine Debate [1] implies, the media know little and care less about the pursuit of health or about the requirements for health promotion, health maintenance, health protection, and disease prevention. Equally regrettable is the fact that very few journalists have the medical o... | 16231983 | PMC1261520 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:17 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Oct 25; 2(10):e362 |
In regards to the media's dissemination of health information [1], I think there are the following three problems. Firstly, the media are shamefully sensational. Headlines can be misleading just to draw attention to them. Secondly, the media publish conflicting study reports (often going back and forth between conflict... | 16231984 | PMC1261521 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:16 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Oct 25; 2(10):e363 |
Desmond Gale is right: the media don't care about health promotion and disease prevention [1,2]. In fact, this is not their job; the main task of the media is to inform the public correctly. To inform, especially about medicine and health, means to disseminate all relevant news, together with (and never without) all in... | 16231985 | PMC1261522 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:29 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Oct 25; 2(10):e364 |
In PLoS Medicine, volume 2, issue 9, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020302
In the third paragraph of the section “Neglected-Disease R&D Activity,” the sentence “Nearly one-third of these projects are at the clinical trial stage, including seven drugs now in Phase III trials…” should read instead “Nearly one-third of thes... | 0 | PMC1261526 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:16 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Oct 25; 2(10):e376 |
In PLoS Medicine, volume 2, issue 8, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020193
Some of the data presented in the Abstract and Results were incorrect.
The third sentence of the Methods and Findings section in the Abstract should read as follows: “Incidence rates rise with age, particularly above the age of 75 y, from 6.7 (95... | 0 | PMC1261527 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:17 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Oct 25; 2(10):e389 |
In PLoS Medicine, volume 2, issue 8, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020204
There are two data errors in the Results, under “Patient Characteristics”: of the patients with severe disease, 47 patients (28%) had cerebral malaria, and ten patients (6%) had an admission Hct below 20%.
Likewise, under “Estimated Total Parasit... | 0 | PMC1261528 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:18 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Oct 25; 2(10):e390 |
Background
Understanding the mechanisms that initiate and sustain malignant ventricular arrhythmias is an important research problem because ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation (VT and VF) are a notable cause of premature death, and remain an important public health problem in the industrialised world. Recent atte... | 16174290 | PMC1261529 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:35 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Sep 20; 4:54 |
Introduction
The concept of harm reduction is at the heart of conflicting international drug policies. The Dutch pioneered this approach. Today most European countries and Canada have embraced the idea that society benefits most when drug policy is designed to help people with drug problems to live better lives rather ... | 16179090 | PMC1261530 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:50 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2005 Sep 22; 2:17 |
Background
Chloroquine (CQ) and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) are the most frequently used antimalarial drugs in sub-Saharan Africa. With the spread and intensification of drug resistance of Plasmodium falciparum more effective combinatory drug regimes are now introduced in many African countries [1]. However, CQ and ... | 16164748 | PMC1261531 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:13 | no | Malar J. 2005 Sep 15; 4:42 |
Background
An estimated 200 millions people live in urban malaria endemic areas in Africa [1] and a high proportion of clinical admissions in these areas are treated as malaria. Urban malaria poses a major challenge for health care systems in Africa. The impact of urbanization and uncontrolled population growth on mala... | 16168054 | PMC1261532 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:13 | no | Malar J. 2005 Sep 16; 4:43 |
Introduction
Multi-drug resistance of Plasmodium falciparum is a major health problem in many countries and the number of drugs available, effective and affordable is very limited [1]. Along the Thai-Myanmar border, P. falciparum has developed resistance to almost all available antimalarials [2]. As in tuberculosis and... | 16179089 | PMC1261533 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:13 | no | Malar J. 2005 Sep 22; 4:46 |
Introduction
Increasing clinical epidemiological and experimental evidence indicates that excess of production of reactive oxygen free radicals (ROS) is involved in the pathogenesis of a number of airway disorders [1]. When airway cells and tissues are exposed to oxidative stress elicited by environmental pollutants, i... | 16164745 | PMC1261534 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Sep 15; 6(1):104 |
Background
Chronic pulmonary hypertension is associated with structural alterations of the large and small intrapulmonary arteries. Smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts are involved in this process of vascular remodelling. A set of genes is known to be transcriptionally induced under hypoxic condition... | 16171515 | PMC1261535 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:25 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Sep 19; 6(1):109 |
Background
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the lungs that may have allergic or non-allergic causes [1-3]. The allergic type of asthma is characterized by the accumulation of eosinophils, mast cells and lymphocytes of the Th2-type in the bronchial mucosa, whereas the non-allergic asthma has a substantial acc... | 16179086 | PMC1261536 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Sep 22; 6(1):110 |
Background
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by chronic inflammation and irreversible airflow obstruction [1], and is associated with cigarette smoking. Not all smokers, however, develop COPD. Hogg and co-workers have put forward the concept that the presence of the adenoviral E1A DNA and pr... | 16185356 | PMC1261537 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:25 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Sep 26; 6(1):111 |
Background
The Papillary cystic and solid tumour of the pancreas (PCSTP) is an unusual low-malignant epithelial tumour, which mostly affects young females with a mean age 25 years [1-3]. Nearly 90–95% of the patients are female [2-4]. It has also been referred to as a solid-cystic epithelial tumour, solid-pseudopapilla... | 16188022 | PMC1261538 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:04 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Sep 27; 3:62 |
Background
Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among women around the world. In India it shows mix incidence pattern with breast cancer being second to cancer of the cervix in rural areas [1,2], however, in metropolitan cities like Mumbai, New Delhi and Trivandrum, the incidence of breast cancer has cros... | 16188030 | PMC1261539 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:03 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Sep 27; 3:63 |
Introduction
Despite the fact that mobile elements are generally detrimental to host fitness, there are several instances where eukaryotic genomes have harnessed the enzymatic machinery of transposable elements to perform a myriad of important functions. For instance, the reverse transcriptase activity of the telomeras... | 16244705 | PMC1262188 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:57 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Oct 21; 1(4):e44 |
Introduction
Cartilage-hair hypoplasia (CHH; MIM#250250) is a pleiotropic disease involving different organs and tissues. Its most frequent clinical manifestations are short-limb dwarfism with metaphyseal dysplasia, joint laxity, fine and sparse hair, anemia, and immune deficiency [1–4], but Hirschsprung disease, impai... | 16244706 | PMC1262189 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:24 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Oct 21; 1(4):e47 |
Introduction
Genetic recombination may predate the evolution of cellular life [1] and is the basis of ubiquitous biological processes such as DNA repair and sexual reproduction. The combinatorial nature of recombination can provide organisms with vastly more evolutionary options than are available through mutation alon... | 16244707 | PMC1262190 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:24 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Oct 21; 1(4):e51 |
In the November issue of PLoS Medicine, Auvert and colleagues report the first randomised controlled trial of circumcision for preventing HIV infection [1]. In the study, 3,274 uncircumcised men, aged 18–24 years, were randomised to a control or intervention group, with follow-up at three, 12, and 21 months. Circumcisi... | 16231993 | PMC1262554 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:16 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Nov 25; 2(11):e287 |
The clinical trial published in PLoS Medicine on whether male circumcision can prevent HIV (DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020298) is a “landmark paper” in HIV research. So said the first reviewer we sent this paper to. It is the first randomized trial to be completed of circumcision for HIV prevention, a topic that has ge... | 16231994 | PMC1262555 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:16 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Nov 25; 2(11):e293 |
Introduction
Male circumcision (MC) is associated with various cultural factors, including religious sacrifice, rites of passage into adulthood, and the promotion of hygiene. The earliest documentary evidence for circumcision is from Egypt. Tomb artwork from the Sixth Dynasty (2345–2181 B.C.) shows circumcised men, and... | 16231970 | PMC1262556 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:16 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Nov 25; 2(11):e298 |
Over 3 million people died of AIDS last year and about 5 million others became infected with HIV, bringing the total number of people living with the infection to nearly 40 million. The continuing rise in the number of new cases makes it a priority to investigate all possible measures that might reduce the risk of infe... | 0 | PMC1262557 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:39:19 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Nov 25; 2(11):e391 |
Given the devastating mortality and morbidity associated with HIV/AIDS, many potential prevention measures against HIV infection have been explored. Male circumcision is one of these, and seven reviews of the literature [1–7], including two meta-analyses [4,5], have been published. However, as pointed out in the Cochra... | 16231995 | PMC1262558 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:20 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Nov 25; 2(11):e393 |
Background
Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) are widely used in Bioinformatics [1], for example, in protein sequence alignment, protein family annotation [2,3] and gene-finding [4,5].
When an HMM consisting of M states is used to annotate an input sequence, its predictions crucially depend on its set of emission probabiliti... | 16171529 | PMC1262623 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:27 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Sep 19; 6:231 |
Introduction
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that belongs to the phylum Apicomplexa. All members of this phylum exhibit a similar process for invading into host cells [1]. The process begins with gliding motility that utilizes a reversible attachment to migrate over the surface of the host cell... | 16244709 | PMC1262624 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:27 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2005 Oct 21; 1(2):e17 |
Introduction
The functions of the adaptive immune system are regulated by intracellular signals arising from the interaction of clonally distributed, somatically generated receptors on T or B lymphocytes with antigens derived from invading infectious organisms [1,2]. The antigen receptors (T cell receptors or TCRs) on ... | 16231973 | PMC1262625 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:45 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Nov 25; 3(11):e356 |
Introduction
It is common in natural populations for individuals of one sex (usually females) to prefer certain trait values over others in their choice of mates [1–5]. Such mating preferences have long been thought to be key to speciation, because their divergence among populations will generate premating (behavioral)... | 16231971 | PMC1262626 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:28 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Nov 25; 3(11):e368 |
Introduction
In the past decade, the highly virulent Zaire strain of Ebola virus (ZEBOV) has repeatedly emerged into rural human populations in Gabon and Republic of Congo [1,2] (Figure 1). Compelling genetic evidence [2] suggests that ZEBOV entered human populations when people handled infected carcasses of western go... | 16231972 | PMC1262627 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:51 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Nov 25; 3(11):e371 |
Introduction
Pre-mRNA splicing is one of the key steps in the maturation of newly synthesized transcripts. During the splicing process, non-coding intron sequences are removed and the coding exon sequences are joined in a multi-step reaction, carried out by the spliceosome, a large protein complex consisting of small r... | 16231974 | PMC1262628 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:45 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Nov 25; 3(11):e374 |
In the evolutionary war of the sexes, females choose their mates while males fight for the right to inseminate. Darwin explained this widely observed phenomenon in terms of energy expenditure: whichever sex invests more to produce and rear offspring gets to choose. That lot typically falls to females, whose mating pref... | 0 | PMC1262629 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:28 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Nov 25; 3(11):e389 |
When a pathogen slips into the body, it might infect a cell or get eaten by a specialized white blood cell. Either way, its proteins get chopped into peptide fragments, loaded onto molecules encoded by genes in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), and sent to the cell surface as a peptide-loaded MHC molecule (pM... | 0 | PMC1262630 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Nov 25; 3(11):e391 |
Thanks to sensationalized accounts of patients with liquefying flesh and spouting blood, the Ebola virus may well be the most feared disease on the planet. But the reality of the virus, which strikes humans and other primates, is grim enough, with patients experiencing sudden onset of fever, headache, intense weakness,... | 0 | PMC1262631 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:28 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Nov 25; 3(11):e403 |
In 1977, a flurry of papers ushered in a radical new concept in molecular biology—the idea of RNA splicing. It had been known for some years that the information for building organisms is stored as DNA sequences, which are transcribed into messenger RNAs (mRNAs) before translation into proteins. Although it had been es... | 0 | PMC1262632 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:29 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Nov 25; 3(11):e406 |
Background
The androgen testosterone plays a critical role in many aspects of sexual differentiation. Also, it is thought to induce aggressive behaviours. Results of animal studies have indicated that, in most species, androgens, including testosterone, facilitate aggressive behaviour [1-5]. However, studies that inves... | 16202122 | PMC1262688 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:07 | no | Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Oct 3; 4:17 |
Introduction
Several compounds are now recognized as effective treatments for the major symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adulthood. The most effective of these include methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine (or mixed dextro- and levoamphetamine); however, the use of other agents, such as bu... | 16202140 | PMC1262689 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:21 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2005 Oct 3; 1:16 |
Introduction
Several findings indicate that rostral ventrolateral reticular medulla (RVL) is the fundamental neuronal substrate of the regulation of circulation and cardiovascular functions, that mediates vasomotor reflexes [1,2]. Different methods permitted to identify afferent projections to RVL, from the hypothalami... | 16212663 | PMC1262690 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:21 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2005 Oct 7; 1:17 |
Background
Recently there has been increased interest in pancreatic cholesterol esterase (CEase, EC 3.1.1.13) due to correlation between enzymatic activity in vivo and absorption of dietary cholesterol [1,2]. Physiological substrates include cholesteryl esters, retinyl esters, triacylglycerols, vitamin esters, and phos... | 16176589 | PMC1262691 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:24 | no | BMC Biochem. 2005 Sep 22; 6:17 |
Background
Eukaryotic cell cycle progression is under the control of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). In higher eukaryotic cells, Cdc2, Cdk2, Cdk4, and Cdk6 control cell cycle progression. Their activities are regulated through a variety of mechanisms, including association with regulatory subunits (cyclins, inhibitors... | 16191191 | PMC1262692 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:24 | no | BMC Biochem. 2005 Sep 28; 6:19 |
Background
Until fairly recently, little research has concentrated on design and quality issues in microarray studies. Instead, most research has been devoted to developing methods for analysis. Indeed this is understandable as the final endpoint of any study is to answer the biological questions of interest. However, ... | 16185360 | PMC1262693 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:27 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Sep 26; 6:234 |
Background
The advent of large scale approaches investigating biological systems has generated a requirement for standard data formats that has been recognised by the bioinformatics community for several years. It is a major challenge to create standards that are stable and "future proof" for considerable lengths of ti... | 16188029 | PMC1262694 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Sep 27; 6:235 |
Background
In the past decade, whole transcriptome comparison by microarray hybridizations has proven to be an effective tool for studying genome wide gene responses. The general approaches for the development of microarrays are based on the completely annotated genome sequence of an organism. Usually each spot on the ... | 16191193 | PMC1262695 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:27 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Sep 28; 6:238 |
Background
Comparative genomics is a powerful method for identifying the potential functions of previously uncharacterized genes, allowing their distribution among the kingdoms of life to be characterized, and the changes in sequence and regulation underpinning their conserved or divergent functions to be tracked [1]. ... | 16209721 | PMC1262696 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:16 | no | BMC Biol. 2005 Oct 7; 3:21 |
Background
Primary or secondary malignant bone tumors represent a major therapeutic challenge in medical oncology. Despite efficiency of conventional treatments by chemo- and radiotherapy, long-term outcome of the patients suffering from malignant bone tumors remains poor. Among them, osteosarcoma is the most frequent ... | 16188028 | PMC1262697 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:05 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Sep 27; 5:123 |
Background
Cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and death are regulated by signal transduction pathways which commonly exert their function through receptor mediated activation. The discovery in 1978 that the v-Src oncogene was a protein kinase led to a "cascade" of research into the role of kinas... | 16202132 | PMC1262698 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:03 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Oct 3; 5:125 |
Background
VEGF plays a crucial role in tumour expansion by initiating permeabilization of blood vessels, by extravasation of plasma proteins, by invasion of stromal cells, and by causing the sprouting of new blood vessels that supply the tumour with oxygen and nutrients [1]. As a result of alternative splicing, 6 VEGF... | 16202150 | PMC1262699 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:12 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Oct 4; 5:128 |
Background
The QT interval is measured as the time interval between the onset of the QRS complex and the end of the T wave, the end of the T wave being the time at which repolarisation is completed and the T wave voltage amplitude returns to the baseline [1]. The QT interval is thus a measure of the duration of the ven... | 16185361 | PMC1262700 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:07 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2005 Sep 26; 5:29 |
Background
Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) is a resident protein in the lumen of endoplasmic reticulum and is primarily responsible for transfer of triglycerides (TG) and other lipids from their site of synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum into the lumen during the assembly of very low density lipoprot... | 16188040 | PMC1262701 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:07 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2005 Sep 27; 5:30 |
Background
The concept of risk has pervaded medical literature in the last decades and has become a familiar topic. Few articles by the way have tried to focus the concept of "risk" at the individual subject level rather than at population level [1]. The concept of medical risk for the single individual from a mathemat... | 16188041 | PMC1262702 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:07 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2005 Sep 27; 5:31 |
Background
Cell death is an essential and integral aspect of embryonic development (for reviews, see [1-3]). The genome is programmed to eliminate certain cells or groups of cells at particular times during development by a process called "programmed cell death" (PCD) [4-6]. Well-known examples of PCD during vertebrate... | 16185362 | PMC1262703 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:31 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2005 Sep 26; 5:20 |
Background
Measles virus (MV) has a genome with negative polarity, consisting of non-segmented single-stranded RNA of approximately 15.9 kb. MV belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family in the order of Mononegavirales and only a single serotype is known. It is among the most infectious viruses known for humans, and no othe... | 16209713 | PMC1262704 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Oct 6; 5:52 |
Background
Both physicians and patients highly value continuity in healthcare [1,2]. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) holds that continuity, defined as an ongoing partnership between patients and physicians, is a central and important component of primary care [3]. Continuity fosters personal relationships and is believ... | 16202146 | PMC1262705 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:13 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Oct 4; 6:40 |
Background
Lithuania is situated in the Eastern Europe and is the biggest of three Baltic States, with an area of 65,000 square kilometres. Its population of 3.4 million is predominately Lithuanian with the ethnic minorities of which 6.7% are Polish, 6.3% are Russians, and 1.2% are Byelorussians. Lithuania was a part o... | 16202148 | PMC1262706 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:13 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Oct 4; 6:41 |
Background
Studies have shown considerable individual variability in the level of expression of genes (e.g. [1,2]). In general, however, humans cannot tolerate imbalances for expression of substantial numbers of genes, as demonstrated by the lethality of the majority of chromosomal aneuploidies. Aneuploidy for the sex ... | 16194278 | PMC1262707 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:39 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Sep 29; 6:48 |
Background
Humans and chimpanzees shared a common ancestor approximately 6–7 million years ago (MYA) [1]. Distinguishing characteristics, such as those relating to cognitive abilities, language, habitual upright gait, dentition, and susceptibility to malaria, are all assumed to be associated with genetic differences be... | 16159394 | PMC1262708 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:48 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Sep 13; 6:120 |
Background
Extracellular signals perceived by the cells invoke an appropriate intracellular response triggering cascades of events that alter the activities of various signalling molecules. The variations in functional states of the proteins are brought about by covalent and non-covalent molecular interactions. Intrace... | 16171520 | PMC1262709 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:48 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Sep 19; 6:129 |
Background
SARS-CoV is a single-stranded, plus-sense RNA virus with a genome of ~30 kb. Its sequence does not closely resemble any of the previously characterized coronaviruses [1-4]. Before SARS-CoV was recognized as the cause of the deadly SARS [1-3,5-7], other human coronaviruses had only been known to account for 1... | 16174304 | PMC1262710 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:48 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Sep 21; 6:132 |
Background
Mitochondria are the descendents of an early bacterium that developed a symbiotic relationship with another cell approximately 1.5 billion years ago [1]. Although the mitochondria still contain DNA, the mitochondrial genome has greatly simplified over its long history of symbiosis. Naturally, this simplifica... | 16185363 | PMC1262711 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:46 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Sep 26; 6:136 |
Background
Tumor necrosis factor (TNFα, TNF ligand superfamily 2 [TNFSF2]) is a prototypical inflammatory and immunomodulatory cytokine inducibly expressed by activated macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, T-cells and NK-cells [1]. TNFα is a central mediator of the host inflammatory response by its ability to activate ... | 16191192 | PMC1262712 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:46 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Sep 28; 6:137 |
Introduction
The ability to genotype hundreds of thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the genome and to perform association analysis between cases and controls provides, for the first time, a discovery-based approach for determining the underpinnings of complex human genetic disorders. Technologie... | 16197552 | PMC1262713 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:46 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Sep 30; 6:138 |
Background
Exposure to certain kinds of environmental stress factors, such as chemical, heat, osmotic, etc., induces living organisms to express stress proteins, thereby enabling the organism to acquire stress tolerance. This phenomenon is called the "stress response". Especially, the heat-inducible proteins termed "he... | 16209719 | PMC1262714 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:48 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Oct 7; 6:141 |
Background
Trust is a key element of therapeutic relationships. Patient trust may influence health status through continuity of care, adherence to treatment regimens, the willingness to seek care [1,2], and perhaps via the mind~body pathway, which is not yet well understood. Biomedical researchers have paid increasing ... | 16202125 | PMC1262715 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:50 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Oct 3; 5:64 |
Background
Stroke is the third most common cause of death in developed countries [1]. In 80% of cases stroke is ischaemic (caused by thrombotic or embolic occlusion of cerebral artery) [2] the remainder are caused by intracerebral or subarachnoid haemorrages.
Around 10% of all people with acute ischaemic stroke will d... | 16219099 | PMC1262716 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:52 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Oct 11; 5:66 |
Background
Leprosy still remains an important public health problem for many parts of the world. An association of gangrene with leprosy is a rare one & can have a number of causative mechanisms. We present a case with Leprosy & gangrene with positive anti phopholipid antibody titers.
Case presentation
A 50-year-old n... | 16176580 | PMC1262717 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:16 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Sep 21; 5:74 |
Background
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) affects 400,000 to 900,000 adults in the United States [1,2]. At least a quarter of those suffering from CFS are unemployed or receiving disability because of the illness; the average affected family forgoes $20,000 annually in lost earnings and wages (approximately half of the... | 16191201 | PMC1262718 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:16 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Sep 28; 5:78 |
Background
Most HIV transmission occurs sexually [1,2], and semen [3-6] and cervicovaginal secretions [7] contain free HIV virions as well as HIV-infected leukocytes. Whether cell-free virus or infected cells are the primary means of transmission, or whether both are important remains unknown.
Free virus transmits inf... | 16194280 | PMC1262719 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:14 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Sep 30; 5:79 |
Background
Tuberculosis remains one of the most life threatening diseases and has been declared as a global emergency in 1993 by the World Health Organization (WHO) [1]. Failure in adhering to the strict drug regimen has led to the emergence of multi drug resistant isolates of this pathogen. This, combined with the pro... | 16202156 | PMC1262720 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:15 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Oct 4; 5:81 |
Background
Initiation of an immune response is accompanied by physiological changes that can produce a stressful environment for both the cells involved in the immune response, and for bystander cells that are part of adjacent but uninvolved tissues. These stresses can be further increased by the presence of infectious... | 16164753 | PMC1262721 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:32 | no | BMC Immunol. 2005 Sep 15; 6:21 |
Background
Asthma, atopic dermatitis (AD) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are common chronic inflammatory diseases with prevalence rates between 5 and 15%, making them major public-health problems worldwide [1,2]. For all three diseases, a multifactorial background has been suggested with genetic as we... | 16188043 | PMC1262722 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:34 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2005 Sep 28; 6:34 |
Background
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is an important cause of mortality and morbidity that requires accurate diagnosis. Ultrasound (US) examination has now largely replaced contrast venography as the standard test for diagnosing clinically suspected DVT [1]. Numerous studies have compared US to contrast venography in ... | 16202135 | PMC1262723 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:35 | no | BMC Med Imaging. 2005 Oct 3; 5:6 |
Background
Determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), based on antimicrobial activity against planktonic organisms, is the standard assay for susceptibility testing. Biofilms, which present with distinct physiology compared to planktonic cells, are infamous for their ability to withstand a wide range ... | 16202124 | PMC1262724 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:40 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Oct 3; 5:53 |
Background
Formation of alternative structures in 5'-leader regions of mRNAs is emerging as a major mechanism of gene regulation. There exist several possible variants of this mechanism whose common feature is the competition between two structures, one of which represses gene expression via premature termination of tr... | 16202131 | PMC1262725 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:05 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Oct 3; 5:54 |
Background
Two members of the gram-negative diplococci, Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, are particularly associated with pathological infections. N. meningitidis is specialized for the mucosa of the nasopharynx and causes meningitis and septicemia. N. gonorrhoeae is adapted for the mucosa of the uroge... | 16202144 | PMC1262726 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:40 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Oct 4; 5:56 |
Background
Depression is the most common psychological disorder in the world. The prevalence of unipolar depression is estimated to be between 3% and 13%, with as much as 20% of the world adult population experiencing at least some depressive symptoms at any given time [1]. Lifetime incidence of depression is estimated... | 16202173 | PMC1262727 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:50 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2005 Oct 4; 5:23 |
Background
Studies of health status and health care in the undocumented immigrant population in the United States have been limited in both number and scope due to the transient and clandestine nature of the population, as well as the lack and inaccessibility of their medical records [1]. There are an estimated 7 milli... | 16202159 | PMC1262728 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:57 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Oct 4; 5:100 |
Background
Depression is a significant burden of illness [1,2]. Most depressed patients are diagnosed and treated by general practitioners [3,4]. Depression is the third most common reason for a primary care consultation [5]. Patients with depression account for 50% higher health care costs patients than patients who a... | 16207375 | PMC1262729 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:57 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Oct 5; 5:101 |
Background
The 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases (2ODDs) of gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis have a key role in plant hormone metabolism. Three principal classes of 2ODDs control the later stages of the pathway where bioactive GA is produced and inactivated (Figure 1). Activation and deactivation of the GA molecule ar... | 16181493 | PMC1262730 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:52 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2005 Sep 25; 5:19 |
Background
In the last decade, protein aggregation has moved beyond being a mostly ignored area of protein chemistry to become a key topic in medical sciences [1], mainly because the presence of insoluble deposits in human tissues correlates with the development of many debilitating human disorders including the amyloi... | 16197548 | PMC1262731 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:53 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2005 Sep 30; 5:18 |
Background
Scrapie is a neurodegenerative disease of the group of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) that affects sheep and goats [1,2]. The lesions appear mainly in the nervous system in the form of vacuoles triggered by the conversion of the cellular prion protein (PrPc) into the abnormal isoform (PrPSc... | 16188044 | PMC1262732 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:46 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2005 Sep 28; 1:3 |
Introduction
Telomeres are highly specialised structures at the end of each chromosome which contain tandem repeat DNA sequences? In humans, this sequence is TTAGGG [1]. According to the telomere/telomerase hypothesis, the telomeric ends of chromosomes of normal somatic cells replicate inefficiently and progressively s... | 16202165 | PMC1262733 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:20 | no | J Carcinog. 2005 Oct 4; 4:17 |
Background
Normal diploid fibroblasts proliferate in secondary cultures for a finite number of population doublings until a growth arrest known as replicative senescence, or M1, is reached [1]. This limitation in lifespan is believed to be due to the continuous shortening of the telomeres with each cell division [2]. R... | 16209708 | PMC1262734 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:19 | no | J Carcinog. 2005 Oct 6; 4:18 |
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