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Background
HBV infection is a serious global health problem. Of the 2 billions people who have been infected with HBV, more than 350 millions are chronically infected world wide [1,2]. Chronic HBV infection is the major cause of end stage liver disease, 25% of them will die prematurely of liver cirrhosis or hepatocellu... | 16221307 | PMC1266362 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:28 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2005 Oct 12; 5:32 |
Background
Leiomyomatosis peritonealis disseminata (LPD) is a rare smooth muscle tumor, which is characterized by multiple subperitoneal or peritoneal nodules. These myomatous nodules vary in size and can be found on any omental or peritoneal surface of the abdomen, often additional leiomyoma of the uterus are present.... | 16223449 | PMC1266363 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:28 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2005 Oct 13; 5:33 |
Background
Short Tandem Repeats (STR), with a repetitive sequence ranging from 2–6 base pairs are amongst the most polymorphic markers reported till date. They exhibit substantial allelic variability due to high rate of germline mutations [1]. The STR loci have a uniform and dense distribution throughout the genome and... | 16191194 | PMC1266364 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:39 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Sep 28; 6:47 |
Background
ADP-ribosylation is a posttranslational protein modification in which the ADP-ribose moiety is transferred from NAD onto specific amino acid side chains of target proteins [1-4]. ADP-ribosylation was originally discovered as the pathogenic principle of Diphtheria toxin, a multidomain secreted protein which i... | 16202152 | PMC1266365 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:46 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Oct 4; 6:139 |
Background
Human Papillomaviruses (HPV) form a large family of homologous circular double stranded DNA viruses that infect the cutaneous and mucosal surfaces of humans. Genital infections with HPV are sexually transmitted and occur frequently in women. Although the majority of infected women will clear the infection wi... | 16225671 | PMC1266366 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:15 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Oct 14; 5:83 |
Background
Medical care is increasingly delivered in the ambulatory care setting. Since learning in context improves learning it is appropriate and necessary that medical training occurs in the future practice setting [1,2]. Teachers must organize the setting and approach teaching in this context in order to maximize l... | 16225666 | PMC1266367 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:56 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2005 Oct 14; 5:35 |
Background
Ribosome-mediated protein synthesis is always initiated with either methionine (in eukaryotes) or N-formylmethionine (in prokaryotes and eukaryotic organelles) [1]. However, after removal of the N-formyl group from the polypeptide by peptide deformylase (DEF, EC 3.5.1.88), the N-terminal methionine of a larg... | 16207374 | PMC1266368 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:40 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Oct 5; 5:57 |
Background
The secretion of proteins across biological membranes is in most cases mediated by translocation machinery recognising a specific sequence tag or motif in the protein to be secreted. In bacteria, the classical tripartite structured Sec signal peptide governs most of the targeting to the secretion pathway. In... | 16212653 | PMC1266369 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:40 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Oct 7; 5:58 |
Background
Currently the criteria as defined by Nugent et al. [1] are considered as the standard procedure to score vaginal smears by Gram stain [2]. This method scores the smears in a standardized manner by quantification of some of the cell types present – designated as Lactobacillus, Gardnerella vaginalis, Bacteroid... | 16225680 | PMC1266370 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:40 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Oct 14; 5:61 |
Background
Surveillance of Over-the-Counter pharmaceutical (OTC) sales as a potential early indicator of developing public health conditions, in particular in cases of interest to biosurvellance, has been suggested in the literature [1]. Sales of over-the-counter pharmaceuticals (OTCs) offer several advantages as possi... | 16221308 | PMC1266371 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:52:11 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2005 Oct 12; 5:33 |
Background
Information behaviors of pediatricians have been examined in different clinical environments: in general patient care at an academic medical center [1,2], in neonatal intensive care [3] and in hospital on-call care [4], and as part of a subset of practitioners caring for patients in a broader age range [5]. ... | 16225686 | PMC1266372 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:52:11 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2005 Oct 14; 5:34 |
Background
"Brain docking", a method of screening for brain disease, has become popular in Japan in recent years. This unique Japanese practice, which may be performed as a part of an annual medical check-up, usually consists of brain magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and MR angiography (MRA) in addition to routine physi... | 16207376 | PMC1266373 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:53 | no | BMC Neurol. 2005 Oct 5; 5:18 |
Background
In this paper, we examine changes in postpartum length of stay (LOS) in five Ontario hospitals following a provincial policy initiative that intended that women be offered the option of up to a 60-hour postpartum stay in hospital after an uncomplicated vaginal birth. In 1999, the Ontario Ministry of Health a... | 16225678 | PMC1266374 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:05 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2005 Oct 14; 5:13 |
Background
The increasing number of people being outside the labour market in most European countries is a huge problem for both the societies and the individuals involved. Working life is an important arena in most people's lives, and also for a well-functioning society, so it is important to focus on people's attitud... | 16212657 | PMC1266375 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:56 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Oct 7; 5:103 |
Background
In developed countries, mental health problems, especially anxious and depressive disorders, are frequent and a leading cause of disability in terms of cost to the individual and society [1-6]. Since they are potentially remediable when adequately treated at an early stage, they represent a major public heal... | 16212666 | PMC1266376 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:56 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Oct 7; 5:104 |
Background
The Roma people (Romanies, Gypsies, of northern Indian origin) are the most important ethnic minority in Central and Eastern Europe. It has been known for a long time that the socioeconomic conditions of most Roma people in Central and Eastern Europe are worse than those of the general population, and it has... | 16216117 | PMC1266377 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:56 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Oct 10; 5:106 |
Background
Immunization is an important means of controlling diseases and has been considered as the most cost effective health intervention [1]. Immunization is provided in most countries through the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) and as a part of the primary health care approach. Different approaches are used... | 16219104 | PMC1266378 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:57 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Oct 11; 5:108 |
Background
Invasive infection by streptococcus pneumoniae is an important cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in individuals older than 65 years of age, and those with chronic health conditions. The incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease almost triples in those over 65. Despite appropriate antibiotic the... | 16225683 | PMC1266379 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:58 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Oct 14; 5:110 |
Background
Energy balance is dependent upon a constant equilibrium between the energy intake and energy expenditure. The former is controlled by "appetite" through an intermediate phase termed "satiation" and its termination via "satiety" [1-4]. The role of satiety in controlling food intake begins once food has intera... | 16232316 | PMC1266380 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:57 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Oct 18; 5:112 |
Background
Koro is considered to be a cultural-bound syndrome, characterised by the belief of retraction of the genitals into the abdomen and is associated with anxiety symptoms [1-3]. It has been commonly reported from India and other Southern Asian countries. It often manifests as epidemics [4,5] though sporadic case... | 16221300 | PMC1266381 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:03 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 Oct 12; 5:34 |
Background
A substantial number of people suffering from psychological problems or psychiatric disorders have turned to internet based groups for information and support. Such groups have potential strengths, as well as possible limitations [1]. Previous work has, for example, indicated that virtual groups can be exper... | 16225689 | PMC1266382 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:02 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 Oct 14; 5:37 |
Background
Rectovaginal fistula (RVF) is an epithelium-lined communication between the rectum and vagina. Most RVFs are acquired, although congenital abnormalities do exist. Acquired RVFs can occur due to various causes. The most common acquired cause is obstetric. RVFs can be classified into low and high variety. Alth... | 16221302 | PMC1266383 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:04 | no | BMC Surg. 2005 Oct 12; 5:20 |
Background
Aortic dissection occurs when there is a defect in the intimal layer of the aorta. This causes blood to track through the aortic layers, creating a false lumen between the intima and the overlying adventitia, tending to obliterate the blood supply to branches along its route. The dissection may spread distal... | 16225700 | PMC1266384 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:04 | no | BMC Surg. 2005 Oct 15; 5:21 |
Background
Lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1, αLβ2, CD11a/CD18) is a member of the β2-integrin subfamily of cell surface receptors. Integrins consist of a 120 to 180 kDa α subunit (CD11a in this case) and a 90 to 110 kDa β subunit that are noncovalently associated single-pass transmembrane proteins [1]. T... | 16216116 | PMC1266385 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:46 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2005 Oct 10; 1:4 |
Background
Metoclopramide (methoxychloroprocainamide) is a dopamine D2-receptor antagonist used as an antiemetic and gastroprokinetic agent in man [1] as well as in dogs [2-4] and cats [3-5]. The drug also has serotonergic effects [6] and indirect parasympathomimetic activity [7,8]. Metoclopramide has been used experim... | 16225684 | PMC1266386 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:46 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2005 Oct 14; 1:6 |
Background
Phase synchronization analysis of the uterine electrical or magnetic activity could be used as a tool to quantify the uterine contractions and it may also help us to distinguish between true and false labor. The electrical and the associated magnetic activity of the uterus arise from the generation and trans... | 16197557 | PMC1266387 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:36 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Oct 1; 4:55 |
1 Introduction
Prostate cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed forms of cancer in the male population and the second cancer-related cause of death for this group [1,2]. Ultrasound imaging is a widely used technology for prostate biopsy. The accurate detection of the prostate boundary in ultrasound images is cru... | 16219098 | PMC1266388 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:36 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Oct 11; 4:58 |
Background
Sympathetic and parasympathetic components of neurovegetative system regulate cardiac activity. Spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) is a non invasive metodic used to assess cardiac autonomic activity. The autonomic activities can be assessed in HRV by the relative distribution (evaluated in nor... | 16197556 | PMC1266389 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:10 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2005 Oct 1; 4:15 |
Review
Evidence for cranial CSF-lymphatic connections
The classical textbook theory assumes that the projections of the arachnoid membrane into the cranial venous sinuses represent the primary sites for CSF clearance and when absorption through these sites is blocked, this leads to disorders of the CSF system. However,... | 16174293 | PMC1266390 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:38 | no | Cerebrospinal Fluid Res. 2005 Sep 20; 2:6 |
Findings
Injecting drug use, to date, has been reported as the main route of HIV transmission in Iran [1,2] and recent figures show that the prevalence of HIV infection has reached to high levels among IDUs in the capital, Tehran [3]. In a series of attempts to prevent HIV transmission among IDUs, an outreach program f... | 16212655 | PMC1266391 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:49 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2005 Oct 7; 2:19 |
Background
Research studies have clearly shown that adolescents' dietary intakes are not consistent with national recommendations. Areas of concern include high intakes of saturated fat, total fat, and soft drinks, and low intakes of fruits, vegetables, fiber, and calcium-rich foods [1-3]. These dietary patterns are of... | 16209716 | PMC1266392 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:04 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2005 Oct 6; 2:14 |
Introduction
Lung resection alone is the most effective therapy for the patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma limited to the lung without distant metastasis. Complete resection is the goal of all operations for lung cancer. Every patient with locoregional lung cancer should be approached as a potential candidate ... | 16236161 | PMC1266393 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:37 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2005 Oct 19; 2:21 |
Introduction
Cardiovascular diseases remain by far the number one cause of death for both men and women of all ethnic backgrounds. Although many causative factors of these diseases are recognized (smoking, high blood pressure, genetic background, diabetes mellitus and obesity) high serum LDL-C and elevated total choles... | 16202158 | PMC1266394 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:19 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2005 Oct 4; 4:22 |
Background
Integrin binding to extracellular matrix (ECM) protein or integrin crosslinking increases tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) [1,2]. FAK is a tyrosine kinase considered a central molecule in integrin-mediated signaling, and it is involved in cellular motility and protection against apopto... | 16209712 | PMC1266395 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:35 | no | Mol Cancer. 2005 Oct 6; 4:37 |
Background
Phage display has proven to be a powerful tool for selecting proteins and peptides with specific binding properties from vast numbers of variants. Phage display is based on the simple fact that if gene fragments encoding polypeptides are fused to bacteriophage M13 coat protein genes, the protein products of ... | 16185358 | PMC1266396 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:12 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Sep 26; 3:49 |
PART ONE
1 Introduction
Current epidemiological evidence suggests that 15% of couples will experience infertility. Background prevalence rates now appear to be reasonably stable, but there is evidence of an increase in the rate of referrals for medical help [1,2]. Farley and Belsey, 1988 [3], have reported estimates of... | 16202169 | PMC1266397 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:13 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Oct 4; 3:54 |
The fetus as an allograft
The embryo is a semi-allograft in the maternal organism because half of its genetic material comes from the father. However, instead of being rejected by the maternal immune system, it is tolerated and develops in the uterus [1].
During early embryogenesis, the trophoblast of the external lay... | 16232317 | PMC1266398 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:12 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Oct 18; 3:55 |
Background
Retrotransposons resemble retroviruses and contain long terminal repeats (LTR). They are mobile DNA elements that replicate via RNA intermediates. The Ty1 retroelement is among the best characterized of the retrotransposons of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae [1-3]. Using a genetic screen aimed at identify... | 16232320 | PMC1266399 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 22:25:41 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Oct 18; 2:63 |
Background
Long-acting beta-agonists are often added to inhaled corticosteroids to improve asthma control.[1] Despite this, most patients still need a short-acting beta-agonist for relief of breakthrough symptoms. The possibility that chronic long-acting beta-agonist use might adversely affect the acute response to sho... | 16168062 | PMC1266400 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:25 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Sep 16; 6(1):107 |
Introduction
In primary anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS), arterial or venous thrombosis and recurrent pregnancy loss are common thrombotic manifestations associated with anti-phophospholipid antibodies (APL) [1]. A variety of cardiac affections including valvular lesions, myocardial dysfunction or infarction, early byp... | 16219103 | PMC1266401 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:24 | no | Thromb J. 2005 Oct 11; 3:15 |
Background
Koi Herpesvirus (KHV) is a highly contagious viral disease which causes significant morbidity and mortality in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and its ornamental domesticated form, koi carp [1]. Although the virus is currently regarded as a DNA-virus belonging to family Herpesviridae [1], some reports have dis... | 16216123 | PMC1266402 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:59 | no | Virol J. 2005 Oct 17; 2:83 |
Background
Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of death from tumors in the world with a worldwide incidence of more than 1 million cases [1]. As for most malignant tumors, the degree of infiltration of the colonic wall (T stage) and presence of lymph node/ distant (N and M stage) metastases have been demonstr... | 16232324 | PMC1266403 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:04 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Oct 19; 3:69 |
Background
Intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) of the pancreas have unique clinico-pathological characteristics and show a wide spectrum of histological types, ranging from adenomatous hyperplasia to invasive cancer. While non-invasive IPMNs show slow growth and good prognosis after resection, the outcome ... | 16232325 | PMC1266404 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:04 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Oct 19; 3:70 |
Introduction
Severe sepsis represents the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in critically ill patients worldwide. The sepsis syndrome is associated with an overwhelming, systemic overflow of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators, which leads to generalized endothelial damage, multiple organ failure and... | 16137340 | PMC1269433 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:53 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Apr 28; 9(4):R294-R302 |
Introduction
Transport ventilators, until recently, were simple flow interrupters with constant flow, allowing only a few parameters to be changed and with no, or only very limited, alarm and monitoring functions. These devices are still in use by emergency services and for mechanical ventilation of critically ill pati... | 16137343 | PMC1269434 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:54 | no | Crit Care. 2005 May 17; 9(4):R315-R322 |
Introduction
Endothelial damage accounts for much of the pathology of sepsis, resulting in capillary leak, hypotension, microvascular thrombosis with consecutive tissue hypoxia and, finally, multiple organ failure (MOF) and lethal outcome [1-3]. Endothelial damage is worsened in septic shock [4]. The mortality of septi... | 16137344 | PMC1269435 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:54 | no | Crit Care. 2005 May 13; 9(4):R323-R330 |
Introduction
Projections by the US Census Bureau [1] suggest that the population aged 85 years and older is likely to grow from about 4 million in 2000 to 19 million by 2050. This 'greying' of the population has also been identified in European countries and in Japan. Ageing of the population increases the proportion o... | 16137342 | PMC1269437 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:54 | no | Crit Care. 2005 May 17; 9(4):R307-R314 |
Introduction
The medical emergency team (MET) concept is an evolving hospital system change that aims to reduce morbidity and mortality in acutely ill ward patients [1-3]. The MET is most often comprised of intensive care-based staff who are mobilized by ward-based doctors and nurses to review critically ill patients o... | 16137341 | PMC1269438 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:53 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Apr 28; 9(4):R303-R306 |
Introduction
Despite the development of novel anti-infective therapies and improved patient management, severe sepsis remains a serious healthcare concern with an unacceptable mortality rate and an increasing incidence rate that has resulted in a significant economic and societal burden [1-3]. Although there has been a... | 16137345 | PMC1269439 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:54 | no | Crit Care. 2005 May 17; 9(4):R331-R343 |
Introduction
Acute renal failure (ARF) affects 5–7% of all hospitalized patients [1-3]. Sepsis and, in particular, septic shock are important risk factors for ARF in wards and remain the most important triggers for ARF in the intensive care unit (ICU) [4-8]. Among septic patients, the incidence of ARF is up to 51% [9] ... | 16137349 | PMC1269441 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:54 | no | Crit Care. 2005 May 24; 9(4):R363-R374 |
Introduction
Atelectasis is a problem in many children with respiratory infections or who require ventilation. At least 8% of children on mechanical ventilation develop pulmonary atelectasis, with a concomitant increase in the morbidity and the length of stay [1]. There is no 'golden standard' for treatment of atelecta... | 16137347 | PMC1269442 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:55 | no | Crit Care. 2005 May 20; 9(4):R351-R356 |
Introduction
Metabolic acidosis is common in patients with cardiac arrest and is conventionally considered to be due essentially to hyperlactatemia [1-6]. However, hyperlactatemia alone fails to explain the cause of metabolic acidosis in some patients [3]. Traditional measures using the anion gap, standard bicarbonate ... | 16137348 | PMC1269443 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:55 | no | Crit Care. 2005 May 23; 9(4):R357-R362 |
Introduction
The systemic inflammatory response syndrome is characterized by widespread endothelial damage caused by persistent inflammation from both infectious and noninfectious stimuli. The host employs hormonal and immunological mechanisms to counter the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Hypoperfusion and sh... | 16137353 | PMC1269446 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:54 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Jun 14; 9(4):R396-R406 |
Introduction
Community-acquired acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) in adults remains a serious disease, with mortality rates of 10–25% [1,2]. In the context of emergency presentation, the management decisions to be made once the diagnosis has been established concern the initial antibiotic treatment [2], adjuvant therapi... | 16137346 | PMC1269448 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:54 | no | Crit Care. 2005 May 20; 9(4):R344-R350 |
Introduction
Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are a frequent cause of admission to hospital and the intensive care unit (ICU) [1]. Despite a well conducted medical treatment, worsening can occur in patients with acute exacerbations of COPD and lead to a decompensation phase. Acute res... | 16137351 | PMC1269449 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:54 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Jun 1; 9(4):R382-R389 |
Introduction
The most common reason for cardiac arrest in adults is coronary heart disease [1]. In particular, sudden and unexpected cardiac arrest may occur after an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) [2,3]. Prompt intervention (such as cardioversion and cardiopulmonary resuscitation [CPR]) can successfully resuscitate... | 16137355 | PMC1269452 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:54 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Jun 9; 9(4):R416-R424 |
Introduction
Delirium is defined as an acute change or fluctuation in mental status plus inattention, and either disorganized thinking or an altered level of consciousness at the time of the evaluation [1,2]. Numerous studies have described the incidence, prevalence, and costly impact of delirium with regard to patient... | 16137350 | PMC1269454 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:54 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Jun 1; 9(4):R375-R381 |
Introduction
Assessing the severity of illness and outcome of critically ill patients is important as it influences management strategies and resource allocation. Historically, research aimed at determining factors associated with intensive care unit (ICU) mortality focused on individual risk factors and the developmen... | 16137352 | PMC1269455 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:55 | no | Crit Care. 2005 May 31; 9(4):R390-R395 |
Introduction
Pulmonary stretch receptors affect the resting respiratory pattern by vagal afferents. Increased stretch receptor activity shortens the duration of inspiration in animals [1], human newborns, and children [2-9]. This reflex is well known as the Hering–Breuer inflation reflex [10]. Increased stretch recepto... | 16137354 | PMC1269457 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:55 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Jun 9; 9(4):R407-R415 |
Introduction
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a transmissible pulmonary infection caused by a novel coronavirus [1,2]. About 20 to 30% of SARS patients may progress to severe hypoxemic respiratory failure that requires mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit (ICU) admission [3-6]. Pneumothorax, a majo... | 16137358 | PMC1269458 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:54 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Jun 22; 9(4):R440-R445 |
Introduction
Mechanical ventilation of patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) may cause lung injury and, subsequently, multi-organ failure [1]. Multi-organ failure is a major cause of death in ARDS [2]. In particular, repetitive opening and closure of alveoli with significant shear forces exerted to t... | 16137357 | PMC1269459 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:55 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Jun 21; 9(4):R430-R439 |
Introduction
Pulmonary artery (PA) blood comprises the mixed venous effluent from all organs, with the notable exception of the lungs. PA O2 saturation (SpaO2) has been promoted as an index of tissue oxygenation [1,2] because it is thought to be related to the average end capillary blood PO2 [3].
In a prior study [4],... | 16137356 | PMC1269463 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:54 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Jun 10; 9(4):R425-R429 |
Introduction
Transfer of critically ill patients to the intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary referral centre is intended to improve prognosis. The transport itself must be as safe as possible and should not pose additional risks to the patient. Circulatory or ventilatory problems may arise in the ambulance as well a... | 16137359 | PMC1269465 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:54 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Jul 1; 9(4):R446-R451 |
Introduction
Despite recent advances in the management of patients, such as early enteral nutrition and withholding surgery until proven infection of pancreatic necrosis, severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) remains a disease with an unpredictable clinical course and significant morbidity and mortality [1]. Infection still ... | 16137360 | PMC1269467 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:54 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Jul 6; 9(4):R452-R457 |
Introduction
Metabolic acidosis is a common biochemical finding in critically ill patients [1]. The prognostic significance of this entity is recognised in many mortality risk scores, in which the predicted risk increases in proportion to the degree of acidosis [2-4]. The commonest bedside tool for quantifying a metabo... | 16137362 | PMC1269470 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:54 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Jul 8; 9(4):R464-R470 |
Introduction
Advances in oncological and supportive care have led to improved prognosis and extension of survival time in cancer patients. However, such advances have often been achieved through aggressive therapies and support, at high expense. Some of these patients require admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) ... | 16137361 | PMC1269472 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:54 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Jul 8; 9(4):R458-R463 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic destructive arthropathy with a prevalence of 1–3% and substantial personal, social, and economic costs. It is characterized by prolonged inflammation of the joints, eventually leading to destruction of the cartilage and bone. Inflammation is initially localized in the... | 16254600 | PMC1270006 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:25 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Oct 28; 1(4):e48 |
Introduction
Dyslexia refers to a difficulty in reading and writing despite normal intelligence, senses, and adequate education. The primary difficulty lies in phonological processing, rapid naming, and the recognition of phonemes [1]. Dyslexia is a common disorder, affecting 3% to 10% of the population [2]. Familial o... | 16254601 | PMC1270007 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:24 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Oct 28; 1(4):e50 |
Introduction
Cilia are microtubule-based organelles that protrude from the surface of most cells in the mammalian body and are formed through a conserved process termed intraflagellar transport (IFT) [1]. Polaris, the protein encoded by Tg737, is a core component of the mammalian IFT machinery and is required for the f... | 16254602 | PMC1270009 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 08:00:57 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Oct 28; 1(4):e53 |
Introduction
In human genetics, association studies aim to identify loci that contribute to disease susceptibility by comparing patterns of genetic variation between people with a disease (cases) and those without (controls) [1]. Without any prior knowledge about which genes are likely to be important, the researcher f... | 16254603 | PMC1270010 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:43 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Oct 28; 1(4):e54 |
Introduction
Whole genome sequences of many animals are now known, including those of Caenorhabditis elegans, human, mouse, and Drosophila melanogaster (see for example [1–4]). The task now facing biologists is to discover the functions of the annotated genes within the genomes. For some organisms, such as C. elegans, ... | 16254604 | PMC1270011 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:58 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Oct 28; 1(4):e55 |
Introduction
Humans and chimpanzees diverged approximately 6 million years ago, making the chimpanzee the closest extant relative to modern humans. The characterization of sequence changes both at the nucleotide and the structural level is therefore important for the understanding of primate evolution, including human-... | 16254605 | PMC1270012 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:24 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Oct 28; 1(4):e56 |
Introduction
The Mantel-Haenszel (MH) estimate for the summary odds ratio across several 2 × 2 tables, ψMH, was proposed in 1959 [1]. Over twenty years later the lack of a robust estimate for its variance was still being noted [2], yet only a few years afterwards, Robins, Breslow and Greenland introduced their now gene... | 16185354 | PMC1270683 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:38 | no | Epidemiol Perspect Innov. 2005 Sep 26; 2:9 |
Background
Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression intersect at RNA polymerase II. The rate of polymerase II movement is altered by loading of transcription factors at the promoter, chromatin structure, pre-mRNA processing, elongation control and termination [1-3]. Thus, polymerase II acc... | 16086846 | PMC1273631 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:41 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Jul 15; 6(8):R64 |
Background
How different are cells grown in vitro from cells that are part of a tissue? Human tissues and tumors are complex and heterogeneous as they are composed of different cell types that influence each other through paracrine signaling pathways and interactions with extracellular matrix (ECM). Cell lines on the o... | 16086847 | PMC1273632 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:41 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Jul 27; 6(8):R65 |
Background
Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for numerous organisms that belong to the three domains of life. The most relevant biological form of selenium is the rare amino acid selenocysteine (Sec), the selenium analog of cysteine (Cys). Sec is co-translationally incorporated into protein [1-3]. In function... | 16086848 | PMC1273633 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:41 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Jul 27; 6(8):R66 |
Background
Non-coding DNA makes up a large proportion of the genomes of most eukaryotes, yet little is known about its functional significance and the forces affecting its evolution. The identification of functional regions of the genome has tended to concentrate on coding DNA, yet the recent shift in focus towards non... | 16086849 | PMC1273634 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:41 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Jul 27; 6(8):R67 |
Background
Ras proteins are small GTPases that sit at the center of numerous signaling pathways in essentially all eukaryotes [1]. Their activity is controlled by which guanine nucleotide is bound. When it is GDP, the Ras proteins are inactive and do not bind to their targets. Guanine-nucleotide exchange factors (RasGE... | 16086850 | PMC1273635 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:41 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Jul 28; 6(8):R68 |
Background
DNA tandem repeats are two or more adjacent and approximate copies of a sequence of nucleotides. The presence of tandem repeats has been associated with a number of diseases and phenotypic conditions. For instance, repeat polymorphisms in 5' and 3' regions are known to cause diseases such as Huntington's dis... | 16086851 | PMC1273636 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:41 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Jul 28; 6(8):R69 |
Background
Riboswitches are structured RNA elements within the noncoding regions of some mRNAs that directly sense metabolites and regulate gene expression [1-4]. Riboswitches are known that respond to a wide range of metabolites including coenzymes [5-8], purines [9,10], amino acids [11,12], and a sugar-phosphate comp... | 16086852 | PMC1273637 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:35:47 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Aug 1; 6(8):R70 |
Background
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) represent a recently discovered class of small, noncoding RNAs, found in organisms ranging from nematodes to plants to humans. Many individual miRNAs are conserved across widely diverse phyla, indicating their physiological importance. The primary transcript (pri-miRNA) is generally transc... | 16086853 | PMC1273638 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:44 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Aug 1; 6(8):R71 |
Background
Gene transcription is regulated by transcription factors (TFs), binding mostly and specifically to the promoter regions. Recent developments of technologies for studying genome-wide transcriptional regulation include microarray expression and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). The analysis of data from su... | 16086854 | PMC1273639 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:41 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Aug 1; 6(8):R72 |
Background
Early isolation of infectious cases has been shown to be a key component for the successful management of SARS outbreaks[1]. Due to the potential for nosocomial transmission[2-6], the imperfect ability of clinical criteria to distinguish cases of SARS at presentation[7], the possibility of atypical presentat... | 15885149 | PMC1274243 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:52 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 May 11; 5:36 |
Background
Imagination of the three-dimensional (3D) structure of cerebral vascular lesions using two-dimensional (2D) angiograms is one of the skills that neurosurgical residents should achieve during their training. Although ongoing progress in computer software and digital imaging systems has facilitated viewing and... | 15885141 | PMC1274244 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:57 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2005 May 10; 5:15 |
Background
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is an extremely aggressive human CD4+ T-cell leukemia (reviewed in [1]). ATL is resistant to chemotherapy and most patients die within one year of diagnosis. Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection of CD4+ T-cells is the first step in ATL development. However, this a... | 15876358 | PMC1274245 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:39 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 May 6; 2:29 |
Background
Guanylic nucleotides are critical for multiple crucial cellular processes such as replication, transcription, translation and signalization via small GTPases. Most cell types recycle GMP from guanosine or guanine, which are either taken up from the surrounding environment or synthesized by the intracellular ... | 15869715 | PMC1274246 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:10 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 May 4; 6:24 |
Background
Several recent genome-wide and experimental studies suggested that the genome consists of chromosome regions of strong inter-marker linkage disequilibrium (LD) (i.e., haplotype blocks) and has discrete boundaries defined by recombination hotspots [1-4]. There are a few common haplotypes of limited haplotype ... | 15740612 | PMC1274247 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:49 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Mar 1; 6:38 |
Background
High throughput microarray analysis has made it possible to analyze the mRNA expression of most if not all human genes simultaneously [1,2]. The data generated from these analyses are overwhelming since hundreds of interesting differentially expressed genes can be identified in a single assay. Knowledge on e... | 15760478 | PMC1274248 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Mar 11; 6:51 |
Background
Molecular modeling provides several powerful tools for computing the dynamics of proteins. Normal Mode Analysis (NMA) is a well suited approach to study dynamics of proteins, especially when the protein is relatively big (several thousand amino acids) and the time scale of the dynamical events of interest ar... | 15762993 | PMC1274249 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:49 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Mar 11; 6:52 |
Background
The use of complete genomes for phylogenetic analysis has greatly improved our understanding of prokaryote evolution [1-3]. However, until recently, relatively few complete genome sequences were available for such analyses in eukaryotes. As this improves, there will be a greater demand on methodology for evo... | 15762985 | PMC1274250 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Mar 11; 6:53 |
Background
Recent developments in high-throughput genomic technologies have revolutionized the approaches aimed at understanding biological systems and emphasized the need for computational and systems biology research. Microarray analysis, for instance, can provide massive amounts of information about a biological sam... | 15766384 | PMC1274251 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:49 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Mar 14; 6:54 |
Background
Over the last twenty years the genes underlying more than a thousand classically Mendelian disorders have been successfully identified. By contrast, only a relatively small number of genetic components of complex traits have been characterized [1].
Regions of interest identified through complex-trait linkag... | 15766383 | PMC1274252 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:50 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Mar 14; 6:55 |
Background
Beta-barrel transmembrane proteins
The beta-barrel is one of only two membrane spanning structural motifs currently identified [1]. It is proven with high resolution structures for many proteins expressed within the outer membranes of gram negative bacteria and is also widely expected for several proteins ex... | 15769290 | PMC1274253 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:49 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Mar 15; 6:56 |
Background
Microarray technology allows simultaneous assessment of transcript abundance for thousands of genes. This exciting research tool permits the identification of genes which are significantly differentially expressed between conditions. With the use of microarrays becoming more commonplace, it is not unusual fo... | 15774008 | PMC1274254 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:51 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Mar 17; 6:57 |
Background
Gene expression profile (GEP) has been widely used to address the relationship between disease phenotypes and the cellular expression patterns. Numerous data mining methods have been proposed for precise classification of disease phenotypes (subtypes) using high dimension GEPs [1-5]. Although much progress i... | 15774002 | PMC1274255 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:49 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Mar 17; 6:58 |
Background
With the ever-increasing volume of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) deposited in publicly available databases such as National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) dbSNP, laboratory geneticists are faced with the routine need of selecting an appropriate set of SNPs in both gene mapping and molec... | 15774022 | PMC1274256 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:49 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Mar 18; 6:60 |
Background
The introduction and use of comparative sequence analysis of appropriate marker genes as a powerful tool in taxonomy has substantially contributed to the rapid growth of molecular sequence databases such as EMBL [1], GenBank [2], and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) databases [3-5]. Evidently, molecular phylogenetic ana... | 15777482 | PMC1274257 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:49 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Mar 21; 6:61 |
Background
Data processing can seriously affect interpretation of real time PCR results. In the absence of commonly accepted reference procedures the choice of data processing is currently at the researcher's discretion. Many different options for data processing are available in software supplied with different cycler... | 15780134 | PMC1274258 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:49 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Mar 21; 6:62 |
Background
MATLAB integrates programming, visualization and computation in an easy-to-use environment and is widely used in scientific and engineering studies. One of the most attractive features of MATLAB is that the basic data element of the system is a matrix that does not require dimensioning. This allows users to ... | 15780146 | PMC1274259 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:51 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Mar 22; 6:64 |
Background
Analysis of hybridized microarrays starts with scanning the fluorescent image. For high-density oligonucleotide arrays (HDONAs) such as Affymetrix GeneChip® oligonucleotide (Affy) arrays, the focus of this paper, each scanned image is stored pixel-by-pixel in a 'DAT' file. As the first step in measuring inte... | 15784152 | PMC1274260 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:49 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Mar 22; 6:65 |
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