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Background
Wnt signaling pathways play important roles in both normal development and in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases, including cancer [1]. Activation of a Wnt signaling pathway requires interaction between a secreted glycoprotein, Wnt, and a seven-pass transmembrane receptor protein, Frizzled (Fz). Diffe... | 16246260 | PMC1276788 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:16 | no | BMC Biol. 2005 Oct 24; 3:23 |
Background
Ovarian cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in women today. It is the 4th most common cancer in women in Norway and accounts for 5 – 6% of all cancers [1,2]. Mean age at diagnosis for sporadic cases have been reported to 62.3 years [3], and in Norway to 65 years. Age-standardized inci... | 16229746 | PMC1276789 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:04 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Oct 17; 5:134 |
Background
More than one million cases of skin cancer are diagnosed in the U.S. annually, resulting in 9,600 deaths, 7,400 of which are from metastatic melanoma [1]. Absorption of ultraviolet (UV) light produces two predominant types of DNA damage, cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) [2] and pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone... | 16236176 | PMC1276790 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:04 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Oct 19; 5:135 |
Background
A huge amount of information has been obtained from sequencing projects. More than two hundred complete microbial genomes are available to date in public databases and sequencing of a similar number is in progress [1]. Many questions remain unsolved. For example, what is the biological meaning, if any, of ge... | 16229745 | PMC1276791 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Oct 17; 5:55 |
Background
Evaluation of outcome in general practice can be seen from different viewpoints.
Together, the patients' and the professionals' viewpoints make up the clinical perspective on outcome in medicine. Even when limited to those two, evaluation of general practice is a complex matter. Donabedian pointed out the d... | 16242048 | PMC1276792 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:13 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Oct 24; 6:43 |
Background
In recent years several techniques for protein quantitation by mass spectrometry have emerged. These include isotope-coded affinity tags (ICAT), metabolic labelling and stable isotope labelling of amino acids in culture (SILAC) [1-3]. These techniques enable peptides derived from two samples to be distinguis... | 16242023 | PMC1276793 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:46 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Oct 20; 6:145 |
Background
Scabies is a contagious skin irritation caused by the small translucent mite Sarcoptes scabiei(itch mite). Allergic responses to these mites and the waste products they produce lead to development of extensive areas of inflamed, reddened itchy skin [1]. The disease is transmitted from person to person by dir... | 16225694 | PMC1276794 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:16 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Oct 14; 5:85 |
Background
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a recently emerged infectious disease which led to a global epidemic between 2002 and 2003. A novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV) was identified as the causative agent [1]. The genomic sequence of the SARS-CoV was promptly characterized [2,3]. Thereafter, studies had ... | 16229749 | PMC1276795 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:15 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Oct 18; 5:87 |
Introduction
Diarrhoeal diseases remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality in all age groups in impoverished areas of South East Asia [1-5]. In Indonesia, diarrhoea is the third leading cause of overall morbidity and the leading cause of infant mortality [6,7]. Earlier studies extensively explored the causative o... | 16242013 | PMC1276796 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:16 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Oct 20; 5:89 |
Background
Pseudouridine (Ψ) is an abundant modified nucleoside found in RNA, at one time considered the fifth nucleoside of RNA [1]. This modification has been found in many types of RNA and is particularly abundant in small stable RNAs such as transfer RNA (tRNA) and small nuclear RNA (snRNA) [2,3]. Because of its st... | 16236171 | PMC1276797 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:25 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2005 Oct 19; 6:20 |
Background
Doctors commonly self-prescribe medication, and estimates of the prevalence of self-prescribing vary widely from 39% to 99% [1-6]. Self-prescribing may be a matter of concern for several reasons. First, there is a lack of objectivity and professional distance, which normally exist in a physician-patient rela... | 16242034 | PMC1276798 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:56 | no | BMC Med. 2005 Oct 21; 3:16 |
Background
Ferric iron (Fe3+), the stable iron form in an oxidative environment, has extremely low solubility in water under physiological conditions, and mammalian hosts thus do not have sufficient free Fe3+ to support bacterial growth [1]. The major sources of iron in vivo for bacteria are host heme-proteins and othe... | 16225685 | PMC1276799 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:40 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Oct 14; 5:62 |
Background
In children bronchiolitis obliterans occurs most commonly secondary to infection [1]. Rarely the fibroblastic obliteration involves the more central, cartilage-containing bronchi, leading to bronchitis obliterans, characterised by massive atelectasis and collapse of the affected lung. There are only five cas... | 16242028 | PMC1276800 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:06 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 Oct 21; 5:39 |
Background
Integrins constitute a large family of adhesion molecules with important roles in cell-extracellular matrix and cell-cell interactions which condition both the maintenance of tissue integrity and the promotion of cellular migration. They are heterodimeric membrane glycoproteins composed of non-covalently ass... | 16216120 | PMC1276801 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:46 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2005 Oct 10; 1:5 |
Introduction
Dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) is commonly used in clinical practice to investigate patients with a wide variety of cardiovascular diseases. DSE can be used for many purposes such as to seek myocardial ischemia, evaluate valvular diseases, measure myocardial viability and assess myocardial contra... | 16250913 | PMC1276802 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:32 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2005 Oct 26; 3:34 |
Background
Connective tissue growth factor (CCN2/CTGF) is a cysteine-rich protein with a molecular weight of 36–38 kDa [1-3] and belongs to the CCN family, which stands for CTGF, CEF10/Cyr61, and Nov [4]. This family now consists of 6 distinct members [1-3], including additional members that had been named WISP1/ELM1, ... | 16207372 | PMC1276803 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:15 | no | Cell Commun Signal. 2005 Oct 5; 3:11 |
Introduction
Psychosocial stressors may precipitate depression [1,2] and presumably also mania [3]. However, most persons exposed to stressful events do not develop psychiatric impairments [4]. This raises the question: why do some people experience an affective disorder in relation to a stressful life event and others... | 16212656 | PMC1276804 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:02 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2005 Oct 7; 1:20 |
Introduction
The final text of the Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement ('AUSFTA') was signed in Washington on 18 May 2004, by the Australian Trade Minister and the United States Trade Representative. On 17 November 2004, the parties exchanged notes accepting their respective implementing processes and the agre... | 16209703 | PMC1276805 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:02 | no | Global Health. 2005 Oct 6; 1:15 |
The authors note that the above article [1] contained some inaccurate information. First, we have received clarification that no pilot program for methadone maintenance is currently planned, though there is agreement that such an activity is needed in Afghanistan.
Second, the name of the outreach and NEP program in Ka... | 0 | PMC1276806 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:49 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2005 Oct 11; 2:20 |
Background
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most common of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. It is thought to affect about 30 persons per 100,000 people in the general population and perhaps as many as 175 per 100,000 people 75 years and older [1,2]. Breathlessness and irritating dry cough, often refrac... | 16212668 | PMC1276807 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:13 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Oct 7; 3:61 |
Background
This article describes the validation of an instrument to measure work group climate in public health organizations in developing countries. In light of decentralizing health care systems and the urgent need to scale up services to combat HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria, it is critical that providers of ... | 16223447 | PMC1276808 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:43 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2005 Oct 13; 3:10 |
Background
In most health care organizations, nurses are the largest work group and play a major role in the organization's success. Hence nurses' productivity affects an organization's success by influencing organizational total factor productivity (TFP) [1]. Health care organizations cannot succeed without productive... | 16212672 | PMC1276809 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:43 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2005 Oct 8; 3:9 |
Background
Cerebrovascular disease disproportionately affects certain areas of the United States, including many areas within New York State [1]. Western New York, specifically, has excessive rates of cerebrovascular disease whereas other areas of New York State are seemingly under-affected. In recent years, researcher... | 16242043 | PMC1276810 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:06 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2005 Oct 21; 4:25 |
Background
Osteoarthritis is a painful and debilitating joint condition that affects hundreds of millions worldwide [1]. Despite the prevalence of the disease, current therapeutic options are not optimal. Pharmaceutical approaches to disease management include the popular non-steroidal anti-inflammatory class (NSAIDs) ... | 16242032 | PMC1276811 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:23 | no | J Inflamm (Lond). 2005 Oct 21; 2:11 |
Background
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder associated with progressive functional decline, dementia and neuronal loss. Demographics make evident that the prevalence of AD will increase substantially over the coming decades. Patients initially exhibit an inability to assimilate new ... | 16232318 | PMC1276812 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:22 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2005 Oct 18; 2:23 |
Background
Infectious diseases influence or respond to levels of host genetic variation [1]. As a part of the co-evolutionary process, pathogens had also acquired factors for mitigation and longer survival in the host milieu [2]. Plasmodium parasite causes infection of human red blood corpuscles causing malaria. Of its... | 16216127 | PMC1276813 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:30 | no | Malar J. 2005 Oct 10; 4:50 |
Introduction
The world-wide incidence of malignant brain tumors may be increasing in both children and the elderly [1-4]. Regardless of these ominous findings, the standard therapies for malignant gliomas (surgical resection and radiation) are basically the same today as they have been for over five decades [5-7]. Whil... | 16242042 | PMC1276814 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:45 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005 Oct 21; 2:30 |
Background
Angiogenesis is a rare process in normal adult organs predominantly occurring during wound healing and tumor growth. However, under physiological conditions it plays an important role in the female reproductive tract with regard to follicular development, corpus luteum formation, and uterine endometrial prol... | 16248895 | PMC1276815 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:13 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Oct 25; 3:57 |
Background
Phytoestrogens are naturally occurring, plant derived, non-steroid molecules that are structurally similar to 17beta-estradiol [1]. Of all the phytoestrogens, soy-derived isoflavones are the most abundant in rodent and human diets and the most studied in both animal and clinical research. Dietary soy isoflav... | 16250912 | PMC1276816 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:12 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Oct 26; 3:58 |
Introduction
The lung represents the largest epithelial surface in the body and is a major portal of entry for pathogenic microorganisms. It employs a number of efficient defense mechanisms to eliminate airborne pathogens encountered in breathing, including the specific innate and adaptive immune responses, which repre... | 16219107 | PMC1276817 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Oct 12; 6(1):116 |
Background
The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) and European Community and Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) have revealed marked international variations in the prevalence of asthma, with populations living in economically-developed countries experiencing the highest prevalence rates [1... | 16242029 | PMC1276818 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Oct 21; 6(1):120 |
Background
The transmission of signals from the extracellular surface of the plasma membrane to the nucleus is a complex process that involves a large repertoire of trafficking-related and signal-transducing proteins. A highly dynamic and carefully orchestrated series of molecular events has evolved to ensure that sign... | 16236165 | PMC1276819 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:26 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Oct 19; 2:43 |
Introduction
IL-1β is a pleotropic 17.5 kD cytokine, secreted primarily by monocytes and macrophages, that mediates the pathophysiology of various acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. High levels of circulating IL-1 have been identified in experimental models of endotoxic shock and acute bacterial infection and i... | 16197553 | PMC1276820 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:27 | no | J Transl Med. 2005 Sep 30; 3:37 |
Background
According to a collected series of 2399 cases of mediastinal tumors reported in the literature [1], 496 cases (20.7%) were of neurogenic tumors, and most of them occurred in the posterior mediastinum. Neurogenic tumors can be divided into two groups depending on their origin: those that arise from the nerve ... | 16207383 | PMC1276821 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:04 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Oct 6; 3:65 |
Introduction
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a relatively rare neoplasm. The outlook of this disease has changed with time from a benign reactive process to a malignant neoplasm, based on the multiple case reports demonstrating recurrent and constant clonal genetic alterations [1-5]. There are three main hi... | 16212671 | PMC1276822 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:04 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Oct 8; 3:66 |
Introduction
Angiogenesis is essential for a solid tumour to grow beyond 1–3 mm in diameter [1]. It also is a significant predictive factor for prognosis in patients with solid tumours [2,3]. Amongst the numerous angiogenic factors, VEGF is the most powerful and most extensively studied. VEGF belongs to a protein famil... | 16223445 | PMC1276823 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:04 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Oct 13; 3:68 |
Introduction
Stents are commonly used to treat coronary and peripheral vascular stenoses, but restenosis after implantation remains a persistent problem. The mechanisms responsible for restenosis have yet to be clearly elucidated[1,7,14]. Many stent designs are currently used in the clinical setting, and each of these ... | 16250918 | PMC1276824 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:35 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Oct 26; 4:59 |
Background
The most frequent complaint for which patients seek treatment from primary care physicians in the United States is cough [1]. Type, frequency and diurnal changes of cough may be criteria for differential diagnosis, therapeutic efficacy, and a gauge for the progression of chronic disease. Historically, cough ... | 16270923 | PMC1277005 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:44 | no | Cough. 2005 Aug 4; 1:3 |
Background
The laryngeal cough reflex (LCR) protects the supraglottic larynx from significant aspiration of food or fluids during inspiration or pharyngeal spillage during swallowing [1]. The reflex cough test (RCT), using nebulized tartaric acid solution, provides an effective stimulus to the receptors in the supraglo... | 16270928 | PMC1277006 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:44 | no | Cough. 2005 Aug 4; 1:4 |
Background
Cough variant asthma is a well-known cause of chronic non-productive cough as well as gastroesophageal reflux-associated cough and post-nasal drip-induced cough [1].
Pathophysiological features of cough variant asthma [2] appear to be similar to typical asthma, with mildly increased bronchial responsiveness... | 16270932 | PMC1277007 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:44 | no | Cough. 2005 Aug 25; 1:5 |
Background
Chronic cough is a common and distressing symptom. Eosinophilic airway disorders such as eosinophilic bronchitis without asthma [1] and atopic cough [2] are important causes of the chronic cough. In these disorders, cough reflex sensitivity is heightened while patients are coughing and becomes normal on succ... | 16270933 | PMC1277008 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:44 | no | Cough. 2005 Sep 6; 1:6 |
Introduction
To health care professionals who work with them, children are clearly different to adults but this seems less obvious to some. "Children swallow just like adults", remarked an academic speech pathologist when commenting on dysphagia and cough. "Children are the same as adults. It's just the behaviour that ... | 16270937 | PMC1277009 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:44 | no | Cough. 2005 Sep 20; 1:7 |
Clinical Record
An 8-year-old girl from a remote Aboriginal community approximately 2500 km from Brisbane was transferred to our hospital for management of a bronchial lesion. She had received 7-days of intravenous amoxicillin prior to transfer. She had a 4-year history of daily wet and sometimes productive cough, whic... | 16270935 | PMC1277010 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:44 | no | Cough. 2005 Sep 21; 1:8 |
Introduction
Despite considerable advance in the understanding of cough, the effective management of patients with a chronic cough can be difficult. For the patient, a cough which persists can be associated with considerable distress and impaired quality of life [1]. For the physician, failure to obtain a treatment res... | 16270939 | PMC1277011 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:44 | no | Cough. 2005 Sep 23; 1:9 |
Background
Esthetic rehabilitation in dento-alveolar surgery was focused solely on reconstruction of position, shape and color of teeth for a long time. Significant improvement was achieved when reconstruction of form and volume of the peri- and paradental or periimplant soft tissue was added to the protocol. Esthetic ... | 16270929 | PMC1277012 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:14 | no | Head Face Med. 2005 Aug 24; 1:4 |
Background
In orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning, a cephalometric radiograph is an essential tool to relate patients with different malocclusions to their associated norms. Previous studies have established cephalometric norms for children in different countries who are descendants of special racial backgroun... | 16270926 | PMC1277013 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:13 | no | Head Face Med. 2005 Aug 24; 1:5 |
Findings
Although the bone's capability of dental implant osseointegration has clinically been utilised as early as in the Gallo-Roman population [1], the specific mechanisms for the emergence and maintenance of peri-implant bone under functional load have not been identified. Here we show that under immediate loading ... | 16270927 | PMC1277014 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:14 | no | Head Face Med. 2005 Sep 1; 1:6 |
Background
Skeletal and soft tissue injuries of the face constitute quite a significant portion of the workload of the oral and maxillofacial surgeons in Nigeria [1]. Being the most exposed part of the body, the face is particularly vulnerable to such injuries, 20–60% of all those involved in automobile accidents havin... | 16270942 | PMC1277015 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:14 | no | Head Face Med. 2005 Oct 4; 1:7 |
Background
Microsatellite analysis using fluorescently labelled primers and capillary fractionation is the pre-eminent method for the genetic analysis of eukaryotic organisms. The approach is routinely used for many applications including forensic analysis [1], linkage mapping and association genetics [2], population g... | 16270924 | PMC1277016 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:28 | no | Plant Methods. 2005 Aug 18; 1:3 |
Background
PCR and RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase-PCR) are the most widely used analytical methods in plant genetics and molecular biology, providing simple tools for studying the segregation of mutations and monitoring the transcription of wild type and mutant alleles of genes in different plant tissues. Like several o... | 16270938 | PMC1277017 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:28 | no | Plant Methods. 2005 Aug 23; 1:4 |
Introduction
Transformation of cereal crops is a powerful research tool for gene discovery and function to investigate genetically controlled traits and is fast becoming a key element in the process of varietal improvement. It provides key underpinning knowledge to inform and short-cut conventional breeding strategies.... | 16270934 | PMC1277018 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:29 | no | Plant Methods. 2005 Sep 5; 1:5 |
Introduction
Plant bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) resources are being generated for ever increasing numbers of species, providing scientists with long-range physical maps and associated sequence data for both model and crop plants. This provides opportunities for reverse genetics and functional studies at the le... | 16270944 | PMC1277019 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:28 | no | Plant Methods. 2005 Sep 29; 1:6 |
Background
The amount of DNA contained within a haploid nucleus of eukaryotic organisms is termed the C (constant) value [1]. For many eukaryotes, the nuclei of somatic cells contain a 2C DNA amount, and the growing cells participate in a simple mitotic cell cycle in which four temporally-linked phases, G1, S, G2 and M... | 16270943 | PMC1277020 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:28 | no | Plant Methods. 2005 Oct 4; 1:7 |
Introduction
People have been using traditional medicine including ethno-botany for several thousand years. Ancient Arabic medicine was influenced by the ancient medicinal practices of Mesopotamia, Greece, Rome, Persia and India. The Greco-Roman system of medicine was developed based primarily on the writings of Hippoc... | 16270930 | PMC1277084 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:12 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2005 Aug 2; 1:4 |
Introduction
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that as many as 80% of the world's more than six billion people rely primarily on animal and plant-based medicines [1]. Traditional human populations have a broad natural pharmacopoeia consisting of wild plant and animal species. Ingredients sourced from wild p... | 16270931 | PMC1277085 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:12 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2005 Aug 30; 1:5 |
Background
In recent years, the increase in the residential and agricultural areas, and the decrease in medical plants have triggered the interest in ethno-botanical studies throughout the world [1-4]. The interest in herbal medicine in Turkey has progressed parallel to the increased interest in other developed countri... | 16270936 | PMC1277086 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:12 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2005 Sep 6; 1:6 |
Background
Located in West Africa, Mali is a landlocked country with an area of approximately 1, 246,000 Km2 for an estimated population of 13 million inhabitants. Mali is one of the poorest countries in the world with a GPD of 725$ (2002) per capita [1]. The economy is essentially based on agriculture; the health sect... | 16270940 | PMC1277087 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:12 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2005 Sep 27; 1:7 |
Introduction
Christ's Thorn Jujube (Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf. [Rhamnaceae] is a tropical evergreen tree of Sudanese origin. It grows in Israel in all valleys and lowlands, and usually is confined to low elevations below a.s.l. 500 m [1].
The tree and its parts appear to have been in use in Pharaonic industry (... | 16270941 | PMC1277088 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:12 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2005 Sep 28; 1:8 |
Gene expression arrays (gene chips) have enabled researchers to simultaneously monitor the approximate level of mRNA expression for a large number of genes. These mRNA expression levels are one component of the machinery that controls the function and survival of cells; the other components constitute the other major b... | 15345368 | PMC1277115 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:10 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug 23; 112(12):1217-1224 |
Exposure during pregnancy to pharmaceuticals and environmental chemicals remains a worldwide problem. Assessing risk for human developmental toxicity is a major obstacle in drug development, as it relies on data from animal experiments, with associated concordance problems. A common understanding of basal mechanisms of... | 15345369 | PMC1277116 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:10 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug 3; 112(12):1225-1235 |
Microarray technology is a powerful tool allowing simultaneous investigation of gene expression changes of thousands of genes in response to various stimuli. Large-scale and even whole transcriptome analyses have successfully been applied in various fields including variation in budding yeast (Brem et al. 2002), develo... | 15345370 | PMC1277117 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:10 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug 1; 112(12):1236-1248 |
Quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSARs) have been extensively applied in a broad range of scientific areas, including chemistry, biology and toxicology (Hansch et al. 1995a ,1995b). QSAR is now an inexorably imbedded tool in drug development, from lead discovery to lead optimization (Hopfinger and Tokarsk... | 15345371 | PMC1277118 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:10 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug 16; 112(12):1249-1254 |
Arsenic is an important environmental toxicant and carcinogen [International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 1987; National Research Council (NRC) 1999]. Chronic exposure to arsenic via drinking water is a major health concern throughout the world (Gebel 2000; NRC 1999). The carcinogenic effects of environmental a... | 15345372 | PMC1277119 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:11 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug 18; 112(12):1255-1263 |
In 1999 the membership of the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI) formed a multisector consortium to address challenges associated with the integration of genomics data into risk assessment (Pennie et al. 2004). Following its formation, the HESI Committee on t... | 15345373 | PMC1277120 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:11 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(12):A662 |
Early identification of toxicologic side effects of a drug candidate is critical to an efficient drug discovery and development process. Toxicogenomics, the marriage of data-rich genomics approaches with traditional toxicologic end point evaluation combined with increasingly powerful in silico modeling approaches, prom... | 15345374 | PMC1277121 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:10 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(12):A663-A664 |
The two editorials in this issue of EHP address the application of toxicogenomics data in the risk assessment and regulatory processes. Also addressing these issues is the National Research Council/National Academy of Sciences Committee on Emerging Issues and Data on Environmental Contaminants. (http://dels.nas.edu/eme... | 0 | PMC1277122 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:10 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(12):A664 |
A fundamental principle guiding the publication of scientific results is that the data supporting any scholarly work must be made fully available to the research community in a form that allows the basic conclusions to be evaluated independently. In the context of molecular biology, this has typically meant that author... | 15345376 | PMC1277123 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:10 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(12):A666-A667 |
The completion of the Human Genome Project in April 2003 was a landmark accomplishment, but much remains to be learned before scientists fully understand the true functionality of the DNA sequences in our genetic matter. To that end, the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) has initiated a variety of resear... | 15345377 | PMC1277124 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:10 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(12):A670 |
In a step forward into the future of gene expression research, molecular biologists and neurobiologists have joined forces to map the genes that control brain structure and neural circuits. The project, called the Gene Expression Nervous System Atlas, or GEN-SAT, maps mouse genes that are also present in the human geno... | 15366185 | PMC1277125 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:10 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(12):A671 |
Systems biology relies on integrating genetic, proteomics, and metabolic data, and on understanding interdependent cellular and intercellular events that are constantly in flux. To accomplish this feat, researchers have relied on DNA and protein sequence databases and high-throughput expression analysis techniques such... | 15366186 | PMC1277126 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:11 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(12):A672 |
Normal cells that transform into cancer cells undergo various metabolic changes, including shifts in activities of enzymes that mediate macromolecule synthesis and growth-signaling pathways. Proteomics technology now provides an elegant way to identify the enzymes that are active in processes linked with tumor progress... | 15366187 | PMC1277127 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:10 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(12):A673 |
The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) of the National Library of Medicine was created as a means of developing new information technologies to help advance the field of molecular biology. Composed of a group of scientists from disciplines including mathematics, research medicine, and structural biolo... | 15366188 | PMC1277128 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:11 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(12):A674 |
Now that scientists have solved the code for the human genome and are moving forward to sequence the genomes of other organisms, a significant challenge lies in how to harness this vast amount of new information to benefit society. Recognizing that cross-communication and cooperation among different research labs is es... | 15345378 | PMC1277129 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:11 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(12):A676 |
Questions abound regarding the use by regulatory agencies of data from microarray experiments. How does a regulator deal with risk assessment data that scientists are often unable to interpret—data that some companies are anxious to submit and others to withhold? How does this same regulator evaluate information that i... | 15345379 | PMC1277130 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:10 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(12):A678-A685 |
A new application of an existing computer learning system can improve the use of gene expression profiles to classify toxicants to which an animal has been exposed, according to work published this month by Guido Steiner and colleagues at the pharmaceutical company F. Hoffmann–La Roche [EHP 112:1236–1248]. The authors ... | 0 | PMC1277131 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:10 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(12):A686 |
Toxicologists who use microarrays hope to uncover relationships that link gene expression data to signal transduction pathways, gene networks that are often used to describe the sequence of biochemical events controlling cellular function. The large quantities of data generated by microarray studies generally are exami... | 0 | PMC1277132 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:10 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(12):A687 |
NHLBI Clinical Proteomics Programs
This Request for Application (RFA) will establish Clinical Proteomics Programs to promote systematic, comprehensive, large-scale validation of existing and new candidate protein markers that are appropriate for routine use in the diagnosis and management of heart, lung, blood, and sle... | 0 | PMC1277133 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:10 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(12):A690-A695 |
Edited by Richard D. Smith and Timothy D. Veenstra
San Diego, CA:Academic Press, 2003. 413 pp. ISBN: 0-12-034265-0, $139.95 cloth
Proteins, like characters in a novel, can be described by their appearance, behavior, interactions, peculiarities in specific situations, and movement in time and space. Also like characte... | 0 | PMC1277134 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:10 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(12):A706a |
Bioethics in Complexity: Foundations and Evolutions
Sergio De Risio, Franco F Orsucci, eds.
London:Imperial College Press, 2004. 100 pp. ISBN: 1-86094-399-3, $34
Bioinformatics, Biocomputing and Perl: An Introduction to Bioinformatics Computing Skills and Practice
Michael Moorhouse, Paul Barry
Hoboken, NJ:John Wil... | 0 | PMC1277135 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:11 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Aug; 112(12):A706b |
Background
Short course antiretroviral regimens for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV are cost effective [1], easy to administer, and for these reasons, are being scaled up in many developing countries [2,3]. Despite the low cost for these short course regimens, implementation of programs for the pr... | 16255776 | PMC1277814 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:33 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2005 Oct 28; 2:10 |
Background
The global AIDS epidemic is primarily attributed to the sexual transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1 (HIV-1), a retrovirus that infects CD4+ T cells and macrophages and causes severe immunosuppression in most untreated infected individuals. In HIV-1-infected men, sexual transmission rates are h... | 16219101 | PMC1277815 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:33 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2005 Oct 11; 2:9 |
Introduction
Recently, we reported the development of a semi-automated method for measuring a human subject's ability to discriminate between two points on the skin [1]. In that study, a Two-Point Stimulator (TPS) was employed to deliver tactile stimuli simultaneously to two separate skin sites. Since distance between ... | 16216121 | PMC1277816 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:20 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2005 Oct 10; 1:18 |
Background
Painful shoulder is one of the most common complaints affecting the locomotor apparatus, and is frequently attended both at primary healthcare centres and by specialists. The annual incidence at primary healthcare centres is 1.2% [1,2]. This pathology, which becomes more common with age [3] and with the prac... | 16225693 | PMC1277817 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:46 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2005 Oct 14; 5:19 |
Background
In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae the protein phosphatase Cdc14 must be activated to turn off mitotic Cdk activity for cells to exit mitosis. There are two groups of proteins that regulate Cdc14 activity, the Cdc14 early anaphase release (FEAR) network and the mitotic exit network (MEN) (reviewed... | 16242037 | PMC1277818 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:24 | no | BMC Biochem. 2005 Oct 21; 6:22 |
Background
Prediction of protein three-dimensional structure from primary sequence is the central problem in structural bioinformatics. One approach is to use known structur∈homolog proteins as templates to determine the tertiary structures of novel proteins of unknown structure. Approaches include comparative modellin... | 16221309 | PMC1277819 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Oct 13; 6:248 |
Background
About 450 million years ago, green algae belonging to the class Charophyceae emerged from their aquatic habitat to colonize the land [1-3]. This important event in the history of life gave rise to all the land plant species that make up the flora of our planet. The few thousand species of charophycean green ... | 16236178 | PMC1277820 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:56 | no | BMC Biol. 2005 Oct 20; 3:22 |
Background
In many clinical situations, age is an important determinant of treatment decision in breast cancer. For example, after mastectomy, patients with T2 tumors and one to three positive nodes are at high risk of isolated loco-regional recurrences. Authors have advocated the routine use of postmastectomy radiothe... | 16212670 | PMC1277821 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:05 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Oct 8; 5:130 |
Background
Mortality from cancer is an indicator of the effectiveness of cancer control efforts in a given population, and, thus, is an important measure from the public health point of view. Declining cancer mortality rates may indicate that cancer prevention activities have been successfully designed and implemented,... | 16242021 | PMC1277822 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:04 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Oct 20; 5:136 |
Background
We are studying the role of the highly conserved Nuclear Factor I (NFI) family of site-specific DNA-binding proteins in metazoan development. NFI was first identified as a protein from human HeLa cells required for efficient adenovirus (Ad) DNA synthesis in vitro [1]. A binding site for NFI proteins in the A... | 16242019 | PMC1277823 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:32 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2005 Oct 20; 5:24 |
Background
Genomics projects have been initiated in several pine and spruce species to identify genes involved in traits of economic interest and of ecological significance in conifers. It is unlikely, however, that conifer genomes will be completely sequenced in the near future because of their shear size [1]. For exa... | 16236172 | PMC1277824 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:49 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Oct 19; 6:144 |
Background
The antigen-binding variable regions of antibody molecules draw combinatorially from a set of somatically encoded V, D, and J gene segments [1]. Mathematically, this strategy allows for ~6,000 possible heavy chain (subscript H) and ~300 possible light chain (subscript L) V(D)J combinations, for a total of ~1... | 16255770 | PMC1277825 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:49 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Oct 28; 6:148 |
Background
Complicated intra-abdominal infections are characterized as local or systemic infections secondary to a physical perforation in the gastrointestinal tract or via a necrotic gut wall into the peritoneal space, leading to abscess formation or peritonitis [1]. These infections require a combination of appropria... | 16236177 | PMC1277826 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:16 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Oct 19; 5:88 |
Background
Between 1991 and 2001 [1], the UK the population aged over 85 rose by 29.6%. Further since the 1950's the number of people aged over 100 has doubled every decade [2]. A shrinking wage earning group and the growing number of dependent older people is creating a society in which taxable income will fall, whils... | 16212673 | PMC1277827 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:52 | no | BMC Palliat Care. 2005 Oct 8; 4:6 |
Background
Cyclosporine (CsA) (formerly called cyclosporine A), a hydrophobic cyclic undecapeptide produced by the fungus Tolypocladium inflatum, can be considered the prototype of immunosuppressant that has revolutionized the management of allotransplantation. This drug specifically and reversibly inhibits immunocompe... | 16225695 | PMC1277828 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:00 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2005 Oct 15; 5:15 |
Background
Although most patients survive the initial insult of a hyper-inflammatory sepsis syndrome, they remain at an increased risk of secondary or opportunistic infections. Basic course is the compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome (CARS) which derives from sustained or chronic stages of sepsis [1,2]. Dur... | 16242024 | PMC1277829 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:04 | no | BMC Surg. 2005 Oct 20; 5:22 |
Background
One of the major problems related with anticancer chemotherapy is resistance against anticancer drugs. Some cancers such as non-small cancer, lung cancer, and rectal cancer show what is called primary resistance or natural resistance in which they do not respond to standard chemotherapy drugs from the beginn... | 16202168 | PMC1277830 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:10 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2005 Oct 4; 5:30 |
Introduction
Generalized vascular dysfunction including microvascular (nephropathy) and macrovascular (accelerated atherosclerosis) is a characteristic of diabetic complications [1-3]. Hyperglycemia by several mechanisms may contribute to increased atherosclerosis. Glucose can increase intracellular oxidative stress an... | 16207378 | PMC1277831 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:10 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2005 Oct 5; 4:16 |
Background
Low back pain (LBP) is the most prevalent musculo-skeletal condition in rural and remote communities [1-3]. Indigenous people in these communities are over-represented in low-skilled, manual jobs and the community-service sector [4]. As such they are more likely to be exposed to greater manual handling of lo... | 16197555 | PMC1277832 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:23 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2005 Sep 30; 13:21 |
Introduction
Chronic cough, conventionally defined as a cough persisting for more than 8 weeks, is a common respiratory problem and, at times, presents as a difficult management issue. Asthma, rhino-sinusitis and gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) have been identified as the most common diagnoses associated with chronic c... | 16270907 | PMC1277833 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:44 | no | Cough. 2005 Oct 19; 1:10 |
Background
The neurobehavioral effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been extensively studied in neonates and children [39,62,77]. However, no conclusive evidence is available on chronic nervous system effects in adult humans. The present neuropsychological group study explored the potential cognitive and af... | 16236166 | PMC1277834 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:32 | no | Environ Health. 2005 Oct 19; 4:22 |
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