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Background
"Without some assessment of reliability, a phylogeny has limited value" (Sanderson 1995: 299) – an examination of the recent phylogenetic literature shows there is a general agreement on this fact, and only few molecular phylogenetic studies of the past 15 years exist in which no estimate of confidence is pr... | 16255783 | PMC1282575 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:17 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Oct 29; 5:58 |
Background
Rabies is an acute viral encephalomyelitis which is virtually 100% fatal. The disease is prevalent in developing countries where it is underreported. Although rabies incidence in humans significantly declined in Thailand from almost 200 to 20 cases annually during the past two decade, more than 400,000 perso... | 16248896 | PMC1282576 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:14 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Oct 25; 5:92 |
Background
Repetitive strain injury (RSI) is an occupational disease that considerably impacts workers' lives and has significant socio-economic repercussions. The burden of RSI to people affected and the society are undeniably large. One third of workers' compensation costs in the US private industry are due to RSI[1]... | 16219095 | PMC1282577 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:55 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Oct 11; 5:107 |
Background
The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia proposes that events occurring during foetal development, which adversely effect the development of the brain, may underlie the occurrence of schizophrenia in later life [1]. One approach to try to investigate this hypothesis has been to examine genes involv... | 16246257 | PMC1282578 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:02 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 Oct 24; 5:38 |
Background
S-adenosylmethionine (SAM or AdoMet) is a conjugate of nucleotide adenosine and amino acid methionine, two ubiquitous biological compounds that almost certainly were present in the common ancestor of living cells and may have been found in the prebiotic environment on Earth, predating the origin of Life itse... | 16225687 | PMC1282579 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:47 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2005 Oct 14; 5:19 |
Being a young discipline, Biomedical Engineering (BME) offers too few good textbooks for undergraduates. Moreover, in some of the available undergraduate BME textbooks, the levels of mathematics and engineering science were compromised in favor of a more qualitative approach. I was therefore happy to discover that in t... | 0 | PMC1282580 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:36 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Nov 2; 4:63 |
Background
Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intra-ocular tumour in adults [1], with an incidence of five to six individuals per million people [2]. Forty percent of UM patients will progress from local to systemic disease developing metastasis that will ultimately lead to death after 10 years of diagnosis... | 16236162 | PMC1282581 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:19 | no | J Carcinog. 2005 Oct 19; 4:19 |
Background
The objective of this study was to conduct an online survey of chiropractors to determine their satisfaction with current chiropractic continuing education programs and to ascertain their level of interest in a variety of online master's degree programs particularly online continuing education programs. This... | 16242035 | PMC1282582 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:23 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2005 Oct 21; 13:22 |
Introduction
Guinea pigs are popular household pets and also used in laboratory research. Allergic symptoms including rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and asthma have been documented in laboratory animal workers exposed to guinea pigs [1-5]. An extensive review of the literature revealed no reports of severe allergic reaction... | 16253140 | PMC1282583 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:25 | no | Clin Mol Allergy. 2005 Oct 27; 3:14 |
Background
Coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) is the most durable approach for the treatment of ischemic heart disease [1], with >400,000 procedures performed annually in the United States alone [2]. Despite the increasing application of arterial conduits during CABG, the saphenous vein remains the most common... | 16219100 | PMC1282584 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:32 | no | Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med. 2005 Oct 11; 6(1):15 |
Background
Current views of infant motor development consider movement to be the result of the collective and cooperative influence of both neural and non-neural elements, including physical growth, neuromaturation, arousal level, and environmental contexts. A principled account of motor development from this perspecti... | 16255773 | PMC1282585 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:29 | no | Dyn Med. 2005 Oct 28; 4:9 |
Background
Filariae and other nematodes have small genomes relative to other multicellular eukaryotes. Onchocerca volvulus and Wuchereria bancrofti have estimated haploid genomes of 1.5 and 0.81 × 108 nucleotide pairs respectively [1], and this corresponds, for example, to genome sizes of 30 and 2.78 × 108 in humans an... | 16266430 | PMC1282586 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:25 | no | Filaria J. 2005 Nov 2; 4:10 |
Introduction
Evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) seeks to unravel the bases of developmental changes in body plan evolution of complex organisms such as animals and plants. The significance of this relatively new discipline is based on the premise that evolution cannot be fully understood without understandin... | 16216118 | PMC1282587 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:34 | no | Front Zool. 2005 Oct 10; 2:15 |
Case Report
A 69 year old lady presented 11 years ago with pain of mild to moderate severity on the right side of her abdomen. This pain was intermittent, described as 'no more than a dull ache' and associated with nausea, bloating and flatulence. She also suffered from constipation and experienced partial relief of he... | 16250914 | PMC1282588 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:36 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2005 Oct 26; 2:24 |
Background
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-associated neurodegenerative disease that is very common in the US, affecting up to 50% of people between the ages of 75 to 84 years [1]. The number of cases of AD will increase dramatically in the next 50 years due to the aging population of the developed world and will pr... | 16229744 | PMC1282589 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:46 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005 Oct 17; 2:28 |
Background
Increased vascular permeability and plasma exudation are important characteristics of allergic rhinitis leading to an increased amount of secreted proteins [1,2]. Earlier investigations with DNA microarray analysis [3] have described the gene expression in nasal mucosa. However, there is a considerable inter... | 16236163 | PMC1282590 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Oct 19; 6(1):118 |
Background
Uridine 5'-triphosphate (UTP) and uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP) act via P2Y receptors, whilst adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) acts via P2X as well as P2Y receptors, to modulate vascular tone [1-3]. P2X receptors are ligand-gated cation channels and the ability of the P2X1 subtype to mediate rapid, transient i... | 16250909 | PMC1282591 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:25 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Oct 26; 6(1):124 |
Introduction
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major human pathogen responsible for respiratory tract infections, septicaemia and meningitis. The pneumococcus is particularly well adapted to colonising the mucosal surfaces of the nasopharynx and the combination of bacterial virulence factors and the manipulation of host ti... | 16255775 | PMC1282592 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Oct 28; 6(1):126 |
Background
It is estimated that approximately 15–25% of women with node-negative breast cancer will eventually succumb to the disease due to distant metastases [1]. While important and promising anti-hormonal therapies – tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors – exist for postmenopausal breast cancer patients with estrogen ... | 16255778 | PMC1283145 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:05 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Oct 28; 5:140 |
Background
Sudden cardiac arrest is a major public health problem and one of the leading causes of mortality in the western world. In most cases, the mechanism of onset is a ventricular tachycardia that rapidly progresses to ventricular fibrillation [1]. Approximately one third of these patients could survive with the ... | 16253134 | PMC1283146 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:36 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Oct 27; 4:60 |
Background
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have become a cornerstone in the management of patients with cardiovascular disorders [1]. A large number of trials have demonstrated important clinical benefits for this class of drugs in patients with arterial hypertension [2], heart failure [3-6], diabetic an... | 16242049 | PMC1283147 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:32 | no | Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med. 2005 Oct 24; 6(1):16 |
Background
With the addition of coronary stents to percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), the incidence of re-stenosis has been significantly reduced. Unfortunately, re-stenosis rates still range from 16% to 32 %[1]. Efforts to reduce re-stenosis include coating of conventional stents and use of alternative material... | 16255780 | PMC1283148 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:32 | no | Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med. 2005 Oct 28; 6(1):17 |
Background
Researchers studying healthcare accessibility and utilization have long attempted to understand the influence of geography on individuals' use of healthcare services. Geographic access is usually operationalized as some measure of distance to care. Distance can be measured either from the supply perspective ... | 16236174 | PMC1283149 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:06 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2005 Oct 19; 4:24 |
Background
Manipulation of the immune system, especially interference with specific components of the apoptotic response of the infected cells is essential for a virus to replicate and to disseminate in a host.
Vaccinia virus belongs to the poxviruses super-family, a group of large DNA viruses known from their exclusi... | 16246258 | PMC1283150 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:23 | no | J Inflamm (Lond). 2005 Oct 24; 2:12 |
Introduction
When non-digestible inulin-type fructans reach the large intestine, they are fermented by the local microflora and stimulate the growth of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, which may have health-promoting functions [1-3]. Several studies have demonstrated that rats fed with prebiotic fructans absorbed more ... | 16253138 | PMC1283151 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:31 | no | Nutr J. 2005 Oct 27; 4:29 |
Editorial
The recent few years have seen a growing interest in defining and establishing the emerging discipline of systems biology. While it is difficult to clearly define such a rapidly evolving discipline, characteristic trends are becoming apparent that allow a definition of what systems biology plans to accomplish... | 16248894 | PMC1283152 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:15 | no | Proteome Sci. 2005 Oct 28; 3:8 |
Background
Chronic airway inflammation, the primary pathophysiological feature of asthma, underlies asthma symptoms and might have a role in airway and lung remodelling [1]. Elevated airway inflammation often precedes the onset of symptoms or airway limitation [1]. Quantification of airway inflammation is difficult as ... | 16236169 | PMC1283153 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Oct 19; 6(1):119 |
Introduction
The origin of novel structures and functions has long been problematic for evolutionary biology. A century-long debate has centered on the relative contribution of deterministic processes, such as natural selection, and stochastic processes, such as mutation and random genetic drift [1,2] to biological inn... | 16299585 | PMC1283158 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:24 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Nov 11; 1(5):e57 |
Introduction
One of the main challenges of modern biology is achieving a better understanding of the molecular genetic basis for naturally occurring phenotypic variation. Primarily because of rapidly decreasing genotyping costs, genome-wide association mapping (also known as linkage disequilibrium mapping) has emerged ... | 16292355 | PMC1283159 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:37 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Nov 11; 1(5):e60 |
Introduction
Human immunodeficiency virus and other lentiviruses have the ability to infect non-dividing cells [1–3]. This property allows HIV to integrate into two major types of virus reservoirs in vivo: resting CD4+ T cells and macrophages [4]. However, the ability to productively infect non-dividing cells is not sh... | 16292356 | PMC1283251 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:25 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2005 Nov 11; 1(3):e18 |
Introduction
The Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus anthracis infects through intradermal inoculation, ingestion, or inhalation of spores. Spores are dormant forms of B. anthracis and are extremely resistant to environmental stress. In the current model of respiratory infections, the spores are first taken up by macropha... | 16292357 | PMC1283252 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:21 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2005 Nov 11; 1(3):e23 |
Introduction
Despite significant advances in leukemia research, the factors that promote the selection and expansion of mutated cells leading to leukemia are not well known. Leukemias represent abnormal and poorly regulated hematopoiesis, with leukemia stem cells capable of self-renewal as well as the generation of mul... | 16277552 | PMC1283331 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:45 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Dec 15; 3(12):e401 |
Introduction
Apoptosis is a mechanism used by the infected cell as part of its antiviral response; cells can commit suicide as a direct response to viral infection prior to viral maturation. Therefore, regulating apoptosis during infection is a high priority for many viruses that frequently encode Bcl-2-like mechanisms... | 16277553 | PMC1283332 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:46 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Dec 15; 3(12):e404 |
With humans and chimpanzees differing by just 1.2% at the DNA level, it's clear that our differences do not arise from gene variation alone. Thirty years ago, Mary-Claire King and Alan Wilson pointed to our extensive protein similarities as evidence that those investigating the genetic basis of human origins should foc... | 0 | PMC1283333 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:45 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Dec 15; 3(12):e417 |
If John Donne had been a systems biologist, instead of writing “No man is an island,” he might have written “No protein is an island.” Proteins in cells interact with numerous partners, forming complex networks that keep cells ticking over, allow them to respond to external stimuli, and make sure that essential process... | 0 | PMC1283334 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:46 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Dec 15; 3(12):e424 |
Little more than a small genome encased in protein, a virus can't reproduce without help from the cell it may ultimately destroy. After attaching to the cell membrane, a virus slips inside the cell, then co-opts its transcription and replication machinery to reproduce. Some viruses, such as the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)... | 0 | PMC1283335 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:45 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Dec 15; 3(12):e430 |
Next time you lose your keys, you might consider the Clark's nutcracker. During the fall, this woodland resident collects over 30,000 seeds, buries them in discrete locations, then returns over the winter to retrieve its cache. This improbable behavior requires the coordinated activity of different brain structures to ... | 0 | PMC1283336 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:45 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Dec 15; 3(12):e432 |
In the long-established model of tumorigenesis, cells acquire specific mutations that disrupt the normal regulatory constraints on unlimited cell division. These mutations allow cells to proliferate at the expense of healthy tissues and develop into tumors. As a result, most cancer treatments use agents that curb tumor... | 0 | PMC1283337 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:45 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Dec 15; 3(12):e433 |
Introduction
Cardiovascular disease (CVD), including myocardial infarction and stroke, is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. A broad array of randomized trials have demonstrated the benefits of low doses of aspirin (75–325 mg) [1,2] for both the primary [3–7] and secondary prevention [8–... | 16277554 | PMC1283363 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:28 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Dec 15; 2(12):e353 |
Introduction
Over a decade ago the amyloid cascade hypothesis predicted that increased levels of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide lead to secondary pathologies that ultimately culminate in the onset of Alzheimer disease (AD) [1]. Early support for this hypothesis came from genetic studies linking early-onset AD to mutations in t... | 16279840 | PMC1283364 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:27 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Dec 15; 2(12):e355 |
Introduction
Interactions between Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the airborne agent of tuberculosis (TB) in human and host phagocytes, namely macrophages (Mφs) and dendritic cells (DCs), are central to anti-mycobacterial immunity and to TB pathogenesis [1,2]. In particular alveolar Mφs constitute a primary niche for the t... | 16279841 | PMC1283365 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:22 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Dec 15; 2(12):e381 |
C-type lectins are carbohydrate-binding cell surface molecules with a wide range of biological functions, many of which are related to immunity. Despite its name, dendritic cell–specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3 grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) is not only expressed on dendritic cells but also on specialized mac... | 0 | PMC1283366 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:26 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Dec 15; 2(12):e410 |
There are many instances in medical practice of an intervention becoming adopted despite evidence of it not being of the highest quality. The converse is also true; despite good evidence for the effectiveness of a treatment, it may not be implemented for a variety of different reasons. Reasons may be social or financia... | 0 | PMC1283367 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:27 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Dec 15; 2(12):e416 |
Dementia is a common condition in the elderly; around 6% of people over 65 and up to 50% over 90 have some form of dementia, about half of which are due to Alzheimer disease (AD). The dementia caused by AD has an insidious onset and a progressive course with slow deterioration in cerebral function, initially affecting ... | 0 | PMC1283368 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:39:26 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Dec 15; 2(12):e418 |
The largest organ in the body, the skin provides protection against environmental insults and dehydration, and is an important gateway for sensory input. In addition to forming an environmental barrier, the skin has evolved to produce an amazing variety of appendages, including scales, feathers, hair follicles, sweat g... | 16277556 | PMC1283383 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:46 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Nov 15; 3(11):e372 |
Depending on how you count them up, Charles Darwin published just over twenty books in his lifetime. His first—the Journal of Researches [1], also known as The Voyage of the Beagle was his most famous—until Darwin, pressured by the arrival in 1858 of A. R. Wallace's manuscript on evolution through natural selection, st... | 0 | PMC1283389 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:46 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Nov 15; 3(11):e382 |
Many of the detailed mechanisms by which bacteria express genes in response to various environmental signals are well-known. The molecular players underlying these responses are part of a bacterial transcriptional regulatory network (BTN). To explore the properties and evolution of such networks and to extract general ... | 16277557 | PMC1283396 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:46 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Nov 15; 3(11):e392 |
In a country like India, millions of people rely on products from natural ecosystems to sustain their livelihood. Natural ecosystems provide clean water from watersheds, retention of soil and soil fertility, sequestration of carbon, as well as pollinators and natural predators of pests. For these reasons, rapid, often ... | 16277558 | PMC1283397 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:46 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Nov 15; 3(11):e394 |
There are a handful of biological questions that affect all of us directly in everyday life. How are emotions formed, what is the basis for consciousness, and why do we look the way we do? One that strikes particularly close to home is the question of how we age. The sheer complexity of this problem has had many scient... | 16277559 | PMC1283398 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 08:21:45 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Nov 15; 3(11):e395 |
A physicist, a chemist, and a mathematician are stranded on a desert isle, when a can of food washes up on the beach. The three starving scientists suggest, in turn, how to open the can and ease their hunger. The physicist suggests they hurl it upon the rocks to split it open, but this fails. The chemist proposes they ... | 16277560 | PMC1283399 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:45 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Nov 15; 3(11):e396 |
When I was a graduate student, among the most common laments from senior scientists was the lack of scientific scholarship in younger colleagues. If a paper predated or was otherwise excluded from the listing of abstracts in Medline, so they said, it was likely to be at best uncited and at worst recapitulated as an ent... | 16277561 | PMC1283408 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:46 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Nov 15; 3(11):e409 |
In PLoS Biology, volume 3, issue 10, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030324
There is a typesetting error remaining in equation 1, despite the Note Added in Proof indicating that the equation has been corrected. The second reaction step should not have a reverse arrow. The correct equation is as follows:
Citation: Yan... | 0 | PMC1283410 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:46 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Nov 15; 3(11):e428 |
Introduction
Discovering the genetic changes that accompanied the origins of modern humans and pinpointing the subset of changes driven by natural selection remain central problems in evolutionary anthropology. These changes are likely to have included changes in the complement of genes, changes in the amino acid seque... | 16274263 | PMC1283535 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:45 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Dec 15; 3(12):e387 |
Introduction
The coordinated, rhythmic activity of neuronal populations gives rise to oscillations in local field potentials (LFP) and electroencephalograms at a broad range of frequencies [1]. Throughout the brain, these oscillations potentially constitute clocking mechanisms against which to reference and coordinate ... | 16279838 | PMC1283536 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:45 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Dec 15; 3(12):e402 |
Introduction
Protein interactions are central to all cellular processes. At the molecular level they can occur in a variety of ways. Probably the best known involve specific contacts between globular domains (∼100–200 residues) present in the interacting proteins. These are seen in many different contexts ranging from ... | 16279839 | PMC1283537 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:45 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Dec 15; 3(12):e405 |
Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium that colonizes human stomach and is an established cause of chronic superficial gastritis, chronic active gastritis, peptic ulcer disease and gastric adenocarcinoma [1]. The infection is on a fast decline in most of the western countries, mainly due to the success of therapeutic regim... | 16262889 | PMC1283743 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:20 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2005 Oct 31; 4:17 |
Background
Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) occurs rarely [1]. Signs and symptoms of this condition include the presence of erythema, edema or peau d'orange appearance of the skin, and other clinical signs of disease. Diagnosis is made by skin biopsy. The definition of IBC varies in the literature and leads to some dis... | 16242046 | PMC1283744 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:08 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Oct 22; 5:137 |
Background
The occurrence of ventricular septal rupture after acute myocardial infarction is an uncommon complication in the reperfusion era [1], however, this condition implies a high mortality rate, even after surgical repair [2]. In patients with inferior myocardial infarction, septal rupture generally involves basa... | 16242025 | PMC1283745 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:31 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2005 Oct 20; 3:33 |
Background
The importance of evaluating the outcomes of health care from the standpoint of the patient is now widely recognized. Measures of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) have been used to track outcomes for many eye diseases [1-6]. HRQOL refers to health status in the physical, mental, and social domains, and... | 16248900 | PMC1283746 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:13 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Oct 26; 3:65 |
Background
Health policy researchers and policy makers have increasingly recognized that health care providers have a powerful influence on health care provision and the use of health care resources. With the recognition that public hospitals are often productively inefficient, reforms have taken place worldwide to inc... | 16253137 | PMC1283747 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:43 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2005 Oct 27; 3:11 |
The observation that a high fat/low carbohydrate (CHO) diet has a beneficial effect on a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) published today is notable given previous results showing that high fat diets have a deleterious effect on AD. Van de Auwera, et al. [1] reported that mice fed a ketogenic diet (<1% carbohydr... | 16229741 | PMC1283748 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:46 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005 Oct 17; 2:27 |
Background
World over, countries use strategies to manage health workforce shortages such as improving retention, attracting 'non-traditional' entrants and attracting back 'returnees' [1]. International recruitment is another popular solution to overcoming shortfalls of health providers [2-6]. Recruitment strategies as... | 16253132 | PMC1283969 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:28 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2005 Oct 27; 2:25 |
Background
The Flaviviridae virus family comprises three genera pestivirus, hepacivirus, and the large group of flavivirus. HCV causes acute and chronic hepatitis that may lead to cirrhosis and/or liver cancer. HCV is a major human pathogen, with 170 million people infected worldwide and 3 to 4 million of newly infecte... | 16225688 | PMC1283970 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Oct 14; 6:255 |
Background
Cis-regulatory circuits have been applied to model cell cycle control and other developmental processes [1,2]. Recently, the genetic regulatory and transcriptional networks of yeast have been studied [3-8]. However, in order to understand the regulation of any particular gene in the network, one should study... | 16232312 | PMC1283971 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Oct 18; 6:258 |
Background
Microarray technology permits simultaneous analyses of the expression profiles of thousands of genes. These analyses allow identification of profiles correlating with prognosis and permit tumor classifications [1-3], but can also be used to identify genes that are involved in several molecular processes, lik... | 16225673 | PMC1283972 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:46 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Oct 14; 6:142 |
Background
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are oxygen-containing molecules that produced during normal metabolism [1]. The organism has enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems neutralizing the harmful effects of the endogenous ROS products [2]. Under certain conditions, the oxidative or anti-oxidative balance shi... | 16262897 | PMC1283973 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:16 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Oct 31; 5:95 |
Background
When comparing structures or functions across brains, it is common to label the gross anatomy of brain image data and to compare the structures or functions that lie within anatomically labeled regions. Since brains differ in their anatomy [1-10], it would seem reasonable to refer to the anatomy of many brai... | 16202176 | PMC1283974 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:35 | no | BMC Med Imaging. 2005 Oct 5; 5:7 |
Background
The National Kidney Foundation has recently launched a major effort to define Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and formulate clinical practice guidelines [1,2]. It has been clearly shown that complications of CKD, such as anemia, metabolic acidosis, nutritional deficits, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and hypert... | 16250919 | PMC1283975 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:31 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2005 Oct 27; 6:11 |
Background
Emphysema is one of the most important cause of respiratory insufficiency with increasing mortality and morbidity [1]. Lung emphysema is defined pathologically by the destruction of alveolar walls with abnormal permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole. Precise mechanims contr... | 16216128 | PMC1283976 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:12 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2005 Oct 10; 5:13 |
Background
The histone fold [1] is a commonly conserved structural motif found in proteins that interact with DNA [2-6]. This monomeric fold consists of a helix-strand-helix motif stabilized by dimer formation. X-ray structures at atomic resolution, in either the absence [1] or presence of DNA [7], have shown the octam... | 16242031 | PMC1283977 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:53 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2005 Oct 21; 5:20 |
Background
Pathological gambling (PG) is an impulse control disorder not otherwise specified (ICD-NOS) [1] that is characterized by recurrent and maladaptive patterns of gambling behavior and significantly disrupts the patient's functioning in the personal, familial, or vocational spheres. It is assumed to be a chronic... | 16216125 | PMC1283978 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 22:25:40 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2005 Oct 10; 1:21 |
Background
During the last decade, the assessment of outcomes in orthopaedic surgery has shifted from the success or failure of an implant towards patient satisfaction and quality of life [1]. Initially, surgeon assessment of total hip replacement (THR) outcome was accepted, with the development of tools such as the Ha... | 16259627 | PMC1283979 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:13 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Oct 31; 3:66 |
Background
The masseter muscle is involved in many painful conditions which are grouped under the general heading of temporomandibular disorders [1]. Although a role of primary afferents innervating the masseter muscle in the development and maintenance of some of these pain states has been generally accepted, the cell... | 16242047 | PMC1283980 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:08 | no | Mol Pain. 2005 Oct 24; 1:31 |
Background
The bronchial epithelium plays a unique role as a protective physical and functional barrier between external environment and underlying tissues. As a result of this role it is frequently injured and epithelial integrity is damaged. A repair process starts quickly which includes migration of the remaining ba... | 16216126 | PMC1283981 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:25 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Oct 10; 6(1):114 |
Background
Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), previously called hyaline membrane disease, is mainly seen in preterm infants. The main causative factors leading to respiratory distress in preterm infants are structural immaturity of the lungs, surfactant deficiency and surfactant dysfunction. Most infants rec... | 16223446 | PMC1283982 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:27 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Oct 13; 6(1):117 |
Background
There is growing evidence to suggest that a wide variety of respirable particles can induce lung injury under certain exposure conditions. Clinical recognition of this hazard originally stemmed from occupational studies examining workplace exposure to metals, asbestos, silica, coal, and other biologically ac... | 16242036 | PMC1283983 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:27 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Oct 21; 6(1):121 |
Introduction
Several experimental studies have shown a synergistic interaction between respiratory viral infections and allergic inflammation that exacerbate asthma [1-3]. RSV is the most common respiratory pathogen during infancy, and the majority of children worldwide have been infected with it by 2 years of age[4]. ... | 16242038 | PMC1283984 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:27 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Oct 21; 6(1):122 |
pmcBackground
Extremophiles are microorganisms adapted to grow in conditions such as extreme pH, temperature, salinity and absence of oxygen [1]. The representatives are acidophiles (Thiobacillus ferroxidans), alkaliphiles (Bacillus alcalophilus), hyperthermophiles (Thermoproteus tenax), extreme halophiles (Halobacter... | 16242015 | PMC1283985 | CC BY | 2022-09-08 23:19:43 | no | Saline Syst. 2005 Oct 20; 1:8 |
Introduction
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE; E.C. 3.1.1.7) rapidly hydrolyzes acetylcholine to terminate neurotransmissions at cholinergic synapses [1,2]. The reaction is very fast, approaching the diffusion limit. AChE has three different molecular forms due to an alternate splicing scheme at the C-terminus [3]. The T-sub... | 16299589 | PMC1285061 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:35 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Nov 18; 1(6):e62 |
Introduction
Colonization of hosts by microorganisms is a complex process that determines if the microorganism will coexist with the host as commensal, become an invasive pathogen, or be efficiently eliminated by the host's immune defense [1,2]. Consequently, microorganisms have developed a variety of measures to cope ... | 16299590 | PMC1285062 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Nov 18; 1(6):e63 |
Introduction
Since the publication of the first bacterial genome [1], a consistent observation made by biologists is that a significant portion of a prokaryotic genome encodes putative proteins with no known functions. Even in well-studied free-living microbes such as Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, more than 3... | 16299586 | PMC1285063 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:36 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Nov 18; 1(5):e62 |
Introduction
One of the most important generalizations to emerge from contemporary developmental genetics is that gene products are typically used more than once during development. Usually multiple functions involve the protein performing the same task, e.g., activating transcription or binding to the cytoskeleton. A ... | 16299587 | PMC1285064 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:24 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Nov 18; 1(5):e63 |
Introduction
Despite recent advances in our understanding of the meiotic process, the mechanisms that underlie meiotic pairing and the establishment of synapsis remain poorly understood. This is particularly true for Drosophila female meiosis, both because the earlier stages of female meiosis are rapid and therefore di... | 16299588 | PMC1285065 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:25 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Nov 18; 1(5):e67 |
Introduction
Research conducted in non-English-speaking countries may be published either in English-language journals that are usually indexed in major international bibliographic databases or in domestic journals, many of which are not indexed in international databases. There is some empirical evidence that the deci... | 16285839 | PMC1285066 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:20 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Dec 22; 2(12):e334 |
Many studies have too small a sample size for their findings to be conclusive, but large studies are expensive and time-consuming. Meta-analysis is an alternative to conducting large studies in tackling the problem of small sample size, by combining available small studies to increase the total sample size. Since the 1... | 16363911 | PMC1285067 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:26 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Dec 22; 2(12):e409 |
One of the tools in the scientist's armory for resolving a medical issue or consolidating a body of clinical trials is the systematic review of the published medical literature. This technique involves doing a literature search and critical appraisal of individual studies, and in addition, may also use statistical tech... | 0 | PMC1285068 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:39:28 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Dec 22; 2(12):e419 |
Introduction
By the end of 2004, sub-Saharan Africa was home to 13.3 million HIV-1-infected women, and in many sub-Saharan countries, the HIV-1 prevalence in antenatal women exceeded 20% [1]. In the absence of interventions such as antiretroviral drug prophylaxis, elective cesarean sections, and replacement feeding, be... | 16287342 | PMC1285069 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:32 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 22; 3(1):e10 |
Epidemiologists have used mathematical models to predict and understand the dynamics of infectious diseases for more than 100 years. The emergence of diseases such as ebola, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), West Nile virus, and multidrug-resistant malaria; incidences of bioterrorism; and most recently, the thr... | 0 | PMC1285070 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 22; 3(1):e23 |
Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is the predominant way that children become infected with HIV. MTCT can occur prenatally during pregnancy, perinatally during labor and delivery, and postnatally through breastfeeding. In the absence of specific interventions, approximately one-third of children born to mothers who a... | 0 | PMC1285071 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:32 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 22; 3(1):e26 |
Background
Normal somatic cells possess a limited proliferative life span after which they enter a state of irreversible growth arrest. This process, known as replicative senescence, can be signaled by shortened telomeres that result from repeated rounds of DNA replication in the absence of telomerase expression. Once ... | 16250917 | PMC1285358 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:29 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 Oct 26; 6:37 |
Background
Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) plays a key role in the photosynthetic Calvin cycle as the carbon dioxide fixating enzyme [1,2]. The most common type of RuBisCO, form I RuBisCO, is found in Viridiplantae, cyanobacteria (green-like RuBisCO), in most non-green algae, and some proteoba... | 16232313 | PMC1285359 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Oct 18; 5:56 |
Background
Population stratification is a crucial issue in conducting genetic association studies, in particular, for case-control study designs, such that if it is not accounted for study results could be invalid – either false positive or false negative [1]. Methods to address the issue have been proposed [2-17]. Bef... | 16225681 | PMC1285360 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:39 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Oct 14; 6:50 |
Background
Ginkgo biloba is a widely popular tree that is native to China and has been cultivated for well over a millennium. In Asia, G. biloba is used medicinally and its seeds are also a popular cuisine item. In the West, Ginkgo leaf extracts are commonly used for a variety of folk remedies (for review see: [1]) inc... | 16225698 | PMC1285361 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:47 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Oct 15; 6:143 |
Background
The main tasks of universities are research, teaching and learning. The teaching atmosphere during undergraduate studies is important not only for learning but also for building positive attitudes towards one's professional identity and towards life-long learning. Attitudes, positive or negative, adopted dur... | 16232310 | PMC1285362 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:56 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2005 Oct 18; 5:36 |
Background
Bifidobacterium longum is an obligate anaerobe, belonging to the Actinomycetales, a branch of the high-GC Gram-positive bacteria which includes, among others, corynebacteria, mycobacteria and streptomycetes. B. longum is a natural colonizer of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and the vagina [1]. It is one of... | 16223444 | PMC1285363 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:40 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Oct 13; 5:60 |
Background
Ca2+-dependent phosphorylation of the myosin regulatory light chain (MRLC) is accepted as the primary mechanism regulating contraction of smooth muscle in response to excitatory stimuli [1,2]. However, this myosin-linked phosphorylation mechanism does not fully explain all observations. Of particular physiol... | 16266435 | PMC1285364 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:51 | no | BMC Physiol. 2005 Nov 2; 5:16 |
Background
Improvement of grapevine rootstocks and scion varieties can be achieved through either inter-specific hybridization or clonal selection. Grapevine clonal selection consists in choosing in a variety one plant presenting desired characteristics. This selected plant is further propagated by vegetative multiplic... | 16194273 | PMC1285365 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:52 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2005 Sep 29; 5:20 |
Background
Our understanding of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) egress remains limited regarding fluid movement from the subarachnoid space across the arachnoid granulations (AGs) and into the venous sinuses. The classical view of CSF egress is that arachnoid granulations are herniations of the arachnoid membrane which proje... | 16223448 | PMC1285366 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:38 | no | Cerebrospinal Fluid Res. 2005 Oct 13; 2:9 |
Background
Epidemiological studies show an inverse correlation between high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration and the risk of developing coronary artery disease [1]. According to a widely accepted hypothesis, HDL or its subtractions play an important role in recruiting and transporting cholesterol from peripheral... | 16242018 | PMC1285367 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:19 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2005 Oct 20; 4:25 |
Introduction
The explosive growth of molecular biology and information technology has radically transformed immunology research in the post-genomics era. Gone are the days when it was possible to do cutting edge immunology research without the use of molecular tools or ability to access and analyse data from numerous, ... | 16305754 | PMC1287063 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:20 | no | Immunome Res. 2005 Sep 20; 1:1 |
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