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Introduction
Societies worldwide have experienced a considerable increase in the number of older people [1]. There is a growing recognition that age-related physiological changes may predispose to protein-energy undernutrition, in the elderly, particularly in the presence of other factors associated with aging, includi... | 16253135 | PMC1291398 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:30 | no | Nutr J. 2005 Oct 27; 4:28 |
Background
Isobe et al (2001) have shown that a loss of the gap junction within cumulus cells, i.e. an interruption in the transmission of signaling factors from the cumulus to the oocytes, triggers the resumption of meiosis in pig oocytes [1]. Eppig (2001) also provided biochemical evidence for the signaling factors e... | 16250920 | PMC1291399 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:13 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Oct 27; 3:59 |
Background
Ghrelin is an acylated polypeptide hormone secreted predominantly by endocrine cells of the stomach [1,2]. Several lines of evidence implicate ghrelin in the regulation of growth hormone (GH) release, energy balance, food intake and body weight [3-6], with the effects mediated via a 7-transmembrane G protein... | 16259638 | PMC1291400 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:13 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Oct 31; 3:60 |
Background
For many years, evaluation of maternal healthcare services aimed at improving the quality of obstetric care has traditionally relied on enquiries into maternal deaths. More recently, review of cases at the very severe end of the maternal morbidity spectrum, described as "near-miss" (those who nearly died), h... | 16262901 | PMC1291401 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:15 | no | Reprod Health. 2005 Nov 1; 2:9 |
Findings
The retroviral protease (PR) processes the Gag and Gag-Pro-Pol precursors during the assembly of the mature virus particle. The viral structural proteins assume altered conformations after processing, and the viral enzymes become fully active in their processed forms [1-7]. Proper proteolytic processing is nec... | 16262906 | PMC1291402 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:39 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Nov 1; 2:66 |
Background
Alcohol is a potent immunosuppressive drug and has been widely recognized for many centuries as an important risk factor for the development of infections. Among infection, pneumonia has been highly linked to alcohol abuse. In a recent case-controlled study in Spain, of 50 control subjects and 50 patients wi... | 16246259 | PMC1291403 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:25 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Oct 24; 6(1):123 |
Background
Recent studies emphasize on the perspective of cellular therapy by intravenous stem cells infusion. The participation of stem cells in several vascular diseases pathogenesis was first proved with haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). In this regard, following bone marrow engraftment, HSCs were observed in remode... | 16253136 | PMC1291404 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:25 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Oct 27; 6(1):125 |
Background
Exposure to indoor air pollution from the combustion of traditional biomass fuels (wood, charcoal, animal dung, and crop wastes) and coal is a significant public health hazard predominantly affecting poor rural and urban communities in developing countries. Large numbers of people are exposed on a daily basi... | 16255784 | PMC1291405 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:25 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Oct 31; 6(1):127 |
Background
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a severe disabling disease characterized by elevation of pulmonary artery pressure and death attributable to right heart failure [1]. It is a progressive, proliferative vascular disorder resulting from persistent vasoconstriction and structural remodeling of pulmonary... | 16262900 | PMC1291406 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:25 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Nov 1; 6(1):128 |
Background
Worldwide, millions of people are occupationally exposed to crystalline silica (e.g. quartz) dust. Chronic exposure to quartz can lead to a variety of pulmonary diseases, including silicosis and cancer [1]. Notably however, studies on quartz-induced carcinogenicity have revealed that the quartz hazard is a v... | 16266428 | PMC1291407 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Nov 2; 6(1):129 |
Background
With the growing epidemiological importance of insulin resistance states such as obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, T2DM, and with increasing clinical recognition of the impact of the so-called metabolic syndrome, the assessment of insulin sensitivity has become highly relevant to metabolic research.
The... | 16269082 | PMC1291408 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:25 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Nov 3; 2:44 |
Background
The global clotting times (i.e. prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time) are routinely used for the evaluation of human coagulation but they ignore the procedure of thrombin generation since at the time of clot formation only 3% of prothrombin is activated [1,2]. This is a constant observation eithe... | 16250908 | PMC1291409 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:24 | no | Thromb J. 2005 Oct 26; 3:16 |
Introduction
Although treatment regimens for Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis are still improving (e.g. adjunctive therapy with corticosteroids [1]), the mortality rate has not changed over half a century and remains as high as ~25% with neurological sequelae in up to half of survivors [2]. Pneumococcal meningitis i... | 16253143 | PMC1295586 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:17 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Oct 27; 5:93 |
Background
Aseptic meningitis is a relatively common disease of childhood and recent data suggest that it is most frequently caused by enteroviruses [1,2]. Although globally aseptic meningitis occurs year-round, there is a marked seasonality, with an incidence peak in the summer months in temperate climates. In Korea, ... | 16262909 | PMC1295587 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:14 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Nov 2; 5:97 |
Background
Data from different sources, including animal and family history studies, suggest that genetic factors play a role in ischemic stroke [1-4]. Despite the challenges associated with studying the genetics of a heterogeneous disorder, several polymorphisms have been identified for ischemic stroke with small to m... | 16262890 | PMC1295588 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:53 | no | BMC Neurol. 2005 Oct 31; 5:20 |
Background
One of the few still persistent problems of cemented TKA is aseptic loosening of the cemented prosthesis components due to hydrolytic degradation of the interface between bone cement and metal and/or bone, respectively. Thanks to improved surgical techniques, continued development of arthroplasty components ... | 16262888 | PMC1295589 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:36 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Oct 31; 4:61 |
Background
The proteome of different developmental stages of any kind of organism reflects more directly than the genome or the transcriptome the metabolic specialisation for the actual developmental state. In plants several studies on the proteome of different developmental stages have been conducted [1]. Seed dormanc... | 16270910 | PMC1295590 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:29 | no | Plant Methods. 2005 Nov 1; 1:9 |
Health research is essential to improving health care [1]. Unfortunately, health research has a low priority in the developing world. In all disciplines of science and technology, India and Pakistan combined have 208 researchers per million citizens [2,3], as compared to 4,526 researchers per million citizens in the Un... | 16288553 | PMC1297528 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:18 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Nov 29; 2(11):e322 |
James T. Kirk: Harry lied to you, Norman. Everything Harry says is a lie. Remember that, Norman: Everything he says is a lie.
Harry Mudd: Now I want you to listen to me very carefully, Norman: I… am… lying.
—Star Trek, the episode “I, Mudd”
Although John P. A. Ioannidis [1] brings up several good points about over-... | 16288554 | PMC1297534 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:37 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Nov 29; 2(11):e361 |
In this issue of PLoS Medicine, Oye-Adeniran and colleagues report a new community study in Nigeria in which contraceptive users were surveyed about their sources of family planning information and contraception [1]. Enquiry about the source of contraceptive is a standard part of family planning surveys that assess kno... | 16288555 | PMC1297536 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:17 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Nov 29; 2(11):e366 |
Amir Attaran's Policy Forum [1] raises important points on the poor quality of data for some indicators used to measure progress on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), but, sadly, uses these findings to draw the wrong conclusions. The evidence he presents on a small number of indicators is partial, and does not ju... | 16288557 | PMC1297542 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:19 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Nov 29; 2(11):e379 |
As one of the persons involved with the development of avoparcin for farm animals, I have followed the discussion on vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and its potential transfer from animals to humans over the past decade. What a pity that the authors of this PLoS Medicine Policy Forum [1] did not reference a rece... | 16288558 | PMC1297545 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:18 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Nov 29; 2(11):e383 |
I want to congratulate John P. A. Ioannidis on his thought-provoking Essay [1]. I have two comments.
In Corollary 1, he suggests that small sample sizes mean smaller power, and implies that larger studies with thousands of subjects are more likely to be true. I think it is important to stress that if the effect size i... | 16288559 | PMC1297547 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:22 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Nov 29; 2(11):e386 |
We have read about the efforts and initiatives related to the design of drugs for parasitic diseases in McKerrow's article [1] with interest and expectation. One of the pressing needs in this area is for a neonatal preparation for Chagas disease.
Satisfactory achievements have been made in Argentina in relation to the... | 16288560 | PMC1297548 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:37 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Nov 29; 2(11):e387 |
Kudos to Miller et al. [1] for exposing the seamy side of medical research. No matter how positive the results of drug effectiveness, as demonstrated through against-placebo comparison studies, the fact remains that the ends do not justify the means.
To knowingly and willingly induce a patient to trust in the pharmaco... | 16288561 | PMC1297549 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:17 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Nov 29; 2(11):e388 |
John P. A. Ioannidis emphasizes the central role of prior probabilities [1]. His conclusion rests on the presumed low probability that a hypothesis was true before the study.
Unfortunately, his formulation relates the post-study probability that the study's conclusion is true to the pre-study odds. The results might h... | 16288562 | PMC1297552 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:22 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Nov 29; 2(11):e395 |
W. D. Hall's cogent Research in Translation article [1] on the folly of attempting to use predictive genetic testing in public-health measures to prevent nicotine dependence is a valuable contribution. Indeed, his arguments against predictive testing can easily be applied to virtually any complex genetic disorder. It i... | 16288563 | PMC1297553 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:20 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Nov 29; 2(11):e396 |
In the Policy Forum by Gilani et al. [1], the authors have quite vividly described the state of mental health care and legislation in Pakistan. Indeed, the situation is one of low awareness and resources, much like other low-income countries in Southeast Asia. Even at the international level, there is deep-seated socie... | 16288564 | PMC1297554 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:26 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Nov 29; 2(11):e397 |
I agree with Ian Shrier [1] that, when the effect size is large, adequate power is obtained with small numbers, and it is unnecessary to aim at very large studies. However, most effect sizes probed with statistical testing seem to be small. I also agree that heterogeneity is useful and can offer valuable insights [2]. ... | 0 | PMC1297555 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:22 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Nov 29; 2(11):e398 |
Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is a generic term used to describe a heterogeneous group of inherited disorders that result in severe loss of rod and cone photoreceptor function in infancy and early childhood. Although each individual disorder is rare, LCA accounts for 3%–5% of childhood blindness [1].
To date, ten d... | 16288566 | PMC1297556 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:20 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Nov 29; 2(11):e399 |
In 1956, the German biochemist and Nobel Laureate Otto Warburg proposed that cancer is caused by altered metabolism and by deranged energy processing in mitochondria [1]. After falling on deaf ears for decades, his theory has recently enjoyed a resurrection, coinciding with an explosion of new information on the role o... | 16288567 | PMC1297557 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Nov 29; 2(11):e401 |
I am grateful for the reply of Jeff Sachs, John McArthur, and Guido Schmidt-Traub to my article [1,2]. Their reply, written on behalf of the United Nations (UN) Millennium Project, shows that even the leading thinkers of that organization possess beliefs about the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that contradict the... | 0 | PMC1297559 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:22 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Nov 29; 2(11):e405 |
Introduction
In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the affected joints develop chronic synovitis that is characterized by hyperplasia of lining cells, infiltration of inflammatory cells and abundant neovascularization. Various factors such as proteinases, growth factors and cytokines are produced in the RA synovium and implica... | 16277668 | PMC1297561 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:40 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Aug 5; 7(6):R1158-R1173 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, destructive inflammatory polyarticular joint disease. It is characterized by massive synovial proliferation and subintimal infiltration of inflammatory cells, which along with angiogenesis leads to the formation of a very aggressive tissue called pannus [1,2]. Expans... | 16277669 | PMC1297562 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:40 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Aug 8; 7(6):R1174-R1182 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease that is characterized by chronic inflammatory polyarthritis [1]. One of the characteristic features of RA is the expression of several autoantibodies. The presence of such autoantibodies (e.g. rheumatoid factor [RF]), identified by screening, ... | 16277670 | PMC1297563 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:40 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Aug 11; 7(6):R1183-R1188 |
Introduction
Cytokine production by monocytes/macrophages at sites of active inflammation is an important mechanism in the initiation and perpetuation of various chronic autoimmune diseases including type I diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The signals triggering this proinflammatory ... | 16277671 | PMC1297564 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:40 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Aug 17; 7(6):R1189-R1199 |
Introduction
Among chemokines, CXCL12 (formerly stromal cell-derived factor 1) is unique in that it binds to one single chemokine receptor, CXCR4, which itself is recognized by no other chemokines [1-3]. CXCL12 is produced physiologically in various tissues and its receptor CXCR4 is also expressed on various haematopoi... | 16277673 | PMC1297565 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:39 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Aug 25; 7(6):R1208-R1220 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a potentially very disabling disease that is characterized by chronic synovitis, a hyperplasic synovial membrane, and finally cartilage and bone destruction. Overgrowth of fibroblast-like synoviocytes as well as their secretion of an impressive array of cytokines/chemokines, ad... | 16277676 | PMC1297566 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:40 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Sep 8; 7(6):R1235-R1243 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the most common autoimmune disease, is thought to be a complex disease in which a combination of risk alleles from different susceptibility genes predisposes to the development of the disease, following exposure to as yet unknown environmental factors. Several genome scans have s... | 16277672 | PMC1297567 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:39 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Aug 25; 7(6):R1200-R1207 |
Introduction
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disease characterized by an excess deposition of collagen in skin and/or internal organs leading to malfunction and organ failure. The extent and progression of the fibrotic process presumably caused by the imbalance between extracellular matrix synthesis and... | 16277674 | PMC1297568 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:40 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Sep 6; 7(6):R1221-R1226 |
Introduction
It is well known that sex hormones are implicated in the immune response. Estrogens enhance humoral immunity, while androgens and progesterone are natural immune-suppressors [1]. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), sex hormones fuel synovitis. Synovial macrophages, monocytes and lymphocytes [2] possess functiona... | 16277677 | PMC1297569 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:40 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Sep 8; 7(6):R1244-R1253 |
Introduction
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α is a pleiotropic cytokine that is important in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), in which it plays a role in cartilage degradation, bone resorption, adhesion molecule expression, leucocyte infiltration, enzyme production and cytokine synthesis (see reviews by Bre... | 16277675 | PMC1297570 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:40 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Sep 7; 7(6):R1227-R1234 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by hyperplasia of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS), which is regarded to be important in cartilage and bone erosion [1]. Steroids such as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), glucocorticoids, androgens and oestrogens have been shown to m... | 16277680 | PMC1297571 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:40 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Sep 15; 7(6):R1271-R1280 |
Introduction
Vitamin B6 deficiency results in adverse health consequences, including hyperhomocysteinemia [1] and possibly arteriosclerotic lesions [2]. We have reported that the degree of disease activity is associated with vitamin B6 indices in patients with rheumatoid arthritis [3,4]. Bates and colleagues reported s... | 16277678 | PMC1297572 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:40 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Sep 13; 7(6):R1254-R1262 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a disease that is dependent on genetic factors as well as environmental factors, as seen from both concordance data in twins and from a number of epidemiological and genetic studies [1,2]. Whereas knowledge on the genetic basis of this disease is rapidly advancing [3,4], there ... | 16277683 | PMC1297574 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:39 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Sep 23; 7(6):R1296-R1303 |
Introduction
The prevalence of older adults in the United States is growing at a substantial rate. By 2030, nearly one-fifth of Americans will be in their sixties or older [1], which will have a considerable impact on public health. Numerous epidemiological and clinical studies have established that older adults who pa... | 16277679 | PMC1297575 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:40 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Sep 19; 7(6):R1263-R1270 |
Introduction
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a heterogeneous group of persistent arthritides of unknown origin occurring before 16 years of age [1]. One subset, systemic JIA (sJIA), is defined by the additional presence of debilitating fever, evanescent rash, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy and serositis. Se... | 16277681 | PMC1297576 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:39 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Sep 15; 7(6):R1281-R1288 |
Introduction
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are progenitor cells that have the potential to differentiate into lineages of mesenchymal tissues including cartilage, bone, muscle and fat. They were initially isolated from bone marrow (BM) and characterized by the expression of various cell surface markers [1,2]. MSC have m... | 16277684 | PMC1297577 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:40 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Sep 20; 7(6):R1304-R1315 |
Introduction
Paget's disease of bone (PDB; Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) entry no. 602080) is a metabolic bone disease characterized by accelerated bone resorption followed by the deposition of dense, chaotic bone matrix, affecting up to 3% of individuals of Caucasian ancestry above the age of 55 years [1]... | 16277682 | PMC1297578 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:40 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Sep 15; 7(6):R1289-R1295 |
Introduction
Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (G6PI) is a widely expressed protein with multiple functions. It is an essential cytosolic enzyme in the energy cycle and has glycolytic activity, but it also has additional functions as an extracellular signalling molecule. Thus, G6PI is also known as AMF (autocrine motility ... | 16277685 | PMC1297579 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:40 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Sep 20; 7(6):R1316-R1324 |
Introduction
Prostaglandins (PGs) are well-known lipid mediators that reproduce the cardinal signs of inflammation [1] but also contribute to tumorigenesis, gastrointestinal protection or osteogenesis [2-5]. Decreasing their biosynthesis by the inhibition of cyclo-oxygenases (COXs) is thought to account for most of the... | 16277686 | PMC1297580 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:40 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Sep 22; 7(6):R1325-R1337 |
Introduction
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common rheumatic disease, and is becoming a major public health problem with the ageing of the population and the growing incidence of obesity in developed countries [1]. Treatment aims both to reduce symptom severity and to prevent or slow down disease progression and activ... | 16277690 | PMC1297581 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:39 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Oct 5; 7(6):R1375-R1385 |
Introduction
Why some proteins become autoantigens is one of the mysteries of immunology. Indeed, as Paul Plotz put it in a recent review, "The repertoire of target autoantigens is a Wunderkammer – a collection of curiosities – of molecules with no obvious linking principle" [1]. Most immunologists believe, probably wi... | 16277689 | PMC1297582 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:40 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Oct 6; 7(6):R1360-R1374 |
Introduction
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint disease characterized by cartilage damage, osteophyte formation and thickening of the joint capsule. The etiology of OA is unknown, but OA is strongly correlated with age. OA may be a result of an age-related alteration in responsiveness of cells to anabolic and catabo... | 16277687 | PMC1297583 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:39 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Sep 30; 7(6):R1338-R1347 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects nearly 1% of the population worldwide and can lead to significantly impaired quality of life. Mortality rates are also significantly increased in patients with RA, and currently available therapies are often unable to change the cours... | 16277688 | PMC1297584 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:40 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Sep 30; 7(6):R1348-R1359 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory disease that, in a substantial proportion of patients, is associated with the development of extra-articular manifestations. These extra-articular RA (ExRA) manifestations can have a defining impact on disease outcome, including increased premature morta... | 16277691 | PMC1297586 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:40 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Oct 11; 7(6):R1386-R1393 |
Introduction
(NZW × BXSB)F1 (WB) mice develop an autoimmune disease whose histological and immunological manifestations resemble those of human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) [1]. Male WB produce anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA), including anti-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) autoantibodies and high levels of anti-cardiol... | 16277692 | PMC1297587 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:40 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Oct 13; 7(6):R1394-R1403 |
Introduction
Patients with rheumatoid arthritis have reduced circulating levels of vitamin B6 compared to healthy subjects [1-3]. We have demonstrated that low plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate levels reflect the impaired functional vitamin B6 status in these patients. Plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate levels correlated with b... | 16277693 | PMC1297588 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:40 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Oct 14; 7(6):R1404-R1411 |
Introduction
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are a family of receptors of the innate immune system binding to conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns [1]. The most important PRRs are the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which allow monocytes, neutrophils, dendritic cells, natural killer (NK) cells and B cells ... | 16277694 | PMC1297589 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:40 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Oct 18; 7(6):R1412-R1420 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common and disabling disease affecting about 1% of the population [1]. Unlike most other autoimmune rheumatic diseases, the dominant autoantigens are unknown. Because rheumatoid factors are present in up to 75% of patients with RA, it has been suggested that immunoglobulin G ... | 16277695 | PMC1297593 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:40 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Oct 19; 7(6):R1421-R1429 |
Introduction
The development or presence of secondary brain injury in patients with intracranial pathology has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality. An increase in intracranial pressure (ICP) accompanied by a low cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) should therefore be avoided in these patients. Several ... | 16277715 | PMC1297608 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:56 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Aug 9; 9(5):R530-R540 |
Introduction
Infection is a major reason for postoperative morbidity and mortality. Despite the use of new treatment modalities, improvements in technology and increased experience, morbidity rates are high and sepsis is the most common reason for mortality in surgical intensive care units [1]. Infection and sepsis in ... | 16277709 | PMC1297609 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:55 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Jul 19; 9(5):R483-R489 |
Introduction
Heat stroke is a life-threatening disease characterized by hyperpyrexia (elevated core body temperature exceeding 40°C) and predominant central nervous system dysfunction resulting in delirium, convulsion or coma [1]. In many clinical and pathogenetic aspects, heat stroke resembles sepsis, requiring aggres... | 16285034 | PMC1297610 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:56 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Jul 20; 9(5):R498-R501 |
Introduction
Severe impairment of oxygenation in acute lung injury and in the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is caused by an inhomogenous ventilation-perfusion distribution () and an increase in shunt fraction. The amount of aerated lung is markedly reduced due to alveolar collapse and flooding [1,2]. Mecha... | 16277708 | PMC1297611 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:56 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Jul 13; 9(5):R471-R482 |
Introduction
During severe sepsis, activation of the inflammatory cascade leads to cell damage and organ failure. In recent years, the importance of the cross-talk between coagulation and inflammation in severe sepsis has been well defined. This has led to the hypothesis that inhibitors of coagulation might have a dual... | 16277710 | PMC1297612 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:56 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Jul 21; 9(5):R490-R497 |
Introduction
Corticosteroid therapy in sepsis and septic shock has been investigated for more than 50 years [1]. Over this period there have been dozens of trials examining various patient populations, assessing different corticosteroids in a wide range of dosing regimens, and employing methodologies that are diverse i... | 16277711 | PMC1297614 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:56 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Jul 27; 9(5):R502-R507 |
Introduction
Anaemia is a common problem in critically ill patients [1,2]. Indeed, it has been shown that, at intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mean haemoglobin (Hb) concentration in critically ill patients is about 11 g/dl, and in 60% and 30% of them the mean Hb is less than 12 and 10 g/dl, respectively. Thus, the ... | 16277712 | PMC1297615 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:56 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Aug 5; 9(5):R508-R515 |
Introduction
The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) scoring system was originally developed as a tool for comparing the outcomes of acute disease in critically ill patients across multiple intensive care units in a therapy-independent fashion [1]. Although relatively few critical care units h... | 16277714 | PMC1297617 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:56 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Aug 9; 9(5):R522-R529 |
Introduction
Deep venous thrombosis is a feared complication in the intensive care unit, occurring in up to one-third of patients without prophylactic anticoagulation [1]. Pulmonary embolism and/or post-thrombotic syndrome may significantly increase morbidity and mortality in the acute and/or chronic setting of thrombo... | 16277716 | PMC1297619 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:56 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Aug 9; 9(5):R541-R548 |
Introduction
Medication errors (MEs) in the intensive care unit (ICU) are common and can arise from a number of causes. A large study from two tertiary care hospitals reported the error rate was highest in medical ICUs (19.4 per 100 patient days), particularly at the prescribing stage, which accounted for 56% of errors... | 16277713 | PMC1297620 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:56 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Aug 8; 9(5):R516-R521 |
Introduction
Cardiac surgery is associated with a systemic inflammatory reaction comprising activation of the complement system, stimulation of leukocytes, synthesis of cytokines, and increased interactions between leukocytes and endothelium [1,2]. In children, contact activation, ischemia/reperfusion injury and endoto... | 16277717 | PMC1297621 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:56 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Aug 9; 9(5):R549-R555 |
Introduction
Monitoring the adequacy of tissue oxygenation in critically ill patients is a challenging task [1]. Despite extensive research, tissue capnometry remains the only clinically relevant approach to monitoring regional perfusion and oxygenation. Elevation in tissue partial carbon dioxide tension (PCO2) might r... | 16277718 | PMC1297623 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:55 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Aug 17; 9(5):R556-R561 |
Introduction
Initial therapy in patients with sepsis-induced circulatory failure is volume expansion. However, fluid therapy is not always efficient and does not always increase stroke volume. Furthermore, fluid therapy carries major risks for complications such as volume overload, systemic and pulmonary oedema, and in... | 16277719 | PMC1297625 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:56 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Aug 23; 9(5):R562-R568 |
Introduction
A partial carbon dioxide rebreathing technique has been developed to estimate cardiac output (CO) in mechanically ventilated patients undergoing surgery [1,2] or intensive care [3,4]. We previously reported that 50 s carbon dioxide rebreathing resulted in increased minute ventilation (VE) and an irregular ... | 16277720 | PMC1297627 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:56 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Sep 7; 9(5):R569-R574 |
Introduction
One of the challenges that faces critical care physicians is staying up to date with the current state of knowledge, in a field that has a broad scope of practice and time dependency for many of the interventions provided. Traditional sources of information such as narrative review articles, medical textbo... | 16277721 | PMC1297628 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:56 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Sep 9; 9(5):R575-R582 |
Introduction
A large proportion of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) are likely to develop fever of unknown origin (FUO) at some point of their stay there. Many of these episodes are due to well-recognised hospital-acquired infections such as ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and central venous cat... | 16277722 | PMC1297630 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:56 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Sep 13; 9(5):R583-R590 |
Introduction
Metabolic acidosis is a common presentation in acute medicine and in only a minority of cases can renal failure alone be considered the sole cause of the acidosis. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and 'classic' lactic acidosis (taken as a blood lactate in excess of 5 mmol l-1) account for most of the remaining ... | 16277723 | PMC1297631 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:56 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Sep 13; 9(5):R591-R595 |
After the publication of this article [1] we noticed that the affiliation details were incorrect and should be as follows:
Andreas E Triltsch – Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Grit Nestmann – Department of Pediatri... | 0 | PMC1297632 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:56 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Sep 2; 9(5):426 |
Following the publication of the above article [1], we noticed that the Authors' contributions section was incorrect and should read as follows:
MS and JS conceived of the study, developed the study design and carried out the statistical analysis. JR was responsible for patient recruitment and clinical follow up, samp... | 0 | PMC1297636 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:56 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Sep 9; 9(5):458 |
Background
DNA cytosine methylation is an ancient process, found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and catalyzed by a single family of methyltransferases [1]. In prokaryotes, cytosine-5 methyltransferases protect target sites from cleavage by partner restriction endonucleases, but in eukaryotes, the function of DNA m... | 16277745 | PMC1297646 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:36 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Oct 19; 6(11):R90 |
Background
Genetic codes are arranged in a way that is highly resistant to errors, but whether the mRNAs that genomes encode also resist errors has been largely untested. The standard genetic code is found in most nuclear and mitochondrial genomes, although some genomes have slight variations in the genetic code (see [... | 16277746 | PMC1297647 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:36 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Oct 19; 6(11):R91 |
Background
It is generally assumed that the immune system of the mouse is a good experimental model for that in humans. However, several studies suggest that immune mechanisms have been evolving rather differently in the human and mouse lineages (for review, see Mestas and Hughes [1]). The p47 (immunity-related GTPases... | 16277747 | PMC1297648 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:35 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Oct 31; 6(11):R92 |
Background
Plasmodium falciparum is a parasite belonging to the phylum apicomplexa, a group characterized by intracellular parasitism. A striking feature of apicomplexans' intracellular lifestyle is their ability to modify host cells though export of macromolecules. P. falciparum parasitizes erythrocytes, which it proc... | 16277748 | PMC1297649 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:35 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Oct 31; 6(11):R93 |
Background
Drosophila melanogaster is an important model organism for studying the mechanistic basis and evolution of immunity and pathogen defense. The two main classes of parasites against which it must defend itself in the wild are pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, microsporidia and fungi) and parasitoid... | 16277749 | PMC1297650 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:35 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Oct 31; 6(11):R94 |
Background
RNA splicing is a key process in the transformation of genomic instructions into functional proteins and may play a critical role in regulating gene expression in a variety of eukaryotes. Two forms of splicing have been documented in eukaryotes. Many eukaryotes use cis-splicing, the process of removing intro... | 16277750 | PMC1297651 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:35 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Oct 17; 6(11):R95 |
Background
A major goal in understanding cellular behavior is to reveal the 'wiring' of transcriptional regulation, through which transcription factors (TFs) bind target-gene promoters to control gene expression. Promoter regions contain sequence elements - typically 5 to 12 nucleotides (nt) in length - at which TFs bi... | 16277751 | PMC1297652 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:35 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Nov 1; 6(11):R96 |
Rationale
Interactions between proteins and DNA facilitate and regulate many basic cellular functions, including transcription, DNA replication, recombination, and DNA repair. For example, the process of transcription is regulated by a class of proteins referred to as transcription factors, which often bind to specific... | 16277752 | PMC1297653 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:36 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Oct 19; 6(11):R97 |
Background
Prostanoids including thromboxane A2 (TXA2) and prostaglandins D2 (PGD2), E2 (PGE2), F2 (PGF2) and I2 (PGI2) act as local hormones in the vicinity of their production sites to regulate hemostasis and smooth muscle functions, which are mediated by specific prostanoid receptors in the plasma membrane. The rece... | 16271145 | PMC1298286 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:24 | no | BMC Biochem. 2005 Nov 4; 6:23 |
Background
Rich and accurate experimental annotation is important to the analysis and understanding of experimental results. This is especially true amongst the post-genomic techniques such as transcriptomics where, due to the scale of data produced, relatively minor changes in laboratory procedure can have profound ef... | 16269077 | PMC1298287 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Nov 3; 6:264 |
Background
The current estimates of the prevalence of alternative splicing in the human genome fall into the interval 35–60% [1-7], whereas the estimated number of human protein-coding genes has decreased from more than 100 thousand [8] through 30–35 thousand [3,9,10] to 20–25 thousand [11,12]. Thus alternative splicin... | 16274476 | PMC1298288 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Nov 7; 6:266 |
Background
Genomics research is generating enormous quantities of DNA and protein sequence data. GenBank, a major repository of genomic data, reports an exponential increase in sequence data, in the last 10 years the quantity of data has increased more than two-hundred-fold [1]. Sequence data alone is of limited use to... | 16288652 | PMC1298289 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Nov 15; 6:272 |
Background
In natural antagonistic systems such as host-parasite, plant-herbivore, and predator-prey systems (hereafter called 'host-enemy'), enemies may frequently be confronted with hosts expressing novel defenses. For instance, in agro-ecosystems, herbivorous insects are confronted with novel plant defenses each tim... | 16271142 | PMC1298290 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:17 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Nov 4; 5:60 |
Background
Body condition is central to animal life histories because the expression of many traits critical to survival and reproductive success is condition-dependent [1,2]. Condition-dependence is, therefore, a topic of broad interest in both natural and sexual selection. One particularly striking example of the fun... | 16274488 | PMC1298291 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Nov 7; 5:61 |
Background
Retinoblastoma (MIM# 180200), a rare embryonic neoplasm of retinal origin, is the most common intraocular tumor in children, with a relative incidence of 3% of all pediatric tumors. Although current therapeutic strategies have led to dramatic improvement of individual prognosis, retinoblastoma is still life-... | 16269091 | PMC1298292 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:39 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Nov 4; 6:53 |
Background
Environmental bacteria are free-living bacteria colonising soil and water. Most of these species are involved in key steps of the biogeochemical cycles of elements such as nitrogen, sulphur, iron, phosphorus and carbon [1]. One of the genomic features of environmental bacteria, and particularly of those belo... | 16283928 | PMC1298293 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:47 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Nov 10; 6:158 |
Background
Persistent pain is common among adults age 65 years and older [1,2], affecting 58–70% of community-dwelling older adults [3,4]. It is often associated with significant physical and psychosocial disability [5]. The most common types of persistent pain in this age group are neuropathic and musculoskeletal (e.g... | 16277666 | PMC1298294 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:33 | no | BMC Geriatr. 2005 Nov 8; 5:12 |
Background
In frail elderly persons chronic conditions and loss of function challenge their autonomy. This harms their well-being, and often leads to institutionalisation and high health care costs.
There is much heterogeneity in the degree to which frailty affects older people. While some have many problems, others a... | 16207382 | PMC1298295 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:49 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Oct 5; 5:65 |
Background
While there are consensus documents describing how decisions about ICU admission should be made and epidemiological data about the characteristics and outcomes of patients referred but refused admission [1,2] there is little information about this complex decision making process in the context of resource sc... | 16259634 | PMC1298296 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:49 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Oct 31; 5:67 |
Background
Translating research evidence into policy is crucial to improving the evidence base of health care as well as to improving health care outcomes. Indeed, the recent Ministerial Summit on Health Research in Mexico City noted that, "Research has a crucial but under-recognised part to play in strengthening healt... | 16262902 | PMC1298297 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:49 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Nov 1; 5:68 |
Background
James Reason proposed the image of "Swiss cheese" to explain the occurrence of system failures, such as medical mishaps [1-5]. According to this metaphor, in a complex system, hazards are prevented from causing human losses by a series of barriers. Each barrier has unintended weaknesses, or holes – hence the... | 16280077 | PMC1298298 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:50 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Nov 9; 5:71 |
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