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Background
Based on the concept of simultaneously studying the expression of a large number of genes, a DNA microarray is a chip on which numerous probes are placed for hybridization with a tissue sample. The DNA microarray has recently emerged as a powerful tool in molecular biology research, offering high throughput ... | 15784140 | PMC1274261 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:50 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Mar 22; 6:67 |
Background
Advances in protein mass spectrometry have have recently shown great potential for high-throughput disease classification and biomarker identification. In turn, fast and accurate detection of diseases, such as early cancer detection, can revolutionize the field of medical diagnosis. Typically, serum samples ... | 15788095 | PMC1274262 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:49 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Mar 23; 6:68 |
Background
Seemingly small steps in usability of bioinformatics applications have, perhaps, been the most important to the bioinformatics consumer. Suites such as Accelrys SeqWeb and EMBOSS/Jemboss [1,2], through consistent user interface elements, have narrowed the usability gap and made individual applications access... | 15788106 | PMC1274263 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Mar 24; 6:69 |
Background
In eukaryotic organisms, there exist at least three distinct multi-protein assemblies that are jointly referred to as 'PCI complexes' [1] and have a similar subunit architecture despite their fundamentally different function: i) the proteasome lid, a subcomplex of the 19S proteasome regulator and the 26S pro... | 15790418 | PMC1274264 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Mar 24; 6:71 |
Background
As we move toward large-scale research into complex molecular and cellular networks, the research community will need to develop new interfaces to complex data sets. Existing databases and interfaces, such as those at EBI and NCBI[1,2], often use sequence records as the central organizing unit. A database or... | 15790402 | PMC1274265 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:49 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Mar 24; 6:72 |
Background
As the amount of textual information generated by scientific research expands, there is an increasing need for effective literature mining that can help scientists gather relevant knowledge encoded in text documents. The challenge is to develop methods of automated information extraction to support building ... | 15790421 | PMC1274266 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Mar 24; 6:75 |
Background
Cancers are complex diseases with multiple genetic and environmental factors contributing to their development. The most prominent success stories in cancer genetics to date have involved genes that produce a recognizable pattern of disease within certain rare families. Most cancers, however, are sporadic an... | 15796777 | PMC1274267 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:49 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Mar 29; 6:78 |
Background
DNA sequence copy number changes have shown to play an important role in the aetiology of cancer and congenital disorders. Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH) is a molecular cytogenetic method for the detection of chromosomal imbalances [1], which does not depend on the availability of chromosome spreads... | 15807904 | PMC1274268 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:51 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Apr 5; 6:85 |
Background
At present, HIV-1 infected patients are followed by monitoring plasma HIV-1 RNA viral load, allowing follow up of the immediate effects of treatment, and CD4+ T cell count, allowing initiation or reinitiation of the therapy as immune function decreases [1]. The HIV-1 proviral DNA load could be an alternative... | 15780144 | PMC1274269 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:14 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Mar 21; 5:15 |
Background
Rabies is life-threatening for humans [1] and the most important viral zoonosis from a global perspective [2]. In Europe and North-America, wildlife is the main reserve (i.e. foxes or raccoons). Aerial distribution of vaccine filled baits proved to be a method which can be used for controlling rabies in thes... | 15752423 | PMC1274270 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:15 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Mar 7; 5:10 |
Background
TSE or prion diseases are a group of fatal, transmissible, neurodegenerative diseases occurring in human (e.g. CJD and vCJD) and animals (e.g. scrapie in sheep and BSE in cattle). These complex diseases (for reviews see [1]) are characterized by an accumulation in the central nervous system of PrPSc, a disea... | 15769289 | PMC1274271 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:14 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Mar 15; 5:13 |
Background
Infectious diseases constitute a major health problem both in developed and developing countries. Old and emerging infectious diseases contribute substantially to morbidity and mortality worldwide. For this reason, the society invests considerably on infectious diseases research, in order to achieve scientif... | 15780136 | PMC1274272 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:15 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Mar 21; 5:16 |
Background
The new CDC guideline on hand hygiene has indicated that the efficacy of alcohols is superior to many other active agents such as chlorhexidine gluconate or povidone iodine, also on the resident hand flora [1]. Alcohol-based hand rubs are commonly used for surgical hand disinfection in Europe [2]. Their in v... | 15784148 | PMC1274273 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:16 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Mar 22; 5:17 |
Background
Leishmaniases are among the most important protozoan infections that affect humans in the world. The disease is widespread in 88 endemic countries with 350 million people at risk, 12 million people permanently affected, and an estimated annual incidence of 1.5–2 million cases [2]. This results in a global mo... | 15794817 | PMC1274274 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:15 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Mar 28; 5:18 |
Background
Tuberculosis remains a leading cause of death from any single infectious disease, accounting for over a quarter of all avoidable deaths. It infects about 1 billion people and causing an estimated 1–2 million deaths annually [1]. Nearly 3–4 million children in India have tuberculosis while 94 million are at r... | 15796779 | PMC1274275 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:16 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Mar 29; 5:19 |
Background
Henoch Schonlein purpura (HSP) is an idiopathic form of vasculitis, which manifests as a characteristic painless palpable purpuric rash most pronounced on the buttocks and the extensor surfaces of the lower extremities. The vasculitis can also involve the bowel, resulting in abdominal pain. In severe cases, ... | 15807903 | PMC1274276 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:16 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Apr 5; 5:21 |
Introduction
Development of successful treatments for inherited and acquired retinal disease caused by gene mutations represents a major challenge [1]. Recessive congenital defects arising from gene inactivation and subsequent disruption of a metabolic pathway are particularly amenable to pharmacological treatment or s... | 16250670 | PMC1274279 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:29 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Nov 1; 2(11):e333 |
Introduction
Human parvovirus B19 (B19) is a ubiquitous, single-stranded DNA virus. The 5.6-kb genome codes for only three major proteins, the two overlapping capsid proteins VP1 and VP2 and the non-structural protein NS1. B19 targets immature erythroid cells in the bone marrow after respiratory transmission. Common ma... | 16253012 | PMC1274280 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:22 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Dec 1; 2(12):e343 |
Introduction
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a multifactorial disease in which environmental triggers interact with genetic variants in the predisposition to the disease [1]. T2D is characterized by impaired insulin secretion and insulin action in target tissues such as muscle and liver [2]. Many patients with a genetic predi... | 17570749 | PMC1274281 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:25 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Dec 1; 2(12):e345 |
Introduction
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and obliterative vascular lesions in the skin and internal organs [1]. Although the causative factors of this disease remain to be characterized, the main pathobiological features ... | 16250671 | PMC1274282 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:26 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Dec 1; 2(12):e354 |
The prospect of a pandemic with avian influenza is an urgent concern for public health leaders worldwide [1]. As pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) strains (Figure 1) continue to spread in East Asia, with recently reported expansion to Siberia and westward regions in Russia [2,3] as well as to migratory birds [4,5], t... | 16255619 | PMC1274283 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:37 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Dec 1; 2(12):e359 |
Imagine the eye is like a camera. The shutter, like the iris of the eye, opens and closes to let in the right amount of light. The lens helps focus light on the film. And the film is like the retina. Regardless of the quality of the camera, if the film is faulty, the developed pictures may be distorted or blurred. In t... | 0 | PMC1274284 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:39:21 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Nov 1; 2(11):e402 |
Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma or SSc) is the name for a group of progressive diseases, all of which involve the abnormal growth of connective tissue. They are chronic degenerative disorders in which there is widespread vascular deterioration and tissue loss. The recognition of SSc dates back many years. Indeed, the c... | 0 | PMC1274285 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:39:28 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Dec 1; 2(12):e403 |
Human parvovirus B19 (B19) can cause a wide range of conditions, which can depend to a large extent on an individual's immunologic and hematologic status. In a normal host, parvovirus infection can be asymptomatic or cause a range of clinical syndromes, from erythema infectiosum (“slapped cheek” disease) to chronic art... | 0 | PMC1274286 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Dec 1; 2(12):e404 |
Type 2 diabetes has been loosely defined as “adult onset” diabetes, but as diabetes becomes more common, cases are being diagnosed in younger people and children. In determining the risk of developing diabetes, environmental factors, such as food intake and exercise, are known to have an important role; most people wit... | 0 | PMC1274287 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:39:24 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Dec 1; 2(12):e406 |
Introduction
A multicellular organism develops from a single cell, the zygote, through numerous binary cell divisions and cell deaths. Consequently, at any given time, the lineage relations between the cells of the organism can be represented by a rooted labeled binary tree called the cumulative cell lineage tree (Figu... | 16261192 | PMC1274291 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:19:22 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Oct 28; 1(5):e50 |
In 1993, the Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology conference was successfully launched as an annual meeting for scientific exchange within the nascent interdisciplinary science of computational biology. Demand grew stronger each year for an umbrella organization that extended its reach beyond a once-a-year confere... | 0 | PMC1274292 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Oct 28; 1(5):e51 |
Introduction
Identification of genetic variations and mutations is important for the discovery of genetic predisposition to complex diseases. Although a wide variety of methods are available for de novo single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery [1], DNA sequencing is the method of choice for high-throughput screen... | 16261194 | PMC1274293 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Oct 28; 1(5):e53 |
Introduction
Cellular signal transduction exhibits two layers of regulation: upstream stimuli such as extracellular peptide hormones activate intracellular signaling intermediates (e.g., mitogen-activated protein kinases), which in turn induce intracellular responses (e.g., activated transcription factors) as indicated... | 16261195 | PMC1274294 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:19:22 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Oct 28; 1(5):e54 |
Introduction
Interconversion of nitrogen species between a number of redox states forms the biogeochemical nitrogen cycle, which has multiple environmental impacts and industrial applications. Bacteria can utilize soluble nitrogen oxides, nitrate and nitrite, as terminal electron acceptors in oxygen-limiting conditions... | 16261196 | PMC1274295 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Oct 28; 1(5):e55 |
The student council (http://www.iscbsc.org/) of the International Society for Computational Biology asked me to present my thoughts on getting published in the field of computational biology at the Intelligent Systems in Molecular Biology conference held in Detroit in late June of 2005. Close to 200 bright young souls ... | 16261197 | PMC1274296 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Oct 28; 1(5):e57 |
Background
Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are sequences that are transcribed from DNA that function as RNA rather than being translated to protein. Many of the known ncRNAs, such as transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), spliceosomal RNA (snRNA), and microRNAs (miRNA), have key functions in the cell. Moreover, various new... | 16202126 | PMC1274297 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Oct 3; 6:241 |
Background
The number of sequenced prokaryotic genomes increases rapidly each year. Their comprehensive analysis requires the development of new high-throughput computational methods. The analysis of oligonucleotide usage biases has been recognized to be practical for the recognition of pathogenicity islands [1,2] and ... | 16225667 | PMC1274298 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Oct 14; 6:251 |
Background
These years witness popularity of coalescent based inference of evolutionary parameters, either through exact or approximate methods in order to understand within-species, and in particular human, evolution. This is fuelled by large scale efforts to collect data from different human populations, e.g. the Hap... | 16225674 | PMC1274299 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Oct 14; 6:252 |
Background
Alignment of proteins is one of the fundamental methods in bioinformatics. Alignments are used to detect homology and to study evolutionary events. The ability to align distantly related proteins can be improved significantly by the inclusion of evolutionary information [1,2] or predicted features [3]. Altho... | 16225676 | PMC1274300 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Oct 14; 6:253 |
Background
Amidst a continuous bombardment of diverse stimuli from the external environment, metazoan organisms have adopted multiple strategies to respond specifically and decisively to a myriad of extracellular events. The biological map that determines this is encoded within the gene regulatory regions of the genome... | 16232321 | PMC1274301 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:27 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Oct 18; 6:259 |
Background
A vast amount of genomic data, including most of the human genome [1], is now available in publicly accessible databases, and the deposition of additional data continues at a rapid pace. Genomic data requires meticulous interpretation and annotation for meaningful information to be extracted. Genes, the most... | 16242044 | PMC1274302 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Oct 21; 6:261 |
Background
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most common GI malignancy accounting for 4718 deaths in Australia [1] and almost 437,000 deaths worldwide annually making it the most third most common malignancy in the developed world [2]. Around fifty to sixty percent of these patients will develop liver metastases, and in a... | 16225697 | PMC1274303 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:04 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Oct 15; 5:132 |
Background
TTR, formerly called prealbumin, belongs to a group of proteins including thyroxine-binding globulin and albumin which bind to and transport thyroid hormones in the blood. TTR is also involved in the metabolism of vitamin A as it binds RBP, the specific plasma transport protein for retinol. First identified ... | 16225703 | PMC1274304 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:05 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Oct 17; 5:133 |
Background
Remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton is critical for mediating changes in cell shape, migration, and adhesion. Actin filament architecture is regulated by a large group of actin binding proteins that modulate actin assembly, disassembly, branching, and bundling [1]. Actin organization is also regulated by gr... | 16225669 | PMC1274305 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:30 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 Oct 14; 6:36 |
Background
Natural products are small molecules synthesized by bacteria, algae, fungi and plants, as part of their biotic and abiotic interactions with the environment. They provide a valuable source of pharmaceuticals, with 45% of the most popular drugs derived from natural products [1]. However, the identification of... | 16216122 | PMC1274306 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:50 | no | BMC Chem Biol. 2005 Oct 10; 5:3 |
Background
The epigenetic modification of DNA by the addition of a methyl group to the 5 position of cytosine is an important mechanism for control of gene expression in vertebrates. This is particularly true during development where DNA methylation is thought to have a role in genome imprinting [1,2], X inactivation [... | 16236173 | PMC1274307 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:32 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2005 Oct 19; 5:23 |
Background
The long-branch attraction (LBA) artefact was first demonstrated to affect maximum parsimony (MP) [1,2], and subsequently all main types of tree reconstruction methods [3-5]. In the typical 4-taxa LBA case [1], two unrelated taxa (A and C) evolved significantly faster than their sister-groups (B and D); the ... | 16209710 | PMC1274308 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Oct 6; 5:50 |
Background
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a complex retrovirus, which encodes the enzyme reverse transcriptase (RT), and exhibits high mutation rates due to the lack of the DNA proofreading activity of the viral RT. HIV-1 genome is diploid, containing two plus-strand viral RNA copies that can be ide... | 16212658 | PMC1274309 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Oct 7; 5:53 |
Background
Discriminating mutations arising during the evolution of mammals which were selectively neutral from those which were adaptive is an important challenge for the current genomic era. In the main, beneficial mutations in mammalian genomes appear to have been gene duplication, rapid sequence divergence, and alt... | 16221301 | PMC1274310 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Oct 12; 5:54 |
Background
Deinococcus spp. and Thermus spp. are believed to belong to a distinct branch of bacteria called the Deinococcus-Thermus group [1]. The common origin of these bacteria is supported by the fact that they consistently form a strongly supported clade in phylogenetic trees of ribosomal RNAs and several conserved... | 16242020 | PMC1274311 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Oct 20; 5:57 |
Background
Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers are preferred over microsatellite markers in association studies because of their high abundance, low mutation rate, and suitability for high-throughput genotyping. The genome-wide association studies on dissection of human complex traits need to screen a large nu... | 16236175 | PMC1274312 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:39 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Oct 19; 6:51 |
Background
Pseudomonas luteola (P. luteola) is an aerobic, Gram-negative rod with a distinctive yellow to orange pigment. After 48 hours of incubation, colonies are typically rough or wrinkled. The organism is non-fermentative, oxidase-negative, catalase-positive, and grows on MacConkey agar [1]. The organism was origi... | 16221303 | PMC1274313 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:16 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Oct 12; 5:82 |
Background
Extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) enzymes have been reported in a number of species in Gram-negative bacteria. The ESBL enzymes are usually plasmid mediated and are capable of hydrolysing and inactivating a wide variety of β-lactams, including third-generation cephalosporins, penicillins and aztreonam, bu... | 16225701 | PMC1274314 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:15 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Oct 15; 5:86 |
Background
Myocarditis and pericarditis are rare complications of rickettsiosis, usually occuring in the setting of an acute disseminated infection due to Rickettsia rickettsii and R. conorii [1-3].
Rickettsia africae, the causative agent of African tick-bite fever, an emerging disease transmitted by Amblyomma ticks i... | 16242016 | PMC1274315 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:15 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Oct 20; 5:90 |
Background
One of the most feared complications of the use of a prosthetic material is the appearance of infection after implant [1-5]. Graft infection often results in prolonged hospitalization, organ failure, amputation and death [4,6,7]. The causative organisms are predominantly S. auerus and S. epidermidis [4,8]. M... | 16242027 | PMC1274316 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:15 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Oct 21; 5:91 |
Background
Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) has a substantial genetic component, but genetic heterogeneity, gene-environment interactions, and a large number of loci with small effect have combined to confound the identification of susceptibility genes. The pathogenesis of T2DM is characterized by early resistance to insulin-med... | 16229747 | PMC1274317 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2005 Oct 17; 6:37 |
Background
Chlorpromazine is in the World Health Organization (WHO) list of essential drugs [1]. It is estimated that 24 million people currently suffer from schizophrenia [2], the majority of whom live in low or middle-income countries. Until recently, it would have been common practice for anyone with schizophrenia t... | 16229742 | PMC1274318 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:56 | no | BMC Med. 2005 Oct 17; 3:15 |
Background
"Regrettably, (over) 50 years after the Nuremberg trials and the Nuremberg code, unethical (bio)medical research on humans continues, even in highly privileged countries" [1]
Biomedical research involves research on pharmaceuticals, medical devices, medical radiation and imaging, surgical procedures, medica... | 16242014 | PMC1274319 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:58 | no | BMC Med Ethics. 2005 Oct 20; 6:10 |
Background
Polyamines are required for the normal cell growth of Escherichia coli, although their functions are poorly understood [1-3]. Polyamines bind nucleic acids and ribosomes, where they are needed for optimal function [4,5]. Excessive intracellular concentrations, however, retard protein synthesis and cell growt... | 16223443 | PMC1274320 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:40 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Oct 13; 5:59 |
Background
Streptococcus pyogenes or group A streptococcus (GAS) causes a number of clinical manifestations and diseases including sore throat, pyoderma, necrotizing fasciitis, toxic-shock syndrome, and the post-infectious sequelae – rheumatic fever (RF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD) [1]. RF and RHD are a major hea... | 16225702 | PMC1274321 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:40 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Oct 16; 5:63 |
Background
Because of the fast growth of communication protocols (Internet technologies amongst them), health services are undergoing a large paradigm change: a shift from institution-centred care to consumer-centred care. Unambiguous identification of patients is a critical success factor for health care reform and fo... | 16219102 | PMC1274322 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:52:11 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2005 Oct 11; 5:32 |
Background
Samuel Johnson defines a lexicographer as a "harmless drudge" [1]. The drudgery of the lexicographer's tasks is beyond dispute. In the domain of medical nomenclatures, however, the harmlessness of the lexicographer is far from certain. The misuse of medical terminology can lead to medical errors, as indicate... | 16232314 | PMC1274323 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:35:47 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2005 Oct 18; 5:35 |
Background
The assessment of perceived pain is necessary in the clinical setting for diagnosis and choice of treatment but also for the evaluation of treatment efficacy in a research context. The multidimensional pain sensation involves the subjective evaluations of the sensory aspect like intensity, the affective comp... | 16202149 | PMC1274324 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:52 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005 Oct 4; 5:31 |
Background
Effects in comparative analysis are commonly expressed as ratios. One such example is the Location Quotient (LQ), a ratio statistic widely used by geographers, economists and regional planners to measure the degree of relative concentration of an activity on a map [1,2]. The LQ, which is sometimes referred t... | 16221306 | PMC1274325 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:52 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005 Oct 12; 5:32 |
Background
When people make decisions about health care they should have access to the most up-to-date and reliable evidence. Cochrane systematic reviews aim to provide healthcare professionals, consumers and policy makers with the 'best available' and most up-to-date evidence on the effects of healthcare interventions... | 16225692 | PMC1274326 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:51 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005 Oct 14; 5:33 |
Background
In Australia, low back pain (LBP) is the most frequently seen musculoskeletal condition in general practice and the seventh most frequent reason for consulting a physician[1,2]. According to the Australian National Health Survey, 21% of Australians reported back pain in 2001; additionally, the Australian Bur... | 16221311 | PMC1274327 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:04 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Oct 13; 6:50 |
Background
The development of closed interlocking intramedullary nailing has allowed the treatment of femoral diaphyseal fractures to become safer and more effective [1,2]. The nail is usually inserted under fluoroscopic control which brings concern over the radiation exposure [3]. There have been efforts to minimize t... | 16229748 | PMC1274328 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:04 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Oct 17; 6:51 |
Background
Development of new drug formulations requires the performance of extensive studies, both in the laboratory, and in vivo, in animals and in volunteers. In vitro studies can be very expensive but costs are even higher when in vivo stages are reached. Methodology that can generate relevant information but short... | 16232323 | PMC1274329 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:51 | no | BMC Nucl Med. 2005 Oct 18; 5:5 |
Background
Falls occur frequently in hospitalized patients. Patient fall rates in hospital settings vary from 2.2 to 9.1 falls per 1000 patient days depending on patient populations and disease groups [1-7]. The etiology of falls in hospitalized patients is multifactorial consisting of both intrinsic and extrinsic risk... | 16225704 | PMC1274330 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:31 | no | BMC Nurs. 2005 Oct 17; 4:5 |
Background
Over 6% of Ethiopia's adult population is believed to be HIV positive. It is estimated that a large proportion of new infections occur in people aged 25 years or younger. As is the case elsewhere in Africa, transmission is almost exclusively through heterosexual contact [1], although parenteral transmission ... | 16225665 | PMC1274331 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:55 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Oct 14; 5:109 |
Background
Although women make up only a small proportion of the 9 million people imprisoned worldwide [1], their numbers are increasing rapidly and consistently across a number of countries [2,3]. For example, the number of women imprisoned in England and Wales has risen almost threefold over the past decade [3]. Most... | 16229740 | PMC1274332 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:55 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Oct 17; 5:111 |
Background
Overactive bladder is a chronic clinical syndrome characterized by urgency and frequency with or without urinary incontinence affecting millions of people worldwide [1,2]. Overactive bladder arises from uncontrolled contraction of the detrusor muscle during bladder filling [3]. Although what element(s) trigg... | 16216132 | PMC1274333 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:59 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2005 Oct 11; 5:14 |
Background
Pollination begins when pollen grains adhere to stigma cells on the female pistil surface. In species with dry stigmas, including Arabidopsis thaliana, this interaction is highly selective, allowing binding of only a limited pollen grain set. Pollen adhesion occurs within seconds, is extremely strong, and is... | 16212660 | PMC1274334 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:52 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2005 Oct 7; 5:22 |
Background
Systematic approaches designed to identify schizophrenia susceptibility genes have implicated the chromosome 22q11 microdeletion region as a promising hot-spot [1,2]. Recently, Mukai and colleagues [3] proposed a gender-specific effect of the ZDHHC8 gene at 22q11 to liability to schizophrenia based on animal... | 16225675 | PMC1274335 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:02 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 Oct 14; 5:35 |
Background
The phenotype of periodic catatonia is characterized by hyperkinetic and akinetic episodes with parakinetic movements in a bipolar course, accompanied by delusional or hallucinatory symptoms, and followed by residual states with psychomotor features [1,2]. The estimated lifetime prevalence of periodic catato... | 16225677 | PMC1274336 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:02 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 Oct 14; 5:36 |
Swamy grew up in Bangalore, India. Records list his birthdate as May 24, 1939, although he has reportedly confessed to colleagues that he misrepresented his age to gain early admission to university; his real birthdate may be as late as 1943. He received his undergraduate degree in physics and mathematics from the Univ... | 0 | PMC1274337 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:37 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Oct 5; 4:57 |
1. Introduction
Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a major health problem, with an increasing incidence and a gloomy prognosis, that is often accompanied by restricted physical activity and severe complaints in several areas of quality of life [1]. Despite its high prevalence, there have been few studies of the impact o... | 16202163 | PMC1274338 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:01 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2005 Oct 4; 1:19 |
Background
Stoma patients have a surgically created opening on the abdomen involving parts of either the gastrointestinal or urinary tract. Colostomy involves discharging feces from the large intestine, ileostomy from the small intestine, while urostomy means discharging urine through the surgical opening. Due to this ... | 16219109 | PMC1274339 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:14 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Oct 12; 3:62 |
Background
The Population Health Approach, proposed by Health Canada [1], is the articulation of a long advocated model of human health [2] [Figure 1]. This approach strives to ensure that the health system is appropriately oriented to improve health status by applying evidence based practices across the continuum from... | 16209717 | PMC1274340 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:06 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2005 Oct 6; 4:23 |
Background
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by progressive memory loss and decline of cognitive functions. Histopathological hallmarks include extracellular amyloid peptide (Aβ) deposition in neuritic plaques, and intracellular deposits of hyperphosphorylated Tau, causing f... | 16212664 | PMC1274341 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:22 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2005 Oct 7; 2:22 |
Background
In 1988, Reaven et al. proposed insulin resistance as the underlying metabolic aberration linking essential hypertension (HTN), dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes and other abnormalities associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in adults [1]. This constellation is now designated... | 16197542 | PMC1274342 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:19 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2005 Sep 30; 4:21 |
In addition to its essential metabolic role, glutamate is a major mediator of excitatory signals in the central nervous system and is involved in many physiologic and pathologic processes, such as excitatory synaptic transmission, synaptic plasticity, cell death, stroke, and chronic pain [1,2]. Glutamate exerts its sig... | 16242033 | PMC1274343 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:07 | no | Mol Pain. 2005 Oct 21; 1:30 |
Background
Asbestos has been well documented to be a carcinogen and co-carcinogen associated with the induction of mesothelioma, lung cancers and other benign lung diseases [1,2]. 'Asbestos' is a generic term for a group of six naturally occurring fibrous silicate minerals. It is grouped into two major classes: Serpent... | 16209709 | PMC1274344 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:30 | no | Part Fibre Toxicol. 2005 Oct 6; 2:9 |
Background
Transforming Growth Factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is the prototypical member of the TGF-β family [1,2]. Members of this family are implicated in diverse physiological processes, including reproduction. Three isoforms of TGF-β (TGF-β1, -β2, and -β3) are expressed in the mammalian ovary [2-4]. They have been shown to reg... | 16197550 | PMC1274345 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:13 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Sep 30; 3:53 |
Background
Lung fibrosis is often associated with an inflammatory process which precedes or coexists with fibroblast proliferation and deposition of extracellular matrix proteins [1]. Abundant human and experimental data have highlighted inflammation as a major effector in the development of lung fibrosis [2-4]. Persis... | 16212659 | PMC1274346 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Oct 7; 6(1):112 |
Introduction
The microbial world is replete with cooperative behaviors that appear to produce density-dependent fitness benefits [1], including biofilm formation [2], quorum sensing [3], siderophore production [4,5], and fruiting body construction [6–8]. Also present, however, are strong negative social interactions th... | 16248676 | PMC1275521 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:28 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Nov 1; 3(11):e370 |
Introduction
The impact of evolutionary selection on the human population is of central interest and, with increasing information about genetic variation, has become a subject of intense examination [1–6]. Knowledge of selective events and selected loci provide insight into the genetic etiology of human disease, past a... | 16248677 | PMC1275522 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:45 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Nov 1; 3(11):e378 |
Introduction
Mutational (genetic) robustness can be defined as constancy of phenotype in the face of mutational perturbation [1]. Genetic variance and differences in phenotypic performance among genotypes underlie all of Darwinian evolution. Thus, robustness is crucial to the understanding of evolution because it dicta... | 16248678 | PMC1275523 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:28 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Nov 1; 3(11):e381 |
Introduction
Eukaryotic chromosomes are packaged into a complex nucleoprotein structure termed chromatin, from which the fundamental unit is the nucleosome. Nucleosomes are composed of octamers of histone proteins designated as H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 that wrap approximately 146 bp of DNA [1,2]. Chromatin is generally hig... | 16248679 | PMC1275524 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:28 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Dec 1; 3(12):e384 |
Introduction
Many animals communicate using sound. Often, brief sounds are produced to warn of danger or mediate aggressive encounters. Some species, however, produce long sequences of vocalizations often called “songs.” Most commonly, these long sequences are generated as a part of courtship. For example, many insects... | 16248680 | PMC1275525 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:46 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Dec 1; 3(12):e386 |
Bacteria are defined as unicellular organisms, but they don't typically function as single cells in nature. Social behavior among bacteria is well established, and makes a lot of sense when you consider that billions of bacteria—representing as many as 1,000,000 species—can be found in just one gram of fertile soil. Co... | 0 | PMC1275526 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:45 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Nov 1; 3(11):e398 |
When our ancestors switched from hunting and gathering to farming about 10,000 years ago, they unwittingly unleashed new selective pressures associated with different diets, increased population density, and novel infectious diseases. This period of rapid change, it is widely thought, also precipitated many genetic ada... | 0 | PMC1275527 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:28 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Nov 1; 3(11):e400 |
When Darwin proposed the interplay between variation and natural selection as the driving force of evolution, he had no idea what material produced that variation. Ninety-one years later, Hershey and Chase's famous blender experiment identified the source of variation as DNA. Today, biologists are still struggling to e... | 0 | PMC1275528 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Nov 1; 3(11):e407 |
Every cell in our body contains the instructions for life encoded in around two meters of DNA. In eukaryotic cells (cells with nuclei), all this DNA is squeezed into the cell's nucleus, a region about one-hundredth of a millimeter across. Cells accomplish this improbable task with the help of histones. These proteins c... | 0 | PMC1275529 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:28 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Dec 1; 3(12):e413 |
Readers of a certain age may remember Mighty Mouse singing, “Here I come to save the day!” as he raced in to save the innocent from evildoers. Fanciful as his cartoon antics may have seemed at the time (it first aired in the 1950s), the TV show's creators weren't so off the mark. There's still no evidence of superhero ... | 0 | PMC1275530 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:45 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Dec 1; 3(12):e420 |
Background
Günter Blobel discovered that "proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell" [1]. Proteins synthesised at the ribosome (cytoplasm or rough endoplasmic reticulum), mitochondria or chloroplast are transported to their site of function. This process is known as protei... | 16221310 | PMC1276010 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:27 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Oct 13; 6:249 |
Background
Several studies over the last decade have shown the importance of subclinical HSV-2 reactivation in the epidemiology of HSV-2 infection. Over 95% of persons who are HSV-2 seropositive will reactivate and shed HSV-2 from genital sites and 70% of sexual and maternal-fetal transmission occurs from such subclini... | 16225691 | PMC1276011 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:15 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Oct 14; 5:84 |
Introduction
Since antimicrobial chemotherapy was introduced in medical practice, there have been calls for its rational use. Appropriate antimicrobial treatment greatly improves the prognosis of infectious diseases. There has been a very significant reduction in morbidity and mortality associated with the use of antim... | 16202139 | PMC1276781 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:21 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2005 Oct 3; 4:16 |
Introduction
Much discussion of policy making and governing at the beginning of the 21st Century, indicates a significant shift in the model of governance across many sectors, away from an emphasis on competition between agencies (markets), to a model of inter-agency coordination and collaboration (networks). In Austra... | 16209718 | PMC1276782 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:28 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2005 Oct 7; 2:22 |
Background
The completion of several genome projects has, rather surprisingly, revealed that despite a remarkable heterogeneity in organism complexity and genome size, the variation in total gene number is much less pronounced, with a less than a 10-fold increase in gene number between prokaryotes (e.g. E. coli) and ve... | 16207377 | PMC1276783 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:27 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Oct 5; 6:244 |
Background
At present, the DNA microarray technology allows simultaneous monitoring of the expression levels of thousands of genes. The technique produces large and complex datasets that are relatively easy to generate but non-trivial to analyze and extract information from. So far, much of the data mining efforts have... | 16223442 | PMC1276784 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Oct 13; 6:250 |
Background
Predicting secreted proteins from primary sequence is a major component of automated protein annotation and is critical to a wide range of studies. Embryology, tumor maker detection, and agricultural animal performance are investigated using eukaryotic secreted proteins and their role in cell-to-cell communi... | 16225690 | PMC1276785 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Oct 14; 6:256 |
Background
Sequence alignment is a central problem in computational molecular biology. Every branch of molecular biology- from database search, phylogeny reconstruction to protein structure prediction- takes sequence alignments as its foundation. The functional and/or structural properties of a new sequence could be pr... | 16225696 | PMC1276786 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:27 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Oct 15; 6:257 |
Background
The field of graph theory concerns itself with the formal study of graphs – structures containing vertices and edges linking these vertices. Scientifically, graphs can be used to represent networks embodying many different relationships among data, including those emerging from genomics, proteomics, and chem... | 16236170 | PMC1276787 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Oct 19; 6:260 |
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