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Background
Small businesses are an important sector of the United States economy. Nearly 98% of the 5.7 million U.S. businesses have fewer than 100 employees and account for 36% of all employment [1]. Ninety-three percent of the approximately 305,000 U.S. manufacturing firms have fewer than 100 employees [2].
Employee... | 16242041 | PMC1277835 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:32 | no | Environ Health. 2005 Oct 21; 4:23 |
Background
Gene targeting, which is the precise alteration of genomic information by homologous recombination, has provided a powerful means of genetic analysis in microorganisms and mammalian systems [1]. In mouse systems, embryonic stem-cell lines modified in vitro can be used to generate mice that are altered at the... | 16219108 | PMC1277836 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:08 | no | Genet Vaccines Ther. 2005 Oct 12; 3:8 |
Tobacco has dramatic negative consequences for those who smoke it. In addition to its high addiction potential [1], tobacco is causally associated with over 400,000 deaths yearly in the United States, and has a significant negative effect on health in general [2]. More specifically, over 140,000 lung-related deaths in ... | 16232311 | PMC1277837 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:49 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2005 Oct 18; 2:21 |
Background
In recent years medical researchers have shown increasing interest in the physical, psychological, and social health of individuals suffering from disease and treatment-related toxicity [1-3]. These broad characteristics are generally grouped under the inclusive heading quality of life (QoL), and offer a con... | 16209720 | PMC1277838 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:13 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Oct 7; 3:60 |
Background
The concept of Quality of life (QoL) is frequently used in reports of studies in patients with growth hormone deficiency (GHD). It is already 4 decades ago that the first report was published on QoL in relation to growth hormone deficiency. In this particular study the effect of GH substitution on QoL in a G... | 16236167 | PMC1277839 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:15 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Oct 19; 3:63 |
Background
Obesity is associated with a range of disorders including coronary heart disease, diabetes, kidney failure, osteoarthritis, cancer, back pain, and psychological damage [1]. Rates of overweight and obesity are high, and rising, in developed countries, and considerable concern has been expressed in a number of... | 16248898 | PMC1277840 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:04 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2005 Oct 25; 2:16 |
Background
Many epidemiological studies examining the relationships between adverse health outcomes and exposure to air pollutants use ambient air pollution measurements as a proxy for personal exposure levels [1]. Because the number of fixed outdoor monitoring sites within a city usually is limited, ambient pollution ... | 16262893 | PMC1277841 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:06 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2005 Oct 31; 4:26 |
Background
Defunctioning loop colostomy is commonly used in the management of rectal cancer, severe anorectal trauma and perianal sepsis [1]. Traditionally, supporting rods have been used with loop stomas to prevent retraction until maturation occurs. However, these are associated with infection and difficulty applying... | 16242026 | PMC1277842 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:37 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2005 Oct 20; 2:22 |
Introduction
Unilateral spatial neglect (USN) is a common syndrome in which a patient fails to report or respond to stimulation from the side of space opposite a brain lesion, where these symptoms are not due to primary sensory or motor deficits [1]. Patients with severe neglect often collide with objects, ignore food ... | 16207373 | PMC1277843 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:39 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2005 Oct 5; 2:31 |
Background
Elevated levels of plasma lipoprotein (a) Lp(a) are a significant cardiovascular risk factor in man [1]. We have earlier reported development of arteriosclerosis in aorta of mice transgenic for cDNA representing the human gene for Lp(a), hLPA, on a standard diet [2,3], while the non-transgenic mice only spor... | 16202171 | PMC1277844 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:19 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2005 Oct 4; 4:23 |
Background
Postprandial lipemia describes the blood triacylglycerol (TAG) content after meal intake, and is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease [1-4]. The latter is the leading cause of death in industrialized countries and is rapidly becoming a primary cause of death worldwide [5]... | 16209707 | PMC1277845 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:19 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2005 Oct 6; 4:24 |
Introduction
Malaria is still the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa especially in young children and pregnant women [1]. Considering the limited health budgets and the rising cost of medical services, the increasing trends of drug resistance raise critical public health concerns, as this co... | 16242017 | PMC1277846 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:30 | no | Malar J. 2005 Oct 20; 4:51 |
Introduction
Owing to their ease of administration and low burden on the subject, the assessment of dietary intake in epidemiological studies is often assessed by means of food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) [1]. The chief limitation of FFQs, however, is that serious errors can occur if foods governing inter-individua... | 16202175 | PMC1277847 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:31 | no | Nutr J. 2005 Oct 5; 4:26 |
Introduction
Family planning is an important issue for many developing countries worldwide, including South Asia. In Pakistan, despite a governmental programme supporting family planning and despite the improvements over the last few decades, total fertility rate remains high (4.8 in 2000) and current contraception use... | 16242030 | PMC1277848 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:16 | no | Reprod Health. 2005 Oct 21; 2:8 |
Background
The integrase (IN) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is encoded by the pol gene and catalyzes integration of viral cDNA into host chromosome, an essential step in HIV-1 replication. In addition to mediating the integration process, HIV-1 IN also participates in different steps during viral life ... | 16232319 | PMC1277849 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:39 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Oct 18; 2:62 |
Background
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are caused by complex interactions between environmental and genetic factors. A putative genetic risk factor for asthma and COPD is the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene [1-3]. This gene encodes a cAMP-regulated channel wit... | 16212675 | PMC1277850 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Oct 9; 6(1):113 |
Background
Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNEC) are specialized airway epithelial cells that occur as solitary cells or as clusters called neuroepithelial bodies (NEB) [1]. They are located in the nasal respiratory epithelium, laryngeal mucosa [2] and throughout the entire respiratory tract from the trachea to the ter... | 16216130 | PMC1277851 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:25 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Oct 10; 6(1):115 |
Background
Breast Cancer is the most frequent cancer in women worldwide with 1.05 million new cases every year and represents over 20% of all malignancies among females [1]. Over 50% of breast cancer incidence occurs in the developed world. High-risk areas include Europe and North America. The lowest rates are reported... | 16236180 | PMC1277852 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:04 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Oct 13; 3:67 |
Of the approximately 30,000 genes in the entire human genome, > 1,500 genetic variants have been discovered in which a single allele (either as a homozygote or heterozygote) is sufficient for a single gene or Mendelian disorder such as Huntington’s disease to develop (National Center for Biotechnology Information 2004)... | 15687047 | PMC1277853 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb 4; 113(2):119-122 |
Pyrethroid insecticides have been used in agricultural and home formulations for more than 30 years and account for approximately one-fourth of the worldwide insecticide market (Casida and Quistad 1998). Currently, 16 pyrethroids are registered for use in the United States in a large variety of agricultural or consumer... | 15687048 | PMC1277854 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:55 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb 14; 113(2):123-136 |
The development and persistence of multidrug-resistant bacteria pose increasing challenges to public health (Institute of Medicine 1998). Although the use of antibiotics in human medicine has influenced the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, the use of antibiotics in animal agriculture has markedly contributed... | 15687049 | PMC1277855 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:55 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb 22; 113(2):137-142 |
Mental stress is an underestimated and growing component of disease burden in many parts of the world (Saxena et al. 2003). The roles of both natural and constructed environments in relieving mental stress have long been suspected but are poorly understood. Tuan (1999) originally defined topophilia as the affective bon... | 15687050 | PMC1277856 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:55 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb 22; 113(2):143-148 |
Flame retardants have been shown to possess a wide spectrum of toxicity in laboratory animals, and they are present in every level of the food chain. However, this class of substances is important in modern society because of their ability to save lives by limiting the consequences of fires. One class of these chemical... | 15687051 | PMC1277857 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb 4; 113(2):149-154 |
In 2001, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) adopted a revised reference dose (RfD) for methyl mercury (MeHg) of 0.1 μg/kg/day (U.S. EPA 2001a, 2001b; Rice et al. 2003), relying heavily on the assessment conducted by the National Research Council (NRC 2000). The RfD is based on neurologic developmental effec... | 15687052 | PMC1277858 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb 4; 113(2):155-163 |
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a consequence of atherosclerotic occlusion of blood flow in the muscular arteries of the lower extremities. Because traditional risk factors for atherosclerosis, such as age, smoking, hypertension, and diabetes, do not completely explain the distribution of PAD in the population, th... | 15687053 | PMC1277859 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb 22; 113(2):164-169 |
Respirable particulates containing transition metals such as iron, vanadium, nickel, and copper are known to catalyze the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROSs) such as the highly damaging hydroxyl radical (Smith et al. 2000). Sequelae from ROS production can include lipid peroxidation of cell membranes, oxidativ... | 15687054 | PMC1277860 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb 22; 113(2):170-174 |
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), widely used in the past in cutting oils and lubricants and as an electric insulator, were restricted or totally banned in the 1970s in most developed countries, together with the insecticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). However, because of their high persistence to both bioti... | 15687046 | PMC1277861 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb 22; 113(2):175-179 |
Biological remediation technologies offer the advantage of partial or complete destruction of contaminants within a site. The ultimate goal of remediation is conversion of toxic organic contaminants to simple, less-toxic constituents, although for some chemicals, incomplete conversion occurs and stable intermediates ar... | 15687055 | PMC1277862 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb 9; 113(2):180-185 |
Participants of the “Roundtable Discussion on Biological Activity of Remediation Products” held at the Asilomar Conference on Bioremediation and Biodegradation, 9–12 June 2002, presented a framework for discussion that highlights the limitations of monitoring techniques for site remediation (Figure 1) (Ford et al. 2002... | 15687056 | PMC1277863 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:55 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb 8; 113(2):186-191 |
Biologic monitoring (i.e., biomonitoring) is used to assess human exposures to environmental and workplace chemicals. The most commonly used matrices for biomonitoring are blood (and its components, e.g., serum and plasma) and urine. The average blood volume of an individual changes an average of 80 mL/kg body weight (... | 15687057 | PMC1277864 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:55 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb 23; 113(2):192-200 |
A large body of epidemiologic evidence suggests associations between ambient air pollution and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity (Peters and Pope 2002; Pope et al. 2004). All of these studies focus on events occurring at a late stage of vascular disease processes. The impact of air pollution on the underlying prec... | 15687058 | PMC1277865 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:55 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb 22; 113(2):201-206 |
A 53 year-old nonsmoking Chinese man with a long-standing diagnosis of asthma presented with a 1-week history of worsening shortness of breath, productive cough, and pleuritic chest pain. Chest X ray confirmed right-middle lobe consolidation suggestive of pneumonia. His symptoms resolved with a 5-day course of antibiot... | 15687059 | PMC1277866 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:55 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb 20; 113(2):207-210 |
Eighty percent of U.S. households use pesticides more than once a year in and around their homes (Davis et al. 1992; Whitmore et al. 1994). Many of the pesticides applied indoors are semivolatile, with vapor pressures ranging from 10−2 to 10−8 mm Hg (Dalaker and Naifeh 1997). Once applied indoors, semivolatile pesticid... | 15687060 | PMC1277867 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb 23; 113(2):211-219 |
Hypospadias (an abnormal opening of the urethra) and cryptorchidism (a failure of one or both testicles to descend) are two relatively common male genital congenital anomalies, occurring in 35 of 10,000 and 40 of 10,000 births, respectively (Paulozzi 1999). Recent evidence has suggested that hypospadias and cryptorchid... | 15687061 | PMC1277868 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:55 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb 4; 113(2):220-224 |
Chlorination has been the main means for disinfecting municipal drinking water in many countries, including the United Kingdom, for many decades. The added chlorine reacts with naturally occurring organic matter to form a wide range of unwanted halogenated organic compounds, often referred to as disinfection by-product... | 15687062 | PMC1277869 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb 21; 113(2):225-232 |
Exposure to ambient particulate air pollution is associated with increases in morbidity and mortality from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases (Godleski et al. 2000). The welding process generates high levels of metal fume containing respirable particles. Epidemiologic studies have shown that acute exposure to weld... | 15687063 | PMC1277870 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb 22; 113(2):233-241 |
The Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) is a welcomed cooperative in an era when we are becoming “data rich but knowledge poor.” With the proliferation of satellite platforms, each monitoring different characteristics of the earth’s surface and atmosphere at varying resolutions, the task of using a combi... | 15687039 | PMC1277871 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:55 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb; 113(2):A84-A85 |
EHP is continually evolving to meet the needs of our readership. Our intention in publishing a separate section in toxicogenomics for the past 2 years has been to feature research in this emerging field and to use our news articles as an educational tool to explain basic toxicogenomics principles to our general readers... | 0 | PMC1277872 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:55 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb; 113(2):A85 |
Knowlton et al. (2004) argued that increasing temperatures associated with climate change will increase urban ozone and related health risks. They have disregarded important factors in reaching this conclusion.
During the last 20 years, nationwide exceedances of the federal 1-hr ozone standard declined 90%, and the Ju... | 15687041 | PMC1277873 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb; 113(2):A86-A87 |
Siemiatycki et al. have detected some errors in their review of occupational carcinogens published in the November 2004 issue of EHP [
Environ Health Perspect 112:1447–1459 (2004)]. Specifically, they inadvertently included in their list of Group 2B (possible) carcinogens some substances that had been downgraded to Gro... | 0 | PMC1277874 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb; 113(2):A89 |
The 26 December 2004 tsunami that devastated coastal areas in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar, India, the Maldives, Sri Lanka, and Somalia was produced by a magnitude 9.0 earthquake 155 kilometers southwest of northern Sumatra. The tsunami inundated coasts with waves more than 30 feet high every 30–40 minutes fo... | 15687043 | PMC1277875 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb; 113(2):A90 |
In 1991, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) embarked upon the extensive and comprehensive Earth Science Enterprise, a program to help us better understand what is happening on the Earth’s surface. The centerpiece of the Earth Science Enterprise is known as The Earth Observing System (EOS). The EOS... | 0 | PMC1277876 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb; 113(2):A93 |
While many of her classmates were waiting tables at restaurants during the summer of 2004, Alicia Smith was in an NIEHS lab investigating how exposure to sodium arsenite regulates the procarcinogenic and proinflammatory enzyme cyclooxygenase 2. Smith, then a rising senior at Orange High School in Hillsborough, North Ca... | 15687044 | PMC1277877 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb; 113(2):A94-A96 |
Residents of Northern Manhattan face exposure to a multitude of environmental hazards, ranging from those within the home (such as lead-based paint, pesticides, pest allergens, and mold) to a myriad of neighborhood exposures (including two sewage treatment plants and six out of seven of Manhattan’s diesel bus depots). ... | 0 | PMC1277878 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb; 113(2):A96-A97 |
Kwan ML, Buffler PA, Abrams B, Kiley VA. 2004. Breastfeeding and the risk of childhood leukemia: a meta-analysis. Public Health Rep 119:521–535.
Leukemia is the leading cause of cancer deaths in children under age 15 in the United States. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) accounted for 78% of all U.S. childhood leuke... | 0 | PMC1277879 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb; 113(2):A97 |
Who would believe that a butterfly, by flapping its wings in Peru, could set off a chain of events leading to a monsoon thousands of miles away? This familiar notion from chaos theory may seem absurd even as it raises a worthy point: Everything around us is intimately connected. And by studying how broad forces in natu... | 15687045 | PMC1277880 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:55 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb; 113(2):A98-A104 |
The nation’s coasts and oceans are undervalued as an economic force, their ecological value is often misunderstood, and as a resource they are often poorly managed. Around the nation, coastal communities are growing at an explosive pace, but the federal government has struggled to respond, shackled by a fractured syste... | 15687036 | PMC1277881 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb; 113(2):A106-A109 |
Mental stress is increasingly recognized as an environmental contributor to disease burden in many parts of the world. One way people try to reduce mental stress is through features of the built environment. Architects often give us “nature” in the form of water or trees to create restorative settings, while others fav... | 0 | PMC1277882 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:55 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb; 113(2):A117 |
The NIEHS and the National Science Foundation (NSF) have collaboratively launched four new Centers for Oceans and Human Health and in doing so have established a new paradigm for linking the health and rich resources of the Earth’s oceans with the health outcomes of the Earth’s population.
This program offers tremendo... | 0 | PMC1277883 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb; 113(2):A119 |
Fellowships: Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research
The purpose of this program announcement (PA) is to increase the number of biomedical scientists who are pursuing research involving human embryonic stem cells (HESCs). The recent availability of HESCs for federally funded research affords a unique opportunity for investi... | 0 | PMC1277884 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:55 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb; 113(2):A120-A121 |
We appreciate the interest taken by Schwartz et al. in our recent article (Knowlton et al. 2004) and welcome the opportunity to respond to their comments. Although they raised several important issues regarding ozone trends, we do not believe these issues are as relevant to our article as they suggest. Further, we wish... | 0 | PMC1277885 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb; 113(2):A87a |
We are disturbed at the recent revelation that, before its publication, an EHP Science Selection article on the toxic rocket fuel additive perchlorate (Renner 2002) was substantially revised by a paid consultant to the perchlorate industry to downplay adverse health effects (Danelski 2004). EHP contracted freelance jou... | 15687042 | PMC1277886 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb; 113(2):A87b-A88 |
In November 2004, the Arctic Council, a coordinating body of the eight Arctic nations (Canada, Denmark, Iceland, Sweden, Nor-way, Finland, Russia, and the United States) released its Arctic Climate Impact Assessment: Impacts of a Warming Arctic (ACIA). Emerging from the work of hundreds of scientists and incorporating ... | 15732177 | PMC1277887 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb; 113(2):A91a |
NASA for Nature
In November 2004 the World Conservation Union (IUCN) and NASA announced the formation of a partnership to use NASA’s data, images, and remote sensing capabilities to help the IUCN in its efforts to conserve biodiversity around the world. NASA data will be used in support of several IUCN programs, includ... | 0 | PMC1277888 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:55 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb; 113(2):A91b-A93 |
The human body cools itself by increasing blood flow to surface areas and by sweating. When these cooling responses fail, the result may be heat-related injuries such as heat stroke or even death. Although the consequences of impaired heat loss are known, the complex networks that increase skin blood flow during heat s... | 0 | PMC1277889 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:55 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb; 113(2):A92a |
The ancient Greeks were the first to describe infant colic, a condition of inconsolable crying that may afflict as many as 28% of U.S. infants, yet the root causes of this malady remain a mystery. Among the theoretical risks are milk and soy allergies, infant temperament, and problems with the infant–caregiv-er interac... | 0 | PMC1277890 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb; 113(2):A92b |
Fine particles damage more than just the lungs—the effects reach all the way to the inner lining of the arteries, report researchers from the University of Southern California’s Keck School of Medicine, led by Nino Künzli [EHP 113:201–206]. Their paper provides the first epidemiologic evidence linking atherosclerosis w... | 0 | PMC1277891 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb; 113(2):A116a |
Antibiotics are used in concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) to treat and prevent livestock disease and to bolster animal growth and the nourishment efficiency of feed. These nontherapeutic uses involve long-term, low-level dosing that creates an appropriate environment for bacteria to develop antibiotic resi... | 0 | PMC1277892 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb; 113(2):A116b-A117 |
Edited by Jean-Charles Sanchez, Garry L. Corthals, and Denis F. Hochstrasser
Weinheim:Wiley-VCH, 2004. 435 pp. ISBN: 3-527-30807-5, $186 cloth
This book is aimed clearly at those wishing to understand what current proteomics technology can do for biomedical research. It is a compendium of biomedical problems analyzed... | 0 | PMC1277893 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb; 113(2):A132a |
A Guide to Methods in the Biomedical Sciences
Ronald B. Corley
New York:Springer-Verlag, 2005. 166 pp. ISBN: 0-387-22844-6, $69.95
A Land on Fire: The Environmental Consequences of the Southeast Asian Boom
James David Fahn
New York:Basic Books, 2004. 366 pp. ISBN: 0813340535, $27.50
An Introduction to Bioinformat... | 0 | PMC1277894 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb; 113(2):A132b |
Introduction
Endocytosis is conserved in eukaryotes, but the molecular machinery deployed by cells to internalize plasma membrane varies according to task, which can range from nutrient absorption to cell signaling [1]. The best understood mechanism of endocytosis involves clathrin-induced membrane deformation to form ... | 16276403 | PMC1277907 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:25 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Nov 4; 1(5):e52 |
Introduction
Trypanosoma brucei is a digenetic parasite that relies on tsetse flies for its transmission between mammals. The parasite causes the disease Nagana in domestic animals in sub-Saharan Africa and two subspecies, T. b. rhodesiense and T. b. gambiense, also cause human sleeping sickness. The fly (Glossina spp... | 16276404 | PMC1277927 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:27 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2005 Nov 4; 1(3):e22 |
Introduction
While a growing number of genes have been described that are associated with protection from infection and severe disease due to Plasmodium falciparum malaria, the contribution of each gene, or of all the genes combined, relative to the many environmental factors that also influence malarial risk, has rare... | 16259530 | PMC1277928 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:26 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Dec 8; 2(12):e340 |
Introduction
The development of a malaria vaccine holds considerable promise, but has been limited by major conceptual and practical difficulties [1]. In view of the imprecise relevance of animal models [2], we have chosen a path where all critical observations leading to go/no-go decisions in the development process w... | 16262450 | PMC1277929 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:37 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Nov 8; 2(11):e344 |
Malaria remains one of the world's most pressing health problems. For many populations in tropical countries, the disease is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity, and more broadly constitutes a major impediment to development on a number of fronts [1]. The few tools presently available for control of malaria are ... | 16266219 | PMC1277930 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:17 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Nov 8; 2(11):e380 |
In the United States, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants are advertised directly to consumers [1]. These highly successful direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) campaigns have largely revolved around the claim that SSRIs correct a chemical imbalance caused by a lack of serotonin (see Tables 1... | 16268734 | PMC1277931 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:23 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Dec 8; 2(12):e392 |
Introduction
The hallmark of pregnancy malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum is the accumulation of infected erythrocytes (IEs) in the placenta [1]. Placental IEs are a distinct parasite form that binds to chondroitin sulfate A (CSA) on syncytiotrophoblast and in intervillous spaces [2]. Placental IEs do not adhere to C... | 16259531 | PMC1277932 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:23 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Dec 8; 2(12):e407 |
Many adults living in malaria-endemic areas have acquired clinical immunity against the disease: even though they are constantly reinfected and frequently carry parasites, they are able to control the level of parasitemia and don't develop clinical symptoms. The passive transfer of serum IgG from such individuals can c... | 0 | PMC1277933 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:39:26 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Nov 8; 2(11):e408 |
Malaria parasites invade human red blood cells, and it had already been recognized in the 1940s that diseases of red blood cells such as thalassemia and sickle-cell anemia, which are the most common group of genetic disorders in humans, are mainly found in populations exposed to malaria and their descendants. It seems ... | 0 | PMC1277934 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:39:28 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Dec 8; 2(12):e411 |
Every year at least 30 million women in malarious areas of Africa become pregnant. The symptoms and complications of malaria during pregnancy differ with the intensity of malaria transmission and with the level of immunity acquired by the pregnant woman. In areas where malaria is endemic, most adult women have develope... | 0 | PMC1277935 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:39:31 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Dec 8; 2(12):e413 |
After the establishment of written language, the most revolutionary development in human communication was the invention of the printing press in the 15th century (1). Before then, books were handwritten, rare, and expensive. Medieval monasteries supported the transcription of new manuscripts from existing ones, and er... | 15670433 | PMC1277942 | CC BY | 2022-01-26 23:18:40 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Sep 15; 1(4):A01 |
Definition of Digital Government
Digital government — also called e-government or virtual government — refers to governance affected by Internet use and other information technologies (IT). Digital government is typically defined as the production and delivery of information and services inside government and between ... | 0 | PMC1277943 | CC BY | 2022-01-25 23:18:23 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Sep 15; 1(4):A02 |
Essay
For more than a hundred years, the United States has operated a decentralized vital statistics system as an essential component of public health. Statistics based on births and deaths registered in the United States are a primary source of data used to track the health status of the U.S. population, to plan, imp... | 15670434 | PMC1277944 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:24:34 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Sep 15; 1(4):A03 |
Introduction
Diets high in fat and low in fruits and vegetables have been associated with numerous health outcomes, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and obesity (1). Unfortunately, despite nutrition education and health campaigns, more than 80% of Americans do not meet dietary recommendations for th... | 15670437 | PMC1277946 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:20:46 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Sep 15; 1(4):A06 |
Introduction
Health literacy has been defined as "the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions" (1). Improving health literacy has been added as a Healthy People 2010 objective (2), and two recent ... | 15670438 | PMC1277947 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:20:40 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Sep 15; 1(4):A07 |
pmcIntroduction
Tobacco control activities in the United States predominately occur in highly complex, comprehensive state tobacco control programs. These programs are usually considered comprehensive based on the scope of activities implemented to reduce tobacco use. For example, as outlined in the Centers for Diseas... | 15670440 | PMC1277948 | CC BY | 2024-06-07 01:07:46 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Sep 15; 1(4):A08 |
Introduction
Because of the known health benefits of physical activity, increasing physical activity is a goal of Healthy People 2010 (1). The health benefits of physical activity for older adults are well documented (2,3). Moderate levels of physical activity have been shown to reduce the risk of dying from heart dis... | 15670441 | PMC1277949 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:35:49 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Sep 15; 1(4):A09 |
Introduction
More than 15 million people have diabetes in the United States, and it is now the sixth leading cause of death (1,2). The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study and Kumamoto Study confirm that improved glucose control reduces the microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes such as retinopathy, nephr... | 15670442 | PMC1277950 | CC BY | 2022-01-26 23:18:06 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Sep 15; 1(4):A10 |
Introduction
Although the health benefits of physical activity are now well established (1), 55% of Americans do not meet the minimal physical activity recommendations for health (2). Environmental and policy approaches to promoting physical activity have been recommended to change the physical and social environments... | 15670443 | PMC1277951 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:22:33 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Sep 15; 1(4):A11 |
Introduction
Rheumatic conditions such as arthritis and chronic joint pain are the leading cause of limitation in daily activities and disability among adults in the United States (1). In 2001, self-reported data obtained by the U.S. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System indicated that a third of American adults ... | 15670444 | PMC1277952 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:22:56 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Sep 15; 1(4):A12 |
Introduction
Chronic conditions are among the leading causes of death and disability in the United States (1) and are responsible for a disproportionately large share of health care use and cost (2). New technologies frequently target people with chronic conditions with the hope of increasing system efficiencies and i... | 15670445 | PMC1277953 | CC BY | 2022-01-25 23:16:10 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Sep 15; 1(4):A13 |
Introduction
It has been 30 years since the release of A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians: A Working Document (1). This report solidified the role of lifestyle behaviors as the most likely cause of premature death and sparked a flurry of international efforts toward preventing and reducing the occurrence of ... | 15670446 | PMC1277954 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:19:09 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Sep 15; 1(4):A14 |
Introduction
The Internet and World Wide Web (Web) have rapidly become ubiquitous in the lives of the majority of Americans. By March 2004, three fourths of Americans were able to use the Internet from home (1). Americans routinely turn to the Web for information, entertainment, merchandise, and communication. In part... | 15670447 | PMC1277955 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:45:23 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Sep 15; 1(4):A15 |
Background
The tremendous growth and consolidation of regional health care systems across the United States have challenged hospital systems to understand the multiple resources and needs of the diverse communities they serve. Large vertically integrated systems now have opportunities to reach beyond the traditional m... | 15670448 | PMC1277956 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:45:27 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Sep 15; 1(4):A16 |
Background
Obesity is a fast-growing health issue affecting children and adolescents across the nation. Rutgers Cooperative Extension (RCE), along with agency and community partners, implemented a collaborative solution aimed at raising awareness, providing education, and effecting workable strategies for preventing o... | 15670449 | PMC1277957 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:18:26 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Sep 15; 1(4):A17 |
pmcIntroduction
The Utah Cancer Action Network (UCAN) was established in 2003 with a mission to reduce cancer incidence and mortality in Utah through collaborative efforts that provide services and programs directed toward comprehensive cancer prevention and control. Its open membership includes 72 participating partn... | 15670450 | PMC1277958 | CC BY | 2024-06-07 01:07:46 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Sep 15; 1(4):A18 |
Introduction
Stroke is the third leading cause of death and a leading cause of disability in the United States (1). Unfortunately, the burden of stroke does not fall proportionately on the nation's population. Residents of the southeastern states, a region dubbed the "Stroke Belt," carry a particularly high burden. Th... | 15670451 | PMC1277959 | CC BY | 2022-01-26 23:18:22 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Sep 15; 1(4):A19 |
Introduction
Beginning with John Snow's 19th-century use of maps to track the source of a cholera epidemic in London, maps have been an instrumental tool in addressing public health concerns (1). A geographic information system (GIS) is a tool that facilitates the development of dynamic maps with data integration and ... | 15670452 | PMC1277960 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:24:36 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Sep 15; 1(4):A20 |
Underage & Overweight: America's Childhood Obesity Crisis — What Every Family Needs to Know was written primarily for parents, teachers, school administrators, doctors, nurses, other health care professionals, and policymakers. The author, Frances M. Berg, has written a thoroughly researched, evidence-based textbook th... | 0 | PMC1277961 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:22:47 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Sep 15; 1(4):A21 |
To the Editor:
Smoking prevalence is a principal outcome for evaluating tobacco-control efforts, but prevalence estimates in New Hampshire differed between two surveys conducted during 2002. Smoking prevalence was 17.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] 16.3%–19.5%) in the Adult Tobacco Survey (ATS) and 23.2% (95% CI 21.8... | 15670453 | PMC1277962 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:31:27 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Sep 15; 1(4):A22 |
This commentary is about the confluence of racial/ethnic identity, other demographic characteristics, and public concern about the environment. Reports show that environmental concern is cyclical, responding to competing issues, most notably a struggling economy and war (Carroll 2002; Crabtree 2003; Gallup Organization... | 15811824 | PMC1278473 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:11:48 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Apr 23; 113(4):369-374 |
There is extensive evidence that ambient air pollution affects human health (e.g., Brunekreef and Holgate 2002; Künzli et al. 2000; Pope et al. 2002). Most studies have focused on the effects of air pollution on adult mortality and respiratory morbidity (Dockery et al. 1993; Schwartz and Marcus 1990). However, some age... | 15811825 | PMC1278474 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:11:48 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Apr 4; 113(4):375-382 |
Toxicology is the workhorse science of numerous industries and regulatory agencies. By providing a more complete understanding of the toxic effects of chemicals, toxicology has also provided many societal benefits. Toxicology is used in the characterization and development of standards for regulation of natural and pro... | 15811826 | PMC1278475 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:11:48 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Apr 21; 113(4):383-390 |
In developed countries, humans are potentially exposed to a wide range of chemicals present in commonly used products. For the most part, no information exists about the extent of the human exposure to these chemicals, and the potential toxic effects of these compounds are largely unknown. Bisphenol A (2,2′-bis[4-hydro... | 15811827 | PMC1278476 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:11:48 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Apr 20; 113(4):391-395 |
In recent years there has been increasing concern about the presence of perchlorate in ground and surface waters and the percolation of perchlorate into drinking waters [Urbansky 1998; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 2002]. Ground and surface waters in several U.S. states have shown measurable concentrations... | 15811828 | PMC1278477 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:11:48 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Apr 10; 113(4):396-401 |
The public debate about possible adverse health effects from exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) from cellular phones and base stations is one of the risk issues that occupies many political decision makers across Europe (Burgess 2004). Because scientists cannot exclude the possibility that EMFs may cause health ... | 15811829 | PMC1278478 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:11:48 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Apr 10; 113(4):402-405 |
The destruction of the World Trade Center (WTC) in New York City on 11 September 2001 resulted in the pulverization of two 107-story buildings and the massive release of combustion products from jet fuel and burning structures. An initial cloud of dust and smoke enveloped the area in all directions. Subsequent wind-blo... | 15811830 | PMC1278479 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:11:49 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Apr 20; 113(4):406-411 |
In many regions of the world, tobacco use is much more common among men than among women. In China, for example, 63% of men and only 3.8% of women are estimated to be smokers (Yang et al. 1999). Nevertheless, research has consistently shown that many women are exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), based both on... | 15811831 | PMC1278480 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:11:48 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Apr 14; 113(4):412-417 |
Chlorine has been used as a disinfection agent for raw water supplies since the early 1900s (Wigle 1998). Chlorination is presently the most common procedure used for water treatment worldwide. Its widespread use has been credited with largely eliminating the risk of illnesses caused by cholera and other microbiologic ... | 15811832 | PMC1278481 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:11:49 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Apr 10; 113(4):418-424 |
Environment–environment, gene–environment, and gene–gene interactions play important roles in determining the relationship between exposure to environmental chemicals and risk to human health. Traditionally, human studies have focused on health effects associated with exposure to a single environmental chemical. These ... | 15811833 | PMC1278482 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:11:48 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Apr 10; 113(4):425-430 |
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