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Background
An epitope can be defined as the molecular structure recognized by the products of immune responses. According to this definition, epitopes are the specific molecular entities engaged in binding to antibody molecules or specific T cell receptors. An extended definition also includes the specific molecules bi... | 16305755 | PMC1287064 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:20 | no | Immunome Res. 2005 Sep 20; 1:2 |
1 Introduction
Tumor immunologists have long sought ways to turn experimental results into effective therapies for human cancer patients. The best results so far are provided by using various monoclonal antibodies directed against tumor cells, which won approval from regulatory agencies and entered clinical practice. O... | 16305756 | PMC1287065 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:20 | no | Immunome Res. 2005 Oct 7; 1:5 |
Introduction
The study of the origins of farming in the Near East and its dispersal to Europe has been a subject of major interest to archaeologists, anthropologists, linguists, and geneticists. The interest in agricultural origins can be traced to Gordon Childe [1], who proposed in 1942 that the Neolithic populations ... | 16292981 | PMC1287502 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:46 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Dec 29; 3(12):e410 |
Introduction
The term “body image” commonly refers to the perception of the spatial dimensions of the body, its size, shape, and relative configuration of its parts [1,2]. The perception of the size and shape of body parts is archetypical and an important aspect of the body image. Everyday examples in which information... | 16336049 | PMC1287503 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:46 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Dec 29; 3(12):e412 |
Introduction
The mechanisms by which warm-blooded animals balance energy intake with energy expenditure have come under increasing scrutiny in recent years. Important components of this process are the changes associated with aging. In humans, rats, and mice, young adults exhibit a remarkable ability to regulate fuel s... | 16296893 | PMC1287504 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:46 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Dec 29; 3(12):e415 |
Introduction
A number of factors are involved in ensuring that in dividing cells chromosomes are copied exactly once and then distributed correctly to daughter cells. Chromosome cohesion is established during chromosome replication in S-phase and is mediated by the multisubunit cohesin complex, which forms a giant ring... | 16292982 | PMC1287505 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:46 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Dec 29; 3(12):e416 |
Introduction
The Controversy
DNA barcoding, the recently proposed DNA-based project for species identification, has attracted much attention and controversy [1–6]. Proponents envision that a short fragment of DNA can be used to diagnose taxa, increasing the speed, objectivity, and efficiency of species identification. ... | 16336051 | PMC1287506 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:46 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Dec 29; 3(12):e422 |
Introduction
Defects in Ca2+ homeostasis underlie major diseases of the heart including congestive heart failure, cardiac hypertrophy, and fatal cardiac arrhythmias [1,2]. Ca2+ ions enter cardiomyocytes through voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels (dihydropyridine receptor [DHPR]) located in invaginations of the plasma memb... | 16292983 | PMC1287507 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:46 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Dec 29; 3(12):e423 |
Muscle cells of the heart regulate their calcium levels tightly, and no wonder—an influx of calcium triggers contraction of the cell, and the beating of the heart. After it enters, calcium must be quickly pumped back across the cell membrane, a job that falls to the sodium/calcium exchanger (NCX1), which trades incomin... | 0 | PMC1287508 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:47 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Dec 29; 3(12):e434 |
With species around the world disappearing faster than biologists can identify them, the need for rapid, accurate methods of classifying life has never been more pressing. Toward this end, many scientists pinned their hopes on DNA barcoding, a recently proposed strategy that treats a short fragment of DNA as a sort of ... | 0 | PMC1287509 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:47 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Dec 29; 3(12):e435 |
After the last major ice age some 10,000 years ago, things began to look up for early humans. Forbidding climes yielded to more hospitable weather patterns, and people began to settle down and domesticate plants and animals. Archeologist Gordon Childe, who in 1942 called the transition from hunting and gathering to agr... | 0 | PMC1287510 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Dec 29; 3(12):e436 |
Just as good parents try to prevent inequities among their progeny, a dividing cell must ensure that its daughters inherit all the chromosomes they are entitled to. But with cells, such evenhandedness goes beyond matters of equity to those of life and death. The progeny of cancer cells, for example, typically suffer ra... | 0 | PMC1287511 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:46 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Dec 29; 3(12):e437 |
In most animals, food intake and energy expenditure vary greatly from day to day. Yet, in healthy young animals, cumulative energy intake over several days matches energy use very closely. This balancing act or “energy homeostasis” is controlled by complex neuronal circuitry and numerous signaling molecules. When these... | 0 | PMC1287512 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:47 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Dec 29; 3(12):e438 |
Wouldn't it be nice if you could change your body image by placing a vibrating gadget on your wrist? As it happens, you can—though under controlled circumstances. Vibrating skin over the tendon of a joint extensor muscle triggers the vivid sensation that the joint is passively flexing, even though it's not. When the ha... | 0 | PMC1287513 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Dec 29; 3(12):e439 |
Introduction
Many pathogens taken into cells by phagocytosis are killed by phagosomal maturation [1]. It is, however, unclear how cells eliminate parasites such as the apicomplexan protoza Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium which enter host cells by active invasion [2–4]. Within host cells, Plasmodium and T. gondii repli... | 16304607 | PMC1287907 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:29 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2005 Nov 18; 1(3):e24 |
Introduction
In sub-Saharan Africa, Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection is a major cause of childhood mortality. Adults, though still susceptible to infection, are protected against severe forms of malaria. Despite considerable attention over the last decade, this naturally acquired immunity is poorly understood at... | 16304608 | PMC1287908 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:25 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2005 Nov 18; 1(3):e26 |
Introduction
The cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) is a tripartite bacterial toxin that targets many types of eukaryotic cells. Most of the cells intoxicated with CDT predominantly arrest in G2/M transition of the cell cycle; they slowly distend over a period of 2−5 d, and eventually die [1−4]. The effect on lymphocyte... | 16304609 | PMC1287909 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:28 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2005 Nov 18; 1(3):e28 |
Introduction
The innate immune system confronts a wide spectrum of microbes, extending from the innocuous to the highly pathogenic [1–3]. Overly robust inflammatory responses can compromise host tissues and organ function, which, in the case of the lungs, can be severely debilitating or even lethal. In contrast, inadeq... | 16304610 | PMC1287910 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:28 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2005 Nov 18; 1(3):e30 |
Introduction
Salmonella is a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen that causes substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. Human-adapted serovars cause typhoid, a systemic and life-threatening infection, while non-human-adapted serovars commonly cause enteritis. Following ingestion of contaminated food or water, the pat... | 16304611 | PMC1287911 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:28 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2005 Nov 18; 1(3):e32 |
Introduction
Carbon monoxide (CO) is best known as a potent human poison, binding very strongly and almost irreversibly to the iron core of hemoglobin. Despite its deleterious effects on many species, it is also the basis for many food chains, especially in hydrothermal environments such as the deep sea, hot springs, a... | 16311624 | PMC1287953 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:24 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Nov 25; 1(5):e65 |
Introduction
An animal's behavioral repertoire is deeply rooted in its genome. Mutations of behaviorally important genes may alter or disrupt either the physiology of neuronal circuits or their development. The first task of a research program aimed at identifying the genetic underpinnings of perception and behavior is... | 16311625 | PMC1287954 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:37 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Nov 25; 1(5):e66 |
Introduction
Prostate cancer is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in both western Europe and the United States, where it is the most commonly diagnosed nondermatological cancer and is the second leading cause of cancer death in men. Although epidemiological investigations over several decades have studied exog... | 16311626 | PMC1287955 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 07:59:37 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Nov 25; 1(5):e68 |
Introduction
Calorie restriction (CR) has been shown to slow aging in evolutionarily divergent species, including yeast, worms, flies, and rodents [1–5]. In addition to increasing longevity, CR is reported to cause additional phenotypes, including increased resistance to oxidative stress [6–8], enhanced DNA damage repa... | 16311627 | PMC1287956 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:25 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Nov 25; 1(5):e69 |
In PLoS Genetics, volume 1, issue 4, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0010048
The eleventh author's name was incorrectly given as Waki Kazunori; it should be Kazunori Waki.
Citation: Aidinis V, Carninci P, Armaka M, Witke W, Harokopos V, et al. (2005) Correction: Cytoskeletal rearrangements in synovial fibroblasts as a nov... | 0 | PMC1287957 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:37 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Nov 25; 1(5):e73 |
Introduction
The epidemiological responsibility to forecast disease outbreaks is an onerous one. Because of the devastating consequences and high costs of disease, predicting outbreaks is a chief goal for public-health planning and emergency preparedness. Thus, quantitative forecasting and development of early warning ... | 16435887 | PMC1288026 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:33 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 22; 3(1):e3 |
Introduction
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) includes a wide range of phenotypes. Early AMD is characterized mainly by the presence of soft drusen in the macula without visual loss, while advanced AMD is characterized by geographic atrophy (GA or dry AMD) and neovascular AMD (wet AMD) with visual loss. Despite t... | 16300415 | PMC1288033 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:32 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 29; 3(1):e5 |
In the developed world, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of blindness in later life—in the United States, for example, it affects around 15 million people. Early signs of AMD in the retina are pigmentation and soft drusen deposits of protein, fat, and cellular debris. Advanced AMD was pre... | 0 | PMC1288034 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:32 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 29; 3(1):e38 |
Introduction
Proteins typically adopt a well-defined three-dimensional structure, but can misfold and form aggregates with a specific cross-β sheet fold called amyloid [1–4]. The multistep process of amyloidogenesis is linked to a number of diseases, including many resulting in neurodegeneration [5–7]. Nonpathogenic am... | 16300414 | PMC1288039 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:46 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jan 29; 4(1):e6 |
What do neurodegenerative diseases and suntans have in common? Scientists at the Scripps Research Institute have found an intriguing molecular connection. In neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer and Parkinson disease, proteins aggregate into specific fibrous structures (called a cross-β sheet) to form insolubl... | 0 | PMC1288040 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:46 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jan 29; 4(1):e8 |
Background
The burden of metastatic disease can be an important determinant in cancer management [1]. With many of the common epithelial cancers, successful resection of the primary tumor may be all that is required for cure, provided that there are no metastases. If the numbers of metastases are limited, it may be pos... | 16250915 | PMC1289278 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:08 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Oct 26; 5:138 |
Background
Heat shock proteins (HSP) are a family of molecules that are highly conserved during evolution and involved in many cellular functions, such as protein folding. Consequently, their alteration may have multiple pathophysiologic effects and the number of papers studying their expression in normal and pathologi... | 16253146 | PMC1289279 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:12 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Oct 28; 5:139 |
Background
Lung epithelial cells are consistently exposed to many irritants and pathogens. Excessive exposure can lead to inflammatory conditions even though effective mechanisms are in place to contain and remove harmful components [1]. Epithelial damage results in tissue repair. Chronic injury and repeated cycles of ... | 16271139 | PMC1289280 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:12 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Nov 4; 5:145 |
Background
The need to develop a sound scientific research base to inform service planning and decision-making in health services is strongly supported in the literature [1], and policy [2]. However, the level of research activity and the ability to carry out research is limited in some areas of practice, resulting in ... | 16253133 | PMC1289281 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:13 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Oct 27; 6:44 |
Background
Streptococcus milleri group (SMG) bacteria are associated with localized abscess formation, most notably in the liver and brain [1]. SMG bacteremia frequently results from occult abscesses, endocarditis, or an underlying gastro-intestinal malignancy [2]. Spinal epidural abscess with SMG are rare, but have be... | 16269087 | PMC1289282 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:16 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Nov 3; 5:100 |
Background
P. aeruginosa is an important nosocomial BSI pathogen with a high associated mortality [1]. Although the frequency of Gram-negative sepsis has diminished over the last 20 years, the incidence of polymicrobial nBSI infection has increased [2]. In addition, the mortality associated with nosocomial bloodstream ... | 16259623 | PMC1289283 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:16 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Oct 31; 5:94 |
Background
There has been an alarming increase in recent years in the prevalence of penicillin- resistant S. pneumoniae and pneumococcal meningitis caused by penicillin non-susceptible S. pneumoniae. Thus far pneumococcal meningitis caused by high-level penicillin resistant strains (MIC = 4 ug/ml) accounts for only a s... | 16259643 | PMC1289284 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:16 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Nov 1; 5:96 |
Background
CAD is the most common cause of death in the developed world and an increasingly important cause of mortality in the developing world. The dominant pathophysiologic paradigm in CAD is that observed in a relatively rare inherited form of atherosclerosis; Familial Hypercholesterolemia caused by mutations in th... | 16262891 | PMC1289285 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2005 Oct 31; 6:38 |
Background
High blood pressure has been identified as one of the leading causes of cardiovascular disease and premature mortality in the world [1]. In traditional African societies, high blood pressure, once rare, [2] is rapidly becoming a major public health burden [3-6]. The recent data show prevalence rates as high ... | 16262905 | PMC1289286 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:59 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Nov 1; 5:114 |
Background
There are an estimated 100000 people exposed to asbestos at work in India [1-3]. Many Indian studies have been conducted to estimate the prevalence of Asbestosis in India [4-6]. But less than 30 workers have been compensated even though legislations for compensations in the form of the Workmen's Compensation... | 16262892 | PMC1289287 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:33 | no | Environ Health. 2005 Oct 31; 4:24 |
Introduction
There is a vast, and ever increasing, volume of important information that has accumulated from decades of experimental analysis within immunology. This will only become compounded as high-throughput techniques begin to impinge upon the immunological biosciences. The only efficient way for this information... | 16305757 | PMC1289288 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:20 | no | Immunome Res. 2005 Oct 6; 1:4 |
Background
Prostaglandin metabolites (eicosanoids) are known to be selectively active in regulating functions in cells including cancer cells [1,2]. For example, 12-HETE and 13-HODE have been shown to act as pro- and anti-cancer eicosanoids in a range of cancer cells. Eicosanoids are generated from prostaglandins by sp... | 16250911 | PMC1289289 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:37 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2005 Oct 26; 2:23 |
Background
Effective T cell activation requires a 'costimulation' signal that is mediated through CD28 interacting with B7 family members on antigen presenting cells (APC) [1]. The cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) was initially described as a B7 binding protein and a receptor expressed on the surfac... | 16259622 | PMC1289290 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:03 | no | J Autoimmune Dis. 2005 Oct 31; 2:8 |
Introduction
Mangrove forests are productive ecosystems found along the coastal zones of Brazil, providing several profitable resources such as timber, medicinal products, natural dye, fish, crustaceans, and molluscs. For the littoral dwellers of Northeast Brazil, the Brachyura crabs are a major economic resource. The ... | 16270913 | PMC1289291 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:12 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2005 Nov 3; 1:10 |
1. Introduction
Successful implantation depends on synchronization between the developmental stages of the embryo itself and the complex series of molecular and cellular events that are induced in the pregnant uterus by paracrine and autocrine regulators [1]. Embryos prepare for implantation during their cleavage stage... | 16236179 | PMC1289292 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:13 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Oct 20; 3:56 |
Background
Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) is associated with a neoplastic disease, adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), and inflammatory diseases, such as HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (HAM)/tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP) and HTLV-I-associated uveitis [1,2]. Among HTLV-I carriers, a part of infected individuals... | 16242045 | PMC1289293 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:39 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Oct 22; 2:64 |
Background
In human cancers, mutant oncogenes are frequently associated with disease progression [1]. Thus, there is a need for development of effective therapies that can slow progression of solid tumors by blocking the action of those oncogenes. Cancer therapy has undergone a paradigm shift based on the therapeutic e... | 16255777 | PMC1289294 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:28 | no | J Transl Med. 2005 Oct 28; 3:39 |
Background
We have previously reported that a shift to a modified Cretan Mediterranean diet decreased the disease activity and improved the physical function and vitality of Swedish rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients [1]. Among the characteristics of the experimental diet used in this study, was a relatively high consu... | 16216119 | PMC1289295 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:46 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005 Oct 10; 2:26 |
Education in bioinformatics has undergone a sea change, from informal workshops and training courses to structured certificate, diploma, and degree programs—spanning casual self-enriching courses all the way to doctorate programs. The evolution of curriculum, instructional methodologies, and initiatives supporting the ... | 16322761 | PMC1289384 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Nov 25; 1(6):e52 |
A recent Perspective [1] suggested that the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Roadmap interdisciplinary research initiatives (http://nihroadmap.nih.gov/interdisciplinary/) embrace interdisciplinary teams without recognizing the importance of interdisciplinary individuals, and that these initiatives recognize somethin... | 16322762 | PMC1289386 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 09:18:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Nov 25; 1(6):e59 |
Introduction
The concept of a mutation–selection balance is one of the oldest and most fundamental pillars of population genetics: natural selection increases the frequency of fit variants while mutations introduce unfit variants, giving rise to an equilibrium distribution balanced between these two effects. Mutation–s... | 16322763 | PMC1289388 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Nov 25; 1(6):e61 |
Introduction
System identification (localization of function) in biological networks is currently mainly studied in genetics by high-throughput expression profiling and in neuroscience by functional brain imaging. While these techniques have proved to be very useful and productive [1,2], the correlation-based approach ... | 16322764 | PMC1289391 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:35 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Nov 25; 1(6):e64 |
Introduction
Genomic alterations are believed to be the major underlying cause of cancer [1–3]. These alterations include various types of mutations, translocations, and copy number alterations. The last category involves chromosomal regions with either more than two copies (amplifications), one copy (heterozygous dele... | 16322765 | PMC1289392 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Nov 25; 1(6):e65 |
Introduction
Subcellular localizations determine the environments in which proteins operate. As such, subcellular localization influences protein function by controlling access to and availability of all types of molecular interaction partners. Thus, knowledge of protein localization often plays a significant role in c... | 16322766 | PMC1289393 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Nov 25; 1(6):e66 |
Introduction
Malaria is a devastating global health problem, responsible for up to 3 million deaths annually [1]. The disease results from cyclical replication within erythrocytes of protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium. The parasite divides asexually within its host cell to produce a number of progeny merozoite... | 16322767 | PMC1291349 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:28 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2005 Nov 25; 1(3):e29 |
Introduction
Pulmonary surfactant is a protein-phospholipid complex that lines the air-liquid interface of alveoli, forming the first point of contact with inhaled microbial pathogens [1,2]. A multitude of in vitro studies have demonstrated that the pulmonary collectins, surfactant protein A (SP-A) and surfactant prote... | 16322768 | PMC1291351 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:25 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2005 Nov 25; 1(3):e31 |
Introduction
Mycobacterium tuberculosis presents a major challenge to global health, claiming around two million lives every year. The success of this pernicious pathogen centres around an ability to avoid destruction by the immune response throughout the course of an infection that may last the lifetime of the host. ... | 16322769 | PMC1291353 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:27 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2005 Nov 25; 1(3):e33 |
Introduction
Worldwide, 2 billion people are currently believed to be infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with an estimated death toll of 2 million patients each year [1]. M. tuberculosis is an intracellular pathogen capable of infecting and surviving within the host's mononuclear cells (MNCs), and a coordinated ... | 16322770 | PMC1291354 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:25 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2005 Nov 25; 1(3):e34 |
Parasites that live in intimate contact with the immune system of their hosts require specialized adaptations to survive in such exposed environments. Once adapted to these demanding environments, it seems such parasites could not easily switch to distantly related hosts [1], and, thus, would be good candidates to dive... | 16322771 | PMC1291355 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:25 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2005 Nov 25; 1(3):e38 |
Review
Preamble
The most recent New Zealand health reforms can be viewed from a wide range of perspectives, depending on whether you are a consumer, general practitioner, practice nurse, policy maker or health services manager. This review has been written from the general practice perspective by an Australian GP acade... | 16262908 | PMC1291356 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:28 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2005 Nov 2; 2:26 |
Background
The development of eukaryotic organisms is tightly regulated by a variety of mechanisms. The initial step of regulation is carried out by transcription factors interacting with cis-regulatory sequences, also known as transcription factor binding sites (TFBS). In eukaryotes, multiple TFBS are often clustered ... | 16253142 | PMC1291357 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Oct 27; 6:262 |
Background
The product range for recombinant biopharmaceuticals includes relatively simple proteins, for example insulin, and ends with candidates that require extensive secondary modification like erythropoietin or coagulation factor IX [1,2]. Commercial-scale production of proteins (molecular farming) nowadays is mai... | 16271156 | PMC1291358 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:58 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2005 Nov 7; 5:30 |
Background
There have been growing evidences that prenatal factors may play an important role in determining breast cancer risk in adult life. These factors are hypothesized to affect breast cancer risk by altering the hormonal environment of the developing fetus [1], or by affecting the cumulative frequency of germ ce... | 16259637 | PMC1291359 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:08 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Oct 31; 5:143 |
Background
The growth of tumors beyond 1 mm3 is dependent on the induction of angiogenesis, defined as the growth of new blood vessels from preexisting vasculature [1]. The process of angiogenesis is regulated by a number of promoters (angiogenic) and inhibitors (angiostatic), and it is the balance of expression of the... | 16262896 | PMC1291360 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:29 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 Oct 31; 6:38 |
Background
Throughout the last decades drug metabolism in the alimentary tract has received growing attention as part of the body's first line of defense against orally ingested harmful xenobiotica. Most xenobiotic compounds require an enzymatic activation to form a carcinogen or toxicant. The reactive intermediates re... | 16253141 | PMC1291361 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:54 | no | BMC Clin Pharmacol. 2005 Oct 27; 5:4 |
Background
Streptokinase (SK) is an indirect fibrinolytic agent that interacts with plasminogen, forming an active complex with protease activity that converts plasminogen to plasmin [1]. SK efficacy with regard to mortality reduction in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has been demonstrated in large, pl... | 16262910 | PMC1291362 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:54 | no | BMC Clin Pharmacol. 2005 Nov 2; 5:5 |
Background
As in most Western countries, suicide and suicide attempts are major public health problems in the Netherlands [1]. Suicide is the 14th leading cause of death and the fifth leading cause of years of potential life lost [[2], Statistics Netherlands]. Attempted suicide, being an important risk factor for suici... | 16271136 | PMC1291363 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:13 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Nov 4; 6:45 |
Background
Missed appointments are important for patients and staff, and have a prevalence of 4.5–6.5% of booked consultations in the UK [1-3]. Previous studies have identified a number of socio-demographic and health factors including mental illness, associated with missing an appointment, but have had important metho... | 16274481 | PMC1291364 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:13 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Nov 7; 6:47 |
Background
Schistosomiasis is considered among the most important of the tropical diseases in terms of morbidity and mortality, ranking only behind malaria [1]. International efforts are underway to sequence the entire genomes of two of the three major schistosome species, S. mansoni and S. japonicum [2]. It is anticip... | 16271150 | PMC1291365 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:47 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Nov 4; 6:154 |
Background
India has one of the highest number of persons living with HIV in the world [1,2]. The presence of sexually transmitted infections other than HIV (referred to as STIs in this paper) increases substantially the risk of acquiring/transmitting HIV, and therefore, the control of STIs can be an important part of ... | 16271151 | PMC1291366 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:49 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Nov 5; 5:69 |
Background
The demand for health care services is rising in all Western countries and governments are concerned with controlling costs and ensuring a fair allocation of resources [1,2]. The general practitioner (GP) is increasingly regarded as holding a key role in securing equity and effectiveness [3]. In the wake of ... | 16281967 | PMC1291367 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:49 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Nov 9; 5:70 |
Background
Cultural diversity teaching has been advocated for over forty years in the US and more recently in the UK [1,2]. One of the major justifications for it has been that it will help reduce healthcare disparities. The Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health reported a case in which a young black man died after being ... | 16259640 | PMC1291368 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:57 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2005 Nov 1; 5:37 |
Background
Back pain has been shown to commence early in life [1,2]. In a previous report, it was shown that the one-month period prevalence of back pain (neck, mid back and/or low back pain) was 33% (95%CI: 29–37) for children aged 8–10 years and 47% (95% CI: 42–52) for adolescents aged 14–16 years [3]. Also the frequ... | 16262898 | PMC1291369 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:05 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Nov 1; 6:52 |
Background
The problem of chronic low back pain
Low back pain is the main cause of work absence and disability in industrialised societies. Approximately 10–20% of patients with low back pain develop chronic pain, defined as pain persisting for more than 3 months. Additional to their pain these patient's health problem... | 16271149 | PMC1291370 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:05 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Nov 4; 6:54 |
Background
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) [1,2] and reactive nitrogen species such as peroxynitrite (ONOO-) [3] are involved in the damage induced by ischemia and reperfusion (IR). The damage by reactive nitrogen species has been made evident by the increase in protein tyrosine nitration [3-6]. The consequences of IR in... | 16274486 | PMC1291371 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:43 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2005 Nov 7; 6:12 |
Background
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common neurological diseases of young adults in Europe and North America [1]. Similarly to other common complex diseases, the interplay of genome and environment as MS susceptibility factors seems to determine the final outcome. Its precise etiology is at present un... | 16255771 | PMC1291372 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:53 | no | BMC Neurol. 2005 Oct 28; 5:19 |
Background
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a monolayer of hexagonal cells separating the neural retina from the underlying choroidal vascular bed. RPE cells are essential for development, survival, and physiological activity of photoreceptor cells [1,2]. RPE cells provide the molecular machinery for recycling t... | 16262907 | PMC1291373 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:50 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2005 Nov 1; 5:25 |
Background
Corneal graft failure constitutes a common indication for penetrating keratoplasty [1-20]. There are a few studies in literature which have reported the indications and outcome of corneal regrafts [21-27]. The primary indications for repeat corneal transplantation show a changing trend. Aphakic and pseudopha... | 16262912 | PMC1291374 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:50 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2005 Nov 2; 5:26 |
Background
Adult hypopituitarism and untreated growth hormone (GH) deficiency (GHD) is associated with endothelial dysfunction [1], decreased systemic formation of nitric oxide (NO) [2] and increased risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality [3] as compared to the normal population [4]. There are disparate report... | 16271154 | PMC1291375 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:51 | no | BMC Physiol. 2005 Nov 7; 5:17 |
Background
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been the focus of numerous both genetic and cognitive-experimental studies in recent years. The symptom cluster of impulsivity, overactivity and inattentiveness has been shown to be highly heritable and molecular genetic studies have obtained initial eviden... | 16262903 | PMC1291376 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:02 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 Nov 1; 5:40 |
Background
Circoviruses, the smallest animal DNA viruses known so far, have a single copy of circular single-stranded ambisense DNA genome that varies in size between 1.7 and 2.3 kb. Animal circoviruses have been demonstrated in chickens (chicken anemia virus, ChAV, [49]), pigs (porcine circovirus, PCV, [45]), pigeons ... | 16259631 | PMC1291377 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:46 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2005 Oct 31; 1:7 |
Background
The ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel is a crucial component of the pancreatic beta cell insulin secretion pathway and a target for drugs that modulate insulin secretion. In the endocrine cells of the pancreas, KATP channel is composed of two subunits: a sulfonylurea receptor (SUR 1), which contains two... | 16266437 | PMC1291378 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:46 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2005 Nov 2; 1:8 |
Background
Analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) has been standardized with using R-R intervals of electrocardiogram (ECG) as the source signal [1]. The measurement of ECG, however, requires multiple electrode attachments and cable connections, which precludes frequent assessments of HRV in general populations. Beyo... | 16259639 | PMC1291379 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:36 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Nov 1; 4:62 |
Background
Wnts are secreted glycoproteins that control an array of signaling processes in embryos and adult tissues [1-4]. These proteins act through the members of the Frizzled family of seven-transmembrane receptors [5,6]. Wnt and Frizzled interaction leads to the stabilization of cytoplasmic β-catenin, its nuclear ... | 16236168 | PMC1291380 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:15 | no | Cell Commun Signal. 2005 Oct 19; 3:12 |
Introduction
It is widely accepted that laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is the first-line treatment for uncomplicated gallstone disease in developed countries where up to 80% of all cholecystectomy is performed through laparoscopy [1-3].
In contrast to the conventional open cholecystectomy (OC), which is performed t... | 16259625 | PMC1291381 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:14 | no | Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2005 Oct 31; 3:10 |
Introduction
Sir Austin Bradford Hill (1897 – 1991) was an outstanding pioneer in medical statistics and epidemiology [1-4]. His summary of a lecture entitled "The environment and disease: Association or causation" [5] had an enormous impact on epidemiologists and medical researchers. Ironically, this paper became famo... | 16269083 | PMC1291382 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:27 | no | Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2005 Nov 3; 2:11 |
Background
Lymphatic filariasis causes debilitating chronic hydrocele and/or lymphoedema in about 40 million people world wide – nearly 120 million people are found infected with the nematodes, about 90% with W.bancrofti and the rest with B.malayi, mostly in tropical countries. Infective larvae (L3) from mosquitoes ent... | 16274474 | PMC1291383 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:24 | no | Filaria J. 2005 Nov 7; 4:11 |
Review
Harm Reduction Programme for IDU in Dhaka city
The number of injecting drug users (IDU) in Bangladesh is not known. In a Rapid Situation Assessment conducted in 2002 [1] IDU were found in 20/24 sites studied and although this assessment was not an exercise in enumerating the number of drug users in the country, ... | 16248893 | PMC1291384 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:50 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2005 Oct 25; 2:22 |
Introduction
Surgical removal of wisdom teeth under local anaesthesia is widely carried out in general dental practice and in many institutional surgery clinics, occupying an appreciable amount of clinical time [1,2]. This procedure is usually associated with postoperative pain, swelling, and trismus [1-4] as direct an... | 16274480 | PMC1291385 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:14 | no | Head Face Med. 2005 Nov 7; 1:11 |
Background
The term ocular allergy is used to describe a number of distinct disease entities, ranging from allergic conjunctivitis, a relatively mild condition, to keratoconjunctivitis, a sight-threatening condition affecting the cornea [1]. All could be described as atopic conditions affecting the conjunctiva and the ... | 16259630 | PMC1291386 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:13 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Oct 31; 3:67 |
Background
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is among the nation's leading sources of funding for programs to prevent the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Yet, until recently, CDC had limited information about the geographic distribution of ... | 16277661 | PMC1291387 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:06 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2005 Nov 8; 4:28 |
Background
Ageing is associated with a complex remodelling of the immune system often in the direction of apparently decreased immune competence. However, it has been proposed that longevity is related to optimal function of the immune system because some genetic determinants for successful ageing might reside in those... | 16269080 | PMC1291388 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:31 | no | Immun Ageing. 2005 Nov 3; 2:13 |
Introduction
Fifteen percent of Brazil was once covered by Atlantic Forest, and although less than 5% of the original forest remains today [1], it is still one of the highest biodiversity areas on the planet [2]. This forest also demonstrates extremely high rates of endemism: up to 74.4% for bromeliads, 55% for trees, ... | 16270911 | PMC1291389 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:12 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2005 Nov 1; 1:9 |
I. Introduction
Endothelial cell adhesion molecules ('ECAMs') play essential roles in the development of chronic inflammation by recruiting leukocytes, especially lymphocytes, to tissues. ECAMs support several forms of leukocyte adhesion including rolling, firm adhesion and extravasation [1]. Infiltration of tissues by... | 16259632 | PMC1291390 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:23 | no | J Inflamm (Lond). 2005 Oct 31; 2:13 |
Background
Cholesteryl ester storage disease (CESD; MIM 278000) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of lysosomal acid lipase (LAL; acid cholesteryl hydrolase; EC 3.1.1.13). LAL is responsible for the intralysosomal hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters (CE) and triglycerides (TG) [1]. Patients with CES... | 16255772 | PMC1291391 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:19 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2005 Oct 28; 4:26 |
Background
Adiponectin, an adipocyte-specific protein and one of the adipocytekines, is a 244-amino acid peptide with a structure highly homologous to complement factor C1q, collagen VIII, and collagen X [1,2]. Identified in the human adipose tissue cDNA library, it is encoded by adipose most abundant gene transcript 1... | 16262911 | PMC1291392 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:19 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2005 Nov 2; 4:27 |
Background
The interaction between LDL and LDL receptor has a major role in determining plasma cholesterol levels [1,2] and apolipoprotein B (apoB) has the central role in this ligand-receptor interaction. Mutations in the apoB gene result in accumulation of LDL in circulation [3,4]. However, most of the studies sugges... | 16271152 | PMC1291393 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:19 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2005 Nov 5; 4:28 |
Introduction
Insecticide-treated nets (ITN) are an effective malaria control tool but to remain effective need to be retreated with pyrethroid insecticide about once a year [1]. This is a major constraint in developing countries where the infrastructure to provide repeated treatment of nets is inadequate or absent. The... | 16269088 | PMC1291394 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:31 | no | Malar J. 2005 Nov 3; 4:52 |
Background
The budding yeast S. cerevisiae is an important biotechnological organism e.g. for production of ethanol [1], recombinant proteins [2], antibiotics [3] or biomass [4]. Additionally it is relevant as a model system to study metabolism due to its high homology with other eukaryotic organisms [5,6]. This explai... | 16269086 | PMC1291395 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:47 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2005 Nov 3; 4:30 |
Overview of cervical cancer
Epidemiology and treatment
Cervical cancer remains one of the greatest killers of women worldwide. According to Globocan 2000, it is estimated that in 2000 the numbers of patients diagnosed with and those who died from this disease were 470,606 and 233,372, respectively [1]. It is remarkable... | 16248899 | PMC1291396 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:35 | no | Mol Cancer. 2005 Oct 25; 4:38 |
Introduction
Over the last fifteen years, functional MRI (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) have been used to unravel brain circuitry underlying pain perception and study the properties of these areas in acute and chronic pain conditions (for a recent review see [1]). Recently, the utility of combining fMRI ... | 16266429 | PMC1291397 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:08 | no | Mol Pain. 2005 Nov 2; 1:32 |
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