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Background
It has been suggested that when patients suffer unexpected findings or develop multiple complications after any intervention, adverse outcomes might be expected if a strategy is not promptly implemented to identify the offending or triggering mechanism(s). In this case we present a patient who underwent surg... | 16202133 | PMC1262735 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:32 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2005 Oct 3; 3:31 |
By myocardial cell damage we mean a primary damage of the myocardial cell. In fact, the myocardium includes several other structures as vessels (arteries, veins, lymphatics), nerves, collagen matrix, interstitium, which can be primarily altered with subsequent secondary damage of myocardial cells. In general, both clin... | 16209715 | PMC1262736 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:31 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2005 Oct 6; 3:32 |
Background
In multiple sclerosis and in its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), inflammatory cells obtain access to the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and initiate the events leading to signs of paralysis. The endothelial blood-brain barrier (BBB) ha... | 16197544 | PMC1262737 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:38 | no | Cerebrospinal Fluid Res. 2005 Sep 30; 2:8 |
Background
For more than ten years, liquid-based cytology (LBC) has been developed for cervical cancer screening. Unlike to Conventional cervical Smears (CS), cells are scattered in a fixative liquid to produce a thin layer of cells on slides. The main advantages of this technique are to reduce the number of inadequate... | 16164754 | PMC1262738 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:22 | no | Cytojournal. 2005 Sep 15; 2:15 |
Background
People are exposed to different forms of mercury (Hg), which differ with respect to toxicology. The target organ for methylmercury (MeHg) toxicity is the brain, which is especially susceptible during development [1]. Target organs for elemental mercury vapour (Hg0) are the brain and kidney and the target org... | 16202128 | PMC1262739 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:32 | no | Environ Health. 2005 Oct 3; 4:20 |
Background
Calf diarrhoea is a contagious and often fatal disease of calves. Rotavirus, Coronavirus and E. Coli are three of the most important causal agents.
The combined bovine Rotovirus, Coronavirus and E.coli F5 (K99) vaccine is an inactivated vaccine for calf diarrhoea. It is presented in an oil based emulsion ad... | 16219096 | PMC1262740 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:32 | no | Environ Health. 2005 Oct 11; 4:21 |
Introduction
The timing with which death occurs and the underlying causes that contribute to it in humans and other sexually reproducing species have been the subject of scientific inquiry for hundreds of years, occupying the minds of scientists from widely ranging scientific disciplines [1]. For example, actuaries (wh... | 16197545 | PMC1262741 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:27 | no | Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2005 Sep 30; 2:10 |
Introduction
Afghanistan is at a cross-roads; the country is emerging from more than twenty years of political and social unrest as the leading global producer of opium in a geographic region widely affected by drug use, particularly injection drug use, and blood-borne infections, including human immunodeficiency virus... | 16146577 | PMC1262742 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:49 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2005 Sep 7; 2:13 |
At a two-day private meeting in Tokyo in June 2005, some of Japan's most senior politicians and powerbrokers met to consider the steadily expanding HIV/AIDS epidemic. AIDS has recently become a matter of increasing concern in Japan following an HIV epidemic in several major Japanese cities among Japanese men having sex... | 16162297 | PMC1262743 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:49 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2005 Sep 15; 2:14 |
Background
While cannabis has long been part of folk pharmacopeia, there is a burgeoning body of research on its therapeutic potential. This has largely drawn on scientific advances in our understanding of the pharmacology of cannabis, and its complex interactions with the central nervous system, particularly endogenou... | 16202145 | PMC1262744 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:49 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2005 Oct 4; 2:18 |
Background
Estimation of cost-effectiveness in clinical trial settings requires measurement of changes in utility. This is particularly difficult in diseases that impact cognitive functioning, such as schizophrenia or Alzheimer's disease, because these impairments may preclude direct elicitation of utilities in trial p... | 16153308 | PMC1262745 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:14 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Sep 11; 3:57 |
Background
The Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ) was developed to measure the functional impairments experienced by adults 17 years and older [1]. It has 32 items in four domains (symptoms, activity limitations, emotional function and environmental stimuli). In the original AQLQ, five of the activity question... | 16168050 | PMC1262746 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:13 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Sep 16; 3:58 |
Introduction
Various ethical rules and, lately, an increasing amount of legislation have been introduced to protect research participants. Ethical codes target the researchers, but ethical committees have come into existence to aid the researcher and to ensure that rules are followed. Ethical rules and codes have emerg... | 16202153 | PMC1262747 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:15 | no | Health Res Policy Syst. 2005 Oct 4; 3:6 |
Background
Regular physical activity has been associated with prevention of overweight and obesity, [1] as well as numerous other diseases [2]. Epidemiological studies have linked area of residence to physical activity [3-5]. Given consistently low rates of physical activity in the US, [2] it is important to develop an... | 16162285 | PMC1262748 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:04 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2005 Sep 14; 2:13 |
Background
Most children eat fewer fruits and vegetables than recommended. To be able to design effective interventions, in order to increase fruit and vegetable consumption, it is critical to understand the aetiology of the behaviour. An intervention should aim at changing the strongest determinants of the behaviour, ... | 16216124 | PMC1262749 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:04 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2005 Oct 10; 2:15 |
Introduction
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common cancer worldwide, which occurs substantially as a complication of liver cirrhosis [1]. Chronic infection with Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been associated with the disease [2,3] with higher incidences reported in countries where Hepatiti... | 16202160 | PMC1262750 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:37 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2005 Oct 4; 2:20 |
Background
Several aspects of reproduction, from folliculogenesis to corpus luteum function, from embryo implantation to placental function, are related to angiogenesis [1-3]. The relation between vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and luteal vascularization has been demonstrated in a large number of studies on ... | 16197554 | PMC1262751 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:17 | no | J Exp Clin Assist Reprod. 2005 Sep 30; 2:13 |
Background
The degree of immune reconstitution observed in HIV-1+ individuals following initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART), is variable [1-4]. Although seen even in late-stage disease, it is more prominent in patients who commence treatment during early HIV-1 infection before substantial damage to the immune sy... | 16181494 | PMC1262752 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:45 | no | J Immune Based Ther Vaccines. 2005 Sep 25; 3:7 |
Introduction
IκBα is an inhibitor of nuclear transcription factor NF-κB, which regulates the expression of proinflammatory and cytotoxic genes [1]. In nonstimulated cells NF-κB proteins are present in the cytoplasm in association with specific inhibitors IκBα, IκBβ and IκBγ. Stimulation by extra-cellular inducers resul... | 16207380 | PMC1262753 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:23 | no | J Inflamm (Lond). 2005 Oct 5; 2:10 |
Background
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurological disorder and the brain pathology is characterized by the presence of senile plaques rich in insoluble aggregates of beta amyloid (1–40) and (1–42) peptides, degradation products of the larger amyloid precursor protein (APP) [1,2]. All major pro-inflammatory cytokine... | 16174294 | PMC1262754 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:22 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2005 Sep 20; 2:21 |
Background
Postural control has been studied throughout a century and a half [1], and the development of balance characteristics associated with the emergence and refinement of motor control has been investigated for three decades [2]. Central Nervous System (CNS) responses and developmental changes occurring in the fi... | 16197543 | PMC1262755 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:40 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2005 Sep 30; 2:29 |
Background
Introduction
The concept of power assistance for a manual wheelchair is relatively new, and represents a viable alternative for individuals who are unable to generate sufficient propulsion force to use a manual wheelchair, but do not wish to use a traditional powered mobility device [1-3]. In a power assiste... | 16202136 | PMC1262756 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:40 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2005 Oct 3; 2:30 |
Introduction
Atherosclerosis begins in childhood and progresses to coronary heart disease (CHD) in adults [1]. Aortic fatty streaks and fibrous plaques occur in children and adolescents [2-4]. The risk factors for atherosclerosis, such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance may arise in children and adol... | 16194275 | PMC1262757 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:19 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2005 Sep 29; 4:20 |
Introduction
Malaria is globally responsible for 1.5 – 2.7 million deaths per year and remains a leading cause of mortality in children less than five years of age, especially in African countries [38,5]. Only a few safe and effective antimalarial drugs are presently affordable for the great majority of sub-Saharan Afr... | 16179085 | PMC1262758 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:13 | no | Malar J. 2005 Sep 22; 4:45 |
Background
According to the WHO about 1.3 million people died of malaria in 2003, and about 90% of these deaths occurred in sub-Saharan Africa [1-3]. Convulsions are features of many of these fatal illnesses, and caretakers easily recognise convulsions as a health problem in children. Though biomedical reasons for conv... | 16188023 | PMC1262759 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:13 | no | Malar J. 2005 Sep 27; 4:47 |
Background
In areas of stable malaria transmission, immunity is acquired during childhood [1,2], and the protection is mainly mediated by antibodies directed against the blood stages of the parasite [3]. The relationship between malaria morbidity and antibody levels to malaria antigens has been analysed in several pros... | 16194274 | PMC1262760 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:13 | no | Malar J. 2005 Sep 29; 4:48 |
Background
Bacterial cell surface layers (S-layer) as the outermost cell envelope components are a common feature of many bacteria and archaea species (for review see [1,2]). With few exceptions S-layers consist of a single species of subunits that occasionally is posttranslationally modified by phosphorylation [3], or... | 16202167 | PMC1262761 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:35 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2005 Oct 4; 4:28 |
Introduction
Natural enzymes can catalyse reactions with up to 1017 fold rate accelerations [1], and with exquisite control of regio- and stereo-chemistry. This along with their compatibility with mild aqueous conditions has led to their increasing use as biocatalysts in synthetic chemistry, especially in cases where c... | 16212665 | PMC1262762 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:35 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2005 Oct 7; 4:29 |
Background
Nuclear hormone receptors (NRs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that work in concert with co-activators and co-repressors to regulate gene expression [1-3]. NRs share a modular domain structure, which includes, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a modulatory A/B domain, the DNA-binding domain (DBD; C ... | 16197547 | PMC1262763 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:44 | no | Nucl Recept. 2005 Sep 30; 3:2 |
Background
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that belong to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily [1]. Three subtypes, PPARα, PPARβ/δ and PPARγ, have been identified and these subtypes with a high degree of sequence conservation of each subtype across ... | 16197558 | PMC1262764 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:44 | no | Nucl Recept. 2005 Oct 3; 3:3 |
Introduction
Obesity, a prevalent and well-established risk factor for cardiovascular disease and diabetes, has been rising in prevalence over recent decades in the United States [1-7]. In 1999–2000, 64% of U.S. adults were found to be overweight or obese, an absolute increase of 8 percentage points from 1988–1994 [5].... | 16209706 | PMC1262765 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:31 | no | Nutr J. 2005 Oct 6; 4:27 |
Introduction
In several countries, melatonin is sold over the counter; in others its free sale is prohibited. The usefulness of melatonin as a food additive continues to be a matter of debate. Meanwhile, countless people have used melatonin for mitigating the symptoms of jet lag, an application which has been tested an... | 16153306 | PMC1262766 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:46 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005 Sep 10; 2:22 |
Dietary protein intake and renal function
Dietary protein intake can modulate renal function [1] and its role in renal disease has spawned an ongoing debate in the literature. At the center of the controversy is the concern that habitual consumption of dietary protein in excess of recommended amounts promotes chronic r... | 16174292 | PMC1262767 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:45 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005 Sep 20; 2:25 |
Background
Asbestos protective clothing was widely used in "hot" industries such as foundries, steel plants and glassworks, and by fire fighters. Undoubtedly the use of such clothing has saved many lives and made the working conditions of others more bearable. Use of asbestos protective clothing was considered acceptab... | 16202137 | PMC1262768 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:30 | no | Part Fibre Toxicol. 2005 Oct 3; 2:5 |
Background
Approximately two billion people in the developing world use biomass fuels such as wood, crop-waste and dried animal dung, as their major source of domestic energy [1,2]. The burning of this material in open fires and stoves results in high concentrations of particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide, nitrogen... | 16202154 | PMC1262769 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:30 | no | Part Fibre Toxicol. 2005 Oct 4; 2:6 |
Background
Epidemiological studies suggest increased health risks (decreased lung function, increased morbidity and mortality) after exposure to environmental particles [1,2]. Recent epidemiological studies show, that not only the mass of inhaled urban particles (i.e. PM10 or PM2.5 ≡ mass of all particles being smaller... | 16202162 | PMC1262770 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:30 | no | Part Fibre Toxicol. 2005 Oct 4; 2:7 |
Introduction
Endometriosis is a common gynaecological disorder, frequently associated with infertility and pelvic pain that occurs almost exclusively in menstruating women of reproductive age. Although little is known about its aetiology and pathogenesis, the theory of retrograde menstruation and metaplasia of the meso... | 16150151 | PMC1262771 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:12 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Sep 8; 3:45 |
Background
The culture of intact ovarian follicles is useful for the study of the regulation of folliculogenesis, but may also provide an alternative to ovarian transplant for the preservation of fertility [1]. Classically, ovarian follicle culture has been performed in culture dishes, on a flat surface. Although ovari... | 16162282 | PMC1262772 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:12 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Sep 14; 3:47 |
Introduction
The testis consists of two compartments: seminiferous tubules and intertubular tissue, which forms the interstitium. Seminiferous tubules are lined by layers of germ cells in various stages of development (spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, spermatozoa) and supporting Sertoli cells. The interstitium... | 16188042 | PMC1262773 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:12 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Sep 27; 3:51 |
Background
Complications due to hypertensive disease in pregnancy are the most common direct cause of maternal death (MD) in South Africa [1,2]. They are also the most common cause of acute severe morbidity in a survey of three clearly defined geographical areas in South Africa [3]. The final and contributory causes of... | 16197546 | PMC1262774 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:16 | no | Reprod Health. 2005 Sep 30; 2:7 |
Background
The infectious retrovirus founding the contemporary HERV-W family [1] entered the genome of a Catarrhine ancestor 25–40 million years ago [2,3]. The spread of the HERV-W family into the genome essentially results from autonomous and non-autonomous events of intracellular retrotransposition of transcriptional... | 16176588 | PMC1262775 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:39 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Sep 22; 2:57 |
Findings
The structural proteins of retroviruses are encoded by the gag gene and are translated as a single polyprotein. During or subsequent to virus budding, the Gag polyprotein is cleaved by the viral protease (PR), thereby releasing the mature structural proteins. Gag processing leads to morphological changes in th... | 16188035 | PMC1262776 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:38 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Sep 27; 2:58 |
Background
JSRV and ENTV are closely-related retroviruses that induce tumors in the lower airways and nasal epithelium, respectively, of sheep and goats [1]. Both viruses utilize the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored cell-surface protein Hyal2 as a receptor for cell entry [2]. Hyal2 is a member of a family of prote... | 16191204 | PMC1262777 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:38 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Sep 28; 2:59 |
Findings
Jamaica and the International HTLV Conference
The International Retrovirology Association in conjunction with the National Institutes of Health and the University of the West Indies, Jamaica welcomed over 300 scientists from diverse disciplines to the 12th International Conference on Human Retrovirology: HTLV ... | 16202161 | PMC1262778 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:39 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Oct 4; 2:61 |
Introduction
Cigarette smoke is a complex medium containing approximately 4000 different constituents [1] separated into gaseous and particulate phases. The components of the gaseous phase include carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen dioxide, hydrogen cyanide, volatile sulphur-containing compounds, nitrog... | 16168067 | PMC1262779 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Sep 19; 6(1):108 |
Introduction
The basal metabolic rate (BMR) has been extensively measured in mammals that are "mature, in postabsorptive condition, measured in the range of metabolically indifferent environmental temperatures, and at rest, or at least without abnormal activity" [1]. The scaling exponent β in the conventional allometri... | 16188039 | PMC1262780 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:26 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Sep 27; 2:39 |
Background
The formal problem of knowing the genome sequence in a living cell
We pose the formal problem: can the genome sequence forming the genotype of a given living cell be known with absolute certainty so that the cell's behaviour (phenotype) can be correlated to that genetic information? Firstly, the genome being... | 16197549 | PMC1262781 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:26 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Sep 30; 2:40 |
Background
In the majority of the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) models proposed to simulate neuromuscular block (NMB) [1-3], the volume of the effect compartment is postulated to be negligibly small or the compartment is postulated to contain a negligibly small amount of the muscle relaxant. The models simula... | 16202142 | PMC1262782 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:26 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Oct 3; 2:41 |
Background
Recent progress in high-throughput biotechnology [1-3] has made advances in understanding of cell-wide molecular networks possible at the systems level [4,5]. To reconstruct cellular systems using the high-throughput data that are becoming available on their components, computer simulations are being revisit... | 16202166 | PMC1262783 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:26 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Oct 4; 2:42 |
Introduction
Heparin is a drug widely used for thromboprophylaxis or treatment in many clinical situations, including cardiovascular surgery and invasive procedures, acute coronary syndromes, venous thromboembolism, atrial fibrillation, peripheral occlusive disease, dialysis and during extracorporeal circulation [1,2].... | 16202170 | PMC1262784 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:24 | no | Thromb J. 2005 Oct 4; 3:14 |
T cell – tumor antigen interactions
Antigens recognized by tumor reactive T cells
One of the key advances in the study of tumor immunology has been the identification of specific protein antigens recognized by tumor reactive T cells. Both MHC class I and MHC class II-restricted peptides have been identified from tumor-... | 16174302 | PMC1262785 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:28 | no | J Transl Med. 2005 Sep 20; 3:35 |
Background
There is a trend towards minimally invasive surgery in all aspects of breast cancer management. In keeping with this trend is the increasing popularity of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), which has been shown to result in lower levels of morbidity in the staging of patients with breast cancer as compared t... | 16194276 | PMC1262786 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:04 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Sep 29; 3:64 |
Background
Colorectal cancer is the third commonest cause of non-skin cancers in men and in women with a total of 146,940 new cases and 56,730 deaths estimated in the United States in 2004 [1]. Approximately 25% of patients present with metastatic disease. Despite improvements in adjuvant therapy, a substantial number ... | 16168057 | PMC1266024 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:04 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Sep 16; 5:116 |
Background
Prostate cancer is the most frequent cause of cancer death in men in Australia. Although many genetic changes have been detected in human prostate cancer, the role of most of these in initiation and progression of the disease is unclear. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) couple ligand binding to downstream si... | 16171530 | PMC1266025 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:04 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Sep 20; 5:119 |
Background
Cancer is thought to arise through a multistep process involving sequential cycles of mutation and selection [1]. The identities and numbers of mutations required for transformation are uncertain, but perhaps six general cellular functions are typically altered [2]. Numbers of oncogenic mutations may also be... | 16202134 | PMC1266026 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:03 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Oct 3; 5:126 |
Background
Survivin has recently been identified as a novel inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP). It blocks common downstream elements of both the mitochondrial pathway and the death receptor pathway, by directly inhibiting terminal effector caspase-3, caspase-7, and caspase-9 activity[1,2]. Thus, it inhibits apoptosis pathway... | 16202147 | PMC1266027 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:12 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Oct 4; 5:127 |
Background
The detection of the major characteristic waves in ECG, namely the QRS complexes, P and T waves, is one of the essential tasks in ECG analysis. The performance of an automated ECG analysis system depends heavily on the reliable detection of these fiducial waves. The difficulties of characteristic waves detec... | 16171531 | PMC1266028 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:07 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2005 Sep 20; 5:28 |
Background
In many micro-organisms as well as in higher plants the metabolism of sulphur is based on the uptake and subsequent reduction of oxidised, inorganic sulphur compounds, usually sulphate. While this pathway has been studied in detail in the model organisms Escherichia coli for the Gram-negative bacteria [1] an... | 16159395 | PMC1266029 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:48 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Sep 13; 6:121 |
Background
Trypanosomatid pathogens of humans include Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania major, causative agents of African sleeping sickness, Chagas disease, and cutaneous leishmaniasis respectively [1]. Trypanosoma brucei lives extracellularly in the human host, primarily in the bloodstream and cere... | 16164760 | PMC1266030 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:46 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Sep 15; 6:127 |
Background
"Biologists would rather share their toothbrush than share a gene name":Michael Ashburner [1]. Biologists use a variety of names for genes, based on their specialization. It is a daunting task to use gene names to locate resources such as sequences or publications. For example:
1. ABCA4, ABC10, ABCR, FFM, R... | 16176584 | PMC1266031 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:46 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Sep 21; 6:134 |
Background
In health systems that provide universal access to care, efforts to contain costs for stand-by hospital capacity usually result in waiting lists for surgical procedures [1]. From clinical perspective, however, delay in necessary treatment due to surgical wait lists is a major concern [2,3]. Establishing a cl... | 16185357 | PMC1266032 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:51 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Sep 26; 5:63 |
Introduction
The cardiovascular benefits of long-term treatment using HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) have been conclusively shown in several studies (summarized in [1]) of people with and without established cardiovascular disease, which have included more than 18000 men and women with diabetes mellitus [2-8]. ... | 16111499 | PMC1266033 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:04 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2005 Aug 22; 4:13 |
Background
The vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1) is a member of the transient receptor potential family (TRP) of non-selective cation channels [1]. These receptors are activated by a variety of lipids, acidic conditions and temperatures above 42°C. TRPV1 channels are tetramers composed of subunits with six transmembrane spa... | 16191202 | PMC1266034 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:08 | no | Mol Pain. 2005 Sep 28; 1:28 |
Introduction
Severe magnesium (Mg) deficiency (0.04% of nutrient requirement, NR)[1] results in osteoporosis in rodent models characterized by decreased bone formation, increased bone resorption, and increased skeletal fragility [2-8]. This degree of Mg depletion rarely exists in humans; however, we have also found tha... | 16162295 | PMC1266035 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:45 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005 Sep 14; 2:24 |
Introduction
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a family of nuclear hormone receptors belonging to the steroid receptor superfamily. Issemann and Green identified the first PPAR in 1990 [1], and subsequently, two other family members were discovered. To date, PPARs have been identified in a variety... | 16131403 | PMC1266036 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:12 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Aug 30; 3:41 |
Hardly any region of the human body depends upon the synergism of a variety of medical disciplines to the same extent as the human head. To understand the complexity of the whole system 'head' it is necessary to reduce the system to its most discriminable elements and to explore their nature, because the elements reali... | 16270921 | PMC1266040 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:14 | no | Head Face Med. 2005 Aug 24; 1:1 |
Tissue engineering is a new and fast growing branch of medicine that has now been introduced in clinical practice. The regeneration of various tissues for all sites of the body is envisioned for the future. The artificial generation of hard and soft tissues offers clinicians new tools in the treatment of various diseas... | 16270925 | PMC1266041 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:14 | no | Head Face Med. 2005 Aug 24; 1:2 |
Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT) is a relatively uncommon distinct odontogenic neoplasm that was first described by Steensland in 1905 [1]. However, a variety of terms have been used to describe this tumor. Unal et al [2] produced a list containing all nomenclatures for AOT reported in the literatures. Many differen... | 16270916 | PMC1266042 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:14 | no | Head Face Med. 2005 Aug 24; 1:3 |
A new journal for a modern era
Between 2000 and 2004, the number of PubMed entries per year containing the keyword 'cough' has increased by forty percent. This partially reflects a general increase in the number of scientific publications over this period but it also represents a specific growth in interest in cough-re... | 16270915 | PMC1266043 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:44 | no | Cough. 2005 Aug 4; 1:1 |
Introduction
The basic nature of the respiratory system (i.e., inspiration of air from the surrounding environment for gas exchange), as well as the shared nature of the initial anatomical structures for the passage of food and air, places the airways and lungs under the constant threat of exposure to a variety of harm... | 16270920 | PMC1266044 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:44 | no | Cough. 2005 Aug 4; 1:2 |
Editorial
Technical innovation is surely one of the most important catalysts for progress in any scientific discipline – and this must be particularly true for plant biology in the current post-genomics era. In launching Plant Methods at this time our principal goal is to give technical creativity in the plant sciences... | 16270922 | PMC1266045 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:28 | no | Plant Methods. 2005 Aug 18; 1:1 |
Background
Unlike unicellular organisms, plants and animals have evolved as complex organisms that are defined by distributing special vital functions to spatially separated organs and tissues. The distinct functions of tissues and organs result from the integrated activity of individual cells. Current approaches mostl... | 16270917 | PMC1266046 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:28 | no | Plant Methods. 2005 Aug 18; 1:2 |
Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
Ethnobiology is a multidisciplinary field of study that draws on approaches and methods from both the social and biological sciences. "Ethnobiology" has proven a rather difficult term to define since the scope of ethnobiological studies has changed considerably throughout history. One of ... | 0 | PMC1266047 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:12 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2005 Jul 29; 1:1 |
Background
Ethnobotanical studies supporting the ethno-anthropological sciences, and of "material culture", which describe aspects of farmers' and shepherds' economy now on the point of disappearance are infrequent in Italy. Generic news is sometimes present in botanical texts concerning, for example, handicraft uses, ... | 16270919 | PMC1266048 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:12 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2005 Jul 29; 1:2 |
Introduction
Orphanhood is an increasing problem especially now with the event of HIV/AIDS in developing countries [1-4]. These orphans need, amongst other things, psychosocial support in helping them to cope with orphanhood more easily, by involving all stakeholders right from the grass roots to the national level. Or... | 16270914 | PMC1266049 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:12 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2005 Jul 29; 1:3 |
Background
Including some of the most persistent and devastating agricultural pests such as the African migratory locust Schistocerca gregaria, acridid orthopterans represent a group of insects with significant economic impact and a target of major research efforts [1-3]. Species of the grasshopper genus Schistocerca s... | 16202143 | PMC1266053 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:58 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2005 Oct 3; 5:25 |
Background
A group of fatal transmissible neurodegenerative diseases, including Creutzfeld-Jakob disease (CJD), bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), chronic wasting disease (CWD) and scrapie, is caused by an unusual infectious agent that has been termed prion [1]. Prions consist of an aberrant isoform (PrPSc) of the... | 16202155 | PMC1266054 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:57 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2005 Oct 4; 5:26 |
Background
Transcription-regulating elements such as enhancers, insulators and silencers are commonly detected by their effects on the expression of transfected genes, i.e., by comparing the expression obtained from transfected DNA that either bears or lacks a candidate DNA segment. Ideally, such comparisons would meas... | 16202157 | PMC1266055 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:58 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2005 Oct 4; 5:27 |
Background
In vivo gene delivery into skeletal or cardiac muscle by direct injection of naked DNA is a convenient method to express proteins [1,2]. The efficiency of this procedure was improved substantially by applying electrical pulses at the site of injection [3,4]. Electroporation enhances transgene expression in t... | 16221312 | PMC1266056 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:57 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2005 Oct 13; 5:29 |
Background
Research on victims of organized violence and torture has suggested that prolonged severe traumata produce long-term psychological effects that persist even into old age. Many comparative epidemiological studies have been conducted to investigate the long-term consequences of organized violence, but there is... | 16185364 | PMC1266057 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:01 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2005 Sep 26; 1:17 |
Background
New and explosive HIV epidemics are being witnessed in certain countries of Eastern Europe: Russia, Moldova, Belarus, and Ukraine [1-6]. According to the Ukrainian Centre for AIDS Prevention, a cumulative total of 71,359 HIV cases and 4,851 deaths were registered in Ukraine by October, 2004 [11]. The actual ... | 16164758 | PMC1266058 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:49 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2005 Sep 15; 2:16 |
A. Background
Exposure to cigarette smoke may be either active or passive, and the type of smoke inhaled in each case has a different origin. Mainstream smoke is the smoke that an active smoker inhales with each puff, while sidestream smoke, the main component of environmental tobacco smoke, burns off the end of a lit ... | 16191196 | PMC1266059 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:12 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Sep 28; 3:52 |
Background
The brain constitutes one of the most important organs for gene therapy. Considerable interest resides in the development of vector-based therapies for many of the brain diseases, either to allow the expression of exogenous genes to compensate for a metabolic deficit, to express a growth factor and thus inhi... | 16194277 | PMC1266060 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:39 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Sep 29; 2:60 |
Introduction
Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax disease [1], releases lethal toxin (LT), which is sufficient to cause death in mice even in the absence of the bacterium [2]. Broad cytopathic and lethal effects associated with B. anthracis infection can be reproduced by LT injection of mice [3,4]. Letha... | 16254597 | PMC1266308 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:27 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2005 Oct 28; 1(2):e19 |
Introduction
In eukaryotes, sexual recombination is an almost universal phenomenon [1,2]. However, in many microbial eukaryotes, such as fungi, sexual reproduction is facultative, so loss-of-meiosis mutations are effectively neutral. Such mutations will, on average, be fixed by genetic drift in approximately 2Ne genera... | 16254598 | PMC1266309 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:28 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2005 Oct 28; 1(2):e20 |
The world of scientific research and scholarly publishing is undergoing a profound transformation in large part due to the rapid development of information and communication technologies. The Internet and the advent of faster networking capabilities now allow virtually unlimited access to information, remote data gathe... | 16254599 | PMC1266310 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:21 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2005 Oct 28; 1(2):e21 |
Background
The reverse transcriptase (RT) of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a multifunctional enzyme, capable of several discrete activities required for viral replication [1]. These essential activities include DNA- and RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (DDDP and RDDP), ribonuclease H (RNase H), strand ... | 16207371 | PMC1266348 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:33 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2005 Oct 5; 2:8 |
Background
The metzincin superfamily of proteases includes the matrixins, astacins, reprolysins, snapalysins, leishmanolysins and serralysins [1,2]. These zinc-dependent endoproteases may act on a large number of substrates, or they may be highly specific, targeting only one or a few proteins or oligopeptides. There ar... | 16221305 | PMC1266349 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:24 | no | BMC Biochem. 2005 Oct 12; 6:21 |
Background
In microorganisms, it is often seen that genes tend to locate in conserved proximity in a number of genomes forming conserved gene clusters [1]. Further analyses often uncover biologically meaningful relationships between genes with conserved proximity [1-3]: they are often co-transcribed as operons [4], or ... | 16202130 | PMC1266350 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:27 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Oct 3; 6:243 |
Background
The completion of the human genome sequence has brought a wealth of data on genetic variation, mostly in the form of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
As a consequence, SNP genotyping has recently become a major activity for studies of disease susceptibility and pharmacogenetics. While techniques for ... | 16221298 | PMC1266351 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:27 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Oct 12; 6:246 |
Background
Pancreatic cancer is the fourth commonest cause of death from cancer in men and women [1,2]. Surgical therapy currently offers the only potential monomodal cure for pancreatic adenocarcinoma [3]. However only a few patients present with tumors that are amenable to resection, end even after resection of local... | 16219105 | PMC1266352 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:12 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Oct 11; 5:131 |
Background
Intracellular transport in cells is mediated by three different types of motor proteins that travel along filamentous tracks. Actin filaments are used by the myosin family of proteins, while transport along microtubules (MT) is mediated by either kinesin-like proteins (KLPs) or dyneins. The functional differ... | 16225668 | PMC1266353 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:30 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 Oct 14; 6:35 |
Background
Hedgehog (Hh) proteins are a family of secreted signalling molecules that act as extracellular messengers, signalling between cells to control and coordinate growth and differentiation. Hh proteins govern growth and patterning events in a wide variety of developmental contexts in vertebrates and invertebrate... | 16197551 | PMC1266354 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:31 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2005 Sep 30; 5:21 |
Background
Psoriasis is a common, genetically determined inflammatory, proliferative disease of the skin, in which the immune system is involved in the pathogenesis. Among individuals with psoriasis, a substantial number also have some involvement of the joint system, but for other concomitant diseases the evidence of ... | 16225670 | PMC1266355 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:46 | no | BMC Dermatol. 2005 Oct 14; 5:10 |
Background
The large-mammal (megafaunal) diversity of North America and Eurasia was considerably reduced by extinctions that occurred around the time of the Pleistocene/Holocene transition (i.e., ca. 10,000 years ago) [1]. Interestingly, some megafaunal species (e.g., woolly mammoth, Mammuthus primigenius) became extin... | 16209705 | PMC1266356 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Oct 6; 5:49 |
Background
SINEs (Short INterspersed Elements) are powerful tools for systematic and population biologists [1-8]. Examples of phylogenies elucidated using the SINE method include the use of SINEs to support the hypothesis that cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises) form a clade within Artiodactyla [9], clarificatio... | 16209711 | PMC1266357 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Oct 6; 5:51 |
Background
Although coagulation abnormalities may partly underlie the physiologic derangements of the sepsis syndrome, anticoagulant therapies have produced mixed results on survival in clinical studies. According to a recent meta-analysis, anticoagulants as adjuvant therapy do not appear to improve outcome in sepsis a... | 16225672 | PMC1266358 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:03 | no | BMC Emerg Med. 2005 Oct 14; 5:7 |
Background
An important factor responsible for the high mortality in patients with severe head trauma is cerebral hypoxia. Mechanical ventilation is often required because of patient's inability to protect the airway, persistence of excessive secretions, and inadequacy of spontaneous ventilation [1]. Tracheostomy plays... | 16236181 | PMC1266359 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:03 | no | BMC Emerg Med. 2005 Oct 14; 5:8 |
Background
Ankle pain and swelling are common presenting symptoms to accident and emergency departments following sports injuries[1]. This may be as a result of either blunt, or penetrating trauma to the ankle or surrounding region. In a small proportion of patients there is no definite musculo-skeletal cause determine... | 16225679 | PMC1266360 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:03 | no | BMC Emerg Med. 2005 Oct 14; 5:9 |
Background
Hepatitis C infection is one of the major epidemics afflicting young adults with more than 150,000 known infected cases in Australia and a notification rate of ~16,000 cases per year in 2002 [1]. In the United States, HCV remains the most common chronic blood-born infection [2,3]. The effective management of... | 16219106 | PMC1266361 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:55 | no | BMC Endocr Disord. 2005 Oct 12; 5:8 |
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